The creation of an electric current in a conductor

due to change in the magnetic freed acting on

a

the conductor is called electromagnetic induction

Creating an Electric Current

Magnetic Flux

The amount of magnetic field can be referred to as

the magnetic flow a scalar quantity denoted by the
symbol OIB

The magnetic field strength B is also referred to as

magnetic flow density B can be thought of as being
proportional to the number of magnetic field lines per
 ag

The effective area can be imagined as the number of

field lines that pass through the coil As seen in the
diagram below the magnetic flute is always the
greatest when the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic
field since SA is a maximum the effective area is just
the area of the coil The magnetic flux is 0 when
the coil is parallel to the magnetic field since
LAZO as only the side of the coil points to the
field so barely any field lines pass through
 Example Question
Remember that

IO BLA 0.050T x 0.0432 8.0 10 5

Wb

The Induced EMF in a Moving conductor

When a magnet is moved closer to a conductor it
leads to an induced current being produced

Remember that

Miri

1
Work Done Force distance qu B X L

The emf is equal to the work done per unit charge so

E Wz and thus
q1vqB
 Example Question

E Ir B 25 1200013.61 5,0 105 0.695 V

not dangerous its a very small end

Example Question

Iv B I
0.50 103 c 0.50 103 0,50ms
0.0100 0.10
Induced Emf from a changing magnetic flue

Faraday found out that if a

magnet is
quickly
moved into a coil an emf is induced which causes a
current to flow in the coil

If the magnet is removed then a current flows through

the coil in the opposite direction

Alternativelyif the magnet is held steady and the

coil is moved in such a way that changes the magnetic
flow then an emf is induced and an electric current
flows

It is a change in flux that is required to induce

the Emf

Factors affecting induced Emf

It is the rate of change of magnetic then that
determines the induced emf
 Faraday's Law of Induction

Faraday's law States that the magnitude of the induced

electromotive force emf is equal to the negative
rate of change of the magnetic flow

The average emf is given by

E average O E OCBA
Dt at

Eaverage is the average emt induced in volts V

DOI is the change in magnetic flue which is measured
in Telsa metre squared Tmf Inthe second equation
we can substitute OI BA to show that a change
in OI can be caused in a change in magnetic field
strength B and or a change in the effective area
A

For a rotating coil we use this equation

N is the number
of thorns or loops of
a coil
 The minus sign C I indicates the direction that the
current will flow recall that the conventional
current flows from positive to negatives

The shorter the time taken the larger the emt

produced

If the ends of the coil are connected to an enternal

circuit then a current Iwill flow The magnitude
of the current is fond using Ohm's law which is

I I R is the resistance
R OV is the emf of thecoil

A coil not connected to circuit will act like a battery

not connected to a circuit There will still be an
induced emf but no current will flow

Example Question

a BIA 50 10 43 0.10 5.0 10 S Wb

s 3
b E average N da B 10X 5.0 0 5.0 10 V
 Example Question

Average N
O is OI BIA 0.20 2.0 10 3 4.0 10 4Wb
o t

o O 40 NX 4.0 10 4 N 0.40 1000 turns

I 4.0 10 4

Lenz's Law and its applications

Lenz's law States that the induced current in a loop will

be in such a direction that its magnetic flow will oppose
the change in the magnetic flow that produced it

The direction of an induced EMF

9 the North end of themagnet is brought towards a coil

fwm right to left inducing a current that flows anticlockwise
b Pulling the North end
away from the coil from left to right
induces a current that flows anticlockwise
creates in flute hence
current

The
right hand grip role and induced current direction

There are three distinctsteps to determine the induced

direction according the Lenz's law
current
1 What is the change that's happening
2 What will
oppose the change and or restore the original
conditions
3 What must be the current direction to match this
opposition

Solving Using Magnetic Poles

When we have
magnet that is moving relative to the
a

coil we can find the pole that is induced in the coil

facing the magnetThis pole must oppose the motion of themagnet
according to Lenz's Law

Movement of magnet MagneticPole induced facingthemagnet

Npole closer to the loop Oppose closer Likepolesgenerated NPole
S pole closer to the loop Oppose closer Likepolesgenerated 5 Pole

Npole further from the loop Oppose furtherOppositepolesgenerated S Pole

5 pole further from the loop Oppose furtherOppositepolesgenerated NPole

 Example Question

s
The induced current will flow
clockwise in the coil
n d

Solving Using Flune

The following table outlines the opposing flow to some

initial change in flue The opposing flow could be either
reversing the increasing 1decreasing or acting in a different
direction

Initial change in flow Opposing Flore

Increasing to the right Decreasing to the Right or Increasing to the left
Increasing to the left Decreasing to the left or Increasing to the Right
Decreasing to the Right Increasing to the Right or Decreasing to the left

Decreasing to the left Increasing to the left or Decreasing to the Right

Hagia Given some change in flow through a coil we always want

to use the option where Hou is Increasing because the current
in the loop cannot induce a or decreasing there
 g g
Example Question

i when the electromagnetis switchedthe initial change in

on
flow is increasing towards the right Therefore the opposing
flow will increase towards the left causing an induced
current to flow from X to Y through the meter

Ciis when the electromagnet is lefton there is no change in flow

and so there will be no needed and no magnetic
opposition
field created since the magnetic flue is constant and the
flu is not changing

Iii When the electromagnet is switched off the change in

flue is decreasing to the right Therefore the opposing flue would
be preferably increasing to the right meaning the induced concert
will flow from Y to K through the meter
Induced Current Direction By Changing Area

It's very important to remember that an induced emf is

created while there is a change in flue
Taro Note that I Be A

So an induced emf be created in three ways

can

by changing the strength of the magnetic field

by changing the area of the coil within the magnetic
field
by changing the orientation of the coil with respectto the
direction of the magnetic field
 Example Questions

N s n
induced current will flow anti
clockwise

As the magnetic flue passes the full area of the coil and out of
the page initially moving the coil out of the heed decreases
the magnetic flue So the change in Here would be decreasing
out of the page Therefore the opposing change would
be increasing out of thepage So the direction of the
induced current will be anticlockwise
Electric Power Generators

Induced emf in an alternator or generator

A basic electric generator or alternator consists of many
coils of wire wound on an iron core framework This called
an armature and it is made to rotate in a magnetic field
The ante is turned by some mechanical means mechanical
energy is being converted to electrical energy and an emf
is induced in the rotating coil

A single loop of a generator rotating in a magnetic field

a The plane of the area of the loop is perpendicular to the
field B and the amount of thou I BA is at a Maui mum
b The loop has turned one quarter of a turn and is parallel
to the field I O
C As the loop continues to turn the flue increases to a manimum
d The flue then decreases to zero since the loop
again
is parallel to the field before repeating the cycle from
e onwards

No.ME
These can be represented in both flue angle graphs as well
as rate of change of flow angle graph

Flue Time Graphs

Given a magnetic flow vs time

graph we can apply Faraday's
law

Eaverage negative gradientof flours time graph

I rise

So we can see that

only when EMF is changing Cwhen
the gradient isn't 0 there is an EMF produced
 Wb

time cs
EMF

timeCs

How can you euplain the relationship between the flow

and the EMF produced

Based on the role E average we can see that

Dot
the EMF produced is essentially the negative gradient of the
fbu time graph

When the flue is constant the change in flue is 0 so EMF 0

When the flow is increasing it has a
positive gradient so EMFis a
When the flue is decreasing it has a negative gradient so EllersCHU
 The 1st EMF spike is the largest because the gradient crate
taobao.mu

of change of the flute is the greatest The 2nd spike is

smaller because the gradient the rate of change is
smaller

AC Generators and alternators

How the alternating current in the

coil is harnessed determines if the
device is an AC alternator or a DC

generator

What is the function of an alternator sliprings

The coil needs to rotate freely without a mess of
tangled wires
The induced current in the coil is transferred to the
enternal circuit through the carbon brushes rubbing against
the slip rings
The outputAC alternating current because the
is

voltage and the current act in one direction for half

a cycle and then act in the other direction for the other
half of the cycle
can be seen in an EMF vs time
What would happen if a generator with an alternator coil's
were rotated at double the speed 2 How would the
EMF vs Time graph look like

Ans The first thing that would happen is that at double

the speed i.e double the frequency the EMF graph would
have half its original period The second thing that would
happen is that according to Faraday's Law E
NEE
the induced EMF will be doubled since it has been
halved So the EMF vs timegraph will be twice as tall
but half as wide

The peak output voltage can be given by

n BAL r f gEp peak voltage V B Mag fieldstrengthl

Ep
n no oh coils A area ofthe coil m2
f frequency of rotation Hz

DC Generators

A DC generator is much like an AC generator in it is

basic design however the continuous slip rings are replaced

by a split ring commutator

Commutators in Generators
Boaster
Nomatter the output connections the current in the coil is

always AC

However if a commutator is used as the current in the

coil reverses Cever half turn the output terminal
connects a re reversed too every half torn
The output is pulsating ondirectional CDC voltage
The peak voltage is the same as when an alternator is
used
Essentially the same as a DC motor but in reverse
Alternating Voltage and Current

Period T the time taken her a complete cycle

Frequency f is the numberof cycles in 1 second
Relationship between period and frequency f f
Peak voltage Vp the amplitude of the wave i e the highest
pain
Peak to peak voltage Vp p the vertical distance between the
highest and lowest point Vp p can be found by Vp p LVp

Mmt The word to describe the shape of the graph above is

Sin su so i dial

i
EEiiEE
A much more useful description of AC voltage is the root
mean square RMS value This is the equivalent DCvoltage
that would have the same average power as the AC voltage
RMS voltage can be thoughtof as the average voltage
 Vpp
252

jpg
vk.ms
R

Example Question

Pp 2VrmsIrons P VI 1000 240 1 I 4LA

Pp 240 2 4.2 2000W

Supplying electricitytransformers and large scale

power distribution

Transformers A transformer works on the principle of changing

magnetic flux
A changing current in the primary coil causes a changing
magnetic field
There is a changing
magnetic flow in the core
A voltage is induced in the secondary coil because of this
changing flow in the core

It
Ftth.me
is generally assumed that energy is conserved i e the
input power
The Workings of a Transformer

A transformer works on the principle of a changing

magnetic flow inducing an emf

A transformer will consist of two coils known as the

primary and secondary coils

The changing flun originates with the alternating current
supplied to the PRIMARY COIL
The changing magnetic flux is directed to the SECONDARY
COIL where the changing flow will induce an emf in that
coil

The two coils can be interwoven using insulated wire or

they can be linked by a soft iron core laminated to

minimise any eddy current losses

Transformers are designed so that nearly all of the

magnetic flue produced by the primary coil will be passed
 I
AC Versus DC
The power distribution system works on an
alternating
current

Whilst many devices run on a direct current the main

reason of why alternating current is used is due to
an
the ease with which it can be transformed from one
voltage to another

A transformer works the basis eh a changing current

on

in the primary coil inducing a changing magnetic flue This

in turn induces a current in a secondary coil For this to
work the original current must be constantly changing as

it does in an AC supply

A DC voltage has a constant unchanging current With

no change in the size of the current no changing
magnetic flow will be created by the primary coil and hence
 i e O
Transformers do not work with the constant current of a
DC electrical supply But there will be a very brief
induced current when a DC supply is turned on and a

change zero current to the supply level There is a similar

spike when the DC supply is switched off but while the
DC supply is constant there is no change in
magnetic
flow to induce a current in the secondary coil

Example Question

For the transformershown above two students are debating

what will happen when a DC battery is used instead
of an AC powersupply One student predicts nothing will happen
to the voltage in the secondary coil after the battery is
connected while this other says there will be a spike of voltage

in the secondary coil Which student is correct

Ans Both students are correct when the battery is connected

the current in the loop changes from 0 to higher value

a

Since the current has changed the magnetic freed has

changed which causes a change in magnetic flu so at the
 S l ec e g g he
which according to Faraday's Law will induce a voltage in the
secondary coil So the second student is correct about the
spike in voltage

Now when the battery is connected there will be no

longer
be any change in voltage or current So the magnetic heed
is constant meaning there will no longer be any change
influe As the change in flue is this means there will
be no induced emf in the secondary coil So the first
student is correct about 0 voltage after the battery has
been connected

The Transformer Equation

au aa
mail.io ai
the ad

There are two types of transformers

A STEP UPTRANSFORMER is where the outputvoltage is
greater than the input voltage the output current is smaller

Ns Np Vs Vp Is LIP
 A step down transformer is where the output voltage
is less than the input voltage the output current is larger

Nss Np Vs L Vp Is Ip

Example Question

YgP_ NiP 2461 Np 40 100 4000

0

Power Output

For an ideal transformer we can assume there is no loss

in energy SO

Pp Pg VpIp Vs Is

This means we can also find the ratio's of currents

aloofgaaafiIIIIFahiffTTTimodifeeteroamoealeellae
 Example Questions

Nfs 015,0 4,00000 Ip 104 065

0.0125 A
p

It is assumed that the transformer is 1004 accurate

i The
power in the secondary coil is equal to that of
the primary coil o 3W is the power drawn from the
main supply

Transmission Loss

The power loss in an electrical circuit is given by

Ross 2 OV
AVI I R
R

The current in the line is given by

Pin
I wires
Vin
The voltage drop in the lines is
given by

drop I wires X R wires

So the output voltage is

given by
out Vin Vdrop

Vin LoadCR
I wires Vout
b
Rwires

Ross l wires X R wires

1 fI
Rwires
Vin Load
CR

I wires Vout
Dina

So the output power is given by

pout Pin Ross
 Example Questions

D VI 300 106
I
f I
500 103
600A

D I R 60012 1 360000W

OV IR 600 1 600V
initial Vsupplied tov 500 103 600 500 6kV

Reducing Power Loss

To reduce power loss either the current or the resistance

in the wires can be decreased
Reduce resistance less effective as Ross 2 R wires
Use wires with a thicker cross sectional area
use a shorter distance
use more wires
Use materials with smaller internal resistance
 Reduce current more effective as Puss I'wires
Reduce input
power C same voltage but less power
Same power more voltage but less current

The best method of reducing

throws
the current is to use

transformers Since transformers rely on AC voltage this is

primarily why DC voltage is rarely used to transfer electricity