Description of the machines and system used.

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining is a subtractive manufacturing technology: parts

are created by removing material from a solid block called either work piece or blank using variety of
cutting tools. The basic CNC process can be broken down into 3 steps. Design the cad model of the
parts, making the CN C program (G-code) and sets up the machine. There are two main type of CNC
machining systems: Milling and turning. Each is better suited for manufacturing different
geometries.

Components of CNC systems

In this experiment, we are learnt how does a CNC machine works and interpret the G code.
G-code is the command system for the CNC machine. The main aim this CNC laboratory is to help to
understand how to use G-code programming to manufacturing of small components on CNC
machine. 10” Vertical Milling Machine with CNC control is used for this purpose. The CNC milling
machine is normally running with a spindle speed of 70-2800 rpm with a feed range of 0-200
mm/minute.

Table 1. Specification of Machine

Clearance—table to spindle 8.00” (203 mm)
Throat 2.25” (50 mm)
X-Axis Travel 8.38” (213 mm)
Y-Axis Travel 3.00” (76 mm)
Z-Axis Travel 6.25” (159 mm)
Spindle nose external thread 3/4-16
Spindle nose internal taper #1 Morse
Spindle through hole .405” (10 mm)
Hand wheel Graduations .001” (.01 mm)
Table Size 2.75” x 13” (70 mm x 330 mm)
Electronically controlled spindle speed range 70-2800 RPM
Width overall 14.75” (375 mm)
Depth overall 11.75” (298 mm)
Max. Height (Incl. motor) 20.75” (527 mm)
Weight 33 lb (115.0 kg)
 Figure 1. CNC Machine available at UOW

The Glass work piece is clamped at the position manually with help of Allen key. The centre
of work piece is set as origin of the CNC Drill tool and system executes G-code to run the program.
NC software is used to load the program and check for the path of cutting with respect to workpiece
before actual feeding occurs.

Structure of the program

The CNC programs list instructions to be performed in the order they are written. The CNC
programming is based on the G90 Code with absolute coordinate parameter for the milling purpose.
Each sentence in a CNC program is written on separate line called a Block.

The Common G Code using for all CNC operation as follows:

Table 2 Basic codes of Program

G Code Purpose
G00 Rapid Positioning Motion (X,Y,Z,A,B)
G01 Linear Interpolation Motion (X,Y,Z,A,B,F)
G02 Circular Interpolation Motion CW (X,Y,Z,A,I,J,K,R,F)-Arc Movement Clockwise
G03 Circular Interpolation Motion CCW (X,Y,Z,A,I,J,K,R,F) –Arc Movement Anti-clockwise
F Feed Rate
G21 Metric Coordinate Positioning
G17 Circular Motion XY Plane Selection (G02 or G03)
M30 Program End and Reset
F80 Fed rate is 80mm/rev for Roughing process

Student number: 5641391 were selected which was an odd number. Hence Machine
operation was performed in the counter clockwise direction started from right side. The initial
distance was calculated as follows.
28+ (0.15*91) = 41.65. So Starting distance was selected as half of total length to be cut.

Hence Starting distance = 41.65/2 = 20.825mm.

 The tool used in 6mm Diameter in CNC. We programmed the coordinate of machine points
accordingly.
 The CNC operation is done on Perspex slab with 3 mm depth.

Accuracy and surface quality of the components produced

The theoretical dimension and the dimension which took after the machine operation with
help of Vernier calliper are mentioned in the figure below:

Technically, the machined work piece must be exactly same as given dimension. There is no machine
tool that can cut perfect pocket. Small roughness found on the edges of the cavity. And minor
marking of the tool pieces resulted in the pocket especially in the centre. Minute chipping is seen
with naked eyes on the edges.

Relevance and usefulness of this laboratory exercise and suggestions

for improvement
CNC machines are a vital part of today’s manufacturing industry in world wide. All
conventional tool operation is automated using computer aided programs and Computer aided
designs. Advantages of NC systems over manual methods of production are better control of the tool
motion under optimum cutting conditions, Improved part quality and repeatability, Reduced time to
manufacture parts, Reduced scarp, Reduced tooling costs, tool wear and job set time, Better
production planning and placement of machining operation in the hand of engineering. We are
engineers, so we must know the how the CNC machine is working. This laboratory exercise helped us
to learn more about CNC coding, CNC program, Error debugging, working of CNC machine. On other
hand; we got general idea about parts pf CNC machines by machining a part, so we clearly
understood the movement of cutter and how to set the work piece using gauge without touching
the workpiece.
CNC program

G90

G21

F80

G00X0.0Y0.0Z0.0

G00 X20.825 Y-16.44

G01 Z-2

G03 X34.825 Y-9.49R16.44

G01 Y8.49

G03 X20.825Y16R16

G01 X11.0

G02 X0Y9R11.0

G02 X-11.0Y16R11.0

G01 X-20.825

G03 X-34.825Y8.49R16

G01 Y-9.49

G03 X-20.825Y-16.44 R16.44

G01 X0.0 Y-24.0

G01 X20.825 Y-16.44

G01Z1.0

G00 X-6.82Y0

G01Z-2.0

G03 X-34.82 Y0 R14

G03 X-20.82 Y-14R14

G01 X-6.82Y-14

G01 Y0.0

G00 X6.82Y0
G02 X34.82R14

G02 X20.82Y-14R14

G01 X6.82Y-14

G01 Y0

G01 Z01

G00 X20.825 Y-17.44

G01 Z-2

G03 X35.825 Y-9.49 R17.44

G01 Y8.49

G03 X20.825 Y17 R17.

G01X10

G02X0 Y10 R10

G02 X-10 Y17 R10

G01 X-20.825

G03X-35.825 Y8.49R17

G01Y-9.49

G03X-20.825 Y-17.44 R17.44

G01X0Y-25

G01X20.825 Y-17.44

G01Z1

G00X-7.82Y0

G01Z-2

G03X-33.82R13

G03X-20.82Y-13R13

G01X-7.82Y-13

G01Y0

G00X7.82Y0
G02X33.82R13

G02X20.82Y-13R13

G01 X7.825Y-13

G01 Y0

G00 Z01

G00 X0 Y9

G01 Z-2

G01 X0 Y-21

G01 X-4

G01y9

G01x4

G01y-21

G01X-17.185Y-15.5

G01X17.185Y-15.5

G00Z01

G00X0Y0

Reference

https://www.engr.uvic.ca/~mech410/CAM_references/CNC_Computer_Numerical_Control_Progra
mmig_Basics.pdf