Materials and Structures (2007) 40:981–988
DOI 10.1617/s11527-006-9192-y
O R I G I N A L A RT I C L E
Influence of recycled aggregate on slump and bleeding
of fresh concrete
C. S. Poon Æ S. C. Kou Æ L. Lam
Received: 10 November 2005 / Accepted: 21 June 2006 / Published online: 17 October 2006
Ó RILEM 2006
Abstract The recycling of construction and
demolition (C&D) waste as a source of aggre-
gates for the production of new concrete has at-
tracted increasing interests from the construction
industry. While the environmental benefits of
using recycled aggregates are well accepted, some
unsolved problems prevent this type of material
from wide application in structural concrete. One
of the major problems with the use of recycled
aggregates in structural concrete is their high
water absorption capacity which leads to diffi-
culties in controlling the properties of fresh con-
crete and consequently influences the strength
and durability of hardened concrete. This paper
presents an experimental study on the properties
of fresh concrete prepared with recycled aggre-
gates. Concrete mixes with a target compressive
strength of 35 MPa are prepared with the use of
recycled aggregates at the levels from 0 to 100%
of the total coarse aggregate. The influence of
recycled aggregate on the slump and bleeding are
investigated. The effect of delaying the starting
time of bleeding tests and the effect of using fly
ash on the bleeding of concrete are explored.
C. S. Poon (&) Æ S. C. Kou Æ L. Lam
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering,
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom,
Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
e-mail: cecspoon@polyu.edu.hk
Résumé Le recyclage des déchets de construc-
tion et de démolition (C&D) en tant que source de
granulats pour la production de béton, a attiré des
intérêts croissants de l’industrie du bâtiment. Bien
que les avantages environnementaux de l’emploi
des granulats recyclés soient reconnus, quelques
problèmes irrésolus empêchent une plus large
application de ce type de matériau en tant que
béton structurel. Un des problèmes majeurs de
l’utilisation des granulats recyclés dans le béton
structurel, est leur fort pouvoir absorbant menant à
des difficultés de control des propriétés du béton
frais et par conséquent, influençant la résistance et
la pérennité du béton durci. Cet article présente
une étude expérimentale sur les propriétés du bé-
ton frais préparé avec des granulats recyclés. Des
systèmes de dosage, ayant pour cible une résistance
à la compression de 35 MPa, sont préparés à base
de granulats recyclés avec différents dosages du
total de granulat grossier de 0 à 100%. L’influence
des granulats recyclés sur l’affaissement et le res-
suage est étudiée. L’effet du retardement du déc-
lenchement des tests de ressuage, ainsi que l’effet
de l’emploi de cendres volantes sur l’affaissement
du béton sont explorés.
Keywords Recycled aggregate Æ Fresh
Properties Æ Bleeding
982 Materials and Structures (2007) 40:981–988

1 Introduction concrete mixes with high W/C ratios, low cement

contents, coarsely ground cement or poorly gra-
The recycling of construction and demolition ded aggregates [5, 6]. The use of retarding mix-
(C&D) waste as a source of aggregates for the tures will also increase the degree of bleeding. A
production of new concrete has attracted number of studies have exhibited that the use of
increasing interests from the construction indus- fine mineral powders such as fly ash can reduce
try. While the environmental benefits of using the bleeding and segregation of concrete [11, 12].
recycled aggregates are well accepted, some un- This paper presents an experimental study on
solved problems prevent this type of material the properties of fresh concrete prepared with
from wide application in structural concrete. recycled aggregates. Concrete mixes with a target
One of the major problems with the use of compressive strength of 35 MPa are prepared with
recycled aggregates in structural concrete is their the use of recycled aggregates at the levels from 0 to
high water absorption capacity which leads to 100% of the total coarse aggregate. The influence
difficulties in controlling the properties of fresh of recycled aggregate on the slump and bleeding
concrete and consequently influences the strength are investigated. The effect of delaying the starting
and durability of hardened concrete. Hanson [1] time of bleeding tests and the effect of using fly ash
and Sagoe-Crentsi et al. [2] suggested that recy- on the bleeding of concrete are explored.
cled aggregates should be pre-wetted or saturated
with water to prevent a rapid decrease in concrete
workability. Poon et al. [3] demonstrated that the 2 Experimental details
initial slump of a concrete mixture depended on
the initial free water content, while the slump loss 2.1 Cement and fly ash
of the mixture with time was related to the initial
moisture state of the aggregates. They also The cement used in this study was a Portland
reported that in the case of using recycled cement equivalent to ASTM Type I cement and
aggregates in the saturated surface-dried (SSD) the fly ash used was a low calcium fly ash equiv-
state, the high water content inside the aggregate alent to Class F fly ash, both commercially avail-
particles may result in bleeding during casting. able in Hong Kong. The properties of the cement
The Concrete Technology Unit of University of and fly ash are shown in Table 1.
Dundee [4] showed that the use of recycled
aggregate as a partial replacement of natural 2.2 Aggregates
aggregate leads to slight increases in slump and
compacting factor, and a high degree of bleeding. The coarse aggregates used in this study included
Bleeding has negative effects on the properties natural aggregates and recycled aggregates. The
of concrete, which is referred to the movement of natural aggregates were crushed granite sourced
water to the surface of fresh concrete a result of from a local quarry, with nominal sizes of 10 and
the settlement of solid particles [5, 6]. A high 20 mm. The recycled aggregates were derived
degree of bleeding can significantly increase the Table 1 Properties of cement and fly ash
near-surface water-to-cement (W/C) ratio, lead-
ing to a lower concrete strength at the cover zone Cement Fly ash
[7, 8]. The formation of a network of capillary Chemical composition (%)
pores due to the movement of bleeding water also SiO2 19.61 56.79
reduces the durability of concrete in this zone [9]. Fe2O3 3.32 5.31
Al2O3 7.33 28.21
In addition, bleeding water trapped along the
CaO 63.15 <3
underside of reinforcing steel can reduce the bond MgO 2.54 5.21
strength and increase the risk of corrosion [10]. SO3 2.13 0.68
The degree of bleeding in fresh concrete is Loss on ignition (LOI) 2.97 3.90
Density (g/cm3) 3.16 2.31
dependent on a number of factors. It is known
Specific area (cm2/g) 3519 3960
that a high degree of bleeding can be observed for
Materials and Structures (2007) 40:981–988 983

Table 2 Properties of aggregates

Type Nominal Density Water Moisture content Crushing strength Porosity (%)
size (kg/m3) absorption (%) at mixing (%) (10% fines) kN

Crushed 10 mm 2620 1.1 0.7 159 1.62

granite 20 mm 2620 1.1 0.5
Recycled 10 mm 2490 4.3 1.1 126 8.69
aggregate 20 mm 2570 3.5 1.0
Sand – 2620 0.9 2.4 – –

from unwashed construction and demolition
(C&D) wastes, which had been processed by
mechanized crushing and sieving at the a local
C&D waste recycling plant to produce fine
aggregate and coarse aggregate according to the
particle size requirements of British Standard BS
812 [13]. Only coarse recycled aggregates with the
maximum nominal sizes of 10 mm and 20 mm
were used in this study. The fine aggregate used in
this study was natural river sand with a fineness
modulus of 2.11. The physical and mechanical
properties of aggregates are shown in Table 2,
where the porosity of the aggregates was deter-
mined using mercury intrusion porosimetry
(MIP) and the strength of the aggregates was
measured as the force (in kN) required to pro-
duce 10% of fine materials according to BS 882
part 111 [14]. In the concrete mixtures, the 10 mm
and 20 mm coarse aggregates were used in a
proportion of 1:2. A river sand was used as the
fine aggregate in this study, the terms ‘‘natural
aggregate’’ and ‘‘recycled aggregate’’ refer to
only the coarse aggregates used hereafter in this
paper for simplicity.
2.3 Concrete mixtures
Two series of concrete mixes were prepared at a
water-to-cementitious materials ratio (W/CM) of
0.55. Each series contained five mixes, where the
recycled aggregates were used at the levels of 0%,
20%, 50%, 80% and 100% of the total mass of the
coarse aggregates, respectively. In Series I mixes,
only the Portland cement was used as the cemen-
titious material but in Series II mixes, 25% of the
cement was replaced by the same weight of fly ash.
The proportions of the concrete mixes were de-
signed using the absolute volume method. The mix
proportions for aggregates at the saturated surface-
dried (SSD) condition are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
The actual proportions of the mixes at mixing were
adjusted according to the moisture contents of the
aggregates which are given in Table 2.
2.4 Tests
The slump of the fresh concrete prepared was
measured using the standard slump test appara-
tus. A portion of about 20 liters (3 times the
quantity required for the slump test) of fresh
concrete was taken for the slump test. Slump
values were regularly measured at 15 min inter-
vals, with the first value measured immediately
after mixing and the last value measured at 180th
minute. After each test, the concrete samples
were poured into a steel container and then
plastic film was used to cover the samples during
the intervals between tests.
ASTM C232 standard test method [15] was
used to measure the bleeding of the concrete

Table 3 Mix proportions of Series I concrete mixes

Notation Recycled aggregate (%) Constitution (kg/m3)
Water Cement Sand Granite Recycled aggregate

R0 0 225 410 642 1048 0

R20 20 225 410 642 840 204
R50 50 225 410 642 524 506
R80 80 225 410 642 210 814
R100 100 225 410 642 0 1017
984 Materials and Structures (2007) 40:981–988

Table 4 Mix proportions of Series II concrete mixes

Notation Recycled aggregate (%) Constitution (kg/m3)
Water Cement Fly ash Sand Granite Recycled aggregate

R0F25 0 225 307.5 102.5 628 1048 0

R20F25 20 225 307.5 102.5 628 840 204
R50F25 50 225 307.5 102.5 628 524 506
R80F25 80 225 307.5 102.5 628 210 814
R100F25 100 225 307.5 102.5 628 0 1017

mixture. Fresh concrete was filled into a container
in two layers and was vibrated for 10 s for each
layer on a vibrating table. The conical container
had diameters of 290 mm and 285 mm at the top
and the bottom respectively, and a height of
285 mm. The container was then placed on a level
platform free from vibration and covered with a
lip to prevent the evaporation of water. A pipette
was used to draw off the bleed water at 10 min
intervals during the first 70 min and at 30 min
intervals thereafter until cessation of bleeding.
The ASTM standard [15] specified that the
bleeding test has to be conducted immediately
after mixing. In this study, tests started at 30, 60,
120 min after mixing were also conducted. For
these additional tests, the concrete in the mixer
was remixed at the above intervals. The proce-
dures described above were followed to measure
the amount of bleed water. The effect of the
starting time of amount of bleeding was measured
because, in practice, the casting of concrete is
likely to be any time between 0 and 2 h after
mixing [10].
Twelve standard cubes of 100 mm in dimensions
were cast for each concrete mix and cured in water
at 27°C. Compression tests were conducted on the
cubes at the ages of 3, 7, 28 and 90 days to deter-
mine the compressive strength of the concrete.
All the tests were conducted in the laboratory
environment at the room temperature of about
where the slump values are averages of two
measurements. It can be seen from this figure
that the initial slump increased with an increase
in the percentage of recycled aggregate. The
mix prepared with 100% recycled aggregate
showed the greatest slump of 195 mm. This is
due to the higher initial free water content in
the concrete mixture. This higher initial free
water content for concrete prepared with recy-
cled aggregates was due to the higher water
absorption of the recycled aggregate. The recy-
cled aggregate was used at the air-dried condi-
tion with the initial moisture content of the
aggregate at mixing much lower than its
absorption capacity. Additional amounts of
water were added to maintain the mix propor-
tions (designed at the saturated surface-dried
state) as given in Tables 3 and 4. Detailed dis-
cussion on this aspect has been presented in a
recent paper of the authors [3]. It is also shown
in Fig. 1 that the rate of slump loss was quicker
within the first hour after mixing, but was
slower afterward. The mix without recycled
aggregate took about 130 min to decrease to the
240
210
R0
180
R20
R50
150
R80
Slump (mm)

20–24°C. 120 R100

90

3 Results and discussions 60

30
3.1 Initial slump and slump loss 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Time (min)
Figure 1 shows the changes of concrete slump
with time for Series I mixes without fly ash, Fig. 1 Changes of slump of concrete mixes without fly ash
Materials and Structures (2007) 40:981–988 985

zero slump, while the mix with 100% recycled
aggregates took over 3 h.
Figure 2 shows the changes of concrete slump
with time for the Series II mixes with 25% fly ash,
where averages of two measurements are also
used. All the mixes showed higher initial slumps
when compared with the corresponding mixes
without fly ash. The highest initial slump of
210 mm was recorded for the mix with 100%
240
210
180
Slump (mm)
recycled aggregate. The rate of slump loss with
time was also lower for the mixes with fly ash. As
a result, these mixes took longer to reach the zero
slump than the mixes without fly ash.
3.2 Bleeding of concrete
The results of the bleeding tests are summarized
in Table 5 for mixes without fly ash and in
Table 6 for mixes with 25% fly ash. The bleeding
rate is defined as the volume of water in ml col-
lected per cm2 per second during the first 60 min
R0F25 of the test. The bleeding capacity is defined as the
R20F25
total volume of bleeding water collected during

R50F25
150
R80F25 the entire course of the test, expressed as the
120 R100F25 fraction of the initial volume of the concrete. The
90 cumulative bleeding curves are shown in Figs. 3
60 and 4 for Series I and Series II mixes respectively,
30 where the accumulated volume of bleeding water
0 is plotted against time (minutes after mixing).
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 A recent study at the Hong Kong Polytechnic
Time (min)
University [3] suggested that the use of recycled
Fig. 2 Changes of slump of concrete mixes with 25% fly ash aggregates that was over-wetted should be

Table 5 Results of Bleeding tests of Series I concrete mixes

Mix Test started immedi- Test started at 30 min after Test started at 60 min Test started at 120 min
ately after mixing mixing after mixing after mixing
Bleeding Bleeding Bleeding Bleeding Bleeding Bleeding Bleeding Bleeding
capacity rate 10–6 capacity rate 10–6ml/cm2/s capacity rate 10–6ml/ capacity rate 10–6ml/
10–3 ml/ml ml/cm2/s 10–3 ml/ml 10–3 ml/ml cm2/s 10–3 ml/ml cm2/s

R0 18.8 47.9 13.2 19.6 8.3 12.2 5.2 9.6

R20 19.9 50.9 14.2 20.5 8.7 13.1 5.4 10.0
R50 21.2 53.6 15.2 20.9 9.1 13.5 5.6 10.4
R80 22.6 56.6 16.2 21.3 9.6 13.9 5.8 10.5
R100 23.0 60.1 17.1 22.2 9.9 14.4 6.1 10.5

Table 6 Results of Bleeding tests of Series II concrete mixes

Mix Test started immediately Test started at 30 min Test started at 60 min after Test started at 120 min
after mixing after mixing mixing after mixing
Bleeding Bleeding Bleeding Bleeding Bleeding Bleeding Bleeding Bleeding
capacity rate 10–6ml/ capacity rate 10–6ml/ capacity 10–3 rate 10–6ml/ capacity rate 10–6ml/
10–3 ml/ml cm2/s 10–3 ml/ml cm2/s ml/ml cm2/s 10–3 ml/ml cm2/s

R0F25 16.2 43.5 9.6 17.4 7.3 10.9 4.6 6.5

R20F25 16.9 45.7 10.4 18.3 7.6 11.3 4.8 6.7
R50F25 18.1 49.2 10.8 20.5 8.1 12.2 5.0 7.1
R80F25 19.5 52.3 11.4 21.8 8.1 12.6 5.1 7.3
R100F25 20.0 54.5 12.0 22.7 8.8 13.9 5.4 7.8
986 Materials and Structures (2007) 40:981–988

(a) 200 (c) 200

180

Cumulative bleed water (ml)

Cumulative bleed water (ml)

180
160
160
140 R0
140
120 R20
120
100 R50
R0 100
R80
80 R20 80
R100
60 R50 60
40 R80 40
20 R100 20
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
Time (min) Time (min)

(b) 200
180
Cumulative bleed water (ml)

160 R0 (d) 200

R20

Cumulative bleed water (ml)

140 180
R50 160
120 R80
140
100 R100 R0
120 R20
80 100 R50
R80
60 80
R100
60
40
40
20 20
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
Time (min) Time (min)

Fig. 3 Cumulative bleed curves of Series I mixes without fly ash (a) Tests started immediately after mixing; (b) Tests started
at 30 min after mixing; (c) Tests started at 60 min after mixing; (d) Test started at 120 min after mixing

avoided to reduce the bleeding which has nega- bleeding rate and bleeding capacity might be
tive effects on the properties of hardened con- attributed to the initial hydration of cement
crete. The results of the present study as shown which reduced the content of free water in the
in Table 5 indicated that the use of recycled system. It should be noted the delays slightly
aggregates, even at an air-dried state, resulted in prolonged the process of bleeding. When the
higher bleeding rates and bleeding capacities. tests were started immediately after mixing, it
The use of 100% recycled aggregates increased took about 220 min for the bleeding to stop.
the bleeding rate and bleeding capacity by 26% However, when the starting time of tests was
and 22%, respectively. Delaying the starting time delayed by 30 and 60 min, the same process took
of bleeding tests resulted in significant reductions about 300 min. The effect of recycled aggregate
in both the bleeding rate and bleeding capacity content and the starting time of the bleeding test
for all the concrete mixes. For example, for the can also be seen from Fig. 3.
mix with 100% recycled aggregates, a 30-min It is clear by comparing the results in Tables 5
delay of the starting time of the bleeding test and 6, that the replacement of cement by 25% fly
reduced the bleeding rate by 63% and the ash reduced the bleeding rate and bleeding
bleeding capacity by 26%. This result is similar capacity for all the mixes when the bleeding tests
to the results reported by Wainwrigt et al. [10] were conducted immediately after mixing. For the
on the bleeding of concrete containing ground mix with 100% recycled coarse aggregates, the fly
granulated blast furnace slag. The reduction in ash reduced the bleeding rate and bleeding
Materials and Structures (2007) 40:981–988 987

(a) 200 (c) 200

180 180

Cumulative bleed water (ml)

Cumulative bleed water(ml)

160 160
R0F25
140 140 R20F25
R0F25
120 120 R50F25
R20F25
100 100 R80F25
R50F25
80 80 R100F25
R80F25
60 R100F25 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
Time (min) Time (min)

(b) 200 (d) 200

180 180
R0F25
160
Cumulative bleed water (ml)

Cumulative bleed water (ml)

160 R20F25
140 R50F25 140 R0F25
R80F25 R20F25
120 120
R100F25 R50F25
100 100 R80F25
80 80 R100F25

60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
Time (min) Time (min)

Fig. 4 Cumulative bleeding curves of Series II mixes with 25% fly ash (a) Tests started immediately after mixing; (b) Tests
started at 30 min after mixing; (c) Tests started at 60 min after mixing; (d) Tests started at 120 min after mixing

Table 7 Compressive
Series Notation Recycled aggregate (%) Fly ash (%) Compressive strength (MPa)
strength of Series I and II
concrete mixes 3 days 7 days 28 days 90 days

I R0 0 0 25.1 30.2 48.6 52.7

R20 20 23.2 29.1 45.3 50.8
R50 50 21.6 27.6 42.5 49.5
R80 80 19.1 25.3 39.2 47.6
R100 100 17.9 23.4 37.1 45.5
II R0F25 0 25 21.4 26.4 47.1 57.9
R20F25 20 19.2 24.8 43.8 57.3
R50F25 50 17.2 22.9 42.8 53.4
R80F25 80 15.9 20.1 38.9 52.8
R100F25 100 13.2 19.7 36.7 50.1

capacity by 9% and 13%, respectively, when effect of using fly ash on the bleeding of concrete
compared with the mix without fly ash. Further might be due to its lower density and higher
reductions in the bleeding rate and bleeding specific area as compared to cement, which held
capacity were observed when the starting time of more free water and blocked the paths of bleed
the bleeding tests was delayed. The beneficial water channels.
988
3.3 Compressive strength
The results of the compression tests on concrete
cubes are shown in Table 7, where each value is the
average of three measurements. It can be seen
from Table 7 that the compressive strength
decreases as the percentage of recycled aggregate
increases. When 100% recycled aggregate was
used, the compressive strength of concrete was
reduced by about 24%. The replacement of cement
by 25% fly ash resulted in slight reductions in
strength at the ages of up to 28 days, but increased
strength at 90 days as compared to the corre-
sponding mixes with the same percentage of recy-
cled aggregate without fly ash. For the mix with
100% recycled aggregate, the fly ash increased the
90-day compressive strength by about 10%.
4 Conclusions
This paper presents the results of an experimental
investigation on the properties of fresh concrete
prepared with recycled aggregates. The following
conclusions can be drawn:
1. The use of recycled aggregates at an air-dried
state in concrete resulted in higher initial
slumps which took longer to decrease to zero
when compared with the concrete prepared
with natural aggregates. The use of recycled
aggregates also resulted in a higher rate of
bleeding and bleeding capacity.
2. Delaying the starting of bleeding tests re-
duced the bleeding rate and bleeding capacity
for both concrete mixes with and without
recycled aggregates. However, this delay
prolonged the process of bleeding.
3. The replacement of cement by 25% fly ash
increased the slump of concrete mixtures with
and without recycled aggregates. It also had
beneficial effects in reducing the bleeding rate
and bleeding capacity, with only minimal
negative effects on concrete strength at or
before 28 days, but positive effects on the
strength at 90 days.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge
the Environment and Conservation Fund and the Hong
Kong Polytechnic University for funding support. The
Materials and Structures (2007) 40:981–988
Civil Engineering Department of the Hong Kong SAR
Government is thanked for providing the recycled
aggregate samples.
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