Biologia e Manejo de Plantas Daninhas-with-cover-page-V2

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Biologia e Manejo de Plantas

Daninhas
Humberto Farias
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❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳
❏❛♠✐❧ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥
▼✐r✐❛♠ ❍✐r♦❦♦ ■♥♦✉❡

✭❊❞✐t♦r❡s✮
❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ▼❛♥❡❥♦
❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s
✷✵✶✶
❝ ✷✵✶✶ ❖♠♥✐♣❛① ❊❞✐t♦r❛ ▲t❞❛
❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t
❈❛✐①❛ P♦st❛❧✿ ✶✻✺✸✷ ✲ ✽✶✺✷✵✲✾✽✵ ❈✉r✐t✐❜❛✱ P❘
❆ ❡❞✐t♦r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ♣♦r ❛❝❡ss♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❡❧❡trô✲

♥✐❝❛ ❞❡st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦♠♥✐♣❛①✳❝♦♠✳❜r✱
s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ❧✐❝❡♥ç❛ ❈r❡❛t✐✈❡ ❈♦♠♠♦♥s ❆ttr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✸✳✵✳
❈❛♣❛✿
❙ér❣✐♦ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ Pr♦❦♦✜❡✈
❋♦t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛✿
❊♥❣✳ ❆❣rô♥♦♠♦ ▲✉✐③ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ▼♦r❛✐s ❋r❛♥❝❤✐♥✐
P❧â♥t✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥②③❛ s✉♠❛tr❡♥s✐s ✭❜✉✈❛✮
Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❡ ❡❞✐t♦r❛çã♦✿
❖♠♥✐♣❛① ❊❞✐t♦r❛ ▲t❞❛
■♠♣r❡ssã♦✿
P✐① ❇✉r❡❛✉ ●rá✜❝❛ ❡ ❊❞✐t♦r❛
❋✐❝❤❛ ❝❛t❛❧♦❣rá✜❝❛✿
❆❞r✐❛♥♦ ▲♦♣❡s ✭❈❘❇✾✴✶✹✷✾✮
❉❛❞♦s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦

❇✻✶✺ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✴ ❡❞✐t♦r❡s✿
❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❏❛♠✐❧ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥ ❡
▼✐r✐❛♠ ❍✐r♦❦♦ ■♥♦✉❡✳ ✖ ❈✉r✐t✐❜❛✱ P❘✿ ❖♠♥✐♣❛①✱ ✷✵✶✶
✸✹✽ ♣✳
❱ár✐♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s
■♥❝❧✉✐ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❛s
■❙❇◆✿ ✾✼✽✲✽✺✲✻✹✻✶✾✲✵✷✲✾
❡■❙❇◆✿ ✾✼✽✲✽✺✲✻✹✻✶✾✲✵✺✲✵
✶✳ ❊r✈❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✕ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ✷✳ P❧❛♥t❛s

✕ ❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ✸✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ✹✳ ❋✐t♦♣❛t♦❧♦✲
❣✐❛✳ ■✳ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❡❞✳ ■■✳ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱
❏❛♠✐❧✳ ■■■✳ ■♥♦✉❡✱ ▼✐r✐❛♠ ❍✐r♦❦♦✳ ■❱✳ ❚ít✉❧♦✳
❈❉❉ ✭✷✷✳ ❡❞✳✮✻✸✷✳✾✻

Apoio
✳
Colaboradores
❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❞❡ ▲✉❝❝❛ ❡ ❇r❛❝❝✐♥✐✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ✭❯❋❱✱
✶✾✾✻✮✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛
❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛r✐♥❣á✱ P❘✳
❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ▼❛❣♥♦ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ✭❯❋❱✱

✶✾✾✺✮✱ P❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❊▼❇❘❆P❆ ✕ ❈❡♥tr♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ P❡s✲
q✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ●❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▲❡✐t❡✱ ❏✉✐③ ❞❡ ❋♦r❛✱ ▼●✳
❉❛✉r✐ ❏♦sé ❚❡ss♠❛♥✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❋✐t♦♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❋❧♦✲

r✐❞❛✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆❣r♦♥♦✲
♠✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛r✐♥❣á✱ P❘✳
❏❛♠✐❧ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✭❯◆❊❙P ❇♦t✉❝❛t✉✱

✶✾✾✻✮✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛
❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛r✐♥❣á✱ P❘✳
▼❛r❝♦s ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❇❛❝❛r✐♥✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❋✐s✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❱❡❣❡t❛❧ ✭❯❋❱✱

✶✾✾✺✮✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇♦tâ♥✐❝❛✱ ■♥s✲
t✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ P❡❧♦t❛s✱ ❘❙✳
▼❛✉rí❧✐♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ❱❡❣❡t❛❧

✭❯❊◆❋✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✱ P❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❊▼❇❘❆P❆ ✕ ❈❡♥tr♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ▼✐❧❤♦ ❡ ❙♦r❣♦✱ ❙❡t❡ ▲❛❣♦❛s✱ ▼●✳
▼✐r✐❛♠ ❍✐r♦❦♦ ■♥♦✉❡✿ ❉♦✉t♦r❛ ❡♠ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✭❯❊▼✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱

Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t♦ ●r♦ss♦✱ ❚❛♥❣❛rá ❞❛ ❙❡rr❛✱ ▼❚✳
◆á❞❥❛ ❞❡ ▼♦✉r❛ P✐r❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✿ ❉♦✉t♦r❛ ❡♠ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛

✭❯❋❱✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✳
❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ✭❯❋❱✱

✶✾✾✽✮✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛
❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛r✐♥❣á✱ P❘✳
❱❛❧t❡r ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ●❡♥ét✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦

✭❯❋❱✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✱ P❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❊▼❇❘❆P❆ ✕ ❈❡♥tr♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❍♦rt❛❧✐ç❛s✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✳
Dedicatória
❊st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ é ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏♦sé ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ♣r♦✲
❢❡ss♦r ❛♣♦s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡
❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❡♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ♣✐♦♥❡✐r✐s♠♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛
❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ❛♦ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠
✐♥❝♦♥tá✈❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡①✲❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❤♦❥❡ ❡stã♦ ❡s✲
♣❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ✈✐✈❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

✳
Prefácio
❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s é ✉♠❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡s✲

t✐♥❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦
❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ é ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r s✉❜sí❞✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐✲
♣❛✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡
sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐✲
❝♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s à ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ à ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ às
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s
❞❡st❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐✲
❞♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✲
✈❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ à ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛✳ ◆❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ sã♦
✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡
❛ t❡♠át✐❝❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s é ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛✱ ❞✐s❝✉t✐♥❞♦✲s❡
❝♦♠♦ ❡st❡s sã♦ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s✱ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈❛✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s t❡♠❛s r❡❧❛✲
❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ❛♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❞❡st❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ♥♦
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ t❡♠❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❝✉❧✲
t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛s
♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ✕ ❯❊▼

❏❛♠✐❧ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥ ✕ ❯❊▼
▼✐r✐❛♠ ❍✐r♦❦♦ ■♥♦✉❡ ✕ ❯◆❊▼❆❚
✳
Sumário
✶ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶
❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ▼❛❣♥♦ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐ ❡ ▼❛✉rí❧✐♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
✷ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❞❡ ▲✉❝❝❛ ❡ ❇r❛❝❝✐♥✐
✸ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
❏❛♠✐❧ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥
✹ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✿ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
❉❛✉r✐ ❏♦sé ❚❡ss♠❛♥♥
✺ ❆❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
◆á❞❥❛ ❞❡ ▼♦✉r❛ P✐r❡s ❡ ❱❛❧t❡r ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
✻ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺
❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳
✼ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶
❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳
✽ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✸
▼✐r✐❛♠ ❍✐r♦❦♦ ■♥♦✉❡ ❡ ❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳
✾ ❆❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶✺
❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ❡ ▼❛r❝♦s ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❇❛❝❛r✐♥
✶✵ ❙❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✷✹✸
❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ❡ ▼✐r✐❛♠ ❍✐r♦❦♦ ■♥♦✉❡
✶✶ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻✸
▼❛✉rí❧✐♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ▼❛❣♥♦ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐
✶✷ ▼✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✿
s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✱ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵✺
❏❛♠✐❧ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥ ❡ ❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳

✳
Capítulo 1
Biologia de Plantas Daninhas
Alexandre Magno Brighenti

Maurílio Fernandes Oliveira
1. Introdução
❖s t❡r♠♦s ✏ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✑ ✱ ✏ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✑ ❡ ✏ ❡r✈❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✑ tê♠
s✐❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ✐♥❞✐st✐♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳ ❊ss❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s r✉❞❡r❛✐s✱ ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✐❧✈❡str❡s✱ ♠❛t♦
♦✉ ✐♥ç♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ t♦❞♦s ❡st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜❛s❡✐❛♠✲s❡ ♥❛ s✉❛ ✐♥❞❡s❡❥❛❜✐✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✳ ❯♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❛ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛ ❝♦♠♦ t♦❞❛ ❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣❧❛♥t❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♥ã♦ é
❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛✳ ❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ t❡r♠♦ ❡r✈❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛
s❡r ❡✈✐t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ t❡r♠♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✲❧❛s ❝♦♠♦
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❤❡r❜á❝❡❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦✳ P❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✷✵✪
❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❤❡r❜á❝❡❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛r❜✉st✐✈❛s ♦✉ ❛té ❛r❜ór❡❛s✱
❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s ✭▲♦r❡♥③✐✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❊♠✲
❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❞✐③❡r✱ ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐✱ s❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ é ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦
❛♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛s ❛t✐t✉❞❡s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✱
❛❧❣✉♠❛s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞✐t❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✏ ❝♦♠✉♥s✑ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛s ✏ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛s✑ ✳ ❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠✉♥s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦
♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡r ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛❞✈❡rs❛s✳ ➱ ♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✱
♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❜✐♥ô♠✐♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✴s♦❥❛✱
q✉❛♥❞♦✱ ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ ❧❡❣✉♠✐♥♦s❛✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦❧❤✐❞❛s ♥❛ s❛✲
❢r❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ❊ss❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♥tár✐❛s ♦✉✱ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱
❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✏ t✐❣✉❡r❛✑ ♦✉ ✏ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❣✉❛❝❤❛s✑ ✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐✲
t❡♠ ✜①á✲❧❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s ♦✉ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✭▼❛r✐♥✐s✱ ✶✾✼✷✮✳ ❙ã♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♥ã♦
♠❡❧❤♦r❛❞❛s ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝❡r ❡♠ ❝♦♥✲
❞✐çõ❡s ❛❞✈❡rs❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡sért✐❝♦s ♦✉ ❛❧❛❣❛❞♦s✱ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s
❝♦♠ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❜❛✐①❛s ♦✉ ❛❧t❛s ❡ s♦❧♦s s❛❧✐♥♦s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ r✉st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱
r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♣r❛❣❛s ❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✱ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ♥❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❡
❢♦r♠❛s ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭t✉❜ér❝✉❧♦s✱ ❡st♦❧õ❡s✱ r✐③♦♠❛s ❡ ❜✉❧❜♦s✮✳
R.S. Oliveira Jr. et al. (Eds.), Biologia e Manejo de Plantas Daninhas (2011) ISBN 978-85-64619-02-9
2 Brighenti & Oliveira
2. Origem e Evolução das Plantas Daninhas

❆ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡♠♦♥t❛ ❞❛ ❆♥t✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s
♥♦ss❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ✈✐✈✐❛♠ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ s✐❧✈❡str❡✳ ❆ ❞♦♠❡st✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s út❡✐s ❢♦✐ ♠✉✐t♦ ❧❡♥t❛ ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❡r❛ ❡①tr❛✲
t✐✈❛✳ ◆❡♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ❝r❡s❝✐❛♠ ❥✉♥t♦
à ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉í❛♠ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡r❛♠
❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡r ♥❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✱ s❡♠ s♦❢r❡r❡♠ ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s
❞❛ ❝♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛✳
❖ ❤♦♠❡♠✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ✈❡✐♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s út❡✐s✱
r❡t✐r❛♥❞♦✲❧❤❡s ❣r❛❞❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈✐✈❡r❡♠ s♦③✐✲
♥❤❛s✳ ❆ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛❣✐✉ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✐❧✈❡str❡s ✐♠♣r✐♠✐♥❞♦✲
❧❤❡s ✉♠❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ t♦r♥á✲❧❛s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s q✉❛♥t♦ à
s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛✳
❆❝r❡❞✐t❛✲s❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛r❛♠✲s❡✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❞✐stúr❜✐♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❣❧❛❝✐❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡s♠♦r♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡
♠♦♥t❛♥❤❛s ❡ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐♦s ❡ ♠❛r❡s ✭▼✉③✐❦✱ ✶✾✼✵✮✳
◆❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s✉r❣✐r❛♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ✐♥✐✲
❝✐♦✉ s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✱ s❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❜❡♥é✜❝❛s ✭♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s✮
❞❛s ♠❛❧é✜❝❛s ✭♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✮✳ ❉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❡stá ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ é ❡❧❡ q✉❡ ❝r✐❛ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❢❛✈♦✲
rá✈❡❧ ❛ ❡❧❛s✳ ❖ ❤♦♠❡♠ é✱ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s✳
❇❛❦❡r ✭✶✾✼✹✮ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡✉ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ♥❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦ três t❡♦r✐❛s✿ ✭✐✮ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s s❡❧✈❛❣❡♥s ❢♦r❛♠ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛♥❞♦
❡ s❡♥❞♦ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❞✐stúr❜✐♦ ❞♦ ❤❛❜✐t❛t❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❤✐❜r✐❞❛çõ❡s
❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s s❡❧✈❛❣❡♥s ❡ r❛ç❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞♦♠❡st✐❝❛❞❛s ❡ ✭✐✐✐✮
❡s♣é❝✐❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞♦♠❡st✐❝❛çã♦✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛ ♠✐♠❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉✲
r❛s✱ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✢♦r❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s
♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
❆ ♠✐♠❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐✲
③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛✱
♠❛✐♦r s❡rá ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝✉❧✲
t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛rr♦③ ❡ ♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❛rr♦③ ✭❊❝❤♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ s♣♣✳✮✳ ◆❡st❛ ♠❡s♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✱
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♦ ❛rr♦③ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❡ ♦ ❛rr♦③ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦✱ ❛♠❜♦s ❖r②③❛ s❛t✐✈❛
✭❇❛rr❡t✱ ✶✾✽✸✮✳
➚ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ♠✉❞❛♠✱ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛s ♠❡♥♦s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s ❛ ❡st❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦✉ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝❡r✱
❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s q✉❡✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❛✈❛♠ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r
❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦✱ ♣❛ss❛♠ ❛ ❞♦♠✐♥❛r ❛ ár❡❛ ✭❘❛❞♦s❡✈✐❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦ é ♦ q✉❡ ✈❡♠ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❣❡♥❡✲
t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s♦❥❛ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
Biologia de Plantas Daninhas 3
▼❡s♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s

❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠♦
❛ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛ ✭❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ✮✱ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛✲❞❡✲✈✐♦❧❛ ✭■♣♦♠♦❡❛ s♣♣✳✮✱
❛ ❡r✈❛✲❞❡✲t♦✉r♦ ✭❚r✐❞❛① ♣r♦❝✉♠❜❡♥s ✮✱ ♦ ❛❣r✐ã♦③✐♥❤♦ ✭❙②♥❡❞r❡❧❧♦♣s✐s ❣r✐s❡✲
❜❛❝❦✐✐ ✮ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳
❘❡♣❡t✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♦✉ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠♦
♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r ✉♠❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s
r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦
❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡s✲
sã♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ t♦r♥❛r t❛✐s ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
3. Aspectos Positivos e Negativos das Plantas Daninhas

3.1 Aspectos positivos
❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✈✐st❛s s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✐♠✐❣❛s ♦✉ ✐♥❞❡s❡✲
❥á✈❡✐s✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝❛r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧✐❛❞❛s✳ ❆s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
❜❡♥é✜❝❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠✉✐t❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛
❞❡st❛s ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✳
❆ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛ ❡r♦sã♦ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛✲
t✐✈♦s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡
♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦
♠✐❧❤❡t♦ ✭P❡♥♥✐s❡t✉♠ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥✉♠ ✮ ✭❘✉❡❞❡❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❖✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❢❛✈♦rá✲
✈❡❧ ❛ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ é q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦r
♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛♥✉❛✐s✱ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s ♦✉ q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠♦rt❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ s♦❧♦
r❡❞✉③ ♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ♣❡❧❛ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ s♦❧❛r ❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦
❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊ss❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠♦rt❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛
♦s t❡♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ P♦❞❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛
❣❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❞❡ s♦♠❜r❡✲
❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦
❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦✳
❊s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❧❡❣✉♠✐♥♦s❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❉❡s♠♦❞✐✉♠ s♣♣✳✱ ❈r♦t❛❧❛r✐❛ s♣♣✳ ❡ ❙t②✲
❧♦s❛♥t❤❡s s♣♣✳ ✜①❛♠ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ❡♠ s✐♠❜✐♦s❡✱ ❡❧❡✈❛♥❞♦
♦s t❡♦r❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡st❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❢❡✐❥ã♦✲❞❡✲♣♦r❝♦ ✭❈❛♥❛✈❛❧✐❛ ❡♥s✐❢♦r♠✐s ✮ ❡ ❛ ❝r♦t❛❧ár✐❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❞✉❜❛çã♦ ✈❡r❞❡✳
❆s ❛❧❣❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ sã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❛q✉át✐❝♦s q✉❡ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦
❛♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s t❡rr❡str❡s✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❛❧❣❛s ❞♦s
❣ê♥❡r♦s ❈❤❧♦r❡❧❧❛ ❡ P✐t❤♦♣❤♦r❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❛q✉át✐❝♦s✳ ❙❡r✈❡♠
❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣♦✐s ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣❧â♥❝t♦♥ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✳
❙ã♦ r✐❝❛s ❡♠ ✈✐t❛♠✐♥❛s ❡ s❛✐s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✻✺✪ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱
❝♦♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s✳ Pr❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ❞❡s✐❞r❛t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣❛s
♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❝r❡s❝✐❞♦s às ❢❛r✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❛③♦❧❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛
❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❊st❛ ✈✐✈❡ ❡♠ s✐♠❜✐♦s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❜❛❝tér✐❛ ❆♥❛❜❛❡♥❛ ❛③♦❧❧❛✱
q✉❡ ✜①❛ ◆2 ❞❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ❡

❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳
▼✉✐t❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s sã♦ ❛♣r❡❝✐❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♦r♥❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❧❛❣♦s✳
❊♠ ❝♦❧❡çõ❡s ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣✐♥❤❡✐r✐♥❤♦ ❞✬á❣✉❛ ✭ ▼②r✐♦♣❤②❧❧✉♠
❛q✉❛t✐❝✉♠ ✮ ❡ ❛ ❛❧❢❛❝❡ ❞✬á❣✉❛ ✭ P✐st✐❛ str❛t✐♦t❡s ✮ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛
♦s ♣❡✐①❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐r❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ❛q✉át✐❝♦s✳ ❊ss❛
❡s♣é❝✐❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❡✐①❡✲❜♦✐ ❞❛
❆♠❛③ô♥✐❛ ✭❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
❖✉tr❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ó❧❡♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❡r✲
❢✉♠❛r✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❛t❝❤♦✉❧✐ ✭ P♦❣♦st❡♠♦♥ ♣❛t❝❤♦✉❧✐ ✮ ❡ ❛ ❧❛✈❛♥❞❛ ✭▲❛✈❛♥❞✉❧❛
s♣♣✮✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠✱ ❝❡rt♦s ♠❡❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
✈❡❣❡t❛✐s✳ ❳❛r♦♣❡s ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛t❛q✉❡s ❞❡ ❛s♠❛ sã♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ r✉✲
❜✐♠ ✭▲❡♦♥✉r✉s s✐❜✐r✐❝✉s ✮✳ ▼❛❝❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ ✐♥❢✉sõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❝♦r❞ã♦✲
▲❡♦♥♦t✐s ♥❡♣❡t❛❡❢♦❧✐❛ ✮ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❤♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡
❞❡✲❢r❛❞❡ ✭
❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳ ❊①tr❛t♦s ❡ ❝❤ás ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡❧❛①❛♠ ❛ ♠✉s❝✉❧❛t✉r❛✳ ❆
♠❛❧✈❛ ✭ ▼❛❧✈❛ ♣❛r✈✐✢♦r❛ ✮ é ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝♦♣é✐❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ❞❡✈✐❞♦
❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛♥t✐✐♥✢❛♠❛tór✐❛✳ ❊①tr❛t♦s ❞❡ r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ❧í♥❣✉❛✲❞❡✲✈❛❝❛
✭❘✉♠❡① ♦❜t✉s✐❢♦❧✐❛ ✮ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛①❛t✐✈♦s✳ ❈❤ás ❞❡ ❝❛rq✉❡❥❛ ✭❇❛❝✲
❝❤❛r✐s tr✐♠❡r❛ ✮ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♠ ♦ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦ ❞✐❣❡st✐✈♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡
♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❧❛❝t♦♥❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❛çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❝❡r❝á✲
r✐❛s ❞❡❙❝❤✐st♦s♦♠❛ ♠❛♥s♦♥✐✳ ❆s ❧❛❝t♦♥❛s t❛♠❜é♠ tê♠ ❛çã♦ ❧❡t❛❧ s♦❜r❡
❇✐♦♠♣❤❛❧❛r✐❛ ❣❧❛❜r❛t❛✱ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦ ❞♦ ❙✳ ♠❛♥s♦♥✐✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ♦ ❝r❡s✲
❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❚r✐♣❛♥♦s♦♠❛ ❝r✉③✐✱ ♣r♦t♦③♦ár✐♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❉♦❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❛❣❛s✳
❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s sã♦ ❢♦♥t❡s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ✈✐t❛♠✐♥❛s✱ s❛✐s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s
❡ ❛♠✐❞♦✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ❞❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥❝❧✉í❞❛s ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛ ♠❡s❛ ❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡❝✐✲
❛❞❛s ❞❡s❞❡ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❞❛t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❜❡❧❞r♦❡❣❛ ✭ P♦rt✉❧❛❝❛ ♦❧❡r❛❝❡❛✮✱ ❛ s❡rr❛❧❤❛
❙♦♥❝❤✉s ♦❧❡r❛❝❡✉s ✮
✭ ❡ ♦ ❝❛r✉r✉ ✭ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ✮✳ ❉♦❝❡s✱ ❣❡❧é✐❛s
❡ t♦rt❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦s ❢r✉t♦s ❞❛ ❛♠♦r❛✲❜r❛✈❛ ❡ ❥♦á✲❞❡✲
❝❛♣♦t❡✱ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s tí♣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s✳ ❉♦s r✐③♦♠❛s ❞❛ t❛❜♦❛ sã♦
❢❡✐t❛s ❢❛r✐♥❤❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡♠ é♣♦❝❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡
❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❢❡❞❡❣♦s♦ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❡❜✐❞❛
q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐r ♦ ❝❛❢é ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❇r❛♥❞ã♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✽✺❛✮✳ ❆ t✐r✐r✐❝❛ ✭ ❈②♣❡r✉s ❡s❝✉❧❡♥t✉s ✮✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❙❡✉s t✉❜ér❝✉❧♦s
sã♦ ❝♦♠❡stí✈❡✐s ❡ ❞❡❧❡s sã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s r❡❢r❡s❝♦s ❡♠ ♣❛ís❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❊s♣❛✲
♥❤❛✳ ❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❝t♦s sã♦ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❢r✉t♦s✱
♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ✏ ✜❣♦s ❞❛ ❮♥❞✐❛✑ ✳ ❊ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s s❡❝❛s ❞♦ ♥♦r❞❡st❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱
❛s ♣❛❧♠❛s✲❢♦rr❛❣❡✐r❛s sã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ❡✱ ❛té
♠❡s♠♦✱ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛s ❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❖✉tr❛s
❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ t❡♠♣❡r♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❡♥t❛ ✭ ▼❡♥t❤❛ s♣♣✳✮
❡ ❛ sá❧✈✐❛ ✭ ❙❛❧✈✐❛ ♦✣❝✐♥❛❧✐s ✮✳
❱ár✐❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛♣í❝♦❧❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♥é❝✲
t❛r ✭♣❧❛♥t❛s ♥❡❝t❛rí❢❡r❛s✮ ❡ ♣ó❧❡♥ ✭♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣♦❧✐♥í❢❡r❛s✮ ✭❇r❛♥❞ã♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✽✺❛✮✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛♠ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s s❡♥❞♦ ♥é❝t❛r✲♣♦❧✐♥í❢❡r❛s✳ ❉❡✲

✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s às ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡❞❛❢♦❝❧✐✲
♠át✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦
❞❡ ♥é❝t❛r ❡ ♣ó❧❡♥ ❡♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛♣í❝♦❧❛s✳ ❊s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♦r❡❧❤❛✲❞❡✲✉rs♦ ✭❙t❛❝❤②s
❛r✈❡♥s✐s ✮✱ ❛ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛ ✭❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ✮✱ ♦ ❛ss❛✲♣❡✐①❡ ✭❱❡r♥♦♥✐❛
♣♦❧②❛♥t❤❡s ✮✱ ❛ ❣✉❛♥①✉♠❛ ✭❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛ ✮✱ ❛ ♣♦❛✐❛✲❜r❛♥❝❛ ✭❘✐❝❤❛r❞✐❛
❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s ✮ ❡ ❛ ♥❛❜✐ç❛ ✭❘❛♣❤❛♥✉s r❛♣❤❛♥✐str✉♠ ✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧
♠❡❧í❢❡r♦✳
❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s sã♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r ♠♦✲
t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r✐s✐♦♥❛r ❡ ❞✐❣❡r✐r
♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❛♥✐♠❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠✉r✉ré ✭❯tr✐❝✉❧❛r✐❛ r❡♥✐❢♦r♠✐s ✮
✭❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
❆ ❣✉❛♥①✉♠❛ ✭❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛ ✮✱ ❛ ♠❛❧✈✐♥❤❛ ✭❙✐❞❛ ❛❝✉❛t❛ ✮ ❡ ♦
❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦✲❞❛✲❝❛❧ç❛❞❛ ✭❚r✐✉♠❢❡tt❛ s❡♠✐tr✐❧♦❜❛✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✲
✈♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✜❜r❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s à ❥✉t❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s
♣❛r❛ ❝♦r❞♦❛r✐❛✳
❆s ❝♦r❞❛s✲❞❡✲✈✐♦❧❛ ✭■♣♦♠♦❡❛ s♣♣✳✮✱ ♦ ❜❛❧ã♦③✐♥❤♦ ✭❈❛r❞✐♦s♣❡r♠✉♠ ❤❛✲
❧✐❝❛❝❛❜✉♠✮ ❡ ❛ ♠❛r✐❛✲❣♦r❞❛ ✭❚❛❧✐♥✉♠ ♣❛♥✐❝✉❧❛t✉♠ ✮ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♦r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ❝❛❝t♦s sã♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❜❡❧♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✱ ♣♦s✲
s✉✐♥❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♦r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳
❋♦❧❤❛s s❡❝❛s ❡ ♠♦í❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❤✉♠❜✐♥❤♦ ✭▲❛♥t❛♥❛ ❝❛♠❛r❛ ✮✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s
s♦❜r❡ ❜❛t❛t❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛✱ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ tr❛ç❛s✳
❖ s❛♣é ✭■♠♣❡r❛t❛ ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s ✮ s❡r✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛s❛s ❡ ❛❜r✐❣♦s
rúst✐❝♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❧❡♥t❛ ❡ ♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r ❞❡ s✉❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✳
P❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐♠✲r❛❜♦✲❞❡✲❜✉rr♦ ✭❆♥❞r♦♣♦❣♦♥ ❜✐❝♦r♥✐s ✮ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉s❛❞❛s
❡♠ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s r✉r❛✐s ❡ ❡♥❝❤✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❣❛❧❤❛s ❡ ❝❛♠❛s ❞❡
❛♥✐♠❛✐s ✭❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ P❛✐♥❛s ❝♦♠ ✜❜r❛s s❡❞♦s❛s ❞❡ ❢r✉t♦s ❞♦ ♦✜❝✐❛❧✲
❞❡✲s❛❧❛ ✭❆s❝❧❡♣✐❛s ❝✉r❛ss❛✈✐❝❛ ✮ sã♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝❤✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♠♦❢❛❞❛s✳
❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s sã♦ t✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡s ❢♦rr❛❣❡✐r❛s✳
❖ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❜r❛q✉✐ár✐❛ ✭❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ❞❡❝✉♠❜❡♥s ❡ ❇✳ ❜r✐③❛♥t❤❛ ✮ ❡ ♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲
❝♦❧♦♥✐ã♦ ✭P❛♥✐❝✉♠ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ✮ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♥✉tr✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉t✐✲
❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❛❞♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❛r ♦ ♣✐s♦t❡✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♥✐✲
♠❛✐s✳ ◆❛ ❆♠❛③ô♥✐❛✱ ❡st❛ ❢♦rr❛❣❡✐r❛ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡✐①❡✲
❜♦✐✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛t✐✈❡✐r♦✳ ❖ ♠❡♥tr❛st♦ ✭❆❣❡r❛t✉♠ ❝♦♥②③♦✐❞❡s ✮ ❛❜r✐❣❛ ✉♠❛
❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ á❝❛r♦ ✭❆♠❜❧②s❡✐✉s ♥❡✇s❛♠✐ ✮ ♣r❡❞❛❞♦r❛ ❞♦ á❝❛r♦ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❞♦s
❝✐tr♦s ✭P❛♥♦♥②❝❤✉s ❝✐tr✐ ✮✱ ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ✐♥s❡t♦s ♥♦s
♣♦♠❛r❡s ❝ítr✐❝♦s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r❛❣❛s✳
❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ✉♠ ✐♠❡♥s♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r✲
♠♦♣❧❛s♠❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦✳
3.2 Aspectos negativos

❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥st❛t❛r ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱
♦✉tr❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ♥❛ s❛ú❞❡ ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❡ ♥❛s s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ sé✲
r✐♦s ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s✳ ❉✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ s❛ú❞❡ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛✲
r❡♠ ✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✢♦r✲❞❛s✲❛❧♠❛s ✭❙❡♥❡❝✐♦ ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s ✮
❡ ❝♦♠✐❣♦✲♥✐♥❣✉é♠✲♣♦❞❡ ✭❉✐❡✛❡♥❜❛❝❤✐❛ ♠❛❝✉❧❛t❛ ✮✳ ❆ ♠❛♠♦♥❛ ✭❘✐❝✐♥✉s
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐s ✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♥❛s s✉❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✉♠❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ r✐❝✐♥❛
q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❣❡r✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ❡ ❛❞✉❧t♦s ❡♠ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡
❧❡✈❛r à ♠♦rt❡✳ ❆ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❡r❣✐❛s é ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣ó❧❡♥ ❞❛
❣r❛♠❛✲s❡❞❛ ✭❈②♥♦❞♦♥ ❞❛❝t②❧♦♥ ✮✱ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛ss❛♠❜❛rá ✭❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❤❛❧❡♣❡♥s❡ ✮✱
❧♦s♥❛✲❜r❛♥❝❛ ✭P❛rt❤❡♥✐✉♠ ❤②st❡r♦♣❤♦r✉s ✮ ❡ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❣♦r❞✉r❛ ✭▼❡❧✐♥✐s ♠✐♥✉✲
t✐✢♦r❛ ✮✳ ❙ã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❛s ❞❡r♠❛t✐t❡s ❡ ✐rr✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ♣❡❧❡ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛s
♣♦r ✉rt✐❣❛ ✭❏❛tr♦♣❤❛ ✉r❡♥s ✮✳
❆s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s ❝❛✉s❛♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ r♦❞♦✈✐❛s ❡ ❢❡rr♦✈✐❛s✱ r❡✲
❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P❡ss♦❛s ✐♥❡s❝r✉♣✉❧♦s❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛t❡❛r ❢♦❣♦ às ♣❧❛♥t❛s
s❡❝❛s q✉❡ ♠❛r❣❡✐❛♠ ❛s ❡str❛❞❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ é♣♦❝❛ ♠❛✐s s❡❝❛
❞♦ ❛♥♦✱ ♥ã♦ r❛r♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♥❞♦ sér✐♦s ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✳ ❊♠ ❧♦❣r❛❞♦✉r♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✱
✐♠♣❡❞❡♠ ❛ r❡❝r❡❛çã♦ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐r ❝♦♠♦ ❤❛❜✐t❛t ♣❛r❛ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s
♣❡ç♦♥❤❡♥t♦s✳ ❚✐r❛♠ ❛ ❜❡❧❡③❛ ❞❡ ♣❛rq✉❡s ❡ ❥❛r❞✐♥s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r
❞❛ t❡rr❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❖ ❝❛rr❛♣✐✲
❝❤♦ ❜❡✐ç♦✲❞❡✲❜♦✐ ♦✉ ♣❡❣❛✲♣❡❣❛ ✭❉❡s♠♦❞✐✉♠ s♣♣✳✮ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♠ ❣r❛♠❛❞♦s✱
♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❡stét✐❝❛ ❡ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❚❡rr❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♣❡r❡♥❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❣r❛♠❛✲s❡❞❛ ✭❈②♥♦❞♦♥ ❞❛❝t②❧♦♥ ✮✱ t❡♠ s❡✉
✈❛❧♦r r❡❞✉③✐❞♦✳ ❖✉tr❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♣❡r❡♥❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦
❛❣rí❝♦❧❛ ♦✉ ♦❜r✐❣❛r ♦ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t♦r ❛ ♠✉❞❛r ❞❡ ár❡❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ t✐r✐r✐❝❛
✭❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ✮ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐♥❞♦ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦❧❡rí❝♦✲
❧❛s✳
❊s♣é❝✐❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❣✉❛♣é ✭❊✐❝❤❤♦r♥✐❛ ❝r❛ss✐♣❡s ✮ ❡ ❛ ❛❧❢❛❝❡ ❞✬á❣✉❛ ✭P✐st✐❛
str❛t✐♦t❡s ✮ ✐♠♣❡❞❡♠ ❛ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ r❡❝r❡❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠❛♥❛♥❝✐❛✐s ❛q✉át✐❝♦s✳
❊ss❛s ❞✉❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s sã♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡s ❧✐✈r❡s✱ ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❛q✉át✐✲
❝♦s✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r ❡❢❡✐t♦s ✐♥✲
❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❝❛s♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ♠❛♥❡❥❛❞❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭●❡❧♠✐♥✐✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❆
♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛ t❛❜♦❛ ✭❚②♣❤❛ ❛♥❣✉st✐❢♦❧✐❛ ✮ é ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧ ❡♠ r❡♣r❡s❛s ❡ ❧❛❣♦s
♣♦✐s ❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ✐♥✈❛❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ár❡❛✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❧❤♦
❞✬á❣✉❛✱ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛③❡r ❡ ♣❡s❝❛r✐❛✳ ❍á ❝❛s♦s ❡♠
q✉❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣❛s✱ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ ❝❛✉s❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦
❞❛ á❣✉❛✱ ❝♦♥❢❡r✐♥❞♦✲❧❤❡ s❛❜♦r ❞❡s❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧ ❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲❛ ✐♠♣ró♣r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❧✳ ❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛q✉át✐❝❛s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s
♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦❧✐❢❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧ ❞❛ ❡sq✉✐st♦ss♦♠♦s❡✳ ❆❧❣✉✲
♠❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛♠ á❣✉❛ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❜❛s❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛
❇r♦♠❡❧✐❛❝❡❛❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❤♦s♣❡❞❛r ✐♥s❡t♦s q✉❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t❡♠ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳
❊♠ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❢♦rr❛✲
❣❡✐r❛s r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛st♦s✳ ❊s♣é❝✐❡s ❡s♣✐♥❤♦s❛s
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❥♦á ✭❙♦❧❛♥✉♠ ❛❝✉❧❡❛t✐ss✐♠✉♠ ✮ ❡ ♦ ❛rr❛♥❤❛✲❣❛t♦ ✭❆❝❛❝✐❛ ♣❧✉♠♦s❛ ✮

♣♦❞❡♠ ❢❡r✐r ♦s ❛♥✐♠❛✐s❀ ♦✉tr❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡r✐r s❛❜♦r ❞❡s❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧ ❛♦ ❧❡✐t❡
s❡ ✐♥❣❡r✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ❡♠ ❧❛❝t❛çã♦✳ P❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠✐♦✲♠✐♦ ✭❇❛❝❝❤❛r✐s
❝♦r✐❞✐❢♦❧✐❛ ✮✱ ❛ ❡r✈❛✲❞❡✲r❛t♦ ✭P❛❧✐❝♦✉r❡❛ ♠❛r❝❣r❛✈✐✐ ✮✱ ♦ ♦✜❝✐❛❧✲❞❡✲s❛❧❛ ✭❆s✲
❝❧❡♣✐❛s ❝✉r❛ss❛✈✐❝❛ ✮ ❡ ❛ s❛♠❛♠❜❛✐❛ ✭Pt❡r✐❞✐✉♠ ❛q✉✐❧✐♥✉♠ ✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r
♠♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❜♦✈✐♥♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣❛st❡❥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❛♥✐♠❛✐s r❡❝é♠ ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦s ❞❡ ár❡❛s
✐s❡♥t❛s ❞❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ é♣♦❝❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ é ♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝❛✉s❛♠ ♦s
♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❛♥♦s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s✳ ❊♠ t❡r♠♦s ♠é❞✐♦s✱ ✸✵✪ ❛ ✹✵✪ ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛
♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ é ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ à ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
✭▲♦r❡♥③✐✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡st❡s ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s ❞✐r❡t♦s✱ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡❞✉③ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳
❈❛✉s❛♠ ❞❛♥♦s às ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣r❛❣❛s ❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s
❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠✲s❡ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ à ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s
r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✭▼✉③✐❦✱ ✶✾✼✵✮✳
■♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s s❡✈❡r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦r❞❛✲❞❡✲✈✐♦❧❛ ✭■♣♦♠♦❡❛ s♣♣✳✮ ❡ ❜❛❧ã♦③✐♥❤♦ ✭❈❛r✲
❞✐♦s♣❡r♠✉♠ ❤❛❧✐❝❛❝❛❜✉♠ ✮ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♠ ♦✉✱ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦✱ ✐♠♣❡❞❡♠ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦
❞❡ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛✳ ❖s ❡❢❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦
❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳ ❆ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❣rã♦s ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❝♦❧❤❡ ♦
♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡❧❡✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✉♠✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♠
❡st✉❞♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❈❛♠♣♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✸✮✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠✲s❡ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r❡❥✉❞✐✲
❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❣rã♦s ❞❡ s♦❥❛✳ ❆ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❣rã♦s ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ❞❡ ✾✱✻✷✪ ♣❛r❛ ✷✶✱✶✵✪✱
q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❞❡ ③❡r♦ ♣❛r❛ ✹✽
♣❧❛♥t❛s ♠−2 ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✮✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❚❡♦r ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡

❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ✭❊✳ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✮ ✭♣❧❛♥t❛s
♠−2 ✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈❛♠♣♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✸✮✳
◆í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❯♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❘❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦
■♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❞♦s ❣rã♦s ❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲ s♦❥❛ ✭✪✮ ✭❦❣ ❤❛ ✮
❜r❛✈♦
−1
✵ ✵ ✾✱✻✷ ✷✺✺✺
■ ✻ ✶✺✱✽✼ ✷✸✾✵
■■ ✶✼ ✶✻✱✶✵ ✷✹✹✼
■■■ ✹✽ ✷✶✱✶✵ ✶✻✼✽
❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ✐♠♣✉✲

r❡③❛s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ♠✐st✉r❛s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛s✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✳
❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s sã♦ ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈❛s ❡ ✈ár✐❛s sã♦ ❛s
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠ ❡ss❛ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦ss✉❡♠ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❝❛✲
♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛

❞✐ss❡♠✐♥á✲❧❛s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦✳ ❙ã♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛
❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s q✉❡ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛♠ ❛ ♣❡r♣❡✲
t✉❛çã♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡s✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
♣❡r❡♥❡s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♠✲s❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛
t✐r✐r✐❝❛ ✭❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ✮✳
❆ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ é ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳ ❖s r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡stã♦
s✉❥❡✐t♦s à ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ sã♦ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s✱ á❣✉❛✱ ❧✉③ ❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦✳
❈❡rt❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s✱
❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ sér✐♦s ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s ❛♦ s❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s✉❛
♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
❊♠ s♦❥❛✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❛♥♦ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛♠ à ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
❯♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s é ♦ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮✳ ❊ss❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s t❡♠✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ➱ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ s✉❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛
❞✉r❛♥t❡ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞♦ ❛♥♦✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ é♣♦❝❛s
q✉❡♥t❡s✳ ❊♠❡r❣❡♠ ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛té ✶✷ ❝♠✱ ♣♦ss✉✐♥❞♦ ❡①tr❛♦r❞✐♥ár✐❛
❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❈r❡s❝❡♠ ❝♦♠ r❛♣✐❞❡③✱ s♦♠❜r❡❛♥❞♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s
❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❧❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♠♣❡t❡♠ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❛❜s♦r✲
çã♦ ❞❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ r✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❧át❡①✱ ♥❛ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛❞❛s✱
♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ✜①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣✉r❡③❛s✳ ❆ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡st❛
❡s♣é❝✐❡ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❝❛✉s♦✉ ❞❡❝rés❝✐♠♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
q✉❡ ✈❛r✐♦✉ ❞❡ ✷✸✶✵ ❛ ✶✸✼✻ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✵✲✶✵ ❡ ✻✶✲✼✵
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ♠−2 ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭●❛③③✐❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
❖✉tr❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ q✉❡ r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✈❡♠ s❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s
♣r♦❞✉t♦r❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ é ♦ ❜❛❧ã♦③✐♥❤♦ ✭❈❛r❞✐♦s♣❡r♠✉♠ ❤❛❧✐❝❛❝❛❜✉♠ ✮✳ ❆ss✉♠❡
❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ♥❛s ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❱♦❧❧
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❛✮✳ ➱ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛✱ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s
♠❡♥♦s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝❡r❝❛✱ ♣♦♠❛r❡s✱
t❡rr❡♥♦s ❜❛❧❞✐♦s ❡ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞❛ s❡♠❡❛✲
❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ ❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ✈❡♠ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t♦r❡s ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ sã♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s tr❡♣❛❞❡✐r❛s✱ ♣♦ss✉✐♥❞♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛s
❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❣❛✈✐♥❤❛s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ✜①❛♠ às ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦✲
❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦ ❜❡✐ç♦✲❞❡✲❜♦✐ ♦✉ ❞❡s♠ó❞✐♦ ✭❉❡s♠♦❞✐✉♠ t♦rt✉♦✲
s✉♠ ✮ é ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ r❡❝❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❛s
❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❞♦ P❛r❛♥á ❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ ❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥tr♦✲♦❡st❡ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❱♦❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❜✮✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ à
❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ q✉❡
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s♠ó❞✐♦✱ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ✈❡♠ ❛✉✲
♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ❝♦♠ sér✐❛ ❛♠❡❛ç❛ ❛ ❡st❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
❖ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛r♠❡❧❛❞❛ ✭❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ✮ ❡ ♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦

✭❈❡♥❝❤r✉s ❡❝❤✐♥❛t✉s ✮ sã♦ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s
❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❡ ♣❡r❡♥❡s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❙ã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s q✉❛♥❞♦
♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s✳ ◆❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❛s ❢r✉t✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦
❝❛♣✐♠✲❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦ s❡ ♣r❡♥❞❡♠ às ✜❜r❛s✱ ♥♦s ❝❛♣✉❧❤♦s✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ❞❡s✈❛❧♦r✐✲
③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ❢❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s
q✉❡ ❝♦❧❤❡♠ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✳ ❖ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❛♠❛r❣♦s♦ ✭❉✐❣✐✲
t❛r✐❛ ✐♥s✉❧❛r✐s ✮✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✱ é ❡✈✐t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r
s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛♠❛r❣❛s✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛s ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s✳ ❖ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❛rr♦③
✭❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ✮ é ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛r✲
r♦③ ✐♥✉♥❞❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡ ✈ár③❡❛✳ ➱✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ P✐r✐❝✉❧❛r✐❛
♦r②③❡❛❡✱ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧ ❞❛ ❜r✉s♦♥❡ ❞♦ ❛rr♦③✱ ❡ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s✲
♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✈ír✉s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❞❡st❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠♦s❛✐❝♦✳ ❙✉❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s sã♦ t✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦❝✐✈❛s t♦❧❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❡ s✉❛
♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❡♠ ❧♦t❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡✱ ✐♠♣❡❞❡
❛ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✭❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❖ ❛③❡✈é♠ ✭▲♦❧✐✉♠ ♠✉❧t✐✢♦r✉♠✮ é
♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❞❡ tr✐❣♦✳ ❆ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛
✭❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✮ é ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ♥❡♠❛tó✐❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ▼❡❧♦②❞♦❣②♥❡
✐♥❝♦❣♥✐t❛✱ Pr❛t②❧❡♥❝❤✉s ♣r❛t❡♥s✐s ❡ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❣♦ P✐r✐❝✉❧❛r✐❛ ❣r✐s❡❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦
❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛ ❞♦ ✈ír✉s ❞❛ r♦s❡t❛ ❞♦ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠ ❡ ❞♦ ♠♦s❛✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♣✐♥♦ ✭❇r❛♥✲
❞ã♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✺❜✮✳
4. Características das Plantas Daninhas

❊♠ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛ ❝❛♣❛✲
❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐r ♣♦r r❡❝✉rs♦s ✭♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s✱ á❣✉❛✱ ❧✉③ ❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦✮✱ s❡♥❞♦
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❢♦✐ r❡t✐✲
r❛❞❛✳ ❊ss❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛♦s ♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛❞♦s
t✐♣♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❛♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❊ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ✉♠ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ à ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡
✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡rís✲
t✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆s ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s sã♦ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✿
4.1 Habilidade competitiva

❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s
♥♦ r❡❝r✉t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❧✉③✱ á❣✉❛ ❡ ❈❖2 ✳
❖s t❡♦r❡s ❞❡ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❡ ♣♦táss✐♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ❡ ❡♠
❜❡❧❞r♦❡❣❛✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ sã♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧✲
t✐✈❛❞❛s✳ ❉❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ✈❛❧❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❢❡rt✐❧✐✲
③❛♥t❡s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♦ s✉❧❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦
❞♦s ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ◆❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✉③✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ♣♦✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣❡✲
q✉❡♥❛s ❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❞❡ ♣♦rt❡ ❜❛✐①♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s
sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛♠ ❛ ❧✉③ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s

❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st✐♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦
s♦♠❜r❡❛❞❛s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛ss❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡
❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛s s✉❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s
♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♦✉ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❛❞✐❛✲
çã♦ s♦❧❛r✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ á❣✉❛ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛
❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❤í❞r✐❝❛ é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✳
4.2 Capacidade de produção de propágulos

❱ár✐♦s sã♦ ♦s ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ♣❡❧♦s q✉❛✐s ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❡r♣❡t✉❛r✲s❡✱ t❛♥t♦
♣♦r ✈✐❛ s❡♠✐♥í❢❡r❛ ✭s❡♠❡♥t❡s✮✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣♦r ✈✐❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈❛ ✭❜✉❧❜♦s✱ ❡st♦❧õ❡s✱
r✐③♦♠❛s✮✳ ❆s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡♠í♥✉❧♦s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s
❡s♣é❝✐❡s✳
❖ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❡st❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ❞❛ ✈✐❛✲
❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐♠✲
♠❛ss❛♠❜❛rá ♦✉ s♦r❣♦✲❞❡✲❛❧❡♣♦ ✭❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❤❛❧❡♣❡♥s❡ ✮ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❞❡ ✸ ❛
✽✵ ♠✐❧ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦
✉♠ ❝♦❧♠♦ ♦✉ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦❧♠♦s ❡♠❡r❣✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r✐③♦✲
♠❛s ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦s✳ ◆✉♠ ❤❡❝t❛r❡ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s
✷✷✵ ❦❣ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦r❣♦✲❞❡✲❛❧❡♣♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✺✺ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱
♥✉♠❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❞❛ ✭❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ P❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❜❛r❜✐❝❤❛✲❞❡✲❛❧❡♠ã♦
✭❈❤❧♦r✐s ♣♦❧②❞❛❝t②❧❛ ✮✱ ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✾✺
♠✐❧ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✭❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❊s♣é❝✐❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝❛r✉r✉
✭❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❛té ✶✶✼ ♠✐❧ s❡♠❡♥t❡s
♣♦r ♣❧❛♥t❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❆rt❡♠✐s✐❛ ❜✐❡♥♥✐s ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶ ♠✐❧❤ã♦
❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ♣❧❛♥t❛✳
❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à t✐r✐r✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❤❡❝t❛r❡ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠
s❡r r❡t✐r❛❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ t♦♥❡❧❛❞❛s ❞❡ r✐③♦♠❛s ❡ t✉❜ér❝✉❧♦s ♥✉♠❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ✶✺✲✷✵ ❝♠ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❇r❛♥❞ã♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✺❜✮✳ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛
q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ ✐s♦❧❛✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦r q✉✐❧♦❣r❛♠❛✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡
❡s♣é❝✐❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ♠✐ú❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝❛r✉r✉✱ ♦ q✉❡♥♦♣ó❞✐♦
❡ ❛ ❜❡❧❞r♦❡❣❛ sã♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❧í✜❝❛s✳
4.3 Desuniformidade do processo germinativo

❙❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❢♦ss❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦
♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s❡r✐❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ✐st♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✱
♣♦✐s ❡st❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s s❡ ✈❛❧❡♠ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❢í❝✐♦s q✉❡ ❧❤❡s ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♠ ❞❡s✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡
♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐✈♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ♣❡r♣❡t✉❛çã♦✳ ❉♦✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s
♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r s❛❧✐❡♥t❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡
❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ àq✉❡❧❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ à ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡❧❡s
♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦✱ ✜❝❛♠ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡

s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦r q✉✐❧♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿
❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❩✐♠❞❛❤❧ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✳
♥o ♥o
◆♦♠❡ ❈♦♠✉♠ ◆♦♠❡ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ s❡♠❡♥t❡s s❡♠❡♥t❡s
♣❧❛♥t❛−1 ❦❣−1
❈❛♣✐♠✲❛rr♦③ ❊❝❤♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ✼✳✶✻✵ ✶✳✵✼✵✳✶✹✸
▼❛r✐❛✲♣r❡t✐♥❤❛ ❙♦❧❛♥✉♠ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥✉♠ ✽✳✹✻✵ ✺✾✷✳✶✼✸
◗✉❡♥♦♣ó❞✐♦ ❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ ❛❧❜✉♠ ✼✷✳✹✺✵ ✶✳✾✹✺✳✼✶✵
❈❛r✉r✉ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ✶✶✼✳✹✵✵ ✸✳✺✽✹✳✷✶✶
❇❡❧❞r♦❡❣❛ P♦rt✉❧❛❝❛ ♦❧❡r❛❝❡❛ ✺✸✳✸✵✵ ✶✵✳✹✼✻✳✾✷✹
❆✈❡✐❛✲❜r❛✈❛ ❆✈❡♥❛ st❡r✐❧✐s ✷✺✵ ✼✼✳✼✸✾
❈❛♣✐♠✲❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦ ❈❡♥❝❤r✉s ❡❝❤✐♥❛t✉s ✶✳✶✵✵ ✷✵✶✳✼✼✼
●✉❛♥①✉♠❛ ❙✐❞❛ s♣♣✳ ✺✶✵ ✹✷✻✳✾✵✵
✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡stí♠✉❧♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s à q✉❡❜r❛ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥✲

❝✐❛✳
❖ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♠❛♥tê♠ s✉❛
✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ é ❢r✉t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡
❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❙❡ ❡st❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉íss❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❧♦♥❣❡✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛s ♠❡✲
❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✐❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ s♦❜r❡ s✉❛s ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s
♣♦♣✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❛ ❡rr❛❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s❡r✐❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢á❝✐❧✳ ❆ss✐♠✱
❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡✈♦❧✉✐✉ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❊♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❝❧✐♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱
❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❛♠❡❛ç❛ à s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ é ♦ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦✳ ❆s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛♠❛❞✉r❡❝❡♠
♥❛ ♣r✐♠❛✈❡r❛✱ ✈❡rã♦ ❡ ♦✉t♦♥♦✳ ❊ s❡ ❡❧❛s ❣❡r♠✐♥❛ss❡♠ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦
✐♥✈❡r♥♦ ❛s s✉r♣r❡❡♥❞❡r✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡stá❞✐♦ ✈✉❧♥❡rá✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛ ❡ ❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡
s❡r✐❛ ❡①t✐♥t❛✳
❆ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❡ t❡♥❞♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛r✱ ❞❡✐①❛♠ ❞❡ ❢❛③ê✲❧♦✳ ❊st❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛
♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❢✉♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉✐❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ r❡♣♦✉s♦
❡♠ q✉❡✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ✈✐á✈❡❧ ❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❡ é s✉♣❡rá✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ✭❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ✫ ◆❛❦❛❣❛✇❛✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳
❱ár✐❛s sã♦ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❢✉♥✲
çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐✈❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ❡♠❜r✐õ❡s ✐♠❛t✉r♦s ♦✉ r✉❞✐♠❡♥t❛r❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡ ❥á s❡ ❞❡s♣r❡♥❞❡✉
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ♠ã❡ ❡ ♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳
❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦✲❞❡✲❝❛r♥❡✐r♦ ✭❆❝❛♥t❤♦s✲
♣❡r♠✉♠ ❤✐s♣✐❞✉♠ ✮✳ ❖ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆s s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❡♥q✉❛❞r❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ t✐♣♦ sã♦ ❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s q✉❛♥t♦
à ❧✉③ ❡ ❛♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛r ❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝✉❥❛ ❣❡r♠✐✲
♥❛çã♦ é ❛❢❡t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✉③ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r s✉❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞❛ ♦✉ ✐♥✐❜✐❞❛
♣❡❧❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳ ◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛s♦✱ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❢♦t♦❜❧ást✐❝❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ❡✱ ♥♦

s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ❢♦t♦❜❧ást✐❝❛s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢♦t♦❜❧ást✐❝❛s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s
❤á ♦ ❝❛r✉r✉ ✭❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s ❝❛✉❞❛t✉s ✮✱ ❝✉❥❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s ❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s
q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ t❡♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❜✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❛té ✸✵✪ ✭●✉tt❡r♥❛♥
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ à á❣✉❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ♦ t❡✲
❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ✐♠♣❡❞❡ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❡st❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦
❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢❡❞❡❣♦s♦ ✭P✐t❡❧❧✐✱ ✶✾✽✽✮ ❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛s ❢❛♠í✲
❧✐❛s ▼❛❧✈❛❝❡❛❡✱ ❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐❛❝❡❛❡✱ ❈♦♥✈♦❧✈✉❧❛❝❡❛❡✱ ▲✐❧✐❛❝❡❛❡ ❡ ❙♦❧❛♥❛❝❡❛❡
✭❘♦❧st♦♥✱ ✶✾✼✽✮✳
❖✉tr♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é ❛q✉❡❧❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❡r✐❝❛r♣♦✱ ♦
t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s r❡str✐♥❣❡♠ ❛s tr♦❝❛s ❣❛s♦s❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛✉s❛
❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ P♦❛❝❡❛❡✳ ❊st❡
t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❳❛♥t❤✐✉♠ s♣♣✳✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦
t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠✐♥❛❧ ♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❧❡✈❛r ✉♠
❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❛té q✉❡ ♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ s❡❥❛ ❛❢❡t❛❞♦✳
P♦❞❡♠ ♦❝♦rr❡r✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ r❡str✐çõ❡s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦
❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛
é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s ✭❝❛r✉r✉✮✱ ▲❡♣✐❞✐✉♠
✭♠❡♥tr✉③✮ ❡ ❇r❛ss✐❝❛ ✭♠♦st❛r❞❛✮✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡st❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠
♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡
✈ár✐♦s ❛♥♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✮✳ ❆s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✜❣✉❡✐r❛✲❞♦✲✐♥❢❡r♥♦ ✭❉❛t✉r❛
str❛♠♦♥✐✉♠✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ✾✵✪ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❛♣ós ✶✼ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛s
✭❇✉r♥s✐❞❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡

♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛s ❛ ✷✵ ❝♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✶✼ ❛♥♦s✳
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❇✉r♥s✐❞❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✳
❆♥♦s ❛♣ós s❡r❡♠ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛s
❊s♣é❝✐❡s ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ ✻ ✼ ✽ ✾ ✶✷ ✶✼
✪ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦
❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ✶✼ ✸ ✺✽ ✸✾ ✹✷ ✸✶ ✾ ✶✹ ✹ ✹ ✷ ✵
❙❡t❛r✐❛ ✈❡rt✐❝✐❧❧❛t❛ ✼✹ ✼✸ ✸✸ ✸✹ ✸✽ ✷✷ ✷✷ ✷✻ ✸✸ ✻ ✶✵ ✵
❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ s❛♥❣✉✐♥❛❧✐s ✶✷ ✼✾ ✹✺ ✹✷ ✹✸ ✶✷ ✶ ✶✷ ✷ ✵ ✵ ✵
❳❛♥t❤✐✉♠ str✉♠❛r✐✉♠ ✶✵ ✻✵ ✺✾ ✺✶ ✻✺ ✸✸ ✸✼ ✹✶ ✶✺ ✷✶ ✵ ✵
❉❛t✉r❛ str❛♠♦♥✐✉♠ ✾✸ ✾✸ ✾✸ ✾✹ ✾✻ ✽✾ ✽✽ ✽✷ ✾✷ ✼✽ ✾✺ ✾✵
❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ✻✻ ✻✾ ✸✽ ✹✵ ✹✵ ✸✼ ✾ ✷ ✻ ✺ ✼ ✶
❘✉♠❡① ❝r✐s♣✉s ✼✻ ✾✷ ✾✸ ✽✺ ✼✵ ✼✹ ✾✹ ✽✹ ✾✶ ✷✷ ✼✸ ✻✶
❚❛r❛①❛❝✉♠ ♦✣❝✐♥❛❧❡ ✷ ✶✷ ✺ ✶✵ ✶ ✶ ✷ ✹ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵
4.4 Capacidade de germinar e emergir a grandes profundidades

❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡ ❡♠❡r❣✐r ❛
♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❚✉❜ér❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ t✐r✐r✐❝❛
✭❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ✮✱ ♣❧❛♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ t✉❜♦s ❞❡ P❱❈ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐✲
❞❛❞❡s✱ ❡♠❡r❣✐r❛♠✱ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ ♠❡tr♦ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❛
s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ✭❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❡✐❛ s✐❧✈❡str❡ ✭❆✈❡♥❛ ❢❛t✉❛ ✮ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛té ✶✼✱✺
❝♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮ ❡♠❡r❣❡♠
❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✶✷ ❝♠✳ ❆s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛ ✭❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ✮✱
❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r✐③♦♠❛s✱ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛r ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥✲
❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✶✷ ❝♠✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ♥ã♦
❣❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ✷ ❝♠ ✭❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
4.5 Viabilidade dos propágulos em condições desfavoráveis

P❛r❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡r✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡
♠❛♥té♠ s✉❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ✈✐✈❛s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♦✉
é♣♦❝❛s ❞♦ ❛♥♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❧✉③✱ á❣✉❛✱
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣❛✐♥❤❛ ✭❈♦♥✈♦❧✈✉❧✉s ❛r✈❡♥s✐s ✮ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠
♠❛♥t❡r✲s❡ ✈✐✈❛s ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♣ós ✺✹ ♠❡s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❡rsã♦ ❡♠ á❣✉❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ♠❛♥t❡r✲s❡ ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❛♣ós ♣❛ss❛r ♣❡❧♦ tr❛t♦ ✐♥t❡s✲
t✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❜♦✈✐♥♦s ❡ ❞❡ s✉í♥♦s✱ ❡q✉✐♥♦s ❡ ♦✈✐♥♦s✱ ♠❛s ♣❡r❞❡♠ ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❛♣ós ♣❛ss❛r ♣❡❧♦ tr❛t♦ ✐♥t❡st✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❣❛❧✐♥❤❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❆❜✉✲
t✐❧♦♥ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣ós ♣❛ss❛r ♣❡❧♦
tr❛t♦ ✐♥t❡st✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❣❛❧✐♥❤❛s✳
❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❡s✉❧❛ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ♣❡❧♦ tr❛t♦ ❞✐❣❡st✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦✈❡❧❤❛s
❡ ❝❛❜r❛s✳ ❋♦r❛♠ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞♦s ✶✽✪ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❢❡❝❛❧✱ ❝♦♠
❛✐♥❞❛ ✷✪ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♥❛s q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ♣❡❧♦ tr❛t♦ ❞✐❣❡st✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦✈❡❧❤❛s
❡ ✶✻✪ ♥❛s q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ♣❡❧❛s ❝❛❜r❛s ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✮✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳ P❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡

❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❡s✉❧❛ ❛♣ós ♣❛ss❛r ♣❡❧♦ tr❛t♦ ❞✐❣❡st✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦✈❡❧❤❛s ❡ ❝❛❜r❛s✳
❋♦♥t❡✿ ▲❛❝❡② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✷✮✳
❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ●❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❱✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
✭✪✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮
❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✲ ✼✷ ✾✵
❖✈❡❧❤❛s ✶✽ ✵✷ ✶✹
❈❛❜r❛s ✶✽ ✶✻ ✸✶
4.6 Mecanismos alternativos de reprodução

❆ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s é ✉♠❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡
r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r t❛♥t♦ ♣♦r s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s
t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s t❛✐s

❝♦♠♦✿
• ❊st♦❧ã♦ ♦✉ ❡st♦❧❤♦✿ é ✉♠ ❝❛✉❧❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ r❛í③❡s ❛❞✲
✈❡♥tí❝✐❛s ❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦s ♥ós✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦
é ❛ ❣r❛♠❛✲❜❡r♠✉❞❛ ✭❈②♥♦❞♦♥ ❞❛❝t②❧♦♥ ✮✳
• ❘✐③♦♠❛✿ é ✉♠ ❝❛✉❧❡ s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③ r❛í③❡s ❛❞✈❡♥tí❝❡❛s ❡
♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛ss❛♠❜❛rá
✭❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❤❛❧❡♣❡♥s❡ ✮✱ ❛ s❛♠❛♠❜❛✐❛ ✭Pt❡r✐❞✐✉♠ ❛q✉✐❧✐♥✉♠ ✮✱ ❛ ❧♦s♥❛✲
❜r❛✈❛ ✭❆rt❡♠✐s✐❛ ✈❡r❧♦t♦r✉♠ ✮ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳
• ❚✉❜ér❝✉❧♦✿ é ❛ ♣♦rçã♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ r✐③♦♠❛✳ P♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡
q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s❡r✈❛s ❡ ❣❡♠❛s✳ ❆ t✐r✐r✐❝❛ ✭❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ✮ é ✉♠❛
❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ♣♦r t✉❜ér❝✉❧♦s✳
• ❇✉❧❜♦s✿ sã♦ ❣❡♠❛s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉❧❡ ❡
❢♦❧❤❛s✳ ❆s r❡s❡r✈❛s ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ♥❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ s❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♠ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ♦ tr❡✈♦
✭❖①❛❧✐s ❧❛t✐❢♦❧✐❛ ✮ ❡ ♦ ❛❧❤♦✲❜r❛✈♦ ✭◆♦t❤♦s❝♦r❞✉♠ ✐♥♦❞♦r✉♠ ✮✳
• ❈❛✉❧❡s✿ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❜r♦✲
t❛r✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝❛✉❧❡s✳ ❆s ❣✉❛♥①✉♠❛s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦rt❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠✲
♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r♦ç❛❞❡✐r❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡❜r♦t❛r✳
P❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ t✐r✐r✐❝❛ ✭❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ s❡♠✐✲
♥í❢❡r❛ ✭s❡♠❡♥t❡s✮✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦s r✐③♦♠❛s✱
t✉❜ér❝✉❧♦s ❡ ❜✉❧❜♦s ❜❛s❛✐s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ t✐r✐r✐❝❛ ✭❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ✮✿

s❡♠✐♥í❢❡r❛ ✭❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮ ❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈❛ ✭❞✐r❡✐t❛✮✳
❆ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛ ✭❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛

♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r ❝♦♠ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ♣♦r s❡♠❡♥t❡s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ♥♦s r✐③♦♠❛s✳
❋❧♦r❡s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ r✐③❛♥tó❣❡♥♦s ✭r✐③♦♠❛s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡♦s✮✱ ❢♦r✲

♠❛♥❞♦ ❢r✉t♦s ❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡♥♦❝❛r♣✐❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛s ♠❛✐♦✲
r❡s q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✢♦r❡s ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳ ❚❛♠✲
❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♥r❛✐③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♥ós ❞♦s r❛♠♦s ❞❡ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛ ❡♠
❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳ ❆ ❣r❛♠❛✲s❡❞❛ ✭❈②♥♦❞♦♥ ❞❛❝t②❧♦♥ ✮
s❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉③ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡st♦❧õ❡s✳ ❖ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠ã♦✲❞❡✲s❛♣♦ ✭❉❛❝t②❧♦❝t❡♥✐✉♠
❛❡❣②♣t✐✉♠ ✮ ♣♦ss✉✐ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ♣♦r s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ❡st♦❧õ❡s✳ ❈❛♣✐♠✲❝❛♣✐✈❛r❛
✭❍②♠❡♥❛❝❤♥❡ ❛♠♣❧❡①✐❝❛✉❧✐s ✮ s❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛ t❛♥t♦ ♣♦r s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ♣❡✲
❞❛ç♦s ❞❡ ❝❛✉❧❡s ❡♥r❛✐③❛❞♦s ✭▲♦r❡♥③✐✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❧♦s♥❛ ✭❆rt❡♠✐s✐❛
✈❡r❧♦t♦r✉♠ ✮ é ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❛❧é♠ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ♣♦s✲
s✉✐ ❝❛✉❧❡ s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡♦ ✭r✐③♦♠❛✮ q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛ s✉❛ ♣❡r♣❡t✉❛çã♦✳ ❆♣ós ♦
❝♦rt❡ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✉♠❛ rá♣✐❞❛ r❡❜r♦t❛ ❞♦s r✐③♦♠❛s ♣♦✈♦❛♥❞♦ ❛
ár❡❛✳ ❊♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♠❡❝❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡st❡s r✐③♦♠❛s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s ✭❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❧♦s♥❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❡q✉❡✲
♥❛s ❡ ❢rá❣❡✐s ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦s
r✐③♦♠❛s ❡♠❡r❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ✈✐❣♦r ❡ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛
♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ s❡ ♦♣t❛r ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦✳ ◆❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ár❡❛ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❧♦s♥❛✲❜r❛✈❛ ✭❆rt❡♠✐s✐❛
✈❡r❧♦t♦r✉♠ ✮ ❡ s✉❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ♦s r✐③♦♠❛s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳ ➪r❡❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛❞❛ ✭❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮ ❡ r✐③♦♠❛ ✭❞✐r❡✐t❛✮ ❞❛ ❧♦s♥❛✲❜r❛✈❛

✭❆rt❡♠✐s✐❛ ✈❡r❧♦t♦r✉♠ ✮✳
4.7 Facilidade de disseminação dos propágulos

❖s ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡
❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦✳ ❈❛s♦ ♦s ❞✐ss❡♠í♥✉❧♦s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝❛íss❡♠
♣ró①✐♠♦s à ♣❧❛♥t❛ ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❛✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❣r❛✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♠♦✲
✈❡ss❡♠ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s✱ s❡r✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✐♥❢❡s✲
t❛♥t❡s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♦s ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s

♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦✳
❆s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s sã♦✱ s❡♠ ❞ú✈✐❞❛✱
✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦
♦❝♦rr❡r ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ✭❛✉t♦❝♦r✐❛✮ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡①t❡r♥♦s
✭❛❧♦❝♦r✐❛✮✳
◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦s ❢r✉t♦s ❝❛❡♠ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ s❡ ❛❜r❡♠ ❧✐❜❡r❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ➱ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❝♦♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦
❝❛♣✐♠✲❛rr♦③ ✭❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ s♣♣✳✮ ❡ ♦ ❛rr♦③✲✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✭❖r②③❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✮✳ ❖✉tr❛s
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❧❛♥ç❛♠ s✉❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛
♠❛♠♦♥❛ ✭❘✐❝✐♥✉s ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐s ✮✱ ♦ q✉❡❜r❛✲♣❡❞r❛ ✭P❤②❧❧❛♥t❤✉s t❡♥❡❧❧✉s ✮ ❡ ♦
❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡st❛ ú❧t✐♠❛✱ ❛s s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❧❛♥ç❛❞❛s ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❛ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♠❡tr♦s✳
◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ é ❛✉①✐❧✐❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦
s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦✿
❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❤✐❞ró❝♦r❛✿ é ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ❞❡ ❝❤✉✲
✈❛s✱ ❝órr❡❣♦s✱ r✐♦s✱ ✐♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s✱ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥❞♦ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çõ❡s
♣❡❧❛ á❣✉❛✳ ❲✐❧s♦♥ ✭✶✾✽✵✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦✉ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✼✼ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠
✉♠ ❝❛♥❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ✐rr✐❣❛çã♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s♦✉ ❞✉❛s s❡çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝❛♥❛❧✱ ❝♦✲
❧❡t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✸✵✳✸✹✻ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❍❛✈✐❛ ✷✻ ✈❡③❡s ♠❛✐s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧
❞♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✐rr✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡st❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✢✉t✉❛✈❛✱
s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❛r✉r✉ ✭❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ✮ ❛q✉❡❧❛ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ r❡✲
♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✹✵✪ ❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❊st❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡st✐♠♦✉ q✉❡ ✉♠
♠✐❧❤ã♦ ❡ ❞✉③❡♥t❛s ♠✐❧ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ❤❡❝t❛r❡ ❡r❛♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♥❛s ár❡❛s
❞❡ ✐rr✐❣❛çã♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♥♦✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛♥❡❥♦
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦s r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦s ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡
✐rr✐❣❛çã♦✱ é ❢❛t♦r ♣r✐♠♦r❞✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ✐rr✐❣❛❞❛s✳
❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❛♥❡♠ó❝♦r❛✿ é ❛q✉❡❧❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s sã♦ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦s
♣❡❧♦ ✈❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❞❛ ❝♦✉✈✐♥❤❛ ✭P♦✲
r♦♣❤②❧❧✉♠ r✉❞❡r❛❧❡ ✮ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛q✉ê♥✐♦s ❝♦♠ ♣❛♣✐❧❤♦s ♣✐❧♦s♦s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡
tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✈❡♥t♦✳ ❖✉tr❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞✐ss❡♠✐✲
♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ✈❡♥t♦ sã♦ ❛ ❡r✈❛✲❞❡✲t♦✉r♦ ✭❚r✐❞❛① ♣r♦❝✉♠❜❡♥s ✮ ❡ ♦ ♦✜❝✐❛❧✲❞❡✲s❛❧❛
✭❆s❝❧❡♣✐❛s ❝✉r❛ss❛✈✐❝❛ ✮✳ ❙✉❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ t✉❢♦s ❞❡ ♣❡❧♦s s❡❞♦s♦s✱
q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✈❡♥t♦ ✭❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ❧❡✈❡s ❡
♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❞♦ ❝❛r✉r✉ ✭❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s s♣♣✳✮ ❡ ❞❛ ❜❡❧❞r♦❡❣❛ ✭P♦rt✉✲
❧❛❝❛ ♦❧❡r❛❝❡❛ ✮ tê♠ s✉❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ó❧✐❝❛✱
s❡♥❞♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ❛ ❧♦♥❣❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❛
❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❆st❡r❛❝❡❛❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡
❝♦♥❢❡r❡ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✈❡♥t♦✳
❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ③♦ó❝♦r❛✿ é ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛♥✐♠❛✐s✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦ é tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦ ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ é
❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❡♣✐③ó✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣✐♠✲
❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦ ✭❈❡♥❝❤r✉s ❡❝❤✐♥❛t✉s ✮✱ ❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦✲❞❡✲❝❛r♥❡✐r♦ ✭❆❝❛♥t❤♦s♣❡r♠✉♠
❤✐s♣✐❞✉♠ ✮✱ ♣✐❝ã♦✲♣r❡t♦ ✭❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ ✮ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤ã♦ ✭❳❛♥t❤✐✉♠

str✉♠❛r✐✉♠ ✮✳ ❩✐♠❞❛❤❧ ✭✶✾✾✾✮ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛ q✉❡ ♦ ✈❡❧❝r♦ ❢♦✐ ✐♥✈❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ●❡✲
♦r❣❡ ▼❡str❛❧ ❡♠ ✶✾✹✶✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❢❡✐t❛ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❝❛ç❛❞❛s
♥❛s ♠♦♥t❛♥❤❛s s✉íç❛s✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉ q✉❡ ♦s ❢r✉t♦s ❞♦ ❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤ã♦ ✜❝❛✈❛♠ ❛❞❡✲
r✐❞♦s ❡♠ s✉❛s r♦✉♣❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝❛❝❤♦rr♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡
✉♠❛ ♠✐♥✉❝✐♦s❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠♦r❢♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦s ❡s♣✐♥❤♦s ❝♦♥t✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❢r✉t♦✱
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ♦ ✈❡❧❝r♦✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦ é ✐♥❣❡r✐❞♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞♦ ❛♥✐✲
♠❛❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡❧✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❢❡③❡s✱ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡♥❞♦③ó✐❝❛✳
❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❣r❛♠❛✲❜❛t❛t❛✐s ✭P❛s♣❛❧✉♠ ♥♦t❛t✉♠ ✮ q✉❛♥❞♦
s✉❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s sã♦ ✐♥❣❡r✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❜♦✈✐♥♦s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ♣áss❛r♦s ✐♥❣❡r❡♠
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛♥❞♦✲❛s ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❡ ♣❛ís❡s✳ ❊ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛
❞❡ ❛♥tr♦♣ó❝♦r❛✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛s
♣❡ss♦❛s ❝♦♠ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ♦✉ ♦r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❚❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠✲
♣❧♦ ♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❜r❛q✉✐ár✐❛ ✭❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ❞❡❝✉♠❜❡♥s ✮ tr❛③✐❞♦ ❞❛ ➪❢r✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❇r❛s✐❧ ♣❛r❛ s❡r✈✐r ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦rr❛❣❡✐r❛✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛r♠❡❧❛❞❛ ✭❇r❛❝❤✐✲
❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ✮ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ tr❛③✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♥❛✈✐♦s ♥❡❣r❡✐r♦s✳
❆s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ s❡r✈✐❛♠ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡s❝r❛✈♦s✳ ❖s ♥❛✈✐♦s ❛♦
❝❤❡❣❛r❡♠ ❛♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❡r❛♠ ❧✐♠♣♦s ❡ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♣❛✲
❧❤❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ♥♦ t❡rr✐tór✐♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ✭❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱
✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❖ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❛rr♦③ ✭❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ s♣♣✳✮ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦r✲
t❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♦❝♦rr✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦
❡st❛r ♠✐st✉r❛❞❛ às s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❛rr♦③ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ às ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ✉t✐✲
❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❤♦❥❡ ❡st❡s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s
♣❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❆s ❝♦❧❤❡❞♦r❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s
❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛s à ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❧✐♠♣❛s ❝♦♠ ❝r✐tér✐♦
♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡ ❧♦t❡s ❞❡
s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ s❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛❞❛s✱ ❢❛t♦
q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧♦t❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❝♦♥t❛♠✐✲
♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡rs✐st❡✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛r q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ✐s❡♥t❛s ❞❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
4.8 Crescimento e desenvolvimento inicial

❆ ♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❡❝♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛ é ♦✉tr♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ♠✉✐t♦
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛q✉❡❧❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡
q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❛r ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❡♥❝❡r ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦✳ ❈❡rt❛s
❡s♣é❝✐❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝♦ ❈4 tê♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❡♠ r❡t✐r❛r ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛♦s s❡✉s ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲
✈✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❈3 ✳ ❆s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❈4 sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈❖2 ❛t✲

♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♥❢❡r✐♥❞♦✲❧❤❡s✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ♠❛✐♦r t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r
✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❜✐♦♠❛ss❛ s❡❝❛ ❝♦♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r❡s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛
❧✉♠✐♥♦s❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐♥✲
tét✐❝♦ ❈4 ✱ ❤á ❛ t✐r✐r✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦✱ ♦ ❝❛r✉r✉✱ ♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❛♠❛r❣♦s♦✱ ♦
❝❛♣✐♠✲♠ã♦✲❞❡✲s❛♣♦✱ ♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛r♠❡❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❣r❛♠❛✲s❡❞❛✳
5. Classificações das Plantas Daninhas

❆ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ♦✉ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ é ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
❞♦s s❡r❡s ✈✐✈♦s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♠✲s❡ ❝❤❛✈❡s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛tór✐❛s
q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❛❞✉❧t❛ ❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ✢♦r❛✐s✳ ◆♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ à ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱
t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ê①✐t♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛s ❡♠✐t❡♠
❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✳ ❱ár✐♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ❢♦t♦❣r❛❢❛❞❛s ❡♠
❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡
❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ às ♠❡s♠❛s
❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♦r❞❡♥s✱ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s✱ ❣ê♥❡r♦s ❡✱ ❡♠ ❝❡rt♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛té ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡
q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ✭❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❛rr♦③ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❡ ❛rr♦③ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦✱
❛♠❜♦s ❖r②③❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✮✳
❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❜♦tâ♥✐❝♦ ❈r♦♥q✉✐st ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛
❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✭❉❡✉❜❡r✱
✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ♥♦♠❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❢♦r❛♠
♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡ ❛s três s✉❜✲❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ▲❡❣✉♠✐♥♦s❛❡ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ s❡
❝♦♥st✐t✉✐r ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✿
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✳ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❊♥❣❧❡r✲❲❡ttst❡✐♥
❡ ❈r♦♥q✉✐st✳
❙✐st❡♠❛ ❊♥❣❧❡r✲❲❡ttst❡✐♥ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❈r♦♥q✉✐st
❋❛♠í❧✐❛ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐t❛❡ ❋❛♠í❧✐❛ ❆st❡r❛❝❡❛❡
❋❛♠í❧✐❛ ❈r✉❝✐❢❡r❛❡ ❋❛♠í❧✐❛ ❇r❛ss✐❝❛❝❡❛❡
❋❛♠í❧✐❛ ●r❛♠✐♥❡❛❡ ❋❛♠í❧✐❛ P♦❛❝❡❛❡
❋❛♠í❧✐❛ ▲❡❣✉♠✐♥♦s❛❡
❙✉❜✲❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❈❛❡s❛❧♣✐♥♦✐❞❡❛❡ ❋❛♠í❧✐❛ ❈❛❡s❛❧♣✐♥❛❝❡❛❡
❙✉❜✲❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ▼✐♠♦s♦✐❞❡❛❡ ❋❛♠í❧✐❛ ▼✐♠♦s❛❝❡❛❡
❙✉❜✲❢❛♠í❧✐❛ P❛♣✐❧✐♦♥♦✐❞❡❛❡ ❋❛♠í❧✐❛ P❛♣✐❧✐♦♥❛❝❡❛❡
❆ ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s é ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦✈❡rt✐❞♦✳ ❉❡st❡

♠♦❞♦✱ ♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s é s❛❜❡r r❡❝♦♥❤❡✲
❝❡r ♦s ❣ê♥❡r♦s ❡ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡

❛ s❡r ❛❞♦t❛❞♦✳
❖✉tr❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s✉r❣✐✉ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s
♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❛❧✐❢át✐❝♦s ❡ ❢❡♥♦①✐❛❝é✲
t✐❝♦s✱ s❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦✲❛s ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❣r✉♣♦s✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ✏ ❢♦❧❤❛s
❧❛r❣❛s✑ ❡ ❛s ❞❡ ✏ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡str❡✐t❛s✑ ✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠
❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❡ ❞✐❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭❙❝❤✉❧t③✱
✶✾✻✽✮✳ ❆s ✏ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s✑ sã♦ t✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❧✐♠❜♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❧❛r❣♦✱ ♥❡r✲
✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ♣❛❧♠✐♥ér✈✐❛✱ ♣❡❧t✐♥ér✈✐❛ ❡ ♣❡♥✐♥ér✈✐❛❀ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ✏ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡str❡✐t❛s✑ ✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❞❡ ♥❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s
✉♥✐♥ér✈✐❛ ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐♥ér✈✐❛ ❡✱ r❛r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝✉r✈✐♥ér✈✐❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦✱
❡stã♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❡ ❝✐♣❡rá❝❡❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦
♥ã♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦✉❝♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❡s✲
♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♦✉ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛tór✐♦s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡
✈✐st❛ ❜♦tâ♥✐❝♦✳
❖✉tr♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ s❡♣❛rá✲
❧❛s ❡♠ t❡rr❡str❡s ❡ ❛q✉át✐❝❛s✳ ❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s t❡rr❡str❡s sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛✲
❞❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦
❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❤á❜✐t♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈♦✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛r✈❡♥s❡s✱
r✉❞❡r❛✐s ❡ ✈✐ár✐❛s✳ ❆s ❛r✈❡♥s❡s sã♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s
❡ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s✳ ❆s r✉❞❡r❛✐s ♦❝✉♣❛♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ár❡❛s
♥ã♦ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ t❡rr❡♥♦s ❜❛❧❞✐♦s✱ ár❡❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s ❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡
❡❧étr✐❝❛✳ ❆s ✈✐ár✐❛s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r
❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♠♦♥♦❝ár♣✐❝❛s ♦✉ ♣♦❧✐❝ár♣✐❝❛s✳ ❆s ♠♦♥♦❝ár♣✐❝❛s
✢♦r❡s❝❡♠ ❡ ❢r✉t✐✜❝❛♠ ❡♥❝❡rr❛♥❞♦ s❡✉ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦
♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s✳ ❉✐✈✐❞❡♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ❛♥✉❛✐s ❡ ❜✐❛♥✉❛✐s✳ ❆s ❛♥✉❛✐s ✢♦✲
r❡s❝❡♠ ❡ ❢r✉t✐✜❝❛♠ ❡♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❛ ✉♠ ❛♥♦✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡
♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❡ ❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ tê♠ ❝✐❝❧♦
❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ q✉❡ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✹✵ ❛ ✶✻✵ ❞✐❛s✳ P♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ ❛♥✉❛✐s
❞❡ ✈❡rã♦ ❡ ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦✳ ❆s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡ ✈❡rã♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡
♥❛ ♣r✐♠❛✈❡r❛ ❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ✈❡rã♦✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ s✉❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♦✉t♦♥♦ ❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ s❡✉ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ✐♥✲
✈❡r♥♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ♦ ❝❛r✉r✉ ✭ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ✮✱
♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛r♠❡❧❛❞❛ ✭ ❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ✮ ❡ ♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❝♦❧❝❤ã♦ ✭❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛
❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧✐s ✮✳ ➱ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♥ã♦ ✜❝❛ r❡str✐t❛ à
é♣♦❝❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡ ✈❡rã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥trá✲❧❛s ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s
é♣♦❝❛s ❞♦ ❛♥♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛s ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦✳ ❆s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡
✐♥✈❡r♥♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♦✉t♦♥♦✴✐♥✈❡r♥♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠✲s❡
❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❛✈❡r❛ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ✈❡rã♦✳ ❚❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦
❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛ ♥❛❜✐ç❛ ✭ ❘❛♣❤❛♥✉s r❛♣❤❛♥✐str✉♠ ✮ ❡ ♦ ♠❡♥tr✉③ ✭▲❡♣✐❞✐✉♠ ✈✐r❣✐✲
♥✐❝✉♠ ✮✳
❆s ❜✐❛♥✉❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠ s❡✉ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ✉♠

❛♥♦ ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛ ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠✲s❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡
♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛♥♦✱ ✢♦r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ ❡ ❢r✉t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛♥♦✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
❣❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❛✈❡r❛✴✈❡rã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✉✲
r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♦✉t♦♥♦✴✐♥✈❡r♥♦✱ ✢♦r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ♣r✐♠❛✈❡r❛✴✈❡rã♦
❞♦ ❛♥♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✳ ❙ã♦ ♣♦✉❝❛s ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❜✐❛♥✉❛✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ s❡♥❞♦
♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡♠ ♣❛ís❡s ❞❡ ❝❧✐♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✳ P♦❞❡♠ s❡r✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❜✐❛♥✉❛✐s
♦✉ ❛♥✉❛✐s ✭▲❡♦♥✉r✉s s✐❜✐r✐❝✉s ✮ ❡ ❜✐❛♥✉❛✐s ♦✉ ♣❡r❡♥❡s ✭❇♦❡r❤❛✈✐❛ ❞✐✛✉s❛ ✮✱
❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s ❡ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳
❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣♦❧✐❝ár♣✐❝❛s ✈✐✈❡♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♣r♦♣á✲
❣✉❧♦s ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❡st❛çõ❡s ✭♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s✮✳ P♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
♣❡r❡♥❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ ❆s ♣❡r❡♥❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣r♦♣❛❣❛♠✲s❡ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ór❣ã♦s
❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈❛✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❤❛❜✐t❛t ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦
t❡rr❡str❡s✱ ♣❛r❛s✐st❛s ❡ ❛q✉át✐❝❛s✳ ❆s t❡rr❡str❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ár❡❛s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✱ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s ❡ ✢♦r❡st❛s ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛
❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡r❜á❝❡❛s✱ s✉❜✲❛r❜✉st✐✈❛s✱ ❛r❜✉st✐✈❛s✱ ❛r❜ór❡❛s✱ tr❡♣❛✲
❞❡✐r❛s✱ ❡♣í✜t❛s ❡ ❤❡♠✐❡♣í✜t❛s✳ ❆s ❤❡r❜á❝❡❛s sã♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ♣♦rt❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦✱
❝♦♠ ❛❧t✉r❛ ♦✉ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♣❛ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛ ✶✱✵ ♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡r❡t❛s ♦✉
♣r♦str❛❞❛s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙ã♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❛✉❧❡s ♥ã♦ ❧✐❣♥✐✲
✜❝❛❞♦s✳ ▼❡♥tr❛st♦ ✭❆❣❡r❛t✉♠ ❝♦♥②③♦✐❞❡s ✮ ❡ ❡s♣ér❣✉❧❛ ✭❙♣❡r❣✉❧❛ ❛r✈❡♥s✐s✮
sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❤❡r❜á❝❡❛s✳ ❆s s✉❜✲❛r❜✉st✐✈❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣♦rt❡
✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✽✵ ❛ ✶✱✺✵ ♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✱ ♣♦ss✉✐♥❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡s ❧❡♥❤♦s♦s ❡ ❤á❜✐t♦
❡r❡t♦✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s✉❜✲❛r❜✉st✐✈❛s sã♦ ❝❤❡✐r♦s❛ ✭❍②♣t✐s s✉❛✈❡♦❧❡♥s ✮ ❡ ❢❡❞❡✲
❣♦s♦ ✭❙❡♥♥❛ ♦❜t✉s✐❢♦❧✐❛ ✮✳ ❆s ❛r❜✉st✐✈❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛✉❧❡ ❞❡ ❤á❜✐t♦ ❡r❡t♦✱
sã♦ ❧❡♥❤♦s❛s ❡ ♣♦rt❡ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✱✺✵ ❛ ✷✱✺✵ ♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢r✉t❛✲❞❡✲❧♦❜♦ ✭❙♦✲
❧❛♥✉♠ ❧②❝♦❝❛r♣✉♠ ✮✳ ❆s ❛r❜ór❡❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ♠❛s
❝♦♠ ♣♦rt❡ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✷✱✺ ♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡♠❜❛ú❜❛ ✭❈❡❝r♦♣✐❛ ♣❡❧t❛t❛ ✮✳ ❆s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s tr❡♣❛❞❡✐r❛s sã♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♠♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❡ s❡ ❞✐✲
✈✐❞❡♠ ❡♠ ✈♦❧ú✈❡✐s ❡ ❝✐rrí❢❡r❛s✳ ❆s ✈♦❧ú✈❡✐s s♦❜❡♠ ♣♦r ❡♥r♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛
❝♦r❞❛✲❞❡✲✈✐♦❧❛ ✭■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❤❡❞❡r✐❢♦❧✐❛ ✮ ❡ ♦ ❝✐♣ó✲❞❡✲✈✐❛❞♦ ✭P♦❧②❣♦♥✉♠ ❝♦♥✈♦❧✲
✈✉❧✉s ✮✳ ❆s ❝✐rrí❢❡r❛s ♣r❡♥❞❡♠✲s❡ ❛♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❣❛✈✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦
❜❛❧ã♦③✐♥❤♦ ✭❈❛r❞✐♦s♣❡r♠✉♠ ❤❛❧✐❝❛❝❛❜✉♠ ✮ ❡ ♦ ♠❡❧ã♦✲❞❡✲sã♦✲❝❛❡t❛♥♦ ✭▼♦✲
♠♦r❞✐❝❛ ❝❤❛r❛♥t✐❛ ✮✳ ❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡♣í✜t❛s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ✈✐✈❡♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦✉✲
tr❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❛❢❛st❛❞❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♣❛r❛s✐t❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❜r♦♠é❧✐❛s✱
♦rq✉í❞❡❛s ❡ s❛♠❛♠❜❛✐❛s✳ P❧❛♥t❛s ❤❡♠✐❡♣í✜t❛s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡✱ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦
❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♠♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❡✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ s✉❛s r❛í③❡s
❛❧❝❛♥ç❛♠ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ♠❛t❛✲♣❛✉ ✭❈❛✉ss♦♣❛ s❝❤♦t✐✐ ✮✳
❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣❛r❛s✐t❛s✱ ❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❛r❛s✐t❛s
❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❡ ♣❛r❛s✐t❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐❝❛❧✳
❆s ♣❛r❛s✐t❛s ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❤♦❧♦♣❛r❛s✐✲
t❛s ❡ ❤❡♠✐♣❛r❛s✐t❛s✳ ❆s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ♣❛r❛
s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♣❛r❛s✐t✐s♠♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✈✐✈❡♠ ❡①❝❧✉✲

s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ à ❝✉st❛ ❞♦ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❝✐♣ó✲❝❤✉♠❜♦ ✭❈✉s✲
❝✉t❛ r❛❝❡♠♦s❛ ✮✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s
❞❡ ❝❡❜♦❧❛ ❡ ❛❧❢❛❢❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♦r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝♦r♦❛✲❞❡✲❈r✐st♦✳
❆s ❤❡♠✐♣❛r❛s✐t❛s sã♦ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛❞❛s ❡ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❝♦♠♦
❛ ❡r✈❛✲❞❡✲♣❛ss❛r✐♥❤♦ ✭❙tr✉t❤❛♥t❤✉s s♣♣✳✮✱ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦s
❞❡ ❝✐tr♦s ❡ ár✈♦r❡s ♦r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❙✉❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦
❞❡ ❛✈❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡❝✐❛♠ s❡✉s ❢r✉t♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❞✐❣❡r✐❞❛s
♣❡❧❛s ❛✈❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡❧✐❞❛s ♥❛s ❢❡③❡s✱ ❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❖s
❢r✉t♦s✱ ♣♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ❝❡rt❛ ✈✐s❝♦s✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛❞❡r❡♠✲s❡ às ♣❡♥❛s ❞❛s ❛✈❡s✱
❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ár✈♦r❡s✳
❆s ♣❛r❛s✐t❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❣✐str❛✲
❞❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❛s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❙tr✐❣❛ ✭❡r✈❛✲❞❡✲❜r✉①❛✮
❡ ♦ ♦r♦❜❛♥q✉❡ ✭❖r♦❜❛♥❝❤❡ ✮✳
◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛q✉át✐❝❛s✱ ❡st❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠
três ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❣r✉♣♦s ✭❛❧❣❛s✱ s✉❜♠❡rs❛s ❡ ♠❛❝ró✜t❛s✮✳
❆s ❛❧❣❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉♥✐❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✭♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐❝❛s✮ ♦✉ ♣❧✉r✐❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✭✜❧❛✲
♠❡♥t♦s❛s✮✳ P❡q✉❡♥❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❝♦r♣♦s ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❜❡♥é✜❝❛s✱
s❡r✈✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡✐①❡s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✐♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s✱ ❝❤❛♠❛✲
❞❛s ❞❡ ✏ á❣✉❛ ♣♦❞r❡✑ ✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛✳
❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛q✉át✐❝❛s s✉❜♠❡rs❛s ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠ ❛ ❧✉③ ❞✐❢✉s❛ ✭❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❊❧♦✲
❞❡❛ ❝❛♥❛❞❡♥s✐s ✮✳
❆s ♠❛❝ró✜t❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ três ❣r✉♣♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✱ ❛s ✢✉t✉✲
❛♥t❡s ❧✐✈r❡s✱ ❛s ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡s ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛s ❡ ❛s ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s✳
P✐t❡❧❧✐ ✭✶✾✽✽✮ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛ ✈ár✐❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛q✉át✐❝❛s✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦
❞❡❧❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛ á❣✉❛ ♦✉ ♦ ❛r ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✮✿
• ❍✐❞ró✜t❛s ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡s✿ ❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛

á❣✉❛✱ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❧✐✈r❡♠❡♥t❡✱ à ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ ❝♦♠
s✉❛s r❛í③❡s s✉❜♠❡rs❛s ♥❛ á❣✉❛✳ ❖ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛
á❣✉❛ ❡ ♦ ❛r✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s✿ ❛❧❢❛❝❡✲❞✬á❣✉❛ ✭P✐st✐❛ str❛t✐♦t❡s ✮✱ ❛❣✉❛♣é
✭❊✐❝❤❤♦r♥✐❛ ❝r❛ss✐♣❡s ✮ ❡ s❛❧✈í♥✐❛ ✭❙❛❧✈✐♥✐❛ ❛✉r✐❝✉❧❛t❛ ✮ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸❛✮✳
❖ ❛❣✉❛♣é ❡ ❛ ❛❧❢❛❝❡✲❞✬á❣✉❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❛s ♣❛r❛
❧❛③❡r✱ ♦✉✱ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ❡♠ ❤✐❞r❡❧étr✐❝❛s✳
• ❍✐❞ró✜t❛s s✉s♣❡♥s❛s✿ ♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ á❣✉❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á r❛í③❡s✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✉tr✐❝✉❧ár✐❛ ✭❯tr✐❝✉❧❛r✐❛ ❢♦❧✐♦s❛✮ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸❜✮✳
• ❍✐❞ró✜t❛s s✉❜♠❡rs❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛s✿ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ á❣✉❛ ❡ ♦ s♦❧♦
✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸❝✮✳
• ❍✐❞ró✜t❛s ❛♥❢í❜✐❛s ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s✿ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ á❣✉❛s r❛s❛s ❞❡✱ ♥♦ ♠á✲

①✐♠♦✱ ✸✵ ❛ ✺✵ ❝♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠ s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ✜①♦ ❡
❡♥t❡rr❛❞♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡♠❡r❣❡♠ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛
á❣✉❛❀ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡ ❡✱ às ✈❡③❡s✱ ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ✐♥❢❡r✐✲
♦r❡s s✉❜♠❡rs❛s✱ ❡ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ✢♦r✲❞✬á❣✉❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸❞✮✳
❆ t❛❜♦❛ ✭❚②♣❤❛ ❛♥❣✉st✐❢♦❧✐❛ ✮ é ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✲

t❛s ❛q✉át✐❝❛s✳ ❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ t❛❜♦❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛r ♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞✬á❣✉❛ ❡♠ ❝❛♥❛✐s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ t♦♠❛r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s
❛❧❛❣❛❞❛s✳
• ❍✐❞ró✜t❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❢♦❧❤❛s ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡s✿ tê♠ s✉❛s r❛í③❡s ❛♥❝♦r❛✲
❞❛s ♥♦ ❧❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♠❛♥❛♥❝✐❛❧✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛ á❣✉❛ ❡ ♦ ❛r❀
✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ❝♦♠♦ s✉♣♦rt❡
❛ér❡♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s✿ ❧ír✐♦✲❛q✉át✐❝♦ ✭◆②♠♣❤❛❡❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ✮ ❡
✈✐tór✐❛✲ré❣✐❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸❡✮✳
• ❍✐❞ró✜t❛s ❞❡ t❡rr❛ ♠♦❧❤❛❞❛✿ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡♠ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
❡♥❝❤❛r❝❛❞♦s✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❡r✈❛✲❞❡✲❜✐❝❤♦ ✭P♦❧②❣♦♥✉♠ ♣❡rs✐❝❛r✐❛ ✮ ✭❋✐✲
❣✉r❛ ✸❢✮✳
6. Efeitos das Plantas Daninhas Sobre as Culturas

6.1 Interferências diretas
❖s ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s à ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦✳ ❊①✐st❡
✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐r❡t❛s ✭❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦✱
❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛✮ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛s ✭❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ♣r❛❣❛s ❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✮✳ ❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ✐♥t❡✲
❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡st❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦s ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
❛q✉át✐❝❛s✳
q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❞❡❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛ ❝♦✲

♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡ ♥✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ✭P✐t❡❧❧✐✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳ ❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦
às ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞✐r❡t❛s✱ ❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❡ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛✳
◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦✱ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛♦ r❡❝r✉t❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s sã♦ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❧✉③ ❡ á❣✉❛✳ ❱ár✐❛s sã♦ ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s
♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s
❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s
✭❙✐❧✈❛ ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳
❆ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥tr❛❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✱ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❡ ❡s✲
♣é❝✐❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✭❉❡✉❜❡r✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳
❉♦✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✭P✐t❡❧❧✐✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞✉❛s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡♥❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞✐s♣✉t❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞♦ s♦❧♦
❡ ❞♦ ❛r✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
❝♦♠♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❢á❝✐❧ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡✲
s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ rá♣✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝❛✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ❡stô♠❛t♦s ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r✱ ♣♦rt❡ ❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✱ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❡
♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s r❛í③❡s✱ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❛❞✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s ✭❣❡❛❞❛s✱ s❡✲
❝❛s✱ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛s✮ ❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛s✳
❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❡ é ❛
❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❡ ♣❡r♣❡t✉❛r
♥✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ♣♦r ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦
✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❡ ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ♥ã♦ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛❞♦s✱ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛s♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦
é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡♠ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s ❛❣r♦❡❝♦ss✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛✲
❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ss✉♠❡ ♠❛✐♦r r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛✳
◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❣❛✲
r❛♥t❡♠ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❣❡r❛çõ❡s ✭❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✮✳
❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ é ❛ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛✳ ❊st❡ t❡r♠♦ ❢♦✐
❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛
♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❛❧❡✲
❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ✭❘✐❝❡✱ ✶✾✼✹✮✳ ❖ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ é ♦ ❢❛t♦
❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ r❡♠♦✈❡r ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛ ❛♠✲
❜❛s ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭á❣✉❛✱ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❣ás ❝❛r❜ô♥✐❝♦✮✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛✱
♦❝♦rr❡ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦✳ ❉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❛rt❡s
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s tê♠ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡r ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦❧❤❛s✱ ❝❛✉❧❡s✱ r❛í③❡s✱
r✐③♦♠❛s✱ ✢♦r❡s✱ ❢r✉t♦s ❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦
❞❛ ♣❛❧❤❛✱ ❤á ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛s✳
❈❡rt❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛
❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ sér✐♦s ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s ❛♦s s❡✉s ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✲
✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊①s✉❞❛❞♦s r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❜✐❝♦❧♦r r❡❞✉③❡♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❛ ❛❧❢❛❝❡✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦
s♦r❣♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ q✉✐♥♦♥❛ s♦r❣♦❧❡♦♥❛ ✭❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❈♦♠♣♦st♦s

❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s✱ sã♦ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♥❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐✲
çã♦ ❞❛ ❛✈❡✐❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛r ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✭❏❛❝♦❜✐
✫ ❋❧❡❝❦✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛❜♦r❞❛ t❛✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛
❡ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✳
❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛
q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❝♦❧❤✐❞♦✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♣r❡❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❜r❛s
✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦✲❞❡✲❝❛r♥❡✐r♦ ✭❆❝❛♥t❤♦s✲
♣❡r♠✉♠ ❤✐s♣✐❞✉♠ ✮ ❡ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦ ✭❈❡♥❝❤r✉s ❡❝❤✐♥❛t✉s ✮ ♣r❡♥❞❡♠✲s❡ às
✜❜r❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✳ P♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧♦t❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥✲
t❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ♥♦❝✐✈❛s ♣r♦✐❜✐❞❛s✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❝✉ár✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❢❡t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s tó①✐❝❛s ♥❛s ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♠❛t❛r ♦ ❣❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝❛✲
❢❡③✐♥❤♦ ✭P❛❧✐❝♦✉r❡❛ ♠❛r❝❣r❛✈✐✐ ✮ ❡ ♦ ♦✜❝✐❛❧✲❞❡✲s❛❧❛ ✭❆s❝❧❡♣✐❛s ❝✉r❛ss❛✈✐❝❛ ✮✳
❆♥✐♠❛✐s tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❢❡♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦ ✭❈❡♥✲
❝❤r✉s ❡❝❤✐♥❛t✉s ✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡❥❡✐t❛r ♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❖✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ é ♦ ♣❛r❛s✐t✐s♠♦✳ ❈♦♠♦
❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ❝✐♣ó✲❝❤✉♠❜♦ ✭❈✉s❝✉t❛ r❛❝❡♠♦s❛ ✮✱ ❡s♣é❝✐❡
♣❛r❛s✐t❛ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛ sér✐♦s ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s à ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❛❧❢❛❢❛ ✭❉❛✇s♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳
◆♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❡ ♥❛ ➪❢r✐❝❛✱ ❛ ❡r✈❛✲❞❡✲❜r✉①❛ ✭❙tr✐❣❛ s♣♣✳✮ é ❝♦♥✲
s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛s✐t❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ♦ s♦r❣♦ ❡
♦ ♠✐❧❤❡t♦ ✭❲❡❡❜ ✫ ❙♠✐t❤✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ➱ ♣❛r❛s✐t❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ r❛í③❡s✱ r❡✲
q✉❡r❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❡①s✉❞❛❞♦s r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞♦ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ❛ ❣❡r♠✐✲
♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❡stá❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱
é t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r
❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❡ r❡t✐r❛r ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ❡ á❣✉❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛
✭s❡♠✐✲♣❛r❛s✐t✐s♠♦✮✳ Pr♦❞✉③ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠
s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡r ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✹ ❛♥♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❇❡❜❛✇✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✹✮✳
❚r❛t♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛ sã♦ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛❞❛s ♣♦r
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ Pr♦✈♦❝❛♠ ❡♠❜✉❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛s
❝♦❧❤❡❞♦r❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r q✉❡❜r❛ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ➪r❡❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❡✲
✈❛❞❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛❧ã♦③✐♥❤♦ ✭❈❛r❞✐♦s♣❡r♠✉♠ ❤❛❧✐❝❛❝❛❜✉♠ ✮ ❡ ❝♦r❞❛✲❞❡✲
✈✐♦❧❛ ✭■♣♦♠♦❡❛ s♣♣✳✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛r ❛ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✮✳
6.2 Interferências indiretas

❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ss✉♠❡♠ ✐♠♣♦r✲
tâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♣r❛❣❛s✱ ♠♦❧ést✐❛s✱
♥❡♠❛tó✐❞❡s ❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣❛r❛s✐t❛s✳ ❖ ♠♦s❛✐❝♦✲❞♦✉r❛❞♦ é ✉♠❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ✈✐rót✐❝❛
q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❣✉❛♥①✉♠❛s✳ ❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ sã♦ t♦❧❡✲
r❛♥t❡s ❛♦ ✈ír✉s q✉❡ é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠♦s❝❛✲❜r❛♥❝❛ ❛ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❞❡ ❢❡✐❥ã♦✱
s♦❥❛ ❡ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✳ ❖ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮ ❡ ❛ ❣✉❛①✉♠❛
✭❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛✮ sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦s ❞♦ ✈ír✉s ❞♦ ♠♦s❛✐❝♦✲❛♥ã♦ ❡ ❞♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳ ❈✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛✲❞❡✲❛çú❝❛r ✭❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮ ❡ ❞❡ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧ ✭❞✐r❡✐t❛✮

✐♥❢❡st❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛❧ã♦③✐♥❤♦ ✭ ❈❛r❞✐♦s♣❡r♠✉♠ ❤❛❧✐❝❛❝❛❜✉♠
✮ ❡ ❝♦r❞❛✲❞❡✲✈✐♦❧❛
✭ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛
s♣♣✳✮✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
♠♦s❛✐❝♦✲❝r❡s♣♦✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♥❡♠❛tó✐❞❡s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛✲

❞❛s ✺✼ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ q✉❡ ❛t✉❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s
❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦✐❞♦❣②♥❡ ❥❛✈❛♥✐❝❛✳ ❋♦r♠❛s ❥✉✈❡♥✐s ❞♦ ♥❡♠❛tó✐❞❡ ❞♦
❝✐st♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ✭❍❡t❡r♦❞❡r❛ ❣❧②❝✐♥❡s ✮ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ♣❡♥❡tr❛r ❡♠ r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♥✲
tr❛st♦ ✭❆❣❡r❛t✉♠ ❝♦♥②③♦✐❞❡s ✮✱ ❞❡s♠ó❞✐♦ ✭❉❡s♠♦❞✐✉♠ t♦rt✉♦s✉♠ ✮ ❡ ❢❡✐❥ã♦✲
❜r❛✈♦ ✭❈❛ss✐❛ s♣♣✳✮ ✭❉✐❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❧✐❜❡r❛♠ ❣rã♦s ❞❡ ♣ó❧❡♥ ❝❛✲
♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ✐rr✐t❛r ❛ ♣❡❧❡ ❡ ❛s ♥❛r✐♥❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s r✉r❛✐s✳
❆ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❧❛❣♦s✱ r❡♣r❡s❛s ❡ ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ✐rr✐❣❛çã♦
r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ✈✐❛ tr❛♥s♣✐r❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ á❣✉❛
♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛q✉át✐❝❛s ❝❤❡❣❛ ❛ s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡
♣♦r ❡✈❛♣♦r❛çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ♥♦s ❝❛♥❛✐s é r❡❞✉③✐❞❛✱
❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡ ❡♥❝❛r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✳
6.3 Fatores que afetam o grau de interferência

❉❡♥♦♠✐♥❛✲s❡ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
♦✉ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
6.3.1 Fatores ligados à cultura

❆ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐r ❝♦♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✈❛r✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡✱ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ✭❇✉r♥s✐❞❡✱
✶✾✼✾✮✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s s✉♣r✐♠❡♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❜✐♦♠❛ss❛ ❡
❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s✳ ❖✉tr❛s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ s✉♣♦rt❛r ❛❧t♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✐♥✲
❢❡st❛çã♦ ❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❜♦♥s r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❈✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ rá♣✐❞♦
❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ r❡❝r✉t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❡ ❛❧t♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣✲

t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✉③ s♦❧❛r ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♠ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❡❧❛
❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡✳ P❡sq✉✐s❛s✱ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ q✉❡
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ tê♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ q✉❛♥❞♦
♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✭▼♦♥❦s ✫ ❖❧✐✈❡r✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ❞❡ três ❝✉❧✲
t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ✭❇❘❙ ✶✽✸✱ ❇❘❙ ✶✺✻ ❡ ❇❘❙ ✶✸✸✮ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❞❡♥s✐✲
❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❧❡✐t❡✐r♦ ✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮✳ ❆ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r ❇❘❙ ✶✽✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉
♠❛✐♦r ár❡❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❡ ✜t♦♠❛ss❛ s❡❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✮✳ ❆s
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡st❛ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r r❡✢❡t✐r❛♠ ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r s✉♣r❡ssã♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲
❜r❛✈♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç♦✉ ♠❡♥♦r ✜t♦♠❛ss❛ s❡❝❛ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛ ❇❘❙ ✶✽✸ ✭❋✐✲
❣✉r❛ ✻✮✳
600 Fitomassa seca parte aerea 6

5
(cm 2/planta)
Área foliar
400 4 BRS 183

(g/planta)
BRS 183
3 BRS 156
200
BRS 156
2 BRS 133
BRS 133 1
0 0
0 30 60 90 0 30 60 90
Densidades de Densidades de
2 2
amendoim-bravo (pl/m ) amendoim-bravo (pl/m )
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳ ➪r❡❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ✭❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮ ❡ ✜t♦♠❛ss❛ s❡❝❛ ❞❛

♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ✭❞✐r❡✐t❛✮✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡
❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮✳
❖ ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡♥tr❡❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ é ♦✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡

♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛
✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ♣r❡❝♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦♠❜r❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❖s ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦s
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ ✹✺ ❡ ✺✵ ❝♠✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡
q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✜❧❡✐r❛s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡✱ ♥♦s ❞♦✐s ♠❡s❡s q✉❡ s✉❝❡❞❡♠
❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦
❝rít✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭P✐t❡❧❧✐ ✫ ❉✉r✐❣❛♥✱ ✶✾✽✹✮✳ ❆ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐✲
çã♦ ❞♦s ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡ ♦ s♦♠❜r❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦
❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ✭❙❤❛✇ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✶❀
❇r❛③ ✫ ❉✉r✐❣❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ s♦❥❛ ❢♦✐ s❡♠❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ três ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥✲
t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ❡♥tr❡❧✐♥❤❛s ✭✷✸✱ ✹✻ ❡ ✾✶ ❝♠✮✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛çã♦
❞❛ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐♥t❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♥♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦
✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✮✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ s♦❧♦✱
r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❣❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s
✭❨❡❧✈❡rt♦♥ ✫ ❈♦❜❧❡✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳ ❋✐t♦♠❛ss❛ s❡❝❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛

❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ✭♣❧❛♥t❛s ♠−2 ✮ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ três
❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛✳
100
80
RadRadiação
60
% ai ção
40
%
23 cm
46 cm
20 91 cm
0
4 6 8 10
Semanas apósEmergência
Semanas Após emergência
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✳ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐♥t❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛❞❛

♣❡❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ s❡♠❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ três ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿
❨❡❧✈❡rt♦♥ ✫ ❈♦❜❧❡ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✳
❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♥♦s tr❛✲

❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ q✉❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r❛♠ ✶✵✵✪ ❡ ✺✵✪ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡ r❡✲
❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✢✉❛③✐❢♦♣✲♣✲❜✉t✐❧✰❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ❆ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❢♦✐
❛ ❇❘❙ ✶✺✻✱ s❡♠❡❛❞❛ ♥♦s ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✷✵✱ ✹✵ ❡ ✻✵ ❝♠✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ✹✵✵
♠✐❧ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣♦r ❤❡❝t❛r❡✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦s r❡❞✉③✐❞♦s✱
❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡ r❡✲
❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❞♦s❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛
✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ ✉♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ t❡st❡♠✉♥❤❛ s❡♠
❝❛♣✐♥❛✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ♦ r❡✢❡①♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❛
♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡❧✐♥❤❛s
❞❡ ✻✵ ❝♠ ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ❝♠✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽✳ Pr♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ três
❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠❛♥❡❥♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❖s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦

♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❛❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r
❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ✐♥tr❛❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✭▼❛r✇❛t ✫ ◆❛❢③✐❣❡r✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳ ❯♠
❡①❡♠♣❧♦ é ♦ ❛rr♦③ ✐rr✐❣❛❞♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ três ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛
❝♦♥✈✐✈❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛rr♦③ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r✜❧❤♦s ♣♦r ♣❧❛♥t❛✱ ❛
❜✐♦♠❛ss❛ s❡❝❛ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛♥í❝✉❧❛s ♣♦r ár❡❛ ❡ ♦
r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣rã♦s ❞♦ ❛rr♦③ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ♠❡♥♦r ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛rr♦③ ✐rr✐❣❛❞♦ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✮ ✭▼❡♥❡③❡s ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦s r❡❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❞❡q✉❛✲
❞❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ é ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ s♦♠✲
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r✜❧❤♦s✱ ❜✐♦♠❛ss❛ s❡❝❛ ♣♦r ♣❧❛♥t❛✱ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡

♣❛♥í❝✉❧❛s ♣♦r ♠2 ❡ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣rã♦s ❞♦ ❛rr♦③ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡
três ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛rr♦③ ✐rr✐❣❛❞♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼❡♥❡③❡s ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛
✭✶✾✾✻✮✳
❆rr♦③ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦
❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ P❡r✜❧❤♦s ❇✐♦♠❛ss❛ P❛♥í❝✉❧❛s ❘❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛−1 s❡❝❛ ✭❣ ♠−2 ❞❡ ❣rã♦s
s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛−1 ✮ ✭❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮
✭❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮
✼✺ ✷✱✸ ✺✱✷ ✶✶✶ ✽✽✺
✶✺✵ ✶✱✾ ✹✱✽ ✽✷ ✼✶✼
✷✷✺ ✶✱✻ ✹✱✹ ✼✹ ✺✽✾
❜r❡✐❡ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ s❡❥❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❣r❡ss✐✈❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛s✳
6.3.2 Fatores ligados à comunidade infestante

◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠❛s sã♦ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ♠♦r❢♦❧ó✲
❣✐❝♦s ❡ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ♠❛✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s sã♦ ❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s
❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠✱
q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡✱ ♠❛✐♦r s❡rá ❛ q✉❛♥t✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s q✉❡ ❞✐s♣✉t❛♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s❛ s❡rá ❛
❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ s♦❢r✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ é ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛✳ ❆ ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
6.3.3 Fatores ligados ao ambiente

❆s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s às ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡❞❛✲
❢♦❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝❛✉s❛♠ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉✲
♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱
❛ ❛❞✉❜❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♥ã♦ só ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s tê♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛♥t❡s
❡✱ ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❆
♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❞✉❜♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❛♦ s✉❧❝♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦
♣❡❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❖s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ✜t♦ss❛♥✐tár✐♦s✱ ✐rr✐❣❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❧♦
✈✐s❛♠ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❖s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s❡rã♦ s❡♠♣r❡
♠❛✐s ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ✐♥s✉♠♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s
à ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s é q✉❡
❞♦♠✐♥❛rã♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦✳ ❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♠♦str❛♠✲s❡
♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♥❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✳
❉❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s

❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r❡♠ ♥✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ♠❛✐♦r s❡rá ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♥✲
t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s
❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳
6.3.3.1 Período de controle ou de convivência

❆ é♣♦❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡
❝♦♥✈✐✈❡♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖
♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ t✐♣♦ é ❛q✉❡❧❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛✱ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ tr❛♥s♣❧❛♥t✐♦
❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❝r❡s❝❡r ❧✐✈r❡ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❛ ✜♠
❞❡ q✉❡ s✉❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛r❡♠ ❛♣ós ❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐rã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛
r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛✳ ❆♣ós ♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦
❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦
❞❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛❜❛❢❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✳ ❊st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦
❞❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭P❚P■✮ ❡ s✉❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡✲
♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ♦ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✲ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✳
❊st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ❞✉r❛çã♦ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧
❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ♣ré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦✲
✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦✳
❱ár✐♦s sã♦ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡st❡s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝❤❡❣❛♠ ❛♦s ♠❡s♠♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ■ss♦ é
❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧✱ ♣♦✐s ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s sã♦
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✐♥❢❡st❛♥✲
t❡s q✉❡ ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛✳ ❈✉❧t✉r❛s ❜❡♠ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠
❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛✱ ❛❞✉❜❛çã♦ ❡ ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦rr❡t♦s ❡ ✈❛✲
r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❜❡♠ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s às ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡❞❛❢♦❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r
r❡❞✉çõ❡s ♥♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ P❚P■✳ ❊st✉❞♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s r❡✈❡❧❛♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①♦s
❞❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s✱ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s
t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ à ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡
❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s s❡ t♦r♥❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✈✐❣♦r♦s❛s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱
s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❡♥♦s ❡①✐❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡
❤á ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠✉✲
♥✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ♣♦r ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ s❡♠ q✉❡
♦❝♦rr❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛♥♦s♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❛
❢❛s❡✱ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❛s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❊ss❛
❢❛s❡ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭P❆■✮ ♦✉ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡
♣ré✲✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭❋P■✮ ✭❱❡❧✐♥✐✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❤á ♥❡❝❡s✲
s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❊♠ t❡r♠♦s
t❡ór✐❝♦s✱ ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡st❛ ❢❛s❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡r✐❛ à ♠❡❧❤♦r é♣♦❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛
❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ t❡r✲
♠♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s✱ ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣r✐♠♦r❞✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡

s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ à ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡①✐st✐r
três ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✿
✶✳ ❖ P❚P■ é ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♦ P❆■✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✉♠ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦
q✉❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❞❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
✭P❈P■✮✳ ❊st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ❢❛s❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐✲
❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣ré✲
❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♣ré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦✲✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧
♦✉ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♦ P❚P■❀ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛çã♦
♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ✉♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ P❆■✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦
❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♠❛♥t❡r✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛té ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ P❚P■✳ ❖✉tr❛ ♦♣çã♦ é
❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ♠❛♥✉❛✐s ♦✉ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡✲
rã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r✲s❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞♦ P❆■ ❡ r❡♣❡t✐r✲s❡ ❛té ♦ tér♠✐♥♦
❞♦ P❚P■✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ é ✐♥✈✐á✈❡❧ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✲
✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr♦
t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛ ✐♥st❛♥tâ♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡s♣r♦✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✳
✷✳ ❖ P❚P■ é ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ♦ P❆■✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡❧✐✲
♠✐t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❞♦ P❚P■ ❡ ❞♦ P❆■✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❜❛st❛
r❡♠♦✈❡r ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ✈❡③ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
♠❛♥✐❢❡st❡ ♣❧❡♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ s❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡
s❡r❡♠ ✈á❧✐❞❛s t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛
♦ ❝❛s♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ✈✐á✈❡❧ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✲
✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦
♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ P❚P■ ❡ ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ P❆■✳
✸✳ ❖ P❚P■ ❡ ♦ P❆■ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦✳ ❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✐♥❝♦♠✉♠✱ ♠❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛s
t❛♠❜é♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ▼❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ t❡♥❤❛
♣❧❡♥♦ s✉❝❡ss♦✱ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s
❞❡ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ✐♥st❛♥tâ♥❡❛s ❞❡
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞♦ P❆■ ❡
❞♦ P❚P■✳
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡st❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
❞♦ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛s ❛té ✷✶ ❞✐❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✭❉❆❊✮ ❞♦ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧ ♥ã♦ ❝❛✉s♦✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦
s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛ ✐♥✲
t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭P❆■✮ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✾✮✳ ❖ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ à ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
✭P❚P■✮ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✸✵ ❉❆❊ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✵✮ ❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ❞❡
♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ à ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭P❈P■✮ ❡♥tr❡ ✷✶ ❡ ✸✵ ❉❆❊ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧✳
!"#$ % &'(#$" ) & &'(#$" &

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❋✐❣✉r❛ ✾✳ Pr♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡
✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳

"
#
!
$ % & ' & ( )*+" & ' ) )*+" & )#

,% &
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✵✳ Pr♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡
✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳

Referências
❇❛❦❡r✱ ❍✳❈✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s✳ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❘❡✈ ❊❝♦❧ ❙②st✱ ✺✿✶✕✷✹✱ ✶✾✼✹✳
❇❛r❜♦s❛✱ ❚✳▼✳▲✳❀ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ❋✳❆✳❀ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ■✳❋✳❀ ❇❛r❜♦s❛✱ ▲✳❈✳❆✳ ✫ ❈❛s❛❧✐✱
❱✳❲✳❉✳✱ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❡①s✉❞❛❞♦s
r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❞❡ s♦r❣♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛❧❢❛❝❡✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✻✿✶✺✸✕
✶✻✷✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❇❛rr❡t✱ ❙✳❍✳✱ ❈r♦♣ ♠✐♠✐❝r② ✐♥ ✇❡❡❞s✳ ❊❝♦♥ ❇♦t✱ ✸✼✿✷✺✺✕✷✽✷✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
❇❡❜❛✇✐✱ ❋✳❊✳❀ ❊♣❧❡❡✱ ❘✳❊✳❀ ❍❛rr✐s✱ ❈✳❊✳ ✫ ◆♦rr✐s✱ ❘✳❙✳✱ ▲♦♥❣❡✈✐t② ♦❢ ✇✐t✲
❝❤✇❡❡❞ ✭❙tr✐❣❛ ❛s✐❛t✐❝❛ ✮ s❡❡❞✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✷✿✹✾✹✕✹✾✼✱ ✶✾✽✹✳
❇r❛♥❞ã♦✱ ▼✳❀ ▲❛❝❛✲❇✉❡♥❞✐❛✱ ❏✳P✳❀ ●❛✈✐❧❛♥❡s✱ ▼✳▲✳❀ ❩✉r❧♦✱ ▼✳❆✳❀ ❈✉♥❤❛✱
▲✳❍✳❙✳ ✫ ❈❛r❞♦s♦✱ ❈✳✱ ◆♦✈♦s ❡♥❢♦q✉❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❞❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ■♥❢ ❆❣r♦♣❡❝✱ ✶✶✿✸✕✶✷✱ ✶✾✽✺❛✳
❇r❛♥❞ã♦✱ ▼✳❀ ▲❛❝❛✲❇✉❡♥❞✐❛✱ ❏✳P✳❀ ▼❛s❝❛r❡♥❤❛s✱ ▼✳❍✳❚✳❀ ❈✉♥❤❛✱ ▲✳❍✳❙✳
✫ ●❛✈✐❧❛♥❡s✱ ▼✳▲✳✱ P❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ■♥❢
❆❣r♦♣❡❝✱ ✶✶✿✺✷✕✻✸✱ ✶✾✽✺❜✳
❇r❛③✱ ❇✳❆✳ ✫ ❉✉r✐❣❛♥✱ ❏✳❈✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞♦s❛❣❡♥s
❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s é♣♦❝❛s ❞❡
s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✶✾o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦
❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❙❇❍❊❉✱
♣✳ ✾✼✕✾✾✱ ✶✾✾✸✳
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳❀ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳ ✫ ❱♦❧❧✱ ❊✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❞♦s❡s
r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ■♥✿ ❆♥❛✐s ❞❛ ✷✺a ❘❡✉✲
♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❥❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❣✐ã♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿
❊▼❇❘❆P❆ ❙♦❥❛✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✹✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳❀ ❇♦rt♦❧✉③✐✱ ❊✳❙✳❀ ❆❞❡❣❛s✱ ❋✳❙✳❀ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳ ✫ ❱♦❧❧✱ ❊✳✱
❍❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛
❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✳ ■♥✿ ❆♥❛✐s ❞❛ ✷✹ ❘❡✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❥❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❣✐ã♦
a
❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❊▼❇❘❆P❆ ❙♦❥❛✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✸✕✶✽✹✱ ✷✵✵✷✳

❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳❀ ❈❛str♦✱ ❈✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❙❝❛♣✐♠✱ ❈✳❆✳❀ ❱♦❧❧✱ ❊✳
✫ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳✱ P❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✷✿✷✺✶✕✷✺✼✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❏✳❋✳❀ ▲♦♣❡s✱ ◆✳❋✳❀ ❈❛r❞♦s♦✱ ❆✳❆✳ ✫ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ▲✳❘✳✱
❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❧♦s♥❛✳ ❘❡✈ ❇r❛s ❋✐s✐♦❧ ❱❡❣✱
✺✿✹✶✕✹✺✱ ✶✾✾✸✳
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❏✳❋✳❀ ❙❡❞✐②❛♠❛✱ ❚✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❡✐r❛✱ ❏✳❙✳▼✳ ✫ ❙❡❞✐②❛♠❛✱
❈✳❙✳✱ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t✐r✐r✐❝❛ ✭❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ▲✳✮✳ ❘❡✈✐st❛
❈❡r❡s✱ ✹✹✿✾✹✕✶✶✵✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳❀ ❱♦❧❧✱ ❊✳ ✫ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳✱ ❈❤❧♦r✐s ♣♦❧②❞❛❝t②❧❛ ✭▲✳✮ ❙✇✳✱
❛ ♣❡r❡♥♥✐❛❧ P♦❛❝❡❛❡ ✇❡❡❞✿ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥❝❡✱ s❡❡❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♠❛♥❛✲
❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❇✐♦❧ ▼❛♥❛❣✱ ✼✿✽✹✕✽✽✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
❇✉r♥s✐❞❡✱ ❖✳❈✳✱ ❙♦②❜❡❛♥ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛s ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❜② ✇❡❡❞ r❡♠♦✲

✈❛❧✱ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r ❛♥❞ r♦✇ s♣❛❝✐♥❣✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✷✼✿✺✻✷✕✺✻✺✱ ✶✾✼✾✳
❇✉r♥s✐❞❡✱ ❖✳❈✳❀ ❲✐❧s♦♥✱ ❘✳●✳❀ ❲❡✐s❜❡r❣✱ ❙✳ ✫ ❍✉❜❜❛r❞✱ ❑✳✱ ❙❡❡❞ ❧♦♥❣❡✈✐t②
♦❢ ✹✶ s♣❡❝✐❡s ❜✉r✐❡❞ ✶✼ ②❡❛rs ✐♥ ❊❛st❡r♥ ❛♥❞ ❲❡st❡r♥ ◆❡❜r❛s❦❛✳ ❲❡❡❞
❙❝✐✱ ✹✹✿✼✹✕✽✻✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❈❛♠♣♦✱ ❈✳❇✳❍✳❀ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳ ✫ ❇❛rr❡t♦✱ ❏✳◆✳✱ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦
❞❡ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮ ❡ ❛ s♦❥❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✲ ✶✾✽✷✴✽✸✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❊▼❇❘❆P❆✲❈◆P❙♦❥❛✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✵✕
✶✻✶✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ▼✳◆✳ ✫ ◆❛❦❛❣❛✇❛✱ ❏✳✱ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s✿ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ Pr♦❞✉✲
çã♦✳ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s✱ ❙P✿ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❈❛r❣✐❧❧✱ ✶✾✽✽✳ ✹✷✾ ♣✳
❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳❀ ▲ó♣❡③ ❖✈❡❥❡r♦✱ ❘✳❋✳❀ ◆✐❝♦❧❛✐✱ ▼✳❀ ❱❛r❣❛s✱ ▲✳❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱
❙✳❏✳P✳❀ ❈❛t❛♥❡♦✱ ❆✳❈✳❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❏✳❈✳ ✫ ▼♦r❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❙✳✱ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡
❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❙P✿ ❆s✲
s♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❆çã♦ ❛ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❛♦s ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
✭❍❘❆❈✲❇❘✮✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ✶✷✵ ♣✳
❉❛✇s♦♥✱ ❏✳❍✳✱ ❉♦❞❞❡r ✭❈✉s❝✉t❛ s♣♣ ✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✇✐t❤ ❞✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s
✐♥ ❛❧❢❛❧❢❛ ✭▼❡❞✐❝❛❣♦ s❛t✐✈❛ ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✹✿✸✹✶✕✸✹✽✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❉❡✉❜❡r✱ ❘✳✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✿ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✈✳ ✶✳ ❏❛❜♦t✐❝❛✲
❜❛❧✱ ❙P✿ ❋❯◆❊P✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ✹✸✶ ♣✳
❉✐❛s✱ ❲✳P✳❀ ❋❡rr❛③✱ ❙✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❆✳❆✳❀ ▲✐♠❛✱ ❘✳❉✳ ✫ ❱❛❧❧❡✱ ▲✳❆✳❈✳✱ ❍♦s♣❡✲
❞❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡r✈❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♦ ♥❡♠❛tó✐❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✐st♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳
◆❡♠❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❇r❛s✱ ✶✾✿✾✕✶✹✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳❀ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳❀ ❱♦❧❧✱ ❊✳ ✫ ▼❛❝✐❡❧✱ ❈✳❉✳●✳✱ ❈♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮ ❝♦♠ ❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ♥♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞♦ P❛r❛♥á✳ ■♥✿ ❆♥❛✐s ❞❛ ✷✵a ❘❡✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❡
P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❥❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❣✐ã♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❈◆P❙♦❥❛✱
♣✳ ✸✼✽✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
●❡❧♠✐♥✐✱ ●✳❆✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❛❣✉❛♣é ✭ ❊✐❝❤❤♦r♥✐❛ ❝r❛ss✐♣❡s ✭▼❛rt✳✮
❙♦❧♠s✮ ❡ ❞❛ ❛❧❢❛❝❡✲❞❵á❣✉❛ ✭ P✐st✐❛ str❛t✐♦t❡s ▲✳✮✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✕ ♠❡s✲
tr❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✜t♦t❡❝♥✐❛✱ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ▲✉✐③ ❞❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③✱
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❙P✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
●✉tt❡r♥❛♥✱ ❨✳❀ ❈♦r❜✐♥❡❛✉✱ ❋✳ ✫ ❈♦♠❡✱ ❉✳✱ ■♥t❡rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ t❡♠♣❡✲
r❛t✉r❡✱ ❧✐❣❤t ❛♥❞ ♦①②❣❡♥ ♦♥ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s ❝❛✉❞❛t✉s ▲✳ s❡❡❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳
❲❡❡❞ ❘❡s✱ ✸✷✿✶✶✶✕✶✶✼✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❏❛❝♦❜✐✱ ❯✳❙✳ ✫ ❋❧❡❝❦✱ ◆✳●✳✱ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s
❞❡ ❛✈❡✐❛ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✻✿✶✽✼✕✷✵✼✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ❑✳●✳✱ ❚r❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛s✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙P✿ ❇❆❙❋ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❙✳❆✳✱ ✶✾✽✾✳
✹ ♣✳
❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ❑✳●✳✱ P❧❛♥t❛s ■♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s ❡ ◆♦❝✐✈❛s✳ ✶❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✱ ✈✳ ■✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱
❙P✿ ❇❆❙❋ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❙✳❆✳✱ ✶✾✾✶✳ ✻✵✽ ♣✳
❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ❑✳●✳✱ P❧❛♥t❛s ■♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s ❡ ◆♦❝✐✈❛s✳ ✶❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✱ ✈✳ ■■✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱

❙P✿ ❇❆❙❋ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❙✳❆✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ✼✾✽ ♣✳
❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ❑✳●✳✱ P❧❛♥t❛s ■♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s ❡ ◆♦❝✐✈❛s✳ ✶❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✱ ✈✳ ■■■✳ ❙ã♦
P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙P✿ ❇❆❙❋ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❙✳❆✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ✻✽✸ ♣✳
❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ❑✳●✳✱ P❧❛♥t❛s ■♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s ❡ ◆♦❝✐✈❛s✳ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✱ ✈✳ ■✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱
❙P✿ ❇❆❙❋ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❙✳❆✳✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ✽✷✺ ♣✳
▲❛❝❡②✱ ❏✳❘✳❀ ❲❛❧❧❛♥❞❡r✱ ❘✳ ✫ ❖❧s♦♥✲❘✉t③✱ ❑✳✱ ❘❡❝♦✈❡r②✱ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞
✈✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢② s♣✉r❣❡ ✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❡s✉❧❛ ✮ s❡❡❞s ✐♥❣❡st❡❞ ❜② s❤❡❡♣ ❛♥❞
❣♦❛ts✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✻✿✺✾✾✕✻✵✻✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
▲♦r❡♥③✐✱ ❍✳✱ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✿ ❚❡rr❡str❡s✱ ❆q✉át✐❝❛s✱ P❛r❛s✐t❛s✱
❚ó①✐❝❛s ❡ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❛✐s✳ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ◆♦✈❛ ❖❞❡ss❛✱ ❙P✿ P❧❛♥t❛r✉♠✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
✹✹✵ ♣✳
▼❛r✐♥✐s✱ ●✳✱ ❊❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ■♥✿ ❈❛♠❛r❣♦✱ P✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ ❚❡①t♦
❇ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❙P✿ ❊❙❆▲◗✱ ✹❛
❡❞✐çã♦✱ ♣✳ ✶✕✼✹✱ ✶✾✼✷✳
▼❛r✇❛t✱ ❑✳❇✳ ✫ ◆❛❢③✐❣❡r✱ ❊✳❉✳✱ ❈♦❝❦❧❡❜✉r ❛♥❞ ✈❡❧✈❡t❧❡❛❢ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤
s♦②❜❡❛♥ ❣r♦✇♥ ❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞❡♥s✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥t✐♥❣ ♣❛tt❡r♥s✳ ❆❣r♦♥ ❏✱
✽✷✿✺✸✶✕✺✸✹✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
▼❡♥❡③❡s✱ ❱✳●✳ ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ P✳❘✳❋✳✱ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❛rr♦③ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❡
❛rr❛♥❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛rr♦③ ✐rr✐❣❛❞♦✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✻✿✹✺✕✺✼✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
▼♦♥❦s✱ ❉✳❲✳ ✫ ❖❧✐✈❡r✱ ▲✳❘✳✱ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s♦②❜❡❛♥ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮
❝✉❧t✐✈❛rs ❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ✇❡❡❞s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✻✿✼✼✵✕✼✼✹✱ ✶✾✽✽✳
▼✉③✐❦✱ ❚✳❏✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❇✐♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥tr♦❧✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ▼❝●r❛✇✲❍✐❧❧✱
✶✾✼✵✳ ✷✼✸ ♣✳
P✐t❡❧❧✐✱ ❘✳❆✳✱ ■♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✳ ■♥❢
❆❣r♦♣❡❝✱ ✶✶✿✶✻✕✷✼✱ ✶✾✽✺✳
P✐t❡❧❧✐✱ ❘✳❆✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❏❛❜♦t✐❝❛❜❛❧✱ ❙P✿

❋❈❆❱✴❯◆❊❙P✱ ✶✾✽✽✳ ✹✸ ♣✳
P✐t❡❧❧✐✱ ❘✳❆✳ ✫ ❉✉r✐❣❛♥✱ ❏✳❈✳✱ ❚❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❞❡
❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❡ ❜✐❛♥✉❛✐s✳ ■♥✿
o
❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✶✺ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐✲
✳ P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❙P✿ ❙❇❍❊❉✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✱ ✶✾✽✹✳
♥❤❛s
❘❛❞♦s❡✈✐❝❤✱ ❙✳❀ ❍♦❧t✱ ❏✳ ✫ ●❤❡rs❛✱ ❈✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❊❝♦❧♦❣②✿ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r

▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ✺✽✾ ♣✳
❘✐❝❡✱ ❊✳▲✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✼✹✳ ✸✺✸ ♣✳
❘♦❧st♦♥✱ ▼✳P✳✱ ❲❛t❡r ✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜❧❡ s❡❡❞ ❞♦r♠❛♥❝②✳ ❇♦t ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✹✹✿✸✻✺✕
✸✾✻✱ ✶✾✼✽✳
❘✉❡❞❡❧❧✱ ❏✳✱ P❧❛♥t✐♦ ❉✐r❡t♦ ♥❛ ❘❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❈r✉③ ❆❧t❛✳ ❈r✉③ ❆❧t❛✱ ❘❙✿ ❋✉♥✲
❞❛çã♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❋❡❝♦tr✐❣♦ ✲ ❋❯◆❉❆❈❊P✱
✶✾✾✺✳ ✶✸✸ ♣✳
❙❝❤✉❧t③✱ ❆✳❘✳✱ ❊st✉❞♦ Prát✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❇♦tâ♥✐❝❛ ●❡r❛❧✳ ✸❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ P♦rt♦ ❆❧❡❣r❡✱

❘❙✿ ●❧♦❜♦✱ ✶✾✻✽✳ P✳ ✽✸✲✾✹✳
❙❤❛✇✱ ❉✳❘✳❀ ❇r✉✛✱ ❙✳❆✳ ✫ ❙♠✐t❤✱ ❈✳❆✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♦②❜❡❛♥ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮
r♦✇ s♣❛❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ s✐❝❦❧❡♣♦❞ ✭❈❛ss✐❛ ♦❜t✉s✐❢♦❧✐❛ ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞
❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✺✿✷✽✻✕✷✾✵✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❏✳❋✳ ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❏✳❋✳✱ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ Pr♦t❡çã♦ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s✳ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ✺ ✭✶✲✹✮✳
❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❆❇❊❆❙✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
❱❡❧✐♥✐✱ ❊✳❉✳✱ ■♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s✳ ■♥✿ ❆✈❛♥❝❡s
❡♥ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❧❡③❛s ❡♥ ❧❛ Pr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❆❣r✐❝♦❧❛ ② ❋❧♦r❡st❛❧✳ ❙❛♥t✐❛❣♦
❞❡ ❈❤✐❧❡✿ ❆ss♦❝✐❛❝✐ó♥ ▲❛t✐♥♦ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛ ❞❡ ▼❛❧❡③❛s✱ ♣✳ ✹✷✕✺✽✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❱♦❧❧✱ ❊✳❀ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳❀ ❆❞❡❣❛s✱ ❋✳❙✳ ✫ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳✱ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦
❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛❧ã♦③✐♥❤♦✳ ■♥✿ ❆♥❛✐s ❞❛ ✷✵a ❘❡✉✲
♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❥❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❣✐ã♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿
❈◆P❙♦❥❛✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✸✱ ✶✾✾✽❛✳
❱♦❧❧✱ ❊✳❀ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳❀ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳ ✫ ▲é❧✐s ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❖✳✱ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛
❞❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s♠ó❞✐♦✳ ■♥✿ ❆♥❛✐s ❞❛ ✷✵a ❘❡✉✲
♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❥❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❣✐ã♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿
❈◆P❙♦❥❛✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✹✱ ✶✾✾✽❜✳
❲❡❡❜✱ ▼✳ ✫ ❙♠✐t❤✱ ▼✳❈✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❙tr✐❣❛ ❤❡r♠♦♥t❤✐❝❛ ✭s❝r♦♣❤✉❧❛r✐❛❝❡❛❡✮
✐♥ ❙❛❤❡❧✐❛♥ ▼❛❧✐✿ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦♥ ♣❡❛r❧ ♠✐❧❧❡t ②✐❡❧❞ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✳
❲❡❡❞ ❘❡s✱ ✸✻✿✷✵✸✕✷✶✶✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❲✐❧s♦♥✱ ❘✳❉✳✱ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞ s❡❡❞ ❜② s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✐rr✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❲❡st❡r♥
◆❡❜r❛s❦❛✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✷✽✿✽✼✕✾✷✱ ✶✾✽✵✳
❨❡❧✈❡rt♦♥✱ ❋✳❍✳ ✫ ❈♦❜❧❡✱ ❍✳✱ ◆❛rr♦✇ r♦✇ s♣❛❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥♦♣② ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
r❡❞✉❝❡s ✇❡❡❞ r❡s✉r❣❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ s♦②❜❡❛♥ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱
✺✿✶✻✾✕✶✼✹✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
❩✐♠❞❛❤❧✱ ❘✳▲✳✱ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧s ♦❢ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❋♦rt ❈♦❧❧✐♥s✱
❊❯❆✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ✺✺✻ ♣✳
Capítulo 2
Banco de Sementes e Mecanismos de Dormência

em Sementes de Plantas Daninhas
Alessandro de Lucca e Braccini
1. Introdução
❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ss✉♠❡ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦r✲
t❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ r❡✢❡①♦s ❞✐r❡t♦s ♥♦
r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❡ ♥♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ ❆s tát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r✜r❛♠ ♥❡❣❛t✐✲
✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦s ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦s✱ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s✱
q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♦✉ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s às ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s
♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦✳
P❛r❛ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦
❛ s✉❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ✈✐s✉❛✐s
♣♦✉❝♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦r ❛♠♦str❛✲
❣❡♥s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ✢♦r❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛
♠❛✐♦r ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡
às ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦✈♦s
♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛
❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ✈❡♠ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛♥❞♦ ❛❞❡♣t♦s✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣r❛❣❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✱ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❢❡rt✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s
❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s à ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛ ♠❡❝❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ♣r♦✲
❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡✱ ❡♠
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡❧❡s✱ sã♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ❛s ❛çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ❛♦ s❡✉ ♠❛♥❡❥♦✳ ❘❡❝❡♥✲
t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣♦✉❝❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛
✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛s ♥❛s s✉❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ t❡♠ ❡✈♦❧✉í❞♦
s❡❥❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛①❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✈✐✈❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❱♦❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ♦s ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛✲
❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s
38 Braccini
❡s♣é❝✐❡s✳ P❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦

❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s
❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ❡❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳ ❆s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❞❡ ❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s r❡♠❛♥❡s❝❡♥t❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦
❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛❞✉❧t❛s ❡ ❛ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡
s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❡ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r r❡❧❛✲
❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝❛✉s❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ ❡st❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ ❧♦♥❣❡✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ é ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐✲
❝❛s ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✱ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❡♥t❡rr✐♦ ❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳
❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛
♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❛ ❞❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❞❡s♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✉❛ ❡❧✐♠✐✲
♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❞❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ r❡❣❡♥❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡r♣❡t✉❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❛
❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛
❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❡stã♦ ✐♥t✐♠❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐✲
❡❞❛❞❡s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s ❡ ❞❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s✳ ❆ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s
❡ ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦
s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❇✉❤❧❡r
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
❆s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦✲
❞❡rã♦ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲
✈✐❞♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ❞❡
♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦✲
♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ tát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛
❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥✲
t❡s ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
♠❛♥❡❥♦✳
2. Banco de Sementes no Solo

2.1 Conceito de banco de sementes
❚♦❞❛s ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✈✐á✈❡✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ♦✉ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦
❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❍❛r♣❡r ✭✶✾✼✼✮ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③♦✉ ♦ s♦❧♦
❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♦✉ r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s
♣r♦❝❡ss♦s q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦s ❡ r❡t✐r❛❞❛s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✮✳ ❆ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦
❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ s✉❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ sã♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ ❞❡♣ó✲
s✐t♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♠♦rt❡ ❡ ♣r❡❞❛çõ❡s ♣♦r
✐♥s❡t♦s✱ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ sã♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ r❡t✐r❛❞❛s✳
❖ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧
❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✲s❡ s✉✲
Bancos de sementes e mecanismos de dormência 39
♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s tê♠

s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡❧ ❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❡❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛s
♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ s♦❜r❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s s✉❜st❛♥❝✐✲
❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✉❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ✭▲❡❝❦
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s
❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s t❡♠ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s

♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❍❛r♣❡r ✭✶✾✼✼✮✳
❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s é r❡❣❡♥❡r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦

❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❡s✲
t❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s r❡q✉❡r q✉❡ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s
✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛s s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱
♦ q✉❛❧ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s✳ P❛r❛
❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s✱ ♦ s♦❧♦ é ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ♦♥❞❡
❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ✭❚❤♦♠♣s♦♥ ✫ ●r✐♠❡✱ ✶✾✼✾✮✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❡rs✐st✐r ✈✐á✈❡✐s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ❛♥♦s
❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s♦♠❛r✲s❡ às s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❜❛♥❝♦
❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❝♦♠✉✲
♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❈❛✈❡rs✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
❆s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s s♦❜r❡
♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
40 Braccini
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♠✉✲

♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❆s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡❣❡♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦✳ ❆s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝✉rt♦ ❡ s✉❛ r❡❣❡♥❡r❛çã♦ é ❡①✲
tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦✳
P❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ❧♦♥❣♦s
♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çõ❡s ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞♦s
♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ✭❇❛③③❛③✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ ▼✉r❞♦❝❤ ✫ ❊❧❧✐s✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❈♦♥✲
t✉❞♦✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❧♦♥❣❡✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✭❲✐❧s♦♥✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳
P❛r❛ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛ sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♥♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❛♥♦s ❛♣ós ❛ s✉❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♠✲
♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❞❡st❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧
❞❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳
❖ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s
✐♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛ ✭❈❛✈❡rs✱ ✶✾✽✸✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱
❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠
t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ s✉❝❡ss♦
❞❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧á✲❧❛s✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❡stã♦
❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s❡✉
t❛♠❛♥❤♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❡stã♦ ♥❛ ❞❡✲
♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ✐♥tr♦❞✉çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ✭❙❝❤✇❡✐③❡r
✫ ❩✐♠❞❛❤❧✱ ✶✾✽✹❀ ❇✉r♥s✐❞❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✻✮✳
2.2 Classificação dos bancos de sementes

❖ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦r ♠❡tr♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❛ ♣r✐♥✲
❝✐♣❛❧ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s ❢✉t✉r❛s✳ ❚❤♦♠♣s♦♥
✫ ●r✐♠❡ ✭✶✾✼✾✮ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❢✉♥✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✿ tr❛♥s✐tór✐♦ ❡ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s tr❛♥s✐tór✐♦ é
❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ✈✐á✈❡✐s ♣♦r ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ✉♠
❛♥♦✳ ❖ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥té♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛♠
❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛♥♦ ❛♣ós t❡r❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t❛s
❞❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛✳
❆s s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t❡✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲
s❡ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢♦♥t❡
❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s ❢✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✳ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡
❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ✈✐á✈❡✐s ♥♦
s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ❛♥♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ✈✐♥t❡ ❛♥♦s ✭❉❛r❧✐♥❣t♦♥ ✫ ❙t❡✐♥❜❛✉❡r✱ ✶✾✻✶❀ ▲❡✇✐s✱ ✶✾✼✸✮✳ P♦r✲
t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❛ ❧♦♥❣❡✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♣♦❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛r s♦❜r❡♠❛♥❡✐r❛
♦ s❡✉ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ♥♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳
2.3 Densidade e composição do banco de sementes do solo

❆ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❛♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❡stã♦ ✐♥t✐♠❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦
❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❣❧❡❜❛✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s é ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♣rát✐✲
❝❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ❡ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✭❋❡♥♥❡r✱ ✶✾✽✺❀ ❇❡♥♦✐t
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❉❛❞♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♠
ár❡❛s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❞❡ ③❡r♦ ❛té ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❧❤ã♦
❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♠−2 ✭❋❡♥♥❡r✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❜❛♥❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡
✉♠ ❞♦ ♦✉tr♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s
❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ♠❛s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❛s ♣♦✉❝❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❡ ✼✵ ❛ ✾✵✪ ❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ✭❲✐❧s♦♥✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳ ❊st❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s
❛s ♠❛✐s ♥♦❝✐✈❛s ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ às ♠❡❞✐❞❛s
❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡❞❛❢♦❝❧✐♠á✲
t✐❝❛s✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✵ ❡ ✷✵✪ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦
❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s à ár❡❛
❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥ã♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s às ♣rát✐❝❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ♥❛q✉❡❧❡
❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ ❖ ❣r✉♣♦ ✜♥❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠
❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ s❡♠❡♥t❡s r❡❝❛❧❝✐tr❛♥t❡s✱
♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ t♦❧❡r❛♠ ❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✈✐á✈❡✐s
♣♦r ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡❝é♠ ✐♥tr♦✲
❞✉③✐❞❛s ❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛
✭❲✐❧s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
▼✉✐t❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✱ ♥♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❛❜✐t❛t ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ é ♣♦ssí✲
✈❡❧ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ❝❡rt❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡
❣r❛♥❞❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s
✭❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♠−2 ✮ ❡stã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ár❡❛s ❝✉❧✲
t✐✈❛❞❛s✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ❡♠
♣r❛❞❛r✐❛s✱ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ♣â♥t❛♥♦ ❡ r❡s❡r✈❛s ✢♦r❡st❛✐s✳ ❉❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦
t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✭♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♠−2 ✮ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s sã♦ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✿ ár❡❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ✭✷✵✳✵✵✵ ❛ ✹✵✳✵✵✵✮✱
♣r❛❞❛r✐❛s✴♣â♥t❛♥♦s ✭✺✳✵✵✵ ❛ ✷✵✳✵✵✵✮❀ ✢♦r❡st❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛❞❛s ✭✶✳✵✵✵ ❛ ✶✵✳✵✵✵✮✱
✢♦r❡st❛s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s ✭✶✵✵ ❛ ✶✳✵✵✵✮✱ ❡ ✢♦r❡st❛s ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♠♦♥t❛♥❤♦s❛s ✭✶✵ ❛
✶✵✵✮ ✭❋❡♥♥❡r✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
❖s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛
❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❣❡r♠✐✲
♥á✈❡✐s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ár❡❛✳ ❆♠♦str❛s
sã♦ t♦♠❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛
♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s✳ ❈❛s♦ s❡❥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡
t♦❞❛s ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ s❡r s❡♣❛✲
r❛❞❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡♥❡✐r❛çã♦✱
✢✉t✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ á❣✉❛✱ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❛r ♦✉ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ✭❘♦❜❡rts ✫ ❘✐❝❦❡tts✱
42 Braccini
✶✾✼✾❀ ❙t❛♥❞✐❢❡r✱ ✶✾✽✵✮✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❣❡r♠✐♥á✈❡✐s✱ ♦ s♦❧♦

é ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❡♠ ✜♥❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ❜❛♥❞❡❥❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❝♦✲
❧♦❝❛❞❛s s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s à ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ◆ã♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r❡✈❡r ❝♦♠
❡①❛t✐❞ã♦ s❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❛s s❡rã♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✉③✐r ❛
❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✈✐á✈❡✐s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❝✉❥❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s sã♦ ♣r♦♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥á✈❡✐s✱ ❡
❡stã♦ ♥❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡①✐❜✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✭❇❛s❦✐♥
✫ ❇❛s❦✐♥✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
2.4 Ocorrência de perdas nos bancos de sementes do solo

❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✲
✈ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ❧♦♥❣♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❧♦♥❣❡✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉rt❛ ✭▼✉r❞♦❝❤ ✫ ❊❧❧✐s✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳
❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛s ❞❡ s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱
♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
♣r❡❞❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s é ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❛s
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s✳
P❛r❛ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛ é ❛ ♦❝♦r✲
rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s✳ ❆s s❡♠❡♥t❡s
✈✐á✈❡✐s r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ ♥♦✈❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s
❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ❝❛s♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡s♣♦rá❞✐❝❛
♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ r❡❣✉✲
❧❛❞♦r ❞❡st❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❛✉s❛s
❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♥❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡
✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❞❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
3. Dormência de Sementes
3.1 Definição
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s✱
✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦s ❡♥❞ó❣❡♥♦s ❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③✱
sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥❝❛❞❡❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐✈♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ✈✐á✈❡✐s✱ ♥ã♦
❣❡r♠✐♥❛♠✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ s❡❥❛♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛s t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ♥❡❝❡s✲
sár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ❡❧❛s sã♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❖ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛
♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❢✉♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡ q✉✐❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ r❡♣♦✉s♦
❡♠ q✉❡✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ✈✐á✈❡❧ ❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡✱ é ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ s✉♣❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✳
❆ s✉s♣❡♥sã♦ t❡♠♣♦rár✐❛ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ é ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ r❡s✉❧t❛
❞❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❡ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❡❞❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r✲
♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❆♠❡♥ ✭✶✾✻✽✮✱ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r

❢❛t♦r❡s ❡♥❞ó❣❡♥♦s ❡ ♦ ❞❡ q✉✐❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ❢❛t♦r❡s ❡①ó❣❡♥♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ s❡♠❡♥t❡s
r❡❝é♠✲❝♦❧❤✐❞❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ♣❡r❡♥❡ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ✇✐❣❤t✐✐ ✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♣♦r❝❡♥✲
t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦
t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ à á❣✉❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❜❡❧❞r♦❡❣❛ ✭P♦rt✉❧❛❝❛ ♦❧❡✲
r❛❝❡❛ ✮ ❞❡✐①❛♠ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ❡stí♠✉❧♦ ❞❛
❧✉③✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❈✐❝❡r♦ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡ ♣♦✉✲
❝♦s ❞✐❛s✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠❡s❡s ♦✉ ❡st❡♥❞❡r✲s❡ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r
♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♥t❡♥s♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛té
q✉❡ s❡❥❛ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s✉♣❡r❛❞♦✳
3.2 Significado ecológico

❆♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡✈♦❧✉✐✉ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❊♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❝❧✐♠❛
t❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❛♠❡❛ç❛ à s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ é ♦ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦✳ ◆❡s✲
t❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛♠❛❞✉r❡❝❡♠ ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❛✈❡r❛✱ ♥♦ ✈❡rã♦ ♦✉
♥♦ ♦✉t♦♥♦✳ ❈❛s♦ ❡❧❛s ❣❡r♠✐♥❛ss❡♠ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦ ❛s s✉r♣r❡✲
❡♥❞❡r✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡stá❞✐♦ ✈✉❧♥❡rá✈❡❧ ❡ ❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ s❡r✐❛ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①t✐♥t❛✳
●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐♠❛✱ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❛♠❡❛ç❛ à ❡s♣é❝✐❡ é
♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡
❝❧✐♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ s✉❜♠❡t❡r
❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s à ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♣ré✲❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♣r❡✲
❞♦♠✐♥❛♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ é♣♦❝❛s ú♠✐❞❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛s
❝♦♠ é♣♦❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❝❛✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ s❡❝❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛❧t❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♣❛r❛
s✉♣❡r❛r ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡sért✐❝❛s✱
♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❛♠❡❛ç❛ às ❡s♣é❝✐❡s é ❛ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛s✱ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦
s❡r✐❛ ❡♥①❛❣✉❛r ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡♠♦çã♦
❞♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ♦s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳
❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♥♦tór✐♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥✲
❝✐❛ é ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✳ ❖ ❤♦♠❡♠
t❡♠ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r s✐st❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t❛✐s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐✲
♥❛s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♦✉ ♦✉tr❛s tát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ t♦❞♦s
♦s ❛♥♦s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ❡♠❡r❣❡♠ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❧✐♠♣♦ ❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s
s❛❢r❛s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r s✐❞♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s r❡❝❡♥✲
t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ♦✉ ♣♦r ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦✱
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✈❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ♦ ❡s❝♦rr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛
❥á ❡st❛✈❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❜❧♦q✉❡❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳
P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s ✭✶✾✽✺✮ ❝✐t❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡
s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s ❛✈❡✐❛s s✐❧✈❡str❡ ❡
❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♠✉✐t♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈♦
❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❛✈❡✐❛ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛ ♥ã♦ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡r✐❛
♣♦r ♠✉✐t❛s ❣❡r❛çõ❡s s❡♠ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛✈❡✐❛ s✐❧✈❡str❡
44 Braccini
s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡✉ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s sé❝✉❧♦s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡

❡rr❛❞✐❝á✲❧❛✳ ❆ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ t❛❧ ❢❛t♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❛✈❡✐❛ ❝✉❧✲
t✐✈❛❞❛ ❛♠❛❞✉r❡❝❡ ♥♦ ✈❡rã♦ ❡ s✉❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❝✉rt♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦
❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❛♣t❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❧♦❣♦
❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✉♠ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦ r✐❣♦r♦s♦ ❡①t❡r♠✐♥❛r✐❛ s✉❛s ♣❧â♥t✉✲
❧❛s✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣❛rt✐❞❛✱ ❛ ❛✈❡✐❛ s✐❧✈❡str❡ ❛♠❛❞✉r❡❝❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛
♠❡s♠❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♥❞♦
❛s ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❛ ♣r✐♠❛✈❡r❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ♠✉✐t❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❥á
♥ã♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐✈♦✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛♥❞♦
♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✳ ❈❛s♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ✈❡♥❤❛♠ ❛ ♠♦rr❡r ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❞é✲
✜❝✐t ❤í❞r✐❝♦ ♦✉ ♦✉tr❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ❛❞✈❡rs❛✱ ♦✉tr❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛✐♥❞❛
❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛r ♥♦s
❛♥♦s s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡s✳
3.3 Papel da dormência na manutenção do banco de sementes do solo

e como método de distribuição da germinação no tempo
P❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❛t✉❛❧✱ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é t✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♣❡❧♦
q✉❛❧ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆s ❡s♣é✲
❝✐❡s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❝♦♥q✉✐st❛r ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❖s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛r❛♠ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♣♦r
✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞♦t❛r❛♠ ❞❡
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣ê♥❞✐❝❡s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
❝♦♠♦ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛❞q✉✐r✐ss❡♠ ♠♦❜✐✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛r✐st❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❞❡ ♠❡♥tr❛st♦ ✭❆❣❡r❛t✉♠ ❝♦♥②③♦✐❞❡s ✮ ♣♦❞❡ ✢✉t✉❛r ♥♦ ❛r ❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ❛
❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s✳ ❖✉tr❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❛❝❤❛t❛❞♦ ❡
✜♥♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✢✉t✉❛r ♥❛ á❣✉❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧❛ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞❛s ❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞❛s✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✈✐r ❛ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠
✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦
s✉♣♦rt❛r ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛r✐❛ ❡♠
♠❛✐♦r ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ✭❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ✫ ◆❛❦❛❣❛✇❛✱
✷✵✵✵❀ ▼❛r❝♦s ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❆ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ❞❡❝✐s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧♦♥❣❡✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❞❛s ♣♦r s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡s✲
t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❊st❡ ❢❛t♦
❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡❝✐s✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❞❡st❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦
s❡✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ❡rr❛❞✐❝❛çã♦
t♦t❛❧ ❞❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦✱ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❛
❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❝❡rt❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✳
❆ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♥ã♦ é ❡q✉✐t❛t✐✈❛
❡ ♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛ ❡st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦t❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥✲
t❡s ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ s❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡
✐♥✈❛s♦r❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐ss❡ ❝❡rt♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐✲

♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❡❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ss❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✱
❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡❞❛❢♦❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s ❡ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❛ ❞✐s✲
tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❡st❡ ❧♦t❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r
❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛✳ ❇❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥✲
❝✐❛ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✭❱✐❞❛✈❡r✱ ✶✾✼✼✮✳ ❊st❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s
q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ tê♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♥tr❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ sã♦
✈✐③✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❢r✉t♦✳ ❖ ❝❛s♦ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s
❢❛t♦r❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦
❝♦♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❳❛♥t❤✐✉♠ str❛♠♦♥✐✉♠✳ ❊st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❢r✉t♦ ❝♦♠
❞✉❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✿ ✉♠❛ ❞✐t❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ ❛ ♦✉tr❛✱ ✐♥✲
❢❡r✐♦r✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ✭❘♦❜❡rts✱ ✶✾✼✹✮✳
❖ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r♦s❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ♠✉✐✲
t❛s ❞❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s ❡ r❡t❛r❞❛♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❝❡rt♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦
❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✭❊❣❧❡② ✫ ❉✉❦❡✱ ✶✾✽✺❀ ❲✐❧s♦♥✱ ✶✾✽✽❀ ❇❛s❦✐♥ ✫ ❇❛s❦✐♥✱ ✶✾✽✾❀
❊❣❧❡②✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✲♠ã❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛✳ ❊st❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❡r✲
❞❡r ❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s t♦r♥❛r❡♠✲s❡ ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s✳ ❈❛s♦
❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s s❡❥❛♠ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❢♦r ✐♥✐❜✐❞❛✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s
♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛s à ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ ✭❇❡✇❧❡② ✫ ❇❧❛❝❦✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❆s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✲♠ã❡✱
t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❢♦r ✐♥✐✲
❜✐❞♦✳ ❊st❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♥ã♦ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡
t♦r♥❛r ❝í❝❧✐❝❛ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ❛♥♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥❝❛❞❡❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛✲
t✐✈♦ ♦✉✱ ❡♠ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✱ s❡r❡♠ ♣❡r❞✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦
✭❇❛s❦✐♥ ✫ ❇❛s❦✐♥✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳ ❖ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t❡ é ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❡
❝♦♥té♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳
❈❡rt❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡♠❡r❣❡♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦✳
❊st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ s❡ ❞❡✈❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✐❝❧♦s s❛③♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣♦r✲
t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❣r❛❞✉❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣r❛✉s ❞❡ ❞♦r✲
♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭❇❛s❦✐♥ ✫ ❇❛s❦✐♥✱ ✶✾✽✺✮ ❡st❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❝í✲
❝❧✐❝❛s sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ✏❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦
tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❣r❛❞✉❛✐s✑✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡st❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ às ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s
s❛③♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✮✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❡s ❝✐❝❧♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r✲
♠ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❧✐♠✐t❛✲s❡ à ❡st❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛
❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳
3.4 Tipos de dormência

❆ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞✐✲
✈❡rs♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ ❡ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛✳
46 Braccini
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳ ❈✐❝❧♦s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s

❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❡str✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦ ✭❲✳❆✳✮ ❡ ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡
✈❡rã♦ ✭❙✳❆✳✮✳ ➪r❡❛s s♦♠❜r❡❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛
❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ D ❂ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s❀ CD ❂ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s❀ N D ❂ ♥ã♦ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s✳ a ❂ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡❀ b ❂ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ▲✐♥❤❛
só❧✐❞❛ ❂ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛❀ ❧✐♥❤❛ tr❛❝❡❥❛❞❛ ❂ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡❧ à
❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❇❛s❦✐♥ ✫ ❇❛s❦✐♥ ✭✶✾✽✺✮✳
3.4.1 Dormência primária

❆ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ é ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ✜s✐♦✲
❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐❣❛❞❛s à ♣❧❛♥t❛✲♠ã❡✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡
♣❡rí♦❞♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉rt♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s s❡♠❛♥❛s
❛ ♣♦✉❝♦s ♠❡s❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ✐♠♣❡❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❣❡r♠✐♥❡♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡stã♦ ❧✐❣❛❞❛s à ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✭❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦
❞❛ ✈✐✈✐♣❛r✐❞❛❞❡✮✱ ❝❛s♦ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❞❡s❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ♦❝❛✲
s✐ã♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ s✉♣❡r❛❞♦ ♣♦r s✐♠♣❧❡s ❛r✲
♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s s❡❝❛s ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ♠✉✐t♦
❧♦♥❣♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ❛ ♠❛t✉r❛çã♦✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦
❣❡r♠✐♥❛♠✱ t♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ❛♣ós ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛❞q✉✐r❡♠ ❛ ❝❛✲
♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦
❞❡ ✏❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣ós✲❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛✑✳ ❊①❝❡çã♦ ❛ ❡st❛ r❡❣r❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡
t✐r✐r✐❝❛ ✭ ❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ✮✱ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡
❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✼ ❛♥♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛
❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦
q✉í♠✐❝♦ ✭❡s❝❛r✐✜❝❛çã♦ á❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❍2 ❙❖4 ♣♦r ✶✺ ♠✐♥✉t♦s✮ ✭P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s✱ ✶✾✽✺❀
▼❛r❝♦s ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
3.4.2 Dormência secundária

❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛r
♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛s ❛ ❡♥tr❛r ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦
♠❛♥t✐❞❛s✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❝❡rt♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡s✲
❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s✳
●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ é ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ sã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛s
à s❡♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s à s✉❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡①❝❡t♦ ✉♠❛✳
❱✐❧❧✐❡rs ✭✶✾✼✷✮ ❝✐t❛ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❳❛♥t❤✐✉♠ s♣♣✳ sã♦
✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛s à ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s ❛ ❜❛✐①❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡
♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s ✭✶✾✽✺✮✱ ❛❧t❛s t❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ❣ás ❝❛r❜ô♥✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡♠
❝❛✉s❛r ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ ❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠♦st❛r❞❛ ❜r❛♥❝❛ ✭ ❇r❛ss✐❝❛
❛❧❜❛ ✮✳ ❖✉tr❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥❞✉③✐r ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ ♥❛s s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s sã♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s ♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❛✐①❛s✱
✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❡ s❡❝❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛❧t❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s✱
❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇❡✇❧❡② ✫ ❇❧❛❝❦ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❛ ❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r✲
♠ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r ❝❡rt♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ♦✉ s♦❢r❡r
❝❡rt❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡
❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♥í✈❡✐s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ é r❡❧❛t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❞❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡
✭❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛✮ ❡ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s
✭❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛✮✳ ❊st❡s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✏✐♥t❡r♥♦✑ ❡ ✏❡①✲
t❡r♥♦✑✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛
❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡stá ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡

❇❡✇❧❡② ✫ ❇❧❛❝❦ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✳
3.5 Causas da dormência

❆ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❝❛✉s❛ ♦✉ ♠❡✲
❝❛♥✐s♠♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡❥❛ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳
➱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❤❡ç❛ ❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦ss❛
48 Braccini
♣❧❛♥❡❥❛r ♦✉ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡rá✲❧❛✱ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r

♣♦rq✉❡ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥ã♦ ❣❡r♠✐✲
♥❛♠ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡✱ s❡❣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r✐❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳
❆ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡✲
❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♦✉ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❜❧♦q✉❡❛❞♦r ♦✉ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r✱ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿
❡♠❜r✐ã♦ ✐♠❛t✉r♦ ♦✉ r✉❞✐♠❡♥t❛r✱ ✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ à á❣✉❛✱
✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦✱ r❡str✐çõ❡s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛s✱ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡✱
❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛s✳
3.5.1 Embrião imaturo ou rudimentar

❊♠❜r✐õ❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ♠♦r❢♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡
✐♠❛t✉r♦s ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ✉♠
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós
❡st❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡st❛rã♦ ❛♣t❛s ❛ ❞❡s❡♥❝❛❞❡❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❣❡r♠✐✲
♥❛t✐✈♦✳
❖s ❡♠❜r✐õ❡s ✐♠❛t✉r♦s sã♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s
❡✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♥ã♦ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❤á ♥❡❝❡s✲
s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ três ❛ q✉❛tr♦ ♠❡s❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛❞♦ ♦
s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛r✱
♦✉ s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s✱ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ é r❡t❛r❞❛❞❛✱ ❛té q✉❡ ♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦✱
s♦❢r❡♥❞♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❛♥❛tô♠✐❝❛s ❡ ♠♦r❢♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ s✉❛
❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❖ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ r✉❞✐♠❡♥t❛r ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♥ã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✲
❞❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❛ s✉❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦
s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ ❥á s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ s♦✲
♠❡♥t❡ r❡t♦♠❛ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡ s❡ r❡✐❞r❛t❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦
❛♥t❡s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✱ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✐♠❛t✉r♦✳
❊①❡♠♣❧♦s tí♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ ✐♠❛t✉r♦ ❡ q✉❡ sã♦
✐♥❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ P♦❧②❣♦♥✉♠ s♣♣✳
❡ ❙❝✐r♣✉s s♣♣✳ ✭❩✐♠❞❛❤❧✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
3.5.2 Impermeabilidade do tegumento à água

❙❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❜s♦r✈❡♠ á❣✉❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❢❛✈♦✲
rá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ t❛❧✱ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ✐♠♣❡r♠❡á✈❡✐s✱ sã♦
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✏s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞✉r❛s✑✳ ❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r♣❡t✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s✲
♣é❝✐❡✱ ❡st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ é ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❡♥é✜❝❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r❡♠ ✈✐✈❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦rq✉❡✱
s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ♣❡r♠❡á✈❡✐s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♣ós ❛ s✉❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦✳ ❊st❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠
❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛✲
q✉❡❧❛s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s às ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ❋❛❜❛❝❡❛❡✱ ▼❛❧✈❛❝❡❛❡✱ ●❡r❛♥✐❛❝❡❛❡✱ ❈❤❡♥♦✲
♣♦❞✐❛❝❡❛❡✱ ❈♦♥✈♦❧✈✉❧❛❝❡❛❡✱ ❙♦❧❛♥❛❝❡❛❡ ❡ ▲✐❧✐❛❝❡❛❡✱ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳
❖s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r q✉❛❧ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦ t❡✲

❣✉♠❡♥t♦ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ à á❣✉❛ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❜á❝❡❛s✱ ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ❛ t❡st❛ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐
♥❛ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ✭❇❡✇❧❡② ✫ ❇❧❛❝❦✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❆ t❡st❛ ❞❛s
❢❛❜á❝❡❛s ♥ã♦ é✱ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ t❡❝✐❞♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡✱ ♣♦✐s ♥❡❧❛ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❡s ♦ ❤✐❧♦✱ ♦ ❡str♦❢í♦❧♦ ❡ ❛ ♠✐❝ró♣✐❧❛✳ ❉✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛
♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❢❛❜á❝❡❛s à á❣✉❛✱ ✈❡r✐✜✲
❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❤✐❧♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ✈á❧✈✉❧❛✱ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ á❣✉❛
❞❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡♠ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ ❡str♦❢í♦❧♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r
♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♥❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳
❆ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞✉r❛s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ t❛♥t♦ ❛ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❣❡♥é✲
t✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❈r♦❝❦❡r ✫ ❇❛rt♦♥ ✭✶✾✺✼✮ r❡❧❛t❛♠ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❝♦❧❡çõ❡s
❞❡ tr❡✈♦ ❞♦❝❡ ✭▼❡❧✐❧♦t✉s ❛❧❜❛ ✮ ❤❛✈✐❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
✾✽✪ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞✉r❛s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♥♦s ♥❛s ♠❡s✲
♠❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ r❡❧❛t❛r❛♠ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❤❡✲
r❡❞✐t❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ tr❡✈♦ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✭❚r✐✲
❢♦❧✐✉♠ ✐♥❝❛r♥❛t✉♠ ✮✳ ❖s ♠❡s♠♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s
q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞✉r❛s ♥❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠
q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✢♦r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ ♣❡r✲
♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s ❢❛✈♦r❡❝✐❛♠ ❛
♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s✱ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛♠ ✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ✉♠ s✉♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡①tr❛ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✐♦ t❛♠❜é♠
♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞✉r❛s ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✱ ❛♦
♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s❛ ❡ s✉♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❤í❞r✐❝♦ ♥ã♦
♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳
❊♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣❛rt✐❞❛✱ ❇❡✇❧❡② ✫ ❇❧❛❝❦ ✭✶✾✾✹✮ r❡❧❛t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ t❛①❛ ❡ ♦
❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s❡❝❛❣❡♠ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s sã♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥❡st❡ ♠❡✲
❝❛♥✐s♠♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❜á❝❡❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦s t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡
♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✉r♦s ❡ ✐♠♣❡r♠❡á✈❡✐s à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡
❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐✳ ❆ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡
❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳
3.5.3 Impermeabilidade ao oxigênio

❆s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♣♦á❝❡❛s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠
r❡str✐çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦st❛s ♣❡❧♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ à ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦✱ ❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦
❣ás ❝❛r❜ô♥✐❝♦ ♦✉ ❛ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ❢❛t♦ ❡st❡ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❡❞❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛✲
çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s ✭✶✾✽✺✮✱ ❡st❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣♦á❝❡❛s✳ ◆❡st❛s✱ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ é ♦❜t✐❞❛
r❡♠♦✈❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦✉ ❞❛♥✐✜❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s ❝❛r✐♦♣s❡s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛r✐✜❝❛çã♦✱
❝♦rt❡s✱ r❡♠♦çã♦✱ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ á❝✐❞♦s✱ ♦✉ s✉❜♠❡t❡♥❞♦ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ✫ ◆❛❦❛❣❛✇❛
50 Braccini
✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ s♣♣✳✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❇✳ ❤✉♠✐❞✐❝♦❧❛✱

❇✳ ❞❡❝✉♠❜❡♥s ❡ ❇✳ ❜r✐③❛♥t❤❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳
❇❡✇❧❡② ✫ ❇❧❛❝❦ ✭✶✾✾✹✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛
✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦✿ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❝✐❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ t❡❣✉✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦✱ ❞❡st❛
❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡s ♠❡s✲
♠♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ♣❡❧♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱
é ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ à ♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✢♦r✐❞③✐♥✱
á❝✐❞♦ ❝❧♦r♦❣ê♥✐❝♦ ❡ á❝✐❞♦ ♣ ✲❝✉♠❛r✐❧✲s❤✐q✉í♠✐❝♦✱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❡s ♥❛ t❡st❛✳
❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ❣ás ❝❛r❜ô♥✐❝♦✱ ❇❡✇❧❡② ✫ ❇❧❛❝❦
✭✶✾✾✹✮ ❛✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♣♦✉❝❛s ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛
✐♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❈❖2 ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛s s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❊st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s r❡❧❛t♦s ❢♦✐ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦ q✉❡
❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ t♦r♥❛r✲s❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❧t❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣ás ❝❛r❜ô✲
♥✐❝♦✱ ♥❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ✷✵ ❛ ✹✵✪✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ▼❛②❡r ✫ P♦❧❥❛❦♦✛✲▼❛②❜❡r
✭✶✾✽✾✮ r❡❧❛t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ❡ ❛♦ ❣ás
❝❛r❜ô♥✐❝♦✳
❆ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❡✐❛ s✐❧✈❡str❡ ✭❆✈❡♥❛ ❢❛t✉❛ ✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
✐♥t❡♥s❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉♣r✐♠✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ❝❛✉✲
s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❑❧✐♥❣♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✷✮✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛çã♦ ❞♦
s♦❧♦ ❡ ♦ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s q✉❡ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ r❡s♣♦♥✲
sá✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ✭❩✐♠❞❛❤❧✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❑❧✐♥❣♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✷✮ ❡ ❩✐♠❞❛❤❧ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✱ ❝❛r✉r✉ ✭❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s
r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ✮✱ ❛✈❡✐❛ s✐❧✈❡str❡ ✭❆✈❡♥❛ ❢❛t✉❛ ✮✱ ❜♦❧s❛✲❞❡✲♣❛st♦r ✭❈❛♣s❡❧❧❛ ❜✉rs❛✲
♣❛st♦r✐s ✮ ❡ ▲❡♣✐❞✐✉♠ ❝❛♠♣❡str❡ sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s tí♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ à á❣✉❛✱ ❛♦ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ♦✉ ❛ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s✳
3.5.4 Restrições mecânicas

❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❊❣❧❡② ✫ ❉✉❦❡ ✭✶✾✽✺✮✱ ♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❡s✲
tr✉t✉r❛s ❡♥✈♦❧tór✐❛s ❞♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ sã♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥❛
s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ P❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s s❡r ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧
❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❞♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ♦s ♣❡r✐❣♦s ✐♠♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ é s✉r♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♣♦ss❛ ✐♠♣♦r ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦
rá♣✐❞❛ ❡ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♣r♦t❡t♦r❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ❡♠✲
❜r✐ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❞✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ ❡♠❜r✐♦♥ár✐♦
❡ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳
❆ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♣r♦t❡t♦r❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r
s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡❞✐r ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦✱
❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❞❛♥✐✜❝❛♥❞♦✱ r❡♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ♦✉ ♣❡r❢✉r❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡❣✉✲

♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝❛r✐♦♣s❡ ♦✉ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♣r♦t❡t♦r❛✳
❊st❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛s sã♦ s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣♦á❝❡❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❝❛♣✐♠ ♣❡♥s❛❝♦❧❛ ✭ P❛s✲
♣❛❧✉♠ ♥♦t❛t✉♠ ✮ ✭P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❈♦♣❡❧❛♥❞ ✫ ▼❝❉♦♥❛❧❞ ✭✶✾✽✺✮✱ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛
tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r✉r✉ ✭ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ✮✳ ❊♥✲
tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s é✱
♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛s
❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♣r♦t❡t♦r❛✳
3.5.5 Embrião dormente

❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r s❡r ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ ❛ s❡❞❡ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳ ➱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡
❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛❞❛s✳ ❆s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ sã♦ ❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡①✐✲
❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s q✉❛♥t♦ à ❧✉③ ❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✱
♦✉ ❝✉❥❛s ❝❛✉s❛s sã♦ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳ ❆s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝✉❥❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ é ❛❢❡✲
t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✉③ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r s✉❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞❛ ♦✉ ✐♥✐❜✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳
◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛s♦✱ sã♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ✏❢♦t♦❜❧ást✐❝❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s✑✱ ❡ ♥♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱
✏❢♦t♦❜❧ást✐❝❛s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s✑✳
◆❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡①✐❣❡♠ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡①tr❛✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ ❞❛ s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉ ❝r❡s❝❡r ❧❡♥t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ s✉✲
♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♣ré✲
❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❡❞❡❝❡r ❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡ s✉❜♠❡tê✲❧❛ ❛ ❜❛✐①❛s
o
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✵ ❈✱ ♣♦r ♣❡rí♦❞♦s q✉❡ ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡
❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✳ ❖ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ á❝✐❞♦ ❣✐❜❡ré❧✐❝♦ ✭●❆3 ✮ ♣♦❞❡
s✉❜st✐t✉✐r ❛ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s✱ ✶✾✽✺✮ ❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ é ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ à ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❛s ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳
❊st❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛t✉❛♠ ❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s
❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❛❜s❝ís✐❝♦ ✭❆❇❆✮✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦s ❡♠❜r✐õ❡s✱
♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦s t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦s✳
❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é✲
❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦á❝❡❛s✱ ♠♦st❛r❞❛ ❡ P♦❧②❣♦♥✉♠ s♣♣✳
✭❑❧✐♥❣♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✷✮✳
3.5.6 Dormência promovida por inibidores internos

❆ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s é ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s r❡❞✉③✐❞❛
♦✉ ✐♠♣❡❞✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s✳ ❖s
♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s sã♦ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❛❜s❝ís✐❝♦ ✭❆❇❆✮✱ ❛s ❧❛❝t♦♥❛s ✐♥s❛t✉r❛❞❛s✱
❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝✉♠❛r✐♥❛✱ ❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❑❤❛♥ ✭✶✾✽✵✮✱
♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❛
s❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡r✐❝❛r♣♦✱ t❡st❛✱ ❡♥❞♦s♣❡r♠❛ ❡ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦✳
52 Braccini
❖s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡

❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳ ❆s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ❜✐♦q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s
s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❡①❛t✐❞ã♦✳ ❆❝r❡❞✐t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❆❇❆
❡st❡❥❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❘◆❆ ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❡ q✉❡ ✈á✲
r✐♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛t✉❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r
♦✉ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐r ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♦①✐❞❛çã♦✱ r❡str✐♥❣✐♥❞♦✱ ❞❡st❛
❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡♠✲
❜r✐ã♦ ✭❇❡✇❧❡② ✫ ❇❧❛❝❦✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳
❆ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡♥✲
tr❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❛s ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❛❜s❝ís✐❝♦ ❡ ❛
❝✉♠❛r✐♥❛ ❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ á❝✐❞♦
❣✐❜❡ré❧✐❝♦ ✭●❆3 ✮✱ ❛s ❝✐t♦❝✐♥✐♥❛s ❡ ♦ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦ ✭❈♦♣❡❧❛♥❞ ✫ ▼❝❉♦♥❛❧❞✱ ✶✾✽✺❀
❊❣❧❡② ✫ ❉✉❦❡✱ ✶✾✽✺❀ P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s✱ ✶✾✽✺❀ ❚❛②❧♦rs♦♥✱ ✶✾✽✼❀ ▼❛②❡r ✫ P♦❧❥❛❦♦✛✲
▼❛②❜❡r✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ♦
r❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡❧ às ❣✐❜❡r❡❧✐♥❛s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡st❛s
♥ã♦ ❡①❡r❝❡r✐❛♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❛❧❣✉♠✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ♣♦r
♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣✐❜❡r❡❧✐♥❛s ❡①ó❣❡♥❛s✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r♠ô♥✐♦s✱
❛s ❝✐t♦❝✐♥✐♥❛s✱ é q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♣❡r♠✐ss✐✈♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛✲
çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛♥✉❧❛r✐❛ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s
✭❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ✫ ◆❛❦❛❣❛✇❛✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ▼❛r❝♦s ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❆ ❧✉③ é ♦✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❞❡ q✉❡❜r❛ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✱ ♣♦✐s s✉❛ ❛çã♦
s❡r✐❛ ❧❡✈❛r ♦ ✜t♦❝r♦♠♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❛t✐✈❛ ✭P❱ ♦✉ P✻✻✵✮ à ❛t✐✈❛ ✭P❱❞ ♦✉
P✼✸✵✮✱ q✉❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛r✐❛ ♦✉ ❛t✐✈❛r✐❛✱ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✱ ❛s ❝✐t♦❝✐✲
♥✐♥❛s✳ ❊st❛s✱ ❛❣✐♥❞♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s✱
♣❡r♠✐t✐r✐❛♠ às ❣✐❜❡r❡❧✐♥❛s ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛r ✈ár✐❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ t❡❝✐❞♦
❡♥❞♦s♣❡r♠át✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❡♠❜r✐♦♥ár✐♦✱ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡st❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛
❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✭❇❡✇❧❡② ✫ ❇❧❛❝❦✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ✫ ◆❛❦❛❣❛✇❛✱
✷✵✵✵❀ ▼❛r❝♦s ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❊sq✉❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞♦ ✜t♦❝r♦♠♦ ♣♦✲
❞❡r✐❛ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳
❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✐♥✐✲
❜✐❞♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s é ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❚❤♦♠❛s ✭✶✾✽✵✮✱ ❢♦✐ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦
q✉❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦❝♦rr✐❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❝rés❝✐♠♦ ✐♥✐✲
❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡
❝✐t♦❝✐♥✐♥❛s ❡ ❣✐❜❡r❡❧✐♥❛s✳
❖ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stá ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❛ q✉❡❜r❛ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞♦
❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❛s ❡ ♣r♦♠♦t♦r❛s ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❊①✐s✲
t❡♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦ ❛t❡♥✉❛ ❛ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡✲
r❛t✉r❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱
❛❢❡t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝✐t♦❝✐♥✐♥❛s ❡ ❛✉①✐♥❛s ❡ ❛❣✐♥❞♦ s✐♥❡r❣✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠
❣✐❜❡r❡❧✐♥❛s ❡ ❧✉③ ✭❖❧❛t♦②❡ ✫ ❍❛❧❧✱ ✶✾✼✷✮✳ ❙❝❤♦♥❜❡❝❦ ✫ ❊❣❧❡② ✭✶✾✽✶✮ ♦❜✲
s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r✉r✉ ✭❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ✮ t❡♠ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s
irradiação vermelho
P660 P730
(manutenção da (estímulo para
dormência) germinação)
irradiação
vermelho-distante
ou escuro
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳ ■♥t❡r❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞♦ ✜t♦❝r♦♠♦✳
✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ♥❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r❡✲

tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✳
3.5.7 Combinação de causas

❆ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛ ❛
♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦✉tr❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ s❡rã♦
t❛♠❜é♠ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛r ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦
❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ P❛♥✐❝✉♠ s♣♣✳✱ P❛s✲
♣❛❧✉♠ s♣♣✳ ❡ ❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ s♣♣✳ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡♠❜r✐õ❡s ✐♠❛t✉r♦s✱ ✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❣❛s❡s ❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ tr❡✈♦ s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡♦
✭❚r✐❢♦❧✐✉♠ s✉❜t❡rr❛♥❡✉♠ ✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛
✭✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ á❣✉❛ ❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❡♥❞ó❣❡♥♦s✮ ✭❈✐❝❡r♦✱ ✶✾✽✻✮✳
3.6 Métodos para superação da dormência

❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛ s❡r ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦
t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s
♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s
❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳
❆ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ s✉♠ár✐❛ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ♥❛ s✉✲
♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
3.6.1 Escarificação mecânica

❈♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ s✉❜♠❡t❡r ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥tr❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ❛❜r❛s✐✈❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦
❧✐①❛ ♦✉ ♣❡❞r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥❛t♦ ❞❡ s✐❧í❝✐♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❣❛st❛r ♦✉ ❡❧✐✲
♠✐♥❛r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳
❆ ❡s❝❛r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ s❡✈❡r❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦❞❡rá ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ✐♥❥úr✐❛s
❛♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦✱ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐✈♦✳ ❆ ❡s❝❛r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠❡✲
❝â♥✐❝❛ é ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s
54 Braccini
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛

❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s ✭✶✾✽✺✮✳
❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦
■♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ■♠❡rsã♦ ❡♠ s♦❧✈❡♥t❡s ✭á❣✉❛ q✉❡♥t❡✱ á❧✲
♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛s ❞♦ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♦❧✱ ❛❝❡t♦♥❛✱ ❡t❝✳✮
❊s❝❛r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛
❊s❝❛r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ á❝✐❞♦ s✉❧❢úr✐❝♦
❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ rá♣✐❞♦
❊①♣♦s✐çã♦ à ❛❧t❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛
❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦
❈❤♦q✉❡s ♦✉ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s ❝♦♥tr❛ s✉♣❡r❢í✲
❝✐❡s rí❣✐❞❛s
❊♠❜r✐ã♦ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ à ❜❛✐①❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛
❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❤♦r♠ô♥✐♦s ✭❣✐❜❡r❡❧✐✲
♥❛s ♦✉ ❝✐t♦❝✐♥✐♥❛s✮
❉♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♣♦á❝❡❛s ❘♦♠♣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛r✐♦♣s❡
❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♥✐tr❛t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦táss✐♦
❊①♣♦s✐çã♦ à ❧✉③
❊♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛s
❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦
❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦
❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❤♦r♠ô♥✐♦s
●❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ à t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ s✉❜ót✐♠❛
❚❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ✐♠♣❡r♠❡á✈❡❧ ❝♦♠✲ ❊s❝❛r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ á❝✐❞♦
❜✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ ❞♦r✲ s✉❧❢úr✐❝♦✱ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ à
♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛✐①❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛
❉♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ✭❡♣✐❝ót✐❧♦ ❡ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❛ ❜❛✐①❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s
r❛❞í❝✉❧❛ ❞♦r♠❡♥t❡s✮ s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛
♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❛❞í❝✉❧❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❡♣✐❝ó✲
t✐❧♦✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡
q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ✐♠♣❡r♠❡á✈❡❧ à á❣✉❛ ✭s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞✉r❛s✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ é

♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s à ❢❛♠í❧✐❛
❋❛❜❛❝❡❛❡✳
3.6.2 Escarificação ácida

❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ s✉❜♠❡r❣✐r ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♠ á❝✐❞♦ s✉❧❢úr✐❝♦ ❝♦♥❝❡♥✲
tr❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡✱ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ❧❛✈❛r ❡♠ á❣✉❛
❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡ s❡❝❛r✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛r✐✜❝❛çã♦ é r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛
❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ✐♠♣❡r♠❡á✈❡✐s à á❣✉❛
♦✉ ❛ ❣❛s❡s✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦ s✉❧❢úr✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❡s❝❛r✐✜❝❛çã♦ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱
✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣♦á❝❡❛s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠✲
♣❧♦✱ ❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ s♣♣✳✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐✲

③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ ❈❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♣❡r✐❣♦ ❞❡ q✉❡✐♠❛❞✉r❛s ❛♦ té❝✲
♥✐❝♦ ♦✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ q✉❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦rr♦s✐✈♦ ❡ s✉❛ ✈✐♦❧❡♥t❛ r❡❛çã♦
❝♦♠ ❛ á❣✉❛✳
❖ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ s✉❜♠❡rsã♦ ♥♦ á❝✐❞♦ é ❝rít✐❝♦ ❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s❛♠❡♥t❡
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❧♦t❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡s❝❛r✐✜❝❛❞❛s✳ ❙❡✲
❣✉♥❞♦ ✭P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✱ ❡st❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠✐✲
♥✉t♦s ❛ ✈ár✐❛s ❤♦r❛s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s
❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛
s❡♠❡♥t❡s✲á❝✐❞♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❧❡♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❣✐t❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤♦♠♦❣❡✲
♥❡✐③❛r ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆♣ós ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡ ❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❧❛✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
✶✵ ♠✐♥✉t♦s✳
3.6.3 Escarificação térmica

❖ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ✐♠❡rsã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ❝♦♠ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛
✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ 60 ❡ 100o ❈✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ é ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❛ s❡r tr❛t❛❞❛✳
3.6.4 Lavagem em água corrente

❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ é ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❝✉❥❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛❧❣✉✲
♠❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❛s s♦❧ú✈❡✐s ❡♠ á❣✉❛✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡♠♦✈✐❞❛s
♣❡❧❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❧❛✈❛❣❡♠ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦
❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✳
P❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡♥t❡rr✐♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛s ❥á é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✱
♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s s❡r❡♠ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦
s♦❧♦✳
3.6.5 Secagem prévia

❙❡♠❡♥t❡s r❡❝é♠ ❝♦❧❤✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣♦á❝❡❛s ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♠
❛ s✉❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣ós✲❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s ❛ s❡❝❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s
s❡♠❛♥❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝â♠❛r❛ s❡❝❛✱ ♦✉ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛ 40o ❈ ❝♦♠ ❧✐✈r❡
❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r ♣♦r✱ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ s❡♠❛♥❛ ✭❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
3.6.6 Pré-esfriamento
❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣♦á❝❡❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❆❣r♦st✐s s♣♣✳✱ ▲♦❧✐✉♠ s♣♣✳✱
❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❇r❛ss✐❝❛ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠♦s✲
t❛r❞❛ ❡ ♥❛❜✐ç❛✱ s✉♣❡r❛♠ ❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s ❛ ❜❛✐①❛s t❡♠♣❡✲
r❛t✉r❛s✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ❡♠❜❡❜✐❞❛s✳
❊♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦❧♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s ❡♠ s✉❜str❛t♦ ✉♠❡❞❡❝✐❞♦ ❡ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦✲❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝â♠❛r❛ ♣r❡✈✐❛✲
56 Braccini
♠❡♥t❡ r❡❣✉❧❛❞❛ à t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ 5 ❛ 10o ❈✱ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♥❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s

♣♦r ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ✭P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳ Pré✲❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s

s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❇r❛ss✐❝❛ ✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✳
❊s♣é❝✐❡ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡
❞✐❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s
❇✳ ❝❛♠♣❡str✐s 5 ♦✉ 10o ❈ ♣♦r ✼ ❞✐❛s
❇✳ ❥✉♥❝❡❛ 10o ❈ ♣♦r ✼ ❞✐❛s
❇✳ ♥❛♣✉s 5 ♦✉ 10o ❈ ♣♦r ✼ ❞✐❛s
❇✳ ♥✐❣r❛ 10o ❈ ♣♦r ✸ ❞✐❛s
❇✳ ♦❧❡r❛❝❡❛ 10o ❈ ♣♦r ✸ ❞✐❛s
3.6.7 Estratificação
❊st❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é✲
❝✐❡s ❛r❜✉st✐✈❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s
✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r✲
♠✐♥❛❞♦s r❡❝✐♣✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❛❡r❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s ❡✈✐t❛♠ ♦ r❡ss❡❝❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❆s ❡♠❜❛❧❛❣❡♥s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝â♠❛r❛ r❡❢r✐❣❡r❛❞❛ ♦✉ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛s
♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❝❧✐♠❛ ❢r✐♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡✐①❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡♣♦✉s♦
♣❡❧♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✳
❆s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ s✐t✉❛♠✲s❡
❡♥tr❡ 2 ❡ 7o ❈ ✭P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s t❡♠♣❡r❛❞❛s✱ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡
✐♥✈❡r♥♦ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛t✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠
tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭❊❣❧❡② ✫ ❉✉❦❡✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
3.6.8 Produtos químicos

❆❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♥✐tr❛t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦táss✐♦ ✭❑◆❖3 ✮✱ á❝✐❞♦
❣✐❜❡ré❧✐❝♦ ✭●❆3 ✮✱ ♣❡ró①✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ✭❍2 ❖2 ✮ ❡ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦ sã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦s
♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s
❡s♣é❝✐❡s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ só é ✈✐á✈❡❧ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳
❖ ♣❡ró①✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣♦á❝❡❛s ❡ t❡♠ s❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❣❡r✲
♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦ é r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❛ ✶✵✵ ♣♣♠✱
❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ✭❈✐❝❡r♦✱ ✶✾✽✻✮✳ ❆s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦ ❣✐❜❡ré✲
❧✐❝♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ sã♦ ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s
❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s✱ ♥ã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✈✐á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳
3.6.9 Temperaturas alternadas

❆s ❘❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ✭❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ♣r❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡st❡
❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é✲
❝✐❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆ ❛❧t❡r♥â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡
♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ❛♦ q✉❡ t✉❞♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛❣❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s
t❡❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲♦s ♠❛✐s ♣❡r♠❡á✈❡✐s à á❣✉❛ ❡ ❛♦ ♦①✐✲
❣ê♥✐♦ ❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s
s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣r♦♠♦t♦r❛s ❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❛s ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ✭❈✐❝❡r♦✱ ✶✾✽✻✮✳
3.6.10 Exposição à luz

❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s sã♦ s❡♥sí✈❡✐s à ❧✉③ ✭❢♦t♦❜❧ást✐❝❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s✮ ❡
♥ã♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛
♥❡st❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦✳ ❊♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❡①✐❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❧✉③✱ ♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ é✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡♠
s✉❜str❛t♦ ú♠✐❞♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦❜❡rt❛s ❝♦♠ ♣❛♣❡❧✲t♦❛❧❤❛
❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛❞❛s✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❧✉③ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ❡♥tr❡ 750 ❡ 1.250
lux✱ ❡ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s à ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✽ ❡♠
❝❛❞❛ ✷✹ ❤♦r❛s✳
❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❢❛❝❡ ✭ ▲❛❝t✉❝❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✮ ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣♦á❝❡❛s✱
t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❆❣r♦♣②r♦♥ s♣♣✳✱❆❣r♦st✐s s♣♣✳✱ ❆①♦♥♦♣✉s s♣♣✳✱ ❇r♦♠✉s s♣♣✳✱
❋❡st✉❝❛ s♣♣✳✱ ▲♦❧✐✉♠ s♣♣✳ ❡ P♦❛ s♣♣✳ sã♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❝✉❥❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s sã♦ s❡♥sí✈❡✐s à ❧✉③ ✭P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
3.7 Teorias da dormência

❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❛
r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❝❛✉s❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s t❡♦r✐❛s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s
♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❝❛✉s❛✳
❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣❛ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❆♠❡♥ ✭✶✾✻✽✮✳ ❊st❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r
s✉❣❡r✐✉ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦
♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❛
s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s s❡r✐❛♠ r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡♥✲
tr❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❛s ❡ ♣r♦♠♦t♦r❛s ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❖ r❡❢❡r✐❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❢❛s❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✿ ✐♥❞✉t✐✈❛✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡❞♦r❛✱ ❞✐s♣❛r❛❞♦r❛
❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐✈❛✳ ❖s r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❡♥❞ó❣❡♥♦s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡r✐❛♠ ❛s ❣✐❜❡r❡✲
❧✐♥❛s✱ ❛s ❝✐t♦❝✐♥✐♥❛s ❡ ✈ár✐♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦
♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡r✐❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡♠ ❢❛✈♦r ❞♦s ✐♥✐✲
❜✐❞♦r❡s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r✐❛
♦s ♣r♦♠♦t♦r❡s✳
❑❤❛♥ ✭✶✾✼✶✮ ♣r♦♣ôs ♦✉tr❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s s❡r✐❛
❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ♣♦r s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❛s ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❣✐❜❡✲
r❡❧✐♥❛s s❡r✐❛♠ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❆s ❝✐t♦❝✐♥✐♥❛s
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✐❛♠ ❛çã♦ ✏♣❡r♠✐ss✐✈❛✑ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❛♥✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s
✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❛s✱ ♣♦ré♠ s❡♠ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❖s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱
58 Braccini
✐♠♣❡❞✐r✐❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐✈♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ r❡s✉❧t❛r✐❛ ♥ã♦

❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❣✐❜❡r❡❧✐♥❛s ♥❛
❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ♦✉✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝✐t♦❝✐♥✐♥❛s ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛
❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❛s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❤♦r♠♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s

s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❣✐❜❡r❡❧✐♥❛s✱ ❝✐t♦❝✐♥✐♥❛s ❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s✳ ❙ã♦ ♠♦str❛❞❛s
♦✐t♦ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❤♦r♠♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❆
♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r♠ô♥✐♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ✜s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡
❛t✐✈❛s é ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✐♥❛❧ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✐♥❛❧
♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❑❤❛♥ ✭✶✾✼✶✮✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❘♦❜❡rts ✭✶✾✼✸✮✱ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s

é ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ♥❛ r❡s♣✐r❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛s ♣❡♥t♦s❡s✱
✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡❧ à ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❇❡✇❧❡② ✫ ❇❧❛❝❦ ✭✶✾✾✹✮ s✉❣❡r❡♠
✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s
❞❡ ❛✈❡✐❛ s✐❧✈❡str❡ ✭❆✈❡♥❛ ❢❛t✉❛ ✮✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡①✐st❛♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠
❢❛✈♦r ❞❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✱ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❢♦✐ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞❛✱ ❛té ♦
♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✳
3.8 Consequências da dormência em sementes e possibilidade de uso
no manejo de plantas daninhas
❆ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ❧♦♥❣♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥tí✲
♥✉❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❛ss❡❣✉r❛ ❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ♣♦r
♠✉✐t♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦
s♦❧♦✳
❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s
❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♥❛ s✉❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦✱ sã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ s❡✉
✉s♦ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦❜s❝✉r♦✳ ❊♠ ❧❛❜♦✲

r❛tór✐♦✱ ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ q✉❡❜r❛ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s sã♦ r♦t✐♥❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s✳
❊st❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❩✐♠❞❛❤❧ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✱ sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛
❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛❜r❛s✐✈♦s✱ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉í✲
♠✐❝♦s✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ t♦r♥❛✲s❡
♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡ s❡r s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✳ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦
❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛s ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ♣❡❧♦
❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s
♥❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✳ ❖ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ é ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦
❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♥ã♦ r❡✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ é ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s❛t✐s❢❛tó✲
r✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦
❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡①♣õ❡ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s à ❧✉③ ❡ às ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳
Prát✐❝❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ♥ã♦ sã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈❛s ❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s❀ ♣♦r✲
t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r❡♣❛r♦
❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❡❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s✉♣❡r❛❞❛✳ ❖ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ❛té q✉❡
♦❜t❡♥❤❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❡♠ ❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♥❛s tát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦
❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ✭❩✐♠❞❛❤❧✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ P❛r❛ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s❡✲
r✐❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❣❡r♠✐♥❛ss❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✱
♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ s❡r ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞♦s ♥♦
s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐③❛r ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳
❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ q✉❡ tê♠ ♠♦str❛❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❛t✐s❢❛✲
tór✐♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s sã♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡ ♦ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞♦
s♦❧♦ à ♥♦✐t❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝✉❥♦ ♠❡✲
❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ s❡r✐❛ ❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s à ❧✉③✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❢♦t♦❜❧ást✐❝❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s s❡r✐❛♠
♠❛♥t✐❞❛s ❡♠ s❡✉ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ r❡♣♦✉s♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥ã♦ r❡✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡♠
ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ♦
s❡✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❘❛❞♦s❡✈✐❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✻✮ ❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛
♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❛❜✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦
❞♦s r❡q✉❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ q✉❡❜r❛ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦
❝♦♠ ❡st❡s ♠❡s♠♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ▲♦❧✐✉♠ s♣♣✳ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ r❡q✉❡r✐✲
♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛
❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ tr✐❣♦ ♣♦❞❡
♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛✳
❖✉tr❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ♠❛✲
♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s❡r✐❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦
✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐③❛r ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡st❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ s❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦
60 Braccini
❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐á✈❡❧✱ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s

✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦✱ s❛✐s ❞❡ ♥✐tr❛t♦ ❡ á❝✐❞♦ ❣✐❜❡✲
ré❧✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳
❆♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s
♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✳
4. Longevidade das Sementes de Plantas Daninhas no Solo

❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❛ ❧♦♥❣❡✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ é✱ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♠ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣♦✲
❞❡♠ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❧♦♥❣❡✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❘♦❜❡rts✱
✶✾✼✹✮✳
❆ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❞✉③✐❞❛
s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❘♦❜❡rts ✫ ❋❡❛st✱
✶✾✼✸✮✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❘♦❜❡rts ✫ ❉❛✇❦✐♥s
✭✶✾✻✼✮ ❡ ❘♦❜❡rts ✫ ◆❡✐❧s♦♥ ✭✶✾✽✶✮✱ ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡ss❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ♦✉ ❞✐s♣❡r✲
sã♦✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s
❡♠ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✷✺✪ ❛♦ ❛♥♦✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛s ♣ró✲
①✐♠♦ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♣❡r❞❡♠ ❛ s✉❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦
q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡s ✭❚♦♦❧❡✱ ✶✾✹✻✮✳
❊♠ ❝♦♥s♦♥â♥❝✐❛✱ ❛❧t❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♠ ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡
✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✭❙❝❤❛❢❡r ✫ ❈❤✐❧❝♦t❡✱ ✶✾✼✵✮✳
❘♦❜❡rts ✭✶✾✽✸✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉ q✉❡ ❛s t❛①❛s ♠á①✐♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛çã♦ ✭❛♣r♦✲
①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✹✺✪ ❛♦ ❛♥♦✮ ♦❝♦rr❡r❛♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ s♦❧♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦
✈ár✐❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛♦ ❛♥♦✳ ❆s ♠❡♥♦r❡s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛çã♦ ✭❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
✷✺✪ ❛♦ ❛♥♦✮ ♦❝♦rr❡r❛♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ s♦❧♦ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ r❡✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ❚❛①❛s ❞❡ ✺✵✪ ❛♦
❛♥♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❛♣ós s❡t❡ ❛♥♦s✱ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦❞❡rá
s❡r ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✶✪ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳
◆❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♣r♦❧♦♥✲
❣❛❞❛ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦
♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s é s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ❝✐♥❝♦
❛♥♦s ✭❊❣❧❡② ✫ ❈❤❛♥❞❧❡r✱ ✶✾✽✸✮✳
❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❧♦♥❣❡✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦✲
❧♦s ♥ã♦ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛❞♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❘✉♠❡① ❝r✐s♣✉s✱ ❖❡✲
♥♦t❤❡r❛ ❜✐❡♥♥✐s ❡ ❱❡r❜❛s❝✉♠ ❜❧❛tt❛r✐❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r❛♠ ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❛♣ós ♦✐t❡♥t❛
❛♥♦s ✭❉❛r❧✐♥❣t♦♥ ✫ ❙t❡✐♥❜❛✉❡r✱ ✶✾✻✶✮✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡
❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ ❛❧❜✉♠ ❡ ❘❛♥✉♥❝✉❧✉s r❡♣❡♥s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r❛♠ ✈✐á✈❡✐s ♣♦r ♣❡❧♦
♠❡♥♦s ✈✐♥t❡ ❛♥♦s ✭▲❡✇✐s✱ ✶✾✼✸✮✳ ❉❛✇s♦♥ ✫ ❇r✉♥s ✭✶✾✼✺✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡
❛❧❣✉♠❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣♦á❝❡❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ✭❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s✲❣❛❧❧✐✱ ❙❡t❛r✐❛ ✈✐✲
r✐❞✐s ❡ ❙✳ ❧✉t❡s❝❡♥s ✮ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r❛♠ ✈✐á✈❡✐s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
tr❡③❡ ❛♥♦s✳
❱✐❧❧✐❡rs ✭✶✾✼✹✮ ♣r♦♣ôs ✉♠❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❤✐❞r❛t❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦ré♠

♥ã♦ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❡♥❞❡r ♦ s❡✉ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡
♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♦✉ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦
❉◆❆✱ ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❡ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ✈✐á✈❡✐s ♥♦
s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛✉t♦r s✉❣❡r✐✉ q✉❡ ❛s s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s♦❢r❡r ❞❛♥♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞❡s♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛
❞❡ ❡♥❞♦♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦s ❞❛♥♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s
❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r s✉❜st✐t✉í❞♦s ❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❤✐❞r❛t❛❞❛s✱ ❞✉✲
r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s s❡❝❛s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧
❝rít✐❝♦ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r ♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦
♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡♣❛r❛çã♦✳
❉❛♥♦s ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ♦✉ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠✱ ❡♠
❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ❡stá❞✐♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❛
♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡♠❜❡❜✐çã♦ ❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛❞❛s ✭❉✉❦❡ ✫ ❑❛❦❡❢✉❞❛✱ ✶✾✽✶✮✳ ❊✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ✉❧tr❛❡str✉t✉r❛✐s q✉❡
s✉♣♦rt❛♠ ❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❡ ❱✐❧❧✐❡rs ✭✶✾✼✹✮ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛♥♦s às ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s
❡ r❡❣❡♥❡r❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❢❛❝❡ ✭▲❛❝t✉❝❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✮ ❡
❋r❛①✐♥✉s s♣♣✳ ✭❱✐❧❧✐❡rs ✫ ❊❞❣❡❝✉♠❜❡✱ ✶✾✼✺✮✳
5. Manipulação Química da Dormência em Sementes de Plan-
tas Daninhas
❆ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s é ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡
♠❛♥❡❥♦ q✉❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ❜♦❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ✉♠
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
t❛❧ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✈❛✐ ❡st❛r ♥❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞♦s ♠❡✲
❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❛❧✈♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s
q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ ❛❧t❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳
❉✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s tê♠ s✐❞♦ t❡st❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛✲
t✐✈♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s
♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
té❝♥✐❝❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡ q✉❡ ♦❢❡r❡ç❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛
❡s❝❛❧❛ ♥♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ s❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❚❛②❧♦rs♦♥ ✭✶✾✽✼✮ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐✲
③❛❞♦s ❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞❛s
✭❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s✱ ❛♠ô♥✐♦✱ ❛③✐❞❛s✱ ❝✐❛♥❛♠✐❞❛s✱ ❤✐❞r♦①✐❧❛♠✐♥❛s✱ ♥✐tr❛t♦✱ ♥✐tr✐t♦✱
t✐♦✉ré✐❛ ❡ ✉ré✐❛✮✱ r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭á❝✐❞♦ ❣✐❜❡ré❧✐❝♦✱ ❝✐t♦❝✐♥✐♥❛s ❡
❡t✐❧❡♥♦✮✱ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s q✉❡ ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ✭á❝✐❞♦
❛❜s❝ís✐❝♦✮✳
❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ q✉❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠
s✉❝❡ss♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛s é ♦ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐r❛♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡✲
62 Braccini
♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❙tr✐❣❛ ❛s✐❛t✐❝❛ ❡ r❡❞✉③✐r❛♠ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡st❛

♣❛r❛s✐t❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❞❛ ❈❛r♦❧✐♥❛ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❡ ❈❛r♦❧✐♥❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ ♥♦s
❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ✭❊♣❧❡❡✱ ✶✾✼✺✮✳ ❙✳ ❛s✐❛t✐❝❛ é ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♥s✐✲
❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛s✐t❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ✭❩❡❛ ♠❛②s ✮ ❡ ✈ár✐❛s
♦✉tr❛s ♣♦á❝❡❛s ❞❡ ✈❡rã♦✳ ❆s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡st❛ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦
❣❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛r❡♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣ró①✐♠❛s ❞❛s r❛í③❡s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❤♦s✲
♣❡❞❡✐r❛s q✉❡ ❡①✉❞❛♠ ✉♠ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦
❡t✐❧❡♥♦ ❡st✐♠✉❧♦✉ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛ ♥♦
s♦❧♦✱ ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s r❛í③❡s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛✱ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛tr❛t✐✈♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦✳
❖ ❡stí♠✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❙✳ ❛s✐❛t✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦
❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦ é ❧❡t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ♣❛r❛s✐t❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ❛t❛q✉❡ às r❛í③❡s
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆q✉❡❧❛s ♣❧â♥✲
t✉❧❛s ❞❡st❡ ♣❛r❛s✐t❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❛♠ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡r ❢♦r❛♠ s❛t✐s❢❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡
❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❏♦❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❖s
♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ✭❯❙❉❆✮ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✻✳✵✵✵ ❤❡❝t❛r❡s
❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦s ✐♥❢❡st❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❙✳ ❛s✐❛t✐❝❛ sã♦ tr❛t❛❞♦s ❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❚❡st❡s r❡✲
❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❙✳
❛s✐❛t✐❝❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✾✵✪ ♥♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠
❡t✐❧❡♥♦✳
❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡✲
♠❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡st❛
♥❛t✉r❡③❛✳ ❖❜✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s
❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ s❡rã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✱ ♣❡❧♦
❢❛t♦ ❞❡st❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s s❡r❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❜❡♠
❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s sé❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ s❡❧❡✲
çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s
q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ❛ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡
✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✱ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝✲
♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡q✉❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♦✉✱ ♣❡❧♦s ♠❡♥♦s✱ r❡❞✉③✐r
s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛s
❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳
Referências
❆♠❡♥✱ ❘✳❉✳✱ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ s❡❡❞ ❞♦r♠❛♥❝②✳ ❇♦t ❘❡✈✱ ✸✹✿✶✕✷✺✱ ✶✾✻✽✳
❇❛s❦✐♥✱ ❏✳▼✳ ✫ ❇❛s❦✐♥✱ ❈✳❈✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ❞♦r♠❛♥❝② ❝②❝❧❡ ✐♥ ❜✉rr✐❡❞ ✇❡❡❞
s❡❡❞s✿ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✉♠✳ ❇✐♦s❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✷✺✿✹✾✷✕✹✾✽✱ ✶✾✽✺✳
❇❛s❦✐♥✱ ❏✳▼✳ ✫ ❇❛s❦✐♥✱ ❈✳❈✳✱ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❞♦r♠❛♥❝② ❛♥❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥
r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ s❡❡❞ ❜❛♥❦ ❡❝♦❧♦❣②✳ ■♥✿ ❇❛s❦✐♥✱ ❏✳▼✳ ✫ ❇❛s❦✐♥✱ ❈✳❈✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳
❊❝♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❙♦✐❧ ❙❡❡❞ ❇❛♥❦s✳ ❙❛♥ ❉✐❡❣♦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✾✳
♣✳ ✺✸✕✻✻✳
❇❛③③❛③✱ ❋✳❆✳✱ P❧❛♥t✲♣❧❛♥t ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ■♥✿
●r❛❝❡✱ ❏✳❇✳ ✫ ❚✐❧♠❛♥✱ ❉✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦♥ P❧❛♥t ❈♦♠♣❡t✐t✐♦♥✳
❙❛♥ ❉✐❡❣♦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✵✳ ♣✳ ✷✸✾✕✷✻✸✳
❇❡♥♦✐t✱ ❉✳▲✳❀ ❉❡r❦s❡♥✱ ❉✳❆✳ ✫ P❛♥♥❡t♦♥✱ ❇✳✱ ■♥♥♦✈❛t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t♦
s❡❡❞❜❛♥❦ st✉❞✐❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✹✵✿✻✻✵✕✻✻✾✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❇❡♥♦✐t✱ ❉✳▲✳❀ ❑❡♥❦❡❧✱ ◆✳❈✳ ✫ ❈❛✈❡rs✱ P✳❇✳✱ ❋❛❝t♦rs ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥
♦❢ s♦✐❧ s❡❡❞ ❜❛♥❦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s✳ ❈❛♥ ❏ ❇♦t✱ ✻✼✿✷✽✸✸✕✷✽✹✵✱ ✶✾✽✾✳
❇❡✇❧❡②✱ ❏✳❉✳ ✫ ❇❧❛❝❦✱ ▼✳✱ ❉♦r♠❛♥❝② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿
❇❡✇❧❡②✱ ❏✳❉✳ ✫ ❇❧❛❝❦✱ ▼✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❙❡❡❞s✿ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t
❛♥❞ ●❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ P❧❡♥✉♠ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✹✳ ♣✳ ✶✾✾✕✷✼✶✳
❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✱ ❘❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛

❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❘❡❢♦r♠❛ ❆❣rár✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ✸✾✾ ♣✳
❇✉❤❧❡r✱ ❉✳❉✳❀ ❍❛rt③❧❡r✱ ❘✳●✳ ✫ ❋♦r❝❡❧❧❛✱ ❋✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ s❡❡❞ ❜❛♥❦ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✿
✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s t♦ ✇❡❡❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ■♥✿ ❇❛sr❛✱ ❆✳❙✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❈r♦♣ ❙❝✐✲
❡♥❝❡s✿ ❘❡❝❡♥t ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡s✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❚❤❡ ❍❛✇♦rt❤ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
♣✳ ✶✹✺✕✶✻✽✳
❇✉r♥s✐❞❡✱ ❖✳❈✳❀ ◆♦♦♠❛✇✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❘♦❡t❤✱ ❋✳❲✳❀ ❲✐❝❦s✱ ●✳❆✳ ✫ ❲✐❧s♦♥✱ ❘✳●✳✱
❲❡❡❞ s❡❡❞ ❞❡♠✐s❡ ✐♥ s♦✐❧ ✐♥ ✇❡❡❞✲❢r❡❡ ❝♦r♥ ✭❩❡❛ ♠❛②s ✮ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
❛❝r♦ss ◆❡❜r❛s❦❛✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✹✿✷✹✽✕✷✺✶✱ ✶✾✽✻✳
❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ◆✳▼✳ ✫ ◆❛❦❛❣❛✇❛✱ ❏✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✱ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s✿ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡
Pr♦❞✉çã♦✳ ✹❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❏❛❜♦t✐❝❛❜❛❧✱ ❙P✿ ❋❯◆❊P✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ✺✽✽ ♣✳
❈❛✈❡rs✱ P✳❇✳✱ ❙❡❡❞ ❞❡♠♦❣r❛♣❤②✳ ❈❛♥ ❏ ❇♦t✱ ✻✶✿✸✻✼✽✕✸✻✾✵✱ ✶✾✽✸✳

❈❛✈❡rs✱ P✳❇✳✱ ❙❡❡❞ ❜❛♥❦s✿ ♠❡♠♦r② ✐♥ s♦✐❧✳ ❈❛♥ ❏ ❙♦✐❧ ❙❝✐✱ ✼✺✿✶✶✕✶✸✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
❈✐❝❡r♦✱ ❙✳▼✳✱ ❉♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❈✐❝❡r♦✱ ❙✳▼✳❀ ▼❛s❝♦s✲❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❏✳ ✫
❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❲✳❘✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s✱
❙P✿ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❈❛r❣✐❧❧✱ ✶✾✽✻✳ ♣✳ ✹✶✕✼✸✳
❈♦♣❡❧❛♥❞✱ ▲✳❖✳ ✫ ▼❝❉♦♥❛❧❞✱ ▼✳❇✳✱ ❙❡❡❞ ❞♦r♠❛♥❝②✳ ■♥✿ ❈♦♣❡❧❛♥❞✱ ▲✳❖✳ ✫
▼❝❉♦♥❛❧❞✱ ▼✳❇✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❙❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳
◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ▼❛❝♠✐❧❧❛♥ P✉❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ✶✾✽✺✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✸✕✶✷✵✳
❈r♦❝❦❡r✱ ❲✳ ✫ ❇❛rt♦♥✱ ▲✳❱✳✱ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❙❡❡❞s✳ ❲❛❧t❤❛♠✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❤r♦✲
♥✐❝❛ ❇♦t❛♥✐❝❛ ❈♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ✶✾✺✼✳ ✷✻✼ ♣✳
❉❛r❧✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ❍✳❚✳ ✫ ❙t❡✐♥❜❛✉❡r✱ ●✳P✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t②✲②❡❛r ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❢♦r ❉r✳ ❇❡❛❧✬s
s❡❡❞ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t✳ ❆♠ ❏ ❇♦t✱ ✹✽✿✸✷✶✕✸✷✽✱ ✶✾✻✶✳
64 Braccini
❉❛✇s♦♥✱ ❏✳❍✳ ✫ ❇r✉♥s✱ ❱✳❋✳✱ ▲♦♥❣❡✈✐t② ♦❢ ❜❛r♥②❛r❞ ❣r❛ss✱ ❣r❡❡♥ ❢♦①t❛✐❧

❛♥❞ ②❡❧❧♦✇ ❢♦①t❛✐❧ s❡❡❞s ✐♥ s♦✐❧✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✷✸✿✹✸✼✕✹✹✵✱ ✶✾✼✺✳
❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❍✳ ✫ ❑❛❦❡❢✉❞❛✱ ●✳✱ ❘♦❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡st❛ ✐♥ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♥❣ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r r✉♣t✉r❡
❞✉r✐♥❣ ✐♠❜✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧❡❣✉♠❡ s❡❡❞s✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✻✼✿✹✹✼✕✹✺✵✱ ✶✾✽✶✳
❊❣❧❡②✱ ●✳❍✳✱ ❙❡❡❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ s♦✐❧✿ ❞♦r♠❛♥❝② ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❑✐❣❡❧✱ ❏✳
✫ ●❛❧✐❧✐✱ ●✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❙❡❡❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ●❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱
❊❯❆✿ ▼❛r❝❡❧ ❉❡❦❦❡r✱ ■♥❝✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ♣✳ ✺✷✾✕✺✹✸✳
❊❣❧❡②✱ ●✳❍✳ ✫ ❈❤❛♥❞❧❡r✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ▲♦♥❣❡✈✐t② ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞ s❡❡❞s ❛❢t❡r ✺✳✺ ②❡❛rs ✐♥
t❤❡ ❙t♦♥❡✈✐❧❧❡ ✺✵✲②❡❛r ❜✉rr✐❡❞ s❡❡❞ st✉❞②✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✶✿✷✻✹✕✷✼✵✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
❊❣❧❡②✱ ●✳❍✳ ✫ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳✱ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞ s❡❡❞ ❞♦r♠❛♥❝② ❛♥❞ ❣❡r♠✐✲
♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ✕ ❘❡♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
❊❝♦♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣②✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✈✳ ✶✱ ✶✾✽✺✳ ♣✳ ✷✼✕✻✹✳
❊♣❧❡❡✱ ❘✳❊✳✱ ❊t❤②❧❡♥❡✿ ❛ ✇✐t❝❤✇❡❡❞ s❡❡❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ st✐♠✉❧❛♥t✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱
✷✸✿✹✸✸✕✹✸✻✱ ✶✾✼✺✳
❋❡♥♥❡r✱ ▼✳✱ ❙❡❡❞ ❡❝♦❧♦❣②✳ ▲♦♥❞♦♥✱ ❯❑✿ ❈❤❛♣♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❍❛❧❧✱ ✶✾✽✺✳ ✹✽✺ ♣✳
❋❡♥♥❡r✱ ▼✳✱ ❊❝♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ s❡❡❞ ❜❛♥❦s✳ ■♥✿ ❑✐❣❡❧✱ ❏✳ ✫ ●❛❧✐❧✐✱ ●✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❙❡❡❞
❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ●❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ▼❛r❝❡❧ ❉❡❦❦❡r✱ ■♥❝✳✱
✶✾✾✺✳ ♣✳ ✺✵✼✕✺✷✽✳
❍❛r♣❡r✱ ❏✳▲✳✱ P♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❇✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ P❧❛♥ts✳ ▲♦♥❞♦♥✱ ❯❑✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱
✶✾✼✼✳ ✽✾✷ ♣✳
❏♦❡❧✱ ❉✳▼✳❀ ❙t❡✛❡♥s✱ ❏✳❈✳ ✫ ▼❛tt❤❡✇s✱ ❉✳❊✳✱ ●❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞② r♦♦t
♣❛r❛s✐t❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❑✐❣❡❧✱ ❏✳ ✫ ●❛❧✐❧✐✱ ●✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❙❡❡❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞
●❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ▼❛r❝❡❧ ❉❡❦❦❡r✱ ■♥❝✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ♣✳ ✺✻✼✕✺✾✼✳
❑❤❛♥✱ ❆✳❆✳✱ ❈②t♦❦✐♥✐♥s✿ ♣❡r♠✐ss✐✈❡ r♦❧❡ ✐♥ s❡❡❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱
✶✼✶✿✽✺✸✕✽✺✾✱ ✶✾✼✶✳
❑❤❛♥✱ ❆✳❆✳✱ ❚❤❡ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠✐str② ♦❢ ❙❡❡❞ ❉♦r♠❛♥❝② ❛♥❞ ●❡r✲
♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❆♠st❡r❞❛♥✿ ❊❧s❡✈✐❡r✴◆♦rt❤ ❍♦❧❧❛♥❞✱ ✶✾✽✵✳ ✹✹✼
♣✳
❑❧✐♥❣♠❛♥✱ ●✳❈✳❀ ❆s❤t♦♥✱ ❋✳▼✳ ✫ ◆♦♦r❞❤♦✛✱ ▲✳❏✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s ❛♥❞
✇❡❡❞ s❡❡❞s✳ ■♥✿ ❑❧✐♥❣♠❛♥✱ ●✳❈✳❀ ❆s❤t♦♥✱ ❋✳▼✳ ✫ ◆♦♦r❞❤♦✛✱ ▲✳❏✳✱
✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✿ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡s✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❏♦❤♥
❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✶✾✽✷✳ ♣✳ ✸✼✕✺✼✳
▲❡❝❦✱ ▼✳❆✳❀ P❛r❦❡r✱ ❱✳❚✳ ✫ ❙✐♠♣s♦♥✱ ❘✳▲✳✱ ❊❝♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ s♦✐❧ s❡❡❞ ❜❛♥❦s✳
▲♦♥❞♦♥✱ ❯❑✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✾✳ ✺✷✹ ♣✳
▲❡✇✐s✱ ❏✳✱ ▲♦♥❣❡✈✐t② ♦❢ ❝r♦♣ ❛♥❞ ✇❡❡❞ s❡❡❞s✿ s✉r✈✐✈❛❧ ❛❢t❡r ✷✵ ②❡❛rs ✐♥ s♦✐❧✳
❲❡❡❞ ❘❡s✱ ✶✸✿✶✼✾✕✶✾✶✱ ✶✾✼✸✳
▼❛r❝♦s ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❏✳✱ ❋✐s✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❈✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s✳ P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱
❙P✿ ❋❊❆▲◗✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ✹✾✺ ♣✳
▼❛②❡r✱ ❆✳▼✳ ✫ P♦❧❥❛❦♦✛✲▼❛②❜❡r✱ ❆✳✱ ❉♦r♠❛♥❝②✱ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥

❛♥❞ st✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ ▼❛②❡r✱ ❆✳▼✳ ✫ P♦❧❥❛❦♦✛✲▼❛②❜❡r✱ ❆✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳
❚❤❡ ●❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙❡❡❞s✳ ❖①❢♦r❞✱ ❯❑✿ P❡r❣❛♠♦♥ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✾✳ ♣✳ ✼✶✕
✶✶✵✳
▼✉r❞♦❝❤✱ ❆✳❏✳ ✫ ❊❧❧✐s✱ ❘✳❍✳✱ ▲♦♥❣❡✈✐t②✱ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❞♦r♠❛♥❝②✳ ■♥✿ ❋❡♥✲
♥❡r✱ ▼✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❙❡❡❞s✿ t❤❡ ❊❝♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❘❡❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ P❧❛♥t ❈♦♠♠✉✲
♥✐t✐❡s✳ ❲❛❧❧✐♥❣❢♦r❞✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❆❇ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ♣✳ ✶✾✸✕✷✷✾✳
❖❧❛t♦②❡✱ ❙✳❚✳ ✫ ❍❛❧❧✱ ▼✳❆✳✱ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡t❤②❧❡♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❧✐❣❤t ♦♥ ❞♦r♠❛♥t
✇❡❡❞ s❡❡❞s✳ ■♥✿ ❍❡②❞❡❝❦❡r✱ ❲✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❙❡❡❞ ❊❝♦❧♦❣②✳ ◆♦r✇✐❝❤✱ ❊❯❆✿
❚❤❡ P❡♥♥s②❧✈❛♥✐❛ ❙t❛t❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✼✷✳ ♣✳ ✷✸✸✕✷✹✾✳
P♦♣✐♥✐❣✐s✱ ❋✳✱ ❋✐s✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❙❡♠❡♥t❡✳ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❆●■P▲❆◆✱
✶✾✽✺✳ ✷✽✾ ♣✳
❘❛❞♦s❡✈✐❝❤✱ ❙✳❀ ❍♦❧t✱ ❏✳ ✫ ●❤❡rs❛✱ ❈✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❞❡♠♦❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥
❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✳ ■♥✿ ❘❛❞♦s❡✈✐❝❤✱ ❙✳❀ ❍♦❧t✱ ❏✳ ✫ ●❤❡rs❛✱ ❈✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❲❡❡❞
❊❝♦❧♦❣②✿ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡②
✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✸✕✶✻✷✳
❘♦❜❡rts✱ ❊✳❍✳✱ ❖①✐❞❛t✐✈❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ s❡❡❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳
■♥✿ ❍❡②❞❡❝❦❡r✱ ❲✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❙❡❡❞ ❊❝♦❧♦❣②✳ ◆♦r✇✐❝❤✱ ❊❯❆✿ P❡♥♥s②❧✈❛♥✐❛
❙t❛t❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② Pr❡ss✱ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✱ ✶✾✼✸✳ ♣✳ ✶✽✾✕✷✶✽✳
❘♦❜❡rts✱ ❊✳❍✳✱ ❉♦r♠❛♥❝②✿ ❛ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛✛❡❝t✐♥❣ s❡❡❞ s✉r✈✐✈❛❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✐❧✳ ■♥✿
❘♦❜❡rts✱ ❊✳❍✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❱✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡❡❞s✳ ▲♦♥❞♦♥✱ ❯❑✿ ❈❤❛♣♠❛♥ ❛♥❞
❍❛❧❧✱ ✶✾✼✹✳ ♣✳ ✸✷✶✕✸✺✾✳
❘♦❜❡rts✱ ❍✳❆✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ s❡❡❞s ✐♥ ❤♦rt✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ s♦✐❧s✳ ❙❝✐ ❍♦rt✱ ✸✹✿✶✕✶✶✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
❘♦❜❡rts✱ ❍✳❆✳ ✫ ❉❛✇❦✐♥s✱ P✳❆✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ♦❢
✈✐❛❜❧❡ ✇❡❡❞ s❡❡❞s ✐♥ s♦✐❧✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❘❡s✱ ✼✿✷✾✵✕✸✵✶✱ ✶✾✻✼✳
❘♦❜❡rts✱ ❍✳❆✳ ✫ ❋❡❛st✱ P✳▼✳✱ ❊♠❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦♥❣❡✈✐t② ♦❢ s❡❡❞s ♦❢ ❛♥♥✉❛❧
✇❡❡❞s ✐♥ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞✐st✉r❜❡❞ s♦✐❧✳ ❏ ❆♣♣❧ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✶✵✿✶✸✸✕✶✹✸✱
✶✾✼✸✳
❘♦❜❡rts✱ ❍✳❆✳ ✫ ◆❡✐❧s♦♥✱ ❏✳❊✳✱ ❈❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✐❧ s❡❡❞ ❜❛♥❦ ♦❢ ❢♦✉r ❧♦♥❣
t❡r♠ ❝r♦♣ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts✳ ❏ ❆♣♣❧ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✶✽✿✻✻✶✕✻✻✽✱ ✶✾✽✶✳
❘♦❜❡rts✱ ❍✳❆✳ ✫ ❘✐❝❦❡tts✱ ▼✳❊✳✱ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡
✇❡❡❞ ✢♦r❛ ❛❢t❡r ❝✉❧t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❡❞ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✐❧✳ ❲❡❡❞
❘❡s✱ ✶✾✿✷✻✾✕✷✼✺✱ ✶✾✼✾✳
❙❝❤❛❢❡r✱ ❉✳❊✳ ✫ ❈❤✐❧❝♦t❡✱ ❉✳P✳✱ ❋❛❝t♦rs ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❧❡✲
t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❜✉rr✐❡❞ s❡❡❞ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■■✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ s♦✐❧ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡
❛♥❞ ♠♦✐st✉r❡✳ ❈r♦♣ ❙❝✐✱ ✶✵✿✸✹✷✕✸✹✺✱ ✶✾✼✵✳
❙❝❤♦♥❜❡❝❦✱ ▼✳❲✳ ✫ ❊❣❧❡②✱ ●✳❍✳✱ ❈❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s
r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ▲✳ s❡❡❞s t♦ ❡t❤②❧❡♥❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣r❡✐♥❝✉❜❛t✐♦♥ ■✳ ❈♦♥st❛♥t t❡♠✲
♣❡r❛t✉r❡s✳ P❧❛♥t ❈❡❧❧ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥✱ ✹✿✷✷✾✕✷✸✻✱ ✶✾✽✶✳
❙❝❤✇❡✐③❡r✱ ❊✳❊✳ ✫ ❩✐♠❞❛❤❧✱ ❘✳▲✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ s❡❡❞ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ✐♥ ✐rr✐❣❛t❡❞ s♦✐❧ ❛❢t❡r
s✐① ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❝♦r♥ ✭❩❡❛ ♠❛②s ✮ ❛♥❞ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱
✸✷✿✼✻✕✽✸✱ ✶✾✽✹✳
66 Braccini
❙t❛♥❞✐❢❡r✱ ▲✳❈✳✱ ❆ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❢♦r ❡st✐♠❛t✐♥❣ ✇❡❡❞ s❡❡❞ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❝✉❧✲

t✐✈❛t❡❞ s♦✐❧✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✷✽✿✶✸✹✕✶✸✽✱ ✶✾✽✵✳
❚❛②❧♦rs♦♥✱ ❘✳❇✳✱ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞ s❡❡❞
❞♦r♠❛♥❝②✳ ❘❡✈ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✿✶✸✺✕✶✺✹✱ ✶✾✽✼✳
❚❤♦♠❛s✱ ❚✳❍✳✱ ❈②t♦❦✐♥✐♥s✱ ❝②t♦❦✐♥✐♥✲❛❝t✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s ❛♥❞ s❡❡❞ ❣❡r♠✐✲
♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ ❑❤❛♥✱ ❆✳❆✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❚❤❡ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠✐str② ♦❢
❙❡❡❞ ❉♦r♠❛♥❝② ❛♥❞ ●❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆♠st❡r❞❛♥✱ ❚❤❡ ◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞s✿ ❊❧✲
s❡✈✐❡r✴◆♦rt❤ ❍♦❧❧❛♥❞✱ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✱ ✶✾✽✵✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✶✕✶✹✹✳
❚❤♦♠♣s♦♥✱ ❑✳ ✫ ●r✐♠❡✱ ❏✳P✳✱ ❙❡❛s♦♥❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❡❞ ❜❛♥❦s ♦❢
❤❡r❜❛❝❡♦✉s s♣❡❝✐❡s ✐♥ t❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛st✐♥❣ ❤❛❜✐t❛ts✳ ❏ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✻✼✿✽✾✸✕✾✷✶✱
✶✾✼✾✳
❚♦♦❧❡✱ ❊✳❍✳✱ ❋✐♥❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉✉✈❡❧ ❜✉rr✐❡❞ s❡❡❞ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t✳ ❏ ❆❣r✐❝
❘❡s✱ ✼✷✿✷✵✶✕✷✶✵✱ ✶✾✹✻✳
❱✐❞❛✈❡r✱ ❲✳✱ ▲✐❣❤t ❛♥❞ s❡❡❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ ❑❤❛♥✱ ❆✳❆✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❚❤❡ P❤②✲
s✐♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠✐str② ♦❢ ❙❡❡❞ ❉♦r♠❛♥❝② ❛♥❞ ●❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆♠s✲
t❡r❞❛♥✱ ❚❤❡ ◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞s✿ ❊❧s❡✈✐❡r✴◆♦rt❤ ❍♦❧❧❛♥❞✱ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✱ ✶✾✼✼✳ ♣✳
✶✽✶✕✶✾✽✳
❱✐❧❧✐❡rs✱ ❚✳❆✳✱ ❙❡❡❞ ❞♦r♠❛♥❝②✳ ■♥✿ ❑♦③❧♦✇s❦✐✱ ❚✳❚✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❙❡❡❞ ❇✐♦❧♦❣②✳
◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ✈✳ ✷✱ ✶✾✼✷✳ ♣✳ ✷✶✾✕✷✽✶✳
❱✐❧❧✐❡rs✱ ❚✳❆✳✱ ❙❡❡❞ ❛❣✐♥❣✿ ❝❤r♦♠♦s♦♠❡ st❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢
s❡❡❞s st♦r❡❞ ❢✉❧❧② ✐♠❜✐❜❡❞✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✺✸✿✽✼✺✕✽✼✽✱ ✶✾✼✹✳
❱✐❧❧✐❡rs✱ ❚✳❆✳ ✫ ❊❞❣❡❝✉♠❜❡✱ ❉✳❏✳✱ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ s❡❡❞ ❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥
❞r② st♦r❛❣❡✳ ❙❡❡❞ ❙❝✐ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✸✿✼✻✶✕✼✼✹✱ ✶✾✼✺✳
❱♦❧❧✱ ❊✳❀ ❉♦♠✐t✱ ▲✳❆✳❀ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳❀ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❇✳◆✳❀ ❆❞❡❣❛s✱ ❋✳❙✳❀
❈♦st❛✱ ❏✳▼✳❀ ❲♦❜❡t♦✱ ❈✳ ✫ ❱✐❝❡♥t❡✱ ❉✳✱ ▲❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡
❙❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡ ❋❧♦r❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❊♠❡r❣❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ P❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❡♠ ▲❛✈♦✉r❛s ❞❡ ❙♦❥❛ ♥♦ P❛r❛♥á ✕ ✾✺✴✾✻✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿
❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❙♦❥❛✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ✻ ♣✳
❲✐❧s♦♥✱ ❘✳●✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞ s❡❡❞s ✐♥ s♦✐❧✳ ■♥✿ ❆❧t✐❡r✐✱ ▼✳ ✫ ▲✐❡❜♠❛♥✱ ▼✳✱
✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❆❣r♦❡❝♦s②st❡♠s✿ ❊❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳
❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✽✳ ♣✳ ✷✺✕✸✾✳
❲✐❧s♦♥✱ ❘✳●✳❀ ❑❡rr✱ ❊✳❉✳ ✫ ◆❡❧s♦♥✱ ▲✳❆✳✱ P♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r ✉s✐♥❣ ✇❡❡❞ s❡❡❞
❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✐❧ t♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ❢✉t✉r❡ ✇❡❡❞ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✸✿✶✼✶✕
✶✼✺✱ ✶✾✽✺✳
❩✐♠❞❛❤❧✱ ❘✳▲✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❜✐♦❧♦❣②✿ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s♣❡rs❛❧✳ ■♥✿ ❩✐♠❞❛❤❧✱
❘✳▲✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧s ♦❢ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❙❛♥ ❉✐❡❣♦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆❝❛❞❡✲
♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ♣✳ ✺✾✕✽✾✳
Capítulo 3
Métodos de Manejo
Jamil Constantin
1. Introdução
❆♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❤á ❜❡♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♦
❤♦♠❡♠ ❞✐s♣õ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ q✉❡✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡ às
✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛r❛♠
s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s
r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛s✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲
✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦❀ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛s s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱
q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
▼❛s✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ♥♦t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥✈❛✲
s♦r❛s ♥ã♦ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝❡r❛♠✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞✐♠✐♥✉ír❛♠ s❡♥s✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♦
♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r❛♠✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣r♦♣✐❝✐♦✉ ♦ ❞❡✲
s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✢♦r❛ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❝♦♠❡ç❛♠ ❛ s✉r❣✐r✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡✱ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉✲
t♦s✳ ■st♦ ♥ã♦ q✉❡r ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ✉♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✈✐á✈❡❧✱
♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛r♠❛ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥✲
t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ tr❛③❡r ✉♠ ❜♦♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦✱ ♠❛s
❡♠ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s✉r❣✐r✳ ➱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ❞❡st❛
❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í✲
♠✐❝♦ s❡❥❛ ♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡❧ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳
❈♦♥st❛t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡
❞❡✈❡ s❡r r❡s❣❛t❛❞❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱
❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❉❡✉❜❡r ✭✶✾✾✷✮ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐✲
♥❛❞❛ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦✱ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡t❛s ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③✱ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐✲
t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s✱ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉✲
r❛♥ç❛ ❛♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛♥❞♦✲♦s
❛♦ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡ ❞❡ ♣r❛❣❛s ❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❡r♦sã♦✳ ➱✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✐♥❞✐s✲
♣❡♥sá✈❡❧ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦
68 Constantin
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡✈❡rá s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛r

às ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ s✐s✲
t❡♠❛ ❡st❛♥q✉❡✳ P❛r❛ P✐t❡❧❧✐ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✱ ❛ ♠❡t❛ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s✐st❡♠❛
❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s é ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠❛✐s
✐♥ós♣✐t♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛♦ ♠❛t♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞♦
❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✱ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s ❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳
❖ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s é ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❜❡♠ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛✱ s❛❞✐❛ ❡ ✈✐❣♦r♦s❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦
♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛s tê♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛r
❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐r ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s q✉❡ ❥á ❡st❡❥❛♠ ♦❝✉♣❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❛♠❜✐✲
❡♥t❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✈✐s❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r ✉♠❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛♣ós ❡st❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧
❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦ ♠❛t♦ ♣♦r s✐ só✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ s♦♠❜r❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ ❡ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♦
♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ r❡♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s é ♣r✐♠♦r❞✐❛❧ ❡ q✉❡
❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ é ❞❡❝✐s✐✈❛ ♥♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ ✉♠
s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡✈❡ ✈✐s❛r ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛ ♠❛s ❞❡✈❡✱
t❛♠❜é♠✱ ✈✐s❛r à ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ✉♠❛
r❡❞✉çã♦ ❣r❛❞❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❢✉t✉r❛s ❡①♣❧♦r❛çõ❡s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✳
P♦r ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐✉✲s❡ ❡♠ tó♣✐❝♦s ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡
❛♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❥á ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦✱ ❡❧❡s ♣♦✲
❞❡♠ ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❡
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s sã♦✿ ❡rr❛❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t♦✳
2. Erradicação
◆❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ é t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞❛ ár❡❛✱ ❞❡str✉✐♥❞♦✲
s❡ ❛s s✉❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♦✉ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ t✉❜ér❝✉✲
❧♦s✱ r✐③♦♠❛s ❡ ❜✉❧❜♦s✳ ❆ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♠❛✐s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❛ ♥ã♦ s❡r q✉❡
s❡❥❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❙ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❜r♦♠❡t♦ ❞❡
♠❡t✐❧❛✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♠ ❛ ❞❡s✐♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦♣á✲
❣✉❧♦s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱
♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❡ só é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ár❡❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❡st✉❢❛s ❡ ❤♦r✲
t❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❜str❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦
❞❡ ♠✉❞❛s ❡♠ ✈✐✈❡✐r♦s✳ ●❛r❛♥t❡✲s❡ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡✱ ♥❡st❛s ár❡❛s tr❛t❛❞❛s✱
♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❛ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❝♦♥s✐✲
❞❡r❛❞❛s ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ t✐r✐r✐❝❛
✭❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ✮✳
Métodos de manejo 69
3. Prevenção
❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡ ❛ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❡ç❛♠ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❛s ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❛♠ ♦✉ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦❝♦
✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛✳ ▼❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❥á ❡①✐st❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r✲
♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r
♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❡❞✐r ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ❡✱ ❝♦♠
✐st♦✱ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✐s♦❧❛r ❢♦❝♦s ✐♥✐❝✐✲
❛✐s ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ♣♦r✈❡♥t✉r❛ ♦❝♦rr❛♠ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛✱
❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❛❧❛str❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ é✱ s❡♠ ❞ú✈✐❞❛✱
✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦✱ ♣♦✐s q✉❛♥❞♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ✐♥tr♦✲
❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ár❡❛✱ ❡✈✐t❛✲s❡ ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s ❡
❝✉st♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣r❡✈❡♥✲
t✐✈❛s ♥ã♦ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ ❝✉st♦s ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s ❡ sã♦ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦
r❡t♦r♥♦ ❞❡st❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s é s❡♠♣r❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦s✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ t❡r ❡♠ ♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s✲
s❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ q✉❡ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s sã♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ P♦r ✐st♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❡s
✐❞ô♥❡♦s ❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ✐s❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ❞❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♦♣çã♦✳ ❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛s✱
❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛❞♦t❛r ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐✲
çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐q✉❡♠ ♦✉ ❛té
♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❡♠ ❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛✳ ❏á é ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ♣❡r✲
t✐♥❡♥t❡ ♥♦r♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ♠✉❞❛s✱
♦♥❞❡ é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ♦✉ ♣r♦✐❜✐❞❛ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♠❛s ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❞❡❢❛s❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r ✐st♦✱ ❡stá
❡♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♥♦ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♥♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡
♠✉❞❛s✱ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞❡ ❜♦♠ s❡♥s♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡
♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ r❡❝❡♥t❡ ❡ às ♠❛✐s ♥♦❝✐✈❛s✳ ➱ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧ ❞✐s♣♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❡rt✐✲
✜❝❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❛t❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❧♦t❡ ♦✉✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡
q✉❡ ♠♦str❡ q✉❛✐s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡ s✉❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡✱
♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ ♣♦ss❛ ♦♣t❛r ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❧♦t❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ♠✉❞❛s ❛ s❡r
❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦✳ ❊♠ r❡s✉♠♦✱ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s r❡s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧✲
t✉r❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❆❜❛st❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ P❛r❛♥á ✭❙❊❆❇✮ q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦
❛t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ♠✉❞❛s ♥♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞♦
P❛r❛♥á sã♦ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✿ ✵✵✸✴✽✻✱ ✵✺✶✴✽✻✱ ✶✷✼✴✽✼✱ ✵✾✶✴✾✻ ✶✺✻✴✾✻✱ ✵✾✸✴✾✽✱
✶✷✺✴✾✽✱ ✶✷✻✴✾✽✱ ✶✻✼✴✾✽✱ ✵✷✼✴✾✾✱ ✵✷✽✴✾✾✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛s
❡♠ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❞ú✈✐❞❛s✳
❆ ❧✐♠♣❡③❛ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✱ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s q✉❡ ✈ã♦ ❡♥✲
tr❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ é ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❛✱ ♣♦✐s t♦❞♦s ❡st❡s
❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ tr❛③❡r ❝♦♥s✐❣♦ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡
♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛✲
❞❛s✱ ♥ã♦ ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠♣❡③❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐r❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛
70 Constantin
♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛✲

çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❖ t❡♠♣♦ ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❧✐♠♣❡③❛ ❞♦ ♠❛q✉✐♥ár✐♦
✐rá r❡s✉❧t❛r✱ ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❝✉st♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛
♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ♣♦✐s s❡rã♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♦♥❞❡ ❛♥t❡s ❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st✐❛♠✳ P❡ss♦❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ tr❛♥s♣♦r✲
t❛r ❞✐ss❡♠í♥✉❧♦s ❡♠ s✉❛s r♦✉♣❛s ❡ s❛♣❛t♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠
tr❛♥s♣♦rtá✲❧♦s ❡♠ s❡✉ ❝♦r♣♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛ss❛r ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡
❧✐♠♣❡③❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥ã♦ s❡r❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛s s❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ❡str❛❞❛s ❡ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s
❞❡✈❡♠ ♣❛ss❛r ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠
❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ♥❡❧❛s ♣♦r ✈❡♥t✉r❛ ✈❡♥❤❛♠ ❛ s✉r❣✐r✱
❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♦s ❞✐ss❡♠í♥✉❧♦s ✈❡♥❤❛♠ ❛ s❡r ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡ s❡ t♦r♥❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡
❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ár❡❛s✳
❆s r❡♣r❡s❛s✱ r✐♦s ❡ ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❞❡✈❡♠ t❡r ❛s s✉❛s ♠❛r✲
❣❡♥s ✐s❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③❛♠ ❞✐ss❡♠í♥✉❧♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠
s❡r tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ á❣✉❛✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ❝❛s♦ s❡ ❢❛ç❛ ✉♠❛ ✐rr✐❣❛çã♦✱ ❡st❛ ♣♦❞❡
❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛r ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s ♣♦r t♦❞❛ ❛ ár❡❛✳
❆ ❛❞✉❜❛çã♦ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❞❡✈❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛t❡♥çã♦✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ é ♥❡❝❡s✲
sár✐♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❡st❡❥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢❡r♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r
♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ♣❡r❝❛ s✉❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡
❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✳ ❆ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡❧♦
tr❛t♦ ✐♥t❡st✐♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♣❡r❝❛♠ s✉❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱
♣♦r ✐st♦✱ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s r❡❝é♠✲❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ♣❛ss❛r ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦
❞❡ ❝♦♥✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡t❡ ❞✐❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✐♥❣❡r✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s
r❡❣✐õ❡s s❡❥❛ ❞✐❣❡r✐❞♦ ❡ ❡①♣❡❧✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡
♥♦✈❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♥tr❡♠ ♥❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡✳
❍á ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ✈❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ q✉❡❜r❛✲✈❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛
❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦✱ r❡t❡♥❞♦ ❜♦❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳
◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❛ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ❛
❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❞❡❧❛ ❛❝❛❜❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❡❜r❛✲✈❡♥t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱
♣♦❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛
♠❛✐s r❡str✐t❛✳
4. Controle Propriamente Dito

❘❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ à ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞✐r❡t❛s q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜✲
❥❡t✐✈♦ r❡❞✉③✐r s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♦✉ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡❞✐r q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s
❛❢❡t❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛✳ ❚❛✐s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s s❡r✈❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r
♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡①♣❧♦r❛çõ❡s ❢✉t✉r❛s✳
4.1 Medidas físicas

• ❈❛❧♦r
✿ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ❛ ❝♦❛❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦♣❧❛s♠❛ ❡♠ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s
❡ ❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❧❡t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s
é ❡♥tr❡ ✹✺ ❡ ✺✺o ❈✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♠❛✐s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s✳ ◆❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛
❛t✐♥❣✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❢♦❣♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠♦rr❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐✲
❝✉❧❛r✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜♣r♦❞✉t♦s tó①✐❝♦s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞❛
t❡r♠♦❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛✳ ❖ ❢♦❣♦ ❞❡stró✐
✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ é ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ q✉❡❜r❛ ❞❡
❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❆ ✉t✐❧✐✲
③❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡✐♠❛❞❛s é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❢♦❣♦✱ ♠❛s✱
❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s s❡✉s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥♦❝✐✈♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡
❛♥✐♠❛✐s só ❡♠ ♦❝❛s✐õ❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛✳
• ❱❛♣♦r✿ é ♦✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r
❝❛✐①❛s ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ✐♥s✉✢❛ ♦ ✈❛♣♦r ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ ♦ q✉❛❧✱ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡ ❛ ❡st❡r✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ q✉❡ ❛í ❡st❡❥❛ ❝♦♥t✐❞♦✱
s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♦♣çã♦ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s✐♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞❡
s✉❜str❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♥t❡✐r♦s ❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡
✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ✈❛♣♦r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡♠
♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ár❡❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
• ➪❣✉❛✿ t❛♥t♦ ❛ ✐♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞r❡♥❛❣❡♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s
♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ●r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛s ♥ã♦ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ é ✐♥✉♥❞❛❞❛✱ ❧❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡
❛ ❧â♠✐♥❛ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❞❡✈❡ s✉❜♠❡r❣✐r t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦
♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡❥❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♠❛✐s tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛
♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛rr♦③ ♣ré✲❣❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✳
❖ ❛rr♦③✲✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❛rr♦③
✐rr✐❣❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛♦ ♠❛♥t❡r ♦ s♦❧♦ s❛t✉r❛❞♦ ♣♦r á❣✉❛ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦
❞❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ é s❡♥s✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉í❞❛✱ s❡♠ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ♣r❡❥✉í③♦ ♣❛r❛
♦ ❛rr♦③ ♣ré✲❣❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡st❛s
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✳ ❖ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡♠ ár❡❛s
✐♥✉♥❞❛❞❛s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s ❛ ❡st❛s
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ❞r❡♥❛❣❡♠✱ ❝❛s♦
s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ q✉❡ é ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡
♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❯♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡stá ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ é
❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❤♦q✉❡ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❆✐♥❞❛
❤á ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛
✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈❛ ♥❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡✱
❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s
♠❛✐s ❛♣✉r❛❞❛s✱ ❡st❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡
❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✱ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ár❡❛s✱ ♣♦✐s s❡ ❛❧✐❛r✐❛
❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✳
72 Constantin
4.2 Medidas culturais

❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ♦✉ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❛♥t♦ ❛❥✉❞❛r
♥❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❡✲
t✐t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ✐rá ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❘❡✐t❡r❛✲s❡ ❛q✉✐ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡
♠❛♥❡❥♦❀ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣rát✐❝❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡
❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐rá s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛rá ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✿
• ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ❡♥tr❡ss❛❢r❛✿ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ r❡str✐♥❣✐r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s
❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡stã♦ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛s✱ ♠❛s ❞❡✈❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✲
✈❛❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦s✳ ■♠♣❡❞✐♥❞♦✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡
s✉r❣❡♠ ♥❛ ❡♥tr❡ss❛❢r❛ ♣r♦❞✉③❛♠ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s✱ ❣❛r❛♥t❡✲s❡ ✉♠ ♠❡♥♦r
♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ❡ ❝♦♠
✐st♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ s❡rá ♠❡♥♦r ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦✳ ❊♠
ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝r❡s❝❡♠ ♥❛
❡♥tr❡ss❛❢r❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡st❛s ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦
s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ✐st♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥♦
♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
• ❘♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✿ ✈✐s❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛
ár❡❛✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❡ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐✲
❝♦s ❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡stã♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s✳ ❆❜r❡✲s❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱
✉♠❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡
❛çã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ r♦t❛çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❊st❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
♠❛♥❡❥♦✱ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦ s✉r✲
❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ q✉❡ ✈❡♥❤❛ ❛ ❞♦♠✐♥❛r ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡
❛✐♥❞❛ ♣r❡✈✐♥❡ ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
❞♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❡ ✈✐❝❡✲✈❡rs❛✳
• ❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s✿ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♥♦ s✉❝❡ss♦
❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s
❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝r✐tér✐♦s✳ ❆s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s q✉❡
s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦❜r❡♠ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❛✐s
✐♥t❡♥s❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ s♦❢r❡♠
♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss❛ s✉r❣✐r✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱
❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡❧❡✐t❛s ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ♠❛✐s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s à r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡ q✉❡

s❡❥❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❛❣r❡ss✐✈❛s ❡♠ s❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
• P❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✿ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡❢❡t✉❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ só ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ à ✐♥t❡r❢❡✲
rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♠❛s✱ s❡ ❢♦r
♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛r ❛té ❛ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛✳ ❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❛té ❛ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s s❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛ ♥♦s ❝❛s♦s ❡♠ q✉❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦
♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ♣❡r❞❛s ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛ ❛♣ós
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛ ♦✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s q✉❡
♣♦ss❛♠ ✈✐r ❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✳
• ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠♦rt❛✿ ❛ ♣❛❧❤❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛✉①✐❧✐❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦✱ ❡ ✐st♦
♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ é ❜❡♠ ❝♦♥✲
❞✉③✐❞♦✳ ❋✐s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❛t✉❛rá s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❧✉③✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛
❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ q✉❡❜r❛ ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✐♠✲
♣❡❞✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ♣♦❞❡rá ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r
❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ à ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❞❛s ✐♥❢❡s✲
t❛♥t❡s ❛♥✉❛✐s✳ ◗✉✐♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛✱ ❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛
♣♦❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛r s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❡ç❛♠ ♦✉ ❞✐♠✐♥✉❛♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐✲
♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❆ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠♦rt❛
❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛✱ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ár❡❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛✱
❡❧❛ s❡rá ♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♦✉tr❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✳
• ❆❞✉❜❛çã♦ ✈❡r❞❡✿ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ❡♠ ár❡❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ♣♦✉s✐♦ ♦✉
✐♥t❡r❝❛❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s s❡♠✐✲♣❡r❡♥❡s ♦✉ ♣❡r❡♥❡s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s
❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❞❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ✈❡r❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ s♦❧♦ é ♠❛♥t✐❞♦ ♦❝✉♣❛❞♦✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦
❞❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s✱ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡r♦sã♦✱ r❡❝✐❝❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦
❞❛ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉♠❛
❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛✳ ❖ ❛❞✉❜♦ ✈❡r❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❛♥❡❥❛❞♦✱ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❡✴♦✉
q✉✐♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✈✐♥❞♦ ❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ✉♠❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠♦rt❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛
❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ t❡r ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦ ♥❛
✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ✈❡r❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❛❧❛r ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱
♣♦✐s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ tr❛③❡r ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠
s✉♣❧❛♥t❛r ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛❞✈✐r ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦
❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ s❡r t♦♠❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥sór❝✐♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦
❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞♦✳
• ❊s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦✿ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❡♥♦r ♦ ❡s♣❛ç❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♥✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ é ♦ ❢❡❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✐st♦ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ é ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ✐st♦ t❡♠ ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
74 Constantin
♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ár❡❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳

❆♦ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛r ❡st❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❤❛✈❡rá ❝♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛
♣ró♣r✐❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱
❞❡✈❡✲s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♥♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣♦r ár❡❛
r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ r❡❣✐ã♦✳
• Pr❡♣❛r♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✿ ♦ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛r❛çõ❡s ❡ ❣r❛❞❛❣❡♥s
é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♥t❡s ❞♦
♣❧❛♥t✐♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♣r♦♠♦✈❡ ❛ ❞❡str✉✐çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❡♥t❡rr✐♦ ❞❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✳ ❉❡st❛
❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛r ♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡❢❡t✉❛r ✉♠❛ ú❧t✐♠❛
❣r❛❞❛❣❡♠ ❧❡✈❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡✐r❛ q✉❡
❤♦✉✈❡r ❡♠❡r❣✐❞♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛r✐❛ ♥❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ♥❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❡✈✐t❛r✐❛ tr❛③❡r ♠❛✐s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✈✐á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦
s♦❧♦✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♥❛s ❡♥tr❡ss❛❢r❛s✱ ♣❛r❛
❢♦rç❛r ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r
s❡✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱
t❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝r✐t❡r✐♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✱
♣♦✐s ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛r ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛çã♦ ❡ ❡r♦sã♦
♣❡❧❛ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳
• ➱♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦✿ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛
✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ót✐♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❧✉③ ❡ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛
♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛
❧❛✈♦✉r❛ q✉❡ ❢❡❝❤❛rá ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛rá ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
• ❆❞✉❜❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✿ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♥✉tr✐❞❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
❝♦❜r❡ ♦ s♦❧♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞✉❜❛çã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❧✐✲
♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡ ♠❛✐s ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✳ ❆
❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♠❛✐s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s à
❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s❛♠❛♠❜❛✐❛ ✭Pt❡r✐❞✐✉♠ ❛q✉✐❧✐♥✉♠ ✮
❡ ♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❢❛✈♦r✐t♦ ✭❘❤②♥❝❤❡❧②tr✉♠ r❡♣❡♥s ✮✳
• ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣r❛❣❛s ❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✿ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ s❛♥✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦r ✐st♦✱ ❡♠ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ♦♥❞❡ ❛s
♣r❛❣❛s ❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s sã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
tê♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳
4.3 Medidas biológicas

❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥s❡t♦s✱
❢✉♥❣♦s✱ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s✱ á❝❛r♦s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s q✉❡ ♣r❡❞❛♠ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛s✐t❛♠ ❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✳
❊st❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦ é ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡st❡
❧✐✈r♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❝r✉❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳
4.4 Medidas mecânicas

• ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❛♥✉❛❧
✿ é ❢❡✐t♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛rr❛♥q✉✐♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ➱ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝❛r♦✱
❧❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳ P♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♦✉
❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦✳ ❆ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❡ ❛
❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ sã♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦
r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ é ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❡ ❡✈✐t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ✈❡♥❤❛ ❛ s❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ sér✐♦ ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✳
• ❈❛♣✐♥❛ ♠❛♥✉❛❧✿ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥①❛❞❛s✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡
❡♥①❛❞❛s é ✈✐á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐✲
❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✱ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞❡s❝❛rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲
çã♦ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s✳ ➱ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ r❡♥❞✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s✱ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛t❛çã♦ ♦✉
r❡♣❛ss❡✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s✱ ❝♦♥s✲
t✐t✉✐ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s✱
❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ s✉r❣✐♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐✲
♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛ ♦✉ q✉❡ ❡s❝❛♣❛r❛♠ ❛♣ós ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡
♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ➱ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡
s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ s❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡✲
♠❛s✳ ❆ ❝❛♣✐♥❛ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛s ❜♦r❞❛s ❞❛ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♠ às
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦
à ❧✐✈r❡ ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❧❛t❡r❛❧✳ ❯♠ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❣❛st❛ ❡♠ ♠é❞✐❛ ♦✐t♦ ❛
❞♦③❡ ❞✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣✐♥❛r ✉♠ ❤❡❝t❛r❡✳
• ❈✉❧t✐✈♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ tr❛çã♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ♦✉ tr❛t♦r✿ ❡♠ ár❡❛s
❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❞❡❝❧✐✈❡ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉t✐✲
❧✐③❛r ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ár❡❛s
♠❛✐♦r❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦ tr❛t♦r✳ ❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠
♠ét♦❞♦ q✉❡ r❡✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ s♦❧♦✱ só é r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦
❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❖ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦ é ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❝✉❧t✉✲
r❛s ♣♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✭✉♠ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s
❜❛r❛t♦s✮✱ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ r❛♣✐❞❡③✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s ❡ ❡♠
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ s❡❝♦✳ ❆s ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❛ ♥ã♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦✱ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❞❛✲
♥♦s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦s às r❛í③❡s ♠❛✐s s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❞❡
♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ár❡❛s ♥ã♦ ✐♥❢❡st❛❞❛s✱ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ à ❡r♦sã♦
❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❛❞❡♥s❛❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ P❛r❛ ♣❡q✉❡✲
♥❛s ár❡❛s é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r✲s❡ ❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ♣♦r s❡r ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❡
❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ tr❛çã♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ♦✉ tr❛t♦r✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r
✉s❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s
❝♦♠♦ ❜✐❛♥✉❛✐s ❡ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡r❡♥❡s✱ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛r❛❞♦s✱ ❣r❛✲
❞❡s ❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❙ã♦ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦r❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s
♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠✿ ❛✮ ❡♥①❛❞❛ ✜①❛ ❛rr❛st❛❞❛
76 Constantin
♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r tr❛çã♦❀ ❜✮ ❡♥①❛❞❛ r♦t❛t✐✈❛ ❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛

❞♦ tr❛t♦r❀ ❝✮ ❡♥①❛❞❛ r♦t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛rr❛st♦ ♠♦✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♦❢❡✲
r❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ t❡rr❡♥♦ ❛♦ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s
sã♦ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡
♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ s❡❥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ s❡❝♦✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡
s♦❧♦ ú♠✐❞♦✱ ♦✉ s❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r❡♠ ❝❤✉✈❛s ❧♦❣♦ ❛♣ós ♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦✱ ❛s r❛í③❡s ♣♦✲
❞❡♠ r❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r✲s❡ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦
❞♦ ❛rr❛♥q✉✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s ♦✉ ♣❡r❡♥❡s✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥✲
t❡s✱ ♦s ❝✉❧t✐✈♦s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s ✈✐s❛♠ ❞❡s❛❧♦❥á✲❧❛s ❞❡ s❡✉ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ í♥t✐♠♦
❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✱ ♦✉ r❡t❛r❞❛r ♦ s❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♥❛ ♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦✳ P♦r ✐st♦✱
♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❜❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s✱
♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❝♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✳ ❊st❛s sã♦ ♠❛✐s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❡ ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠
❛rr❛♥❝❛❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦✲s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦r ♦ ♠❛✐s s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧
♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧✱ ♣♦✐s ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐✲s❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛s ✐♥❥úr✐❛s s♦❜r❡
♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❡✈✐t❛✲s❡ tr❛③❡r s❡♠❡♥t❡s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡
❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛r✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦✳ ❖ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦
❞♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ à tr❛çã♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ é ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❤♦♠❡♠✴❞✐❛ ♣♦r ❤❡❝t❛r❡
❡ ❛ tr❛çã♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐③❛❞❛ t❡♠ ✉♠ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✶✱✺ ❛ ✷✱✵ ❤♦r❛s ♣♦r
❤❡❝t❛r❡✳
4.5 Medidas químicas

❈♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ q✉❡✱
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s às ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ❡♠ s❡✉s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❜✐♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐✲
❝♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ♠❛t❛r ♦✉ r❡t❛r❞❛r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛s✳
P♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ♦✉ ♥ã♦ à ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠
s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦✱ ❡♠ ♣ré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦
✭PP■✮✱ ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✭P❘➱✮ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❡♠ ♣ós✲
❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✭PÓ❙✮ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
4.6 Integração dos métodos de controle

❈♦♠♦ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠
ú♥✐❝♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♥ã♦ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✲
❢❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛
❞❛s ✈❡③❡s é ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛✳ ❖ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ♥❛ ✐♥✲
t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ r❡❞✉③✐r ❝✉st♦s ❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦
t❡♠♣♦✱ ♦❜t❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ P♦r ✐st♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦r
❞❡✈❡ ❧❛♥ç❛r ♠ã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s
❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳
P♦❞❡✲s❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✭P❘➱✱
PÓ❙ ❡ PP■✮ ❝♦♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s✱ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❢ís✐❝♦s ❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✳ ❯♠❛
❞❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ♣♦r
❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ é ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❡♠
✉♠❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✸✵ ❛ ✺✵ ❝♠✱ ❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦r❡s ♥❛s ❡♥tr❡❧✐♥❤❛s✱

s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦
❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❢r✉tí❢❡r❛s✳ ◆♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛rr♦③ ♣ré✲❣❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✱ ❤á ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♥✲
❥✉♥t❛ ❞♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ór❣ã♦s ❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈❛✱ s❡ ❢❛③
♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s✱ ♦
q✉❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ✉♠ ❡s❣♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ❞❛s r❡s❡r✈❛s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✭▼❡❧❤♦✲
r❛♥ç❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
❊♠ sí♥t❡s❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❛s✱ s✐♠✱ ♦ ♠❛✐s
❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✳
Referências
❉❡✉❜❡r✱ ❘✳✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✿ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✈✳ ✶✳ ❏❛❜♦t✐❝❛✲
❜❛❧✱ ❙P✿ ❋❯◆❊P✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ✹✸✶ ♣✳
▼❡❧❤♦r❛♥ç❛✱ ❆✳▲✳❀ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳ ✫ P❡r❡✐r❛✱ ❋✳❆✳❘✳✱ P❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳

■♥✿ ▼✐❧❤♦✿ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ✕ ❈✐r❝✉❧❛r ❚é❝♥✐❝❛✳ ❉♦✉r❛❞♦s✱ ▼❙✿
❊▼❇❘❆P❆ ✲ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❆❣r♦♣❡❝✉ár✐❛ ❞♦ ❖❡st❡✱ ✈✳ ✺✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
♣✳ ✶✶✷✕✶✸✷✳
P✐t❡❧❧✐✱ ❘✳❆✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ■♥✿ ❆♥❛✐s ❞❛ ✶✵a ❙❡♠❛♥❛ ❞❡

❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇❛♥❞❡✐r❛♥t❡s✱ P❘✿ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✏▲✉✐③ ▼❡♥❡❣❤❡❧✑✱ ✶✾✾✵✳ ♣✳ ✺✽✕✶✵✵✳
78 Constantin
✳
Capítulo 4
Controle Biológico: Aplicações na Área

de Ciência das Plantas Daninhas
Dauri J. Tessmann
1. Introdução
❆ s✉♣r❡ssã♦ ♦✉ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦
❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s
q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ♦r❣❛✲
♥✐s♠♦s ♠❛✐s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❜✐♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ sã♦✱ ♣r✐♥✲
❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥s❡t♦s ✜tó❢❛❣♦s ❡ ❢✉♥❣♦s ✜t♦♣❛t♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s✱ ❡✱ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ❡s❝❛❧❛✱
❜❛❝tér✐❛s ❡ ✈ír✉s ✜t♦♣❛t♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s✱ á❝❛r♦s ❡ ♣❡✐①❡s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♥ã♦ é ❛ ❡rr❛❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ ♦❝♦r✲
r❡♠ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ár❡❛s✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ♥í✈❡✐s
❛❝❡✐tá✈❡✐s ♦✉ s✉❜❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛❧✲
❣✉♠❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥tá✲❧♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❡♠
t♦❞❛s ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳
❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡
♦✉ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛
ár❡❛ ♦✉ r❡❣✐ã♦✳ ■st♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦s
♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❜✐♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✲
✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❛t✉❛♠ ❝♦♥tr❛
✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ✢♦ríst✐❝♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛
♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡❥❛
s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛✱ ❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❡
❡stá ❜❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛ís❡s✳
❖s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣✐♦♥❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♥s✐st✐r❛♠ ♥❛
✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡t♦s ✜tó❢❛❣♦s ❡①ót✐❝♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛
❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡st❛
❡str❛té❣✐❛✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t✐✈❛ ♦✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✱ ♦✉tr❛s
❞✉❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s t❛♠❜é♠ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó✲
❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✿ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐✈❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛
❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ❡ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ✭❈❤❛r✉❞❛tt❛♥✱ ✶✾✽✽❀
❚❡❜❡❡st✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳
80 Tessmann
2. Estratégia Inoculativa ou Controle Biológico Clássico

❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ♦✉ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛t✐✈❛ é ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧ ♥♦s ❝❛s♦s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠
s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦s s❡✉s ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ♥❛t✐✈♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱
♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♥ã♦ é ❛ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♦✉ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❞❛
❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ár❡❛✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❛ ❡rr❛❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛
❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ♦✉ r❡❣✐ã♦✱ ♠❛s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛
♣❡q✉❡♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛r ❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛
❞♦s ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❊st❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❡stá ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡
q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞♦s ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s ♥❛t✉✲
r❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ♦s s❡✉s ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♣❛rt❡✲s❡ ❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ t❛✐s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦s ♥♦✈♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈✐❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡✱ à ❛✉✲
sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ♥❛s ♥♦✈❛s ár❡❛s ❝♦❧♦♥✐③❛❞❛s✳
❖ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲
♣❡r♣❡t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✱
❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦
❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✱ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ t❛r❡❢❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ é ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛
❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s❛ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r✲s❡ ♦s
s❡✉s ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✳ ❖s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❜✉s❝❛❞♦s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠
❝♦❡✈♦❧✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ♦✉ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❛♠ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ♥❛
ár❡❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✈❛✐ s❡r ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦✳ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡♥✲
tã♦ ♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s s❡rã♦ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ♥❛s ár❡❛s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ é
❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡❣r❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ t❛✐s ❧✐❜❡r❛çõ❡s s❡❣✉❡♠ ❡①❛✉st✐✈❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s
r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ s❡✉ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ♥♦s ♥♦✈♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✳
❆ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛ ❝♦♠
s✉❝❡ss♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ✐♥✈❛❞❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s
❡①t❡♥s✐✈❛s✱ r❡s❡r✈❛s ✢♦r❡st❛✐s ❡ ❡❝♦ss✐st❡♠❛s ❢rá❣❡✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱
♦s ❡❝♦ss✐st❡♠❛s ❛q✉át✐❝♦s✳ ◆❡st❛s ár❡❛s ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦ é✱ ♠✉✐t❛s
✈❡③❡s✱ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥✈✐á✈❡❧ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
q✉í♠✐❝♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r ❞❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♥ã♦ é
❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às s✉❛s ó❜✈✐❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✳ ◆❡st❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱
♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♦✉ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✱ sã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ s❡r r❡❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ é ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦
♣❛r❛ ❡st❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳
❖s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❡stã♦ ❧✐st❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
❙❡♥❡❝✐♦ ❥❛❝♦❜❛❡❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❈❛r❞✉✉s ♥✉t❛♥s ♥❛s ♣r❛❞❛r✐❛s ❞♦s ❊❯❆ ❡ ❞♦ ❈❛✲
♥❛❞á✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛q✉át✐❝❛s ❊✐❝❤❤♦r♥✐❛
❝r❛ss✐♣❡s✱ ❆❧t❡r♥❛♥t❤❡r❛ ♣❤✐❧♦①❡r♦✐❞❡s ❡ P✐st✐❛ str❛t✐♦✐❞❡s ♥♦ s✉❧ ❞♦s ❊❯❆
Controle biológico 81
sã♦ ♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡t♦s ✜tó❢❛❣♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥✲

tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ✭▼❝❋❛❞②❡♥✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❖ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❛
✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❣♦s ✜t♦♣❛t♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s ❢♦✐ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠ P✉❝❝✐♥✐❛
❝❤♦♥❞r✐❧❧✐♥❛ ❞♦ ♠❡❞✐t❡rrâ♥❡♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ é ♥❛t✐✈❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❡ ❛
❆✉strá❧✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❈❤♦♥❞r✐❧❧❛ ❥✉♥❝❡❛✳
◆❛ ❆✉strá❧✐❛✱ ❡st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛ ❞❡ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❡ ❞❡ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❞❡
tr✐❣♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥♦
♦❡st❡ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❝✐❛❧✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ é ❛
✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❣♦ ❊♥t②❧♦♠❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t❛r✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❆❣❡r❛t✐♥❛
r✐♣❛r✐❛ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❡ ❞❡ ✢♦r❡st❛s ♥♦ ❍❛✇❛✐✳ ❊st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛
❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ▼é①✐❝♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✷✺
❝♦♠♦ ♦r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✼✹✱ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡ ♠❡s❡s ❛♣ós ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦
❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❜✐♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❛ s✉❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✽✵✪✳
❆ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠ ❯r♦♠②❝❧❛❞✐✉♠ t❡♣♣❡r✐❛♥✉♠✱ ♥❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❆✉strá❧✐❛ ❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉✲
③✐❞❛ ♥❛ ➪❢r✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛✱
❆❝❛❝✐❛ s❛❧✐❣♥❛✱ é ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❢✉♥❣♦ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ♣❛ís✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✼✱
❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♥❛s ár❡❛s ✐♥❢❡❝t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡st❛ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠ ❥á ❢♦✐ r❡✲
❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✽✵✪✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❛s
✐♥tr♦❞✉çõ❡s ❞❛s ❢❡rr✉❣❡♥s P❤r❛❣♠✐❞✐✉♠ ✈✐♦❧❛❝❡✉s ♥♦ ❈❤✐❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ❘✉❜✉s ❝♦♥str✐❝t✉s✱ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❛r❜✉st✐✈❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s ♥❛✲
t✐✈❛s ❞❛q✉❡❧❡ ♣❛ís✱ ❡ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ P❤r❛❣♠✐❞✐✉♠ ❝❛r❞✉♦r✉♠ ♥♦s
❊❯❆✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❚✉rq✉✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈❛r❞✉✉s t❤♦❡r♠❡r✐ ❡♠
ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s ♥❛t✐✈❛s ✭❚❡❜❡❡st✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ▼♦rt❡♥s❡♥✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
▼✉✐t❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ✐♥t❡♥❝✐✲
♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❢♦r❛ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ s✉❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦
♥❛t✉r❛❧✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❛❣✉❛♣é ✭❊✐❝❤❤♦r♥✐❛ ❝r❛ss✐✲
♣❡s ✮✳ ❊st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❛q✉át✐❝❛ é ♥❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❜❛❝✐❛ ❛♠❛③ô♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♣❛♥t❛♥❛❧
♠❛t♦✲❣r♦ss❡♥s❡ ❡ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s tr♦✲
♣✐❝❛✐s ❡ s✉❜tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❝❡♠ ❛♥♦s✳ ◆♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s
✐♥✈❛❞✐❞♦s✱ ❡st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ t❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣✐♦r❡s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ❞❡
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❛q✉át✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡✱ à ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s
♥❛t✉r❛✐s✳ P❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞♦ s✉❧ ❞♦s ❊❯❆ t❡♠✲s❡
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡
♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡
s❡r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í✲
♠✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s r❡q✉❡r ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡s r❡❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦✱
❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐s♣❡♥❞✐♦s♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡
♣❛r❛ s❡r ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✱ três ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡
✐♥s❡t♦s✱ ◆❡♦❝❤❡t✐♥❛ ❜r✉s❤✐✱ ◆✳ ❡✐❝❤❤♦r✐♥✐❛❡ ✭❈♦❧❡♦♣t❡r❛✿ ❈✉r❝✉❧✐♦♥✐❞❛❡✮
❡ ❙❛♠❡♦❞❡s ❛❧❜✐❣✉tt❛❧✐s ✭▲❡♣✐❞♦♣t❡r❛✿ P②r❛❧✐❞❛❡✮✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♥❛✲
q✉❡❧❡ ♣❛ís ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ s❡t❡♥t❛✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧
✭❈❡♥t❡r✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❖s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❊✳ ❝r❛ss✐♣❡s sã♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ❡
Tessmann
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥❣♦s ❡ ✐♥s❡t♦s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡
❆❞❛♠s ✭✶✾✽✽✮✱ ❈❤❛r✉❞❛tt❛♥ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✱ ❈❡♥t❡r ✭✶✾✾✻✮✱ ●r♦❞♦✇✐t③ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ▼❝❋❛❞②❡♥ ✭✶✾✾✽✮ ❡ ▼♦rt❡♥s❡♥ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✳
P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❆❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❖r✐❣❡♠ ❞♦
❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡
❆❝❛❝✐❛ s❛❧✐❣♥❛ ➪❢r✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ❯r♦♠②❝❧❛❞✐✉♠ t❡♣♣❡r✐❛♥✉♠ ❋✉♥❣♦ ✭❇❛s✐❞✐♦♠②❝♦t❛ ✲ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠✮ ❆✉strá❧✐❛
❆❣❡r❛t✐♥❛ r✐♣❛r✐❛ ❊❯❆✱ ❍❛✇❛✐ ❊♥t②❧♦♠❛ ❛❣❡r❛t✐♥❛❡ ❋✉♥❣♦ ✭❆s❝♦♠②❝♦t❛✮ ❏❛♠❛✐❝❛
❆❧t❡r♥❛♥t❤❡r❛ ♣❤✐❧♦①❡r♦✐❞❡s ❊❯❆ ❆❣❛s✐❝❧❡s ❤②❣r♦♣❤✐❧❛ ■♥s❡t♦ ✭❈♦❧❡♦♣t❡r❛✿ ❈❤r②s♦♠❡❧✐❞❛❡✮ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛
❈❛r❞✉✉s ♥✉t❛♥s ❊❯❆✱ ❈❛♥❛❞á ❘❤✐♥♦❝②❧❧✉s ❝♦♥✐❝✉s ■♥s❡t♦ ✭❈♦❧❡♦♣t❡r❛✿ ❈✉r❝✉❧✐♦♥✐❞❛❡✮ ❋r❛♥ç❛
❈✳ ♥✉t❛♥s ❊❯❆✱ ❈❛♥❛❞á P✉❝❝✐♥✐❛ ❝❛r❞✉♦r✉♠ ∗
❋✉♥❣♦ ✭❇❛s✐❞✐♦♠②❝♦t❛ ✲ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠✮ ❚✉rq✉✐❛
❈❤♦♥❞r✐❧❧❛ ❥✉♥❝❡❛ ❆✉strá❧✐❛✱ ❊❯❆ P✉❝❝✐♥✐❛ ❝❤♦♥❞r✐❧❧✐♥❛ ❋✉♥❣♦ ✭❇❛s✐❞✐♦♠②❝♦t❛ ✲ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠✮ ❊✉r♦♣❛
❈✐rs✐✉♠ ❛r✈❡♥s❡ ❆✉strá❧✐❛✱ ❊❯❆ P✉❝❝✐♥✐❛ ①❛♥t❤✐ ❋✉♥❣♦ ✭❇❛s✐❞✐♦♠②❝♦t❛ ✲ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠✮ ❆✉strá❧✐❛
❊✐❝❤❤♦r♥✐❛ ❝r❛ss✐♣❡s ❊❯❆ ◆❡♦❝❤❡t✐♥❛ ❡✐❝❤❤♦r♥✐❛❡ ■♥s❡t♦ ✭❈♦❧❡♦♣t❡r❛✿ ❈✉r❝✉❧✐♦♥✐❞❛❡✮ ❆♠✳ ❞♦ ❙✉❧
❊✳ ❝r❛ss✐♣❡s ❊❯❆ ◆✳ ❜r✉❝❤✐ ■♥s❡t♦ ✭❈♦❧❡♦♣t❡r❛✿ ❈✉r❝✉❧✐♦♥✐❞❛❡✮ ❆♠✳ ❞♦ ❙✉❧
❊✳ ❝r❛ss✐♣❡s ❊❯❆ ❯r❡❞♦ ❡✐❝❤❤♦r♥✐❛❡∗
❋✉♥❣♦ ✭❇❛s✐❞✐♦♠②❝♦t❛ ✲ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠✮ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛
●❛❧❡❣❛ ♦✣❝✐♥❛❧❡s ❈❤✐❧❡ ❯r♦♠②❝❡s ❣❛❧❡❣❛ ❋✉♥❣♦ ✭❇❛s✐❞✐♦♠②❝♦t❛ ✲ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠✮ ❋r❛♥ç❛
❍②❞r✐❧❧❛ ✈❡rt✐❝✐❧❧❛t❛ ❊❯❆ ❍②❞r❡❧❧✐❛ ❜❛❧❝✐✉♥❛s✐ ∗
■♥s❡t♦ ✭❉✐♣t❡r❛✿ ❊♣❤②❞r✐❞❛❡✮ ❆✉strá❧✐❛
P✐st✐❛ str❛t✐♦t❡s ❊❯❆ ◆❡♦❤②❞r♦♥♦♠✉s ❛✣♥✐s ■♥s❡t♦ ✭❈♦❧❡♦♣t❡r❛✿ ❈✉r❝✉❧✐♦♥✐❞❛❡✮ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛
❘✉❜✉s ❝♦♥str✐❝t✉s ❈❤✐❧❡ P❤r❛❣♠✐❞✐✉♠ ✈✐♦❧❛❝❡✉♠ ❋✉♥❣♦ ✭❇❛s✐❞✐♦♠②❝♦t❛ ✲ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠✮ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛
❘✳ ❢r✉t✐❝♦s✉s ❆✉strá❧✐❛ P✳ ✈✐♦❧❛❝❡✉♠ ❋✉♥❣♦ ✭❇❛s✐❞✐♦♠②❝♦t❛ ✲ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠✮ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛
❘✳ ✉❧♠✐❢♦❧✐✉s ❈❤✐❧❡ P✳ ✈✐♦❧❛❝❡✉♠ ❋✉♥❣♦ ✭❇❛s✐❞✐♦♠②❝♦t❛ ✲ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠✮ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛
❙❡♥❡❝✐♦ ❥❛❝♦❜❡❛❡ ❊❯❆ ▲♦♥❣✐t❛rs✉s ❥❛❝♦❜❡❛❡ ■♥s❡t♦ ✭❈♦❧❡♦♣t❡r❛✿ ❈❤r②s♦♠❡❧✐❞❛❡✮ ■tá❧✐❛
❙✳ ✈✉❧❣❛r✐s ❊❯❆✱ ❊✉r♦♣❛ P✳ ❧❛❣❡♥♦♣❤♦r❛❡ ❋✉♥❣♦ ✭❇❛s✐❞✐♦♠②❝♦t❛ ✲ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠✮ ❆✉strá❧✐❛
❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦✳
∗
82
❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❛❢r✐❝❛♥♦s✱ ❛s✐át✐❝♦s ❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦s ❡stã♦ ✐♠✲

♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ✐♥s❡t♦s
✜tó❢❛❣♦s ❡ ❢✉♥❣♦s ✜t♦♣❛t♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s ✭❈❤❛r✉❞❛tt❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦
❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❛q✉át✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s q✉❡ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♣çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ t❡♠✲s❡
✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡✐①❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❝❛r♣❛ ✭❈t❡✲
♥♦♣❤❛r②♥❣♦❞♦♥ ✐❞❡❧❧❛ ✮✱ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜í✈♦r♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛q✉át✐❝❛s s✉❜♠❡rs❛s✳
❊♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❣❡r❛✐s ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ é ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s ❡ ❡①ót✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❝r❡s❝❡♠ ❢♦r✲
♠❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛♥❞❡s ❞❡♥s♦s ❡ q✉❡ ❝♦❜r❡♠ ár❡❛s ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❛s✳ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s r❡s✐❞✉❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ♥ã♦ ❝❛✉s❛
♣❡r❞❛s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦✉tr❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❡❝♦♥♦✲
♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐á✈❡✐s ♦✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡✐s✳ ❊st❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ é ❡s♣❡✲
❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡①ót✐❝❛s q✉❡
❡stã♦ ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ❞❡ s❡✉s ♣❛r❛s✐t❛s✳ ❚❛✐s ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♥✲
tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♥♦✈❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s s❡♠ s❡✉s ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s❡
❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛♠ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠ s✉❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❆ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❞♦✐s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s✿ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ s✉❛ ♠♦rt❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛✱
♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s r❡❞✉③❡♠ ❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡
r❡❞✉③✐r❡♠✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦
q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✜t♦♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ♦s
♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❛✉s❛♠ ❛ ♠♦rt❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐✲
r❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ✈ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s tê♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛
❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛♥♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ ❝♦❧♦♥✐③❛♠ ❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❚❡❜❡✲
❡st ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❣♦s ✜t♦♣❛t♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦
❞❡ ❚❡❜❡❡st ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✷✮ ♠♦str♦✉ q✉❡ ❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s q✉❡
❝♦❧♦♥✐③❛♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛tó✲
❣❡♥♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①❛ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✭K = 0, 15❀ ♦♥❞❡ 0, 15 ♣♦❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛r q✉❡
✶✺✪ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♥❢❡❝t❛❞❛s sã♦ ♠♦rt❛s ♦✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s é r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✺✪✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s
r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♦s❝✐❧❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ t❛✐s ♦s❝✐❧❛✲
çõ❡s sã♦ s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦✳ ■st♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡
❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♥♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❣r❡s✲
s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦✳ ❈♦♠ K = 0, 66 ♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❢♦✐ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛
❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ K = 0, 15✱ ❡ ❡st❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ♣♦❞❡
s♦❢r❡r ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♦s❝✐❧❛çõ❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r K ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦
✭K = 0, 68✮✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ K é ❛❧t♦ ✭K = 0, 90✮ ♣♦❞❡
84 Tessmann
♦❝♦rr❡r ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❛ ♦s❝✐❧❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ♣❡rí♦✲

❞♦s ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛s ❡ ❜❛✐①❛s ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡s
❛✉t♦r❡s ❢♦✐ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦ ❡♠ r❡❣✉❧❛r ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡
✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
❊st❡s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s ❝♦♠
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛❧t♦s ♥í✲
✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✭K ✮ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♠ ✉♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♦❝♦rr❡r ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❛❧t♦s ❡
❜❛✐①♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ t❡♠♣♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ t❛✐s ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s
♥ã♦ sã♦ ❜♦♥s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛
❡str❛té❣✐❛ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐✈❛ ♦✉ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s

✜t♦♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s ✭K ✮ ♥❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡
K ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❞❡ ③❡r♦ ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♠ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ♣♦✉❝♦
s❡✈❡r❛s ❡ ♠✉✐t♦ s❡✈❡r❛s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❜❡❡st ❡t ❛❧✳
✭✶✾✾✷✮✳
❯♠ ❢❛t♦r q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦

é ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡t♦s ♦✉ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s ❡①ó✲
t✐❝♦s✱ ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛ís ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦ ❡stá s✉❥❡✐t❛ ❛
r❡❣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❧❡❣✐s❧❛t✐✈❛s✳ ◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ trâ♠✐t❡ ❜✉r♦✲

❝rát✐❝♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s
❞❡ ❜✐♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s r✐s❝♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦s
s❡❥❛♠ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦ r✐s❝♦ r❡❛❧ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❞❡ ✐♥s❡t♦s ✜tó❢❛❣♦s ♦✉ ❞❡ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s
❤á❜✐t♦s ♦✉ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ♦ s❡✉ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s ❡
❞❡ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♥❛t✐✈❛s✳ ❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱
♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♦✉ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡
♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❛♣ós ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❛ ✷✵ ❛♥♦s ❞❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥✐✲
♠✐❣♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✳ ❆ t❛①❛ ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ár❡❛s
✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s t❡♠ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✻✵✪✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✸✵✪ ❞♦s
❝❛s♦s tê♠✲s❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s ✭❙❝❤r♦❡❞❡r✱
✶✾✾✷❀ ▼❝❋❛❞②❡♥✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
3. Estratégia Inundativa
❆ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐✈❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢✉♥❣♦s✱ ❜❛❝té✲
r✐❛s ♦✉ ✈ír✉s ✜t♦♣❛t♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❜✐♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡
❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♠❛ss✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ✐♥ó❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛
❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ rá♣✐❞❛
❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❛ ❞❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ à ♠♦rt❡✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱
♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦
❞♦ ✐♥ó❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦ ✭❡s♣♦r♦s✱ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❤✐❢❛s ♦✉ ❝❧❛♠✐❞ós♣♦r♦s ❞❡
❢✉♥❣♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛♥❛s ❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ✈✐r❛✐s✮ ❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡✲
r❛❧✱ ❡st❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ é ♠❛✐s ❜❡♠ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
❛♥✉❛✐s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ♦✉ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♦♥❞❡ é ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❖ ✐♥ó❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛❧✈♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ✜t♦ss❛♥✐tár✐♦s ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ❤á ❛ ♥❡✲
❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦
♠❡s♠♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ s❡
♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛ ♥♦s r❡st♦s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠
♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐✈❛ t❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛
❞❡ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♦✉ ♠✐❝♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
❖ t❡r♠♦ ♠✐❝♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ♣♦r ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳
✭✶✾✼✸✮ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛r ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥♦s à ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❣♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱
❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛
❛✉♠❡♥t❛t✐✈❛✳ ◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠
t♦❞❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♦ ❜✐♦✲
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ár❡❛✳ ❆ ❡str❛té❣✐❛
❛✉♠❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ s❡rá ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✳
86 Tessmann
❊♠ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ é ♣❛tr♦❝✐♥❛❞♦

❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ s❡t♦r ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ♦s ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♣çã♦
❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s✳ ❖ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛
s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉í♠✐❝♦s t♦r♥❛ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥♦s ❜❛st❛♥t❡
❛tr❛t✐✈♦s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✳ ❖s ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡❣✉❡♠ ❛s ♠❡s✲
♠❛s r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✳ ➱ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❡♠
✉♠ ❛❧t♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ♠♦rt❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❞❛♥♦ às ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡✈❡ s❡r rá♣✐❞♦ ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜t✐❞♦ s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥♦r♠❛✐s ❞❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s
❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✳
❖s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❊❯❆✱
♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✽✵✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❢✉♥❣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❝♦♠♦ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❢♦✐ P❤②t♦♣❤t❤♦r❛ ♣❛❧♠✐✈♦r❛✱ s♦❜ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡
❉❡ ❱✐♥❡r ✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✶✳ ❊st❡ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
▼♦rr❡r✐❛ ♦❞♦r❛t❛✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ♣♦♠❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝✐tr♦s ♥♦
❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❋❧ór✐❞❛✱ ❊❯❆✳ ❊st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥♦s ❊❯❆ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛
♣❧❛♥t❛ ♦r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ ❡ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛
q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣♦✉ ❛ ❝♦❧♦♥✐③❛r ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✶✷✵ ♠✐❧ ❤❡❝t❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝✐tr♦s ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ♣❛ís✳ ❖
❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❉❡ ❱✐♥❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❆❜❜♦tt ▲❛❜♦✲
r❛t♦r✐❡s✱ ❈❤✐❝❛❣♦✱ ■▲✱ ❊❯❆✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❣♦ P✳ ♣❛❧♠✐✈♦r❛
♦❜t✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣♦♠❛r ❞❡ ❝✐tr♦s ❞❛ ❋❧ór✐❞❛✳ ❊st❡ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠
✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❝❧❛♠✐❞ós♣♦r♦s ✭❡s♣♦r♦s ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥✲
❝✐❛✮ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❣♦ q✉❡ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✭♠♦rt❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✮ ❞❡ ✾✵ ❛ ✶✵✵✪
❝♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❞❛ s❡❝❛ ❞❡
s❡✉s r❛♠♦s ❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❧♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❣♦✳ ❯♠ ❢❛t♦ ❝✉r✐♦s♦
é q✉❡ ❛ ❛❧t❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ r❡str✐♥❣✐✉ ❛ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✱
✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ❢✉♥❣♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❞✐s♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦
❝♦♠ ✐st♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
❉❡ ❱✐♥❡ é ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❊❯❆ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ♣❡❞✐❞♦s
❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡✳
❖ ❢✉♥❣♦ ❈♦❧❧❡t♦tr✐❝❤✉♠ ❣❧♦❡♦s♣♦r✐♦✐❞❡s ❢✳s♣✳ ❛❡s❝❤②♥♦♠❡♥❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦s ❊❯❆ ❡ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥♦♠❡
❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❈♦❧❧❡❣♦r ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❯♣❥♦❤♥ ❈♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ❑❛❧❛♠❛③♦♦✱ ▼■✱
❊❯❆✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❛♥❣✐q✉✐♥❤♦ ✭❆❡s❝❤②♥♦♠❡♥❡ ✈✐r❣✐♥✐❝❛ ✮✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✷✳
❊st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ❞❛♥♦s ❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à
❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉✐ s❡♠❡♥t❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r s❡♣❛r❛✲
❞❛s ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛rr♦③✳ ❈♦❧❧❡❣♦ ✭❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❊❯❆ ❝♦♠
♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ▲♦❝❦❞♦✇♥r ✮ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❆✳ ✈✐r❣✐♥✐❝❛
❡♠ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❞❡ ❛rr♦③ ❡ s♦❥❛ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦
✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ✾✵✪✳ ❆ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s r❡s✉❧t❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❡ ❝♦❧♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❣♦ ❡♠ ❝♦❧♠♦s✱ ♣❡❝í♦❧♦s ❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳
❈♦❧❧❡❣♦ é ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣ó ♠♦❧❤á✈❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✶✺✪ ❞❡ ❡s♣♦r♦s ✈✐✈♦s ❡
s❡❝♦s ❞♦ ❢✉♥❣♦ ✭❝♦♥í❞✐♦s✮ ❡ ✽✺✪ ❞❡ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥❡rt❡s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❡

❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❊♥❝♦r❡ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦✲
❣✐❡s✱ ▼✐♥♥❡t♦♥❦❛✱ ▼◆✱ ❊❯❆✳
❖ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❇✐♦♠❛❧r é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡s♣♦r♦s ✭❝♦♥í❞✐♦s✮ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❣♦ ❈✳
❣❧♦❡♦s♣♦r✐♦✐❞❡s ❢✳s♣✳ ♠❛❧✈❛❡ ❡ ❢♦✐ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♥❛❞á ❡♠ ✶✾✾✷ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ▼❛❧✈❛ ♣✉s✐❧❧❛ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳ ❊st❡ ❢✉♥❣♦ ✐♥❢❡❝t❛ ❢♦❧❤❛s✱
♣❡❝í♦❧♦s ❡ ❝♦❧♠♦s✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✶✼ ❛ ✷✵ ❞✐❛s
❛♣ós ❛ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❛t✐♥❣✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✾✵ ❛ ✶✵✵✪✳ ❆♣❡s❛r
❞❡ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ P❤✐❧♦♠❇✐♦s✱ ❙❛s❦❛t❝❤❡✇❛♥✱ ❈❛♥❛❞á✱ ❡st❡ ❜✐♦✲
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳
❖ ❢✉♥❣♦ ❆❧t❡r♥❛r✐❛ ❝❛ss✐❛❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈❛ss✐❛ ♦❜t✉s✐❢♦❧✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛ ❡♠ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s
❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❡ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ♥♦s ❊❯❆✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❡rr❛❞♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳ ❯♠ ❜✐♦✲
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ à ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥í❞✐♦s ❞❡st❡ ❢✉♥❣♦✱ ❝❤❡❣♦✉ ❛♦ ❡stá❞✐♦
❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ♣❡❧❛ ▼②❝♦❣❡♥ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t✐♦♥ s♦❜ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡
❈❛sstr ✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♥ã♦ t❡✈❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡✳
❖ ❢✉♥❣♦ ❈❡r❝♦s♣♦r❛ r♦❞♠❛♥✐✐ ♠♦str♦✉ ❜♦♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦
❝♦♠♦ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❣✉❛♣é ♥♦s ❊❯❆✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡
❞❡s❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s
♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛
❛q✉át✐❝❛✳
P❛tó❣❡♥♦s ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s t❛♠❜é♠ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐✲
❞❛s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❢✉♥❣♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❙❝❧❡r♦t✐♥✐❛ s❝❧❡r♦t✐♦r✉♠ t❡♠
s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❊❯❆ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈✐rs✐✉♠ ❛r✈❡♥s❡✱ ❈❡♥t❛✉r✐❛ ♠❛✲
❝✉❧♦s❛ ❡ ❚❛r❛①❛❝✉♠ ♦✣❝✐♥❛❧❡ ❡♠ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❡ ❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡
❣♦❧❢❡✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡st❡ ❢✉♥❣♦ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐✲
r❛s✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ♠✉✐t❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✱ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠✲s❡
♠♦str❛❞♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❛ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s✳ ❉❡✈❡ s❡r r❡s✲
s❛❧t❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❡st❛s ár❡❛s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡r ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡
❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆té ♦
♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✈ír✉s ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❋❧ór✐❞❛ ✭❊❯❆✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❥♦á✲❜r❛✈♦ ✭❙♦❧❛✲
♥✉♠ ✈✐❛r✉♠ ✮✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❡①ót✐❝❛ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ♣❛ís✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❛♥♦s
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♦ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❙♦❧✈✐♥✐①r ✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ é ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❚♦❜❛❝❝♦ ♠✐❧❞ ❣r❡❡♥ ♠♦s❛✐❝
t♦❜❛♠♦✈ír✉s✳ ❊st❡ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ✶✵✵✪ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❥♦✈❡♥s ✭❈❤❛r✉❞❛tt❛♥ ✫ ❍✐❡❜❡rt✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
◆❛ ➪❢r✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ ♦ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❙t✉♠♣♦✉tr ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡
♥♦ ❢✉♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❜❛s✐❞✐♦♠②❝❡t❡s✱ ❈②❧✐♥❞r♦❜❛s✐❞✐✉♠ ❧❡❛✈❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ❛r❜✉st♦s ❡ ár✈♦r❡s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✳ ❊st❡ ❢✉♥❣♦ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♣ós ♦ ❝♦rt❡ ❞♦s
❛r❜✉st♦s ❡ ❞❛s ár✈♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ❛ s✉❛ r❡❜r♦t❛✱ ❡ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♣♦ss✉❛ ✉♠
88 Tessmann
❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r♦s✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ é ❛❣r❡ss✐✈♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♥♦❝✉✲

❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♠ ❢❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✭▼♦rr✐s✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛♥❛s ❢♦✐
❈❛♠♣❡r✐❝♦r ✱ ♥♦ ❏❛♣ã♦✳ ❊st❡ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡
✉♠ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❳❛♥t❤♦♠♦♥❛s ❝❛♠♣❡str✐s ♣✈✳ ♣♦❡❛❡ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛ ♠✉r❝❤❛ ❡♠
P♦❛ ❛♥♥✉❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛ ❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❣♦❧❢❡✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❡①❡♠✲
♣❧♦s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦✱ sã♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜❛❝tér✐❛ Ps❡✉❞♦♠♦♥❛s s②r✐♥❣❛❡
♣✈✳ t❛❣❡t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈✐rs✐✉♠ ❛r✈❡♥s❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❆❣r♦❜❛❝t❡r✐✉♠ s♣♣✳
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ❡♠ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s ♥❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦
❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❡s✉❧❛✱ ❆❝r♦♣t✐❧♦♥ r❡♣❡♥s ❡ ❈❡♥t❛✉r❡❛ ❞✐✛✉s❛✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡
♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡ é ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐③♦❜❛❝tér✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡ Ps❡✉❞♦♠♦♥❛s ✢✉♦r❡s❝❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐♠ ❜r♦♠♦ ✭❇r♦♠✉s
t❡❝t♦r✉♠ ✮ ✭▼♦rt❡♥s❡♥✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
❯♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱
❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✱ é ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛♥♦s
❡♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♦ ❛❧✈♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐st♦ sã♦ ❢❡✐t♦s
t❡st❡s ❞❡ ♣❛t♦❣❡♥✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣ró①✐♠❛s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞✐st❛♥t❡s ❜♦t❛♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❛❧✈♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡ ♦
♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❡♥trí❢✉❣♦✲✜❧♦❣❡♥ét✐❝♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛
✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ♣ró①✐♠❛s t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡
❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❛❧✈♦✱ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♠❛✐s
❞✐st❛♥t❡s t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝rít✐❝♦s ❛♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ s✉❛ ❧♦♥❣❡✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦
♠❡r❝❛❞♦ sã♦✿ ✭✐✮ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❡
❝♦❧♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s ❡
❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ♥✉tr✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❡ ❝♦❧♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦
❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛❀ ✭✐✐✐✮ ❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❛❧✈♦❀ ❡ ✭✐✈✮ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✈✐r✉❧ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❊st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦r✲
t❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s ♣❡r❞❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ❛♣ós
s❡r❡♠ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ✐♥ ✈✐tr♦ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❣❡r❛çõ❡s✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❜✐♦✲
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s tê♠ ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳ ❱ár✐♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ✐st♦✱ ♦
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ é ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❛t✐♥❣❡♠ ♥✐❝❤♦s ❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐✲
❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ♥❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
♣r♦❝❡ss♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ♠❛ss❛❧✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡
♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥ó❝✉❧♦ ❛té ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦
✐♥ó❝✉❧♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ❯♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
é ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦✲
❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❛♣ós ❛ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s tê♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝❤❛♥❝❡
❞❡ s❡r❡♠ s✉♣❡r❛❞♦s ♥✉♠ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❣r❛ç❛s às ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡
❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❡♠✉❧sõ❡s ❡ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛

✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
4. Estratégia Aumentativa
❆ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✐♥s❡t♦s ✜tó❢❛❣♦s ❡
❢✉♥❣♦s ✜t♦♣❛t♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲
❞♦s ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡s ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ♦❜t❡r
♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❊st❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ t✐r✐r✐❝❛
✭❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ❡ ❈✳ ❡s❝✉❧❡♥t✉s ✮ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠ P✉❝❝✐♥✐❛ ❝❛♥✐❝✉❧❛t❛ ❡♠
r❡❣✐õ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ é ❡♥❞ê♠✐❝❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ ❢❡rr✉❣❡♠ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡
♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛çõ❡s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❡s♣♦r♦s ❞♦ ❢✉♥❣♦✱ ♥❛ ♣r✐✲
♠❛✈❡r❛✱ ❝❛✉s❛♠ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞♦ ✢♦r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s t✉❜ér❝✉❧♦s
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳ ❖ ❢✉♥❣♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s❡ ❞✐s♣❡rs❛r r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✱
♣r♦✈♦❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✾✸✱ ♦ ❜✐♦✲
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❉r✳ ❇✐♦s❡❞❣❡r ✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡s♣♦r♦s ✭✉r❡❞✐♥✐ós♣♦r♦s✮ ❞❡st❡
❢✉♥❣♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❊❯❆ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ t✐r✐r✐❝❛ ❛♠❛r❡❧❛ ♦✉ t✐r✐✲
r✐❝ã♦ ✭❈✳ ❡s❝✉❧❡♥t✉s ✮✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❢✉♥❣♦
❝♦♠♦ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣♦r♦s ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ✉♠❛
✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❢✉♥❣♦ é ✉♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ❜✐♦tró✜❝♦ ✭P❤❛t❛❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✼❀ ❚❡❜❡❡st✱
✶✾✾✻✮✳
❊st❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ é ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛♣ós
✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ s❡ ❞✐s♣❡rs❡ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡
ár❡❛❀ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ✉♠❛
♠♦rt❡ rá♣✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠
✐♥s❡t♦s✳ ❖ ♠❛✐s ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦ é ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❛q✉át✐❝❛ ❙❛❧✈✐♥✐❛ ♠♦❧❡st❛
♥❛ ❆✉strá❧✐❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝✉r❝✉❧✐♦♥í❞❡♦ ❈②rt♦❜❛❣♦✉s
s❛❧✈✐♥✐❛❡✳
5. O Controle Biológico de Plantas Daninhas no Brasil

❆ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ é
r❡❝❡♥t❡✳ ❖s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❡s❢♦rç♦s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✲
✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s ❡ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡t♦s ❝♦♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦
♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s✱ ❙❡♥❛ ♦❜t✉s✐❢♦✲
❧✐❛✱ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ❡ ❊✐❝❤❤♦r♥✐❛ ❝r❛ss✐♣❡s ✭❨♦r✐♥♦r✐ ✫ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱
✶✾✾✵❀ ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ❋♦♥t❡s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ P♦♠❡❧❧❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ P✐t❡❧❧✐
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ t❡♠ s❡
❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐✈❛✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ t❛♠❜é♠ t❡♥❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣✐♦♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉✲s❡ ♥❛ ❊▼❇❘❆P❆✲❈◆P❙♦✱ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✽✵✱ ♣❛r❛
♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❧❡✐t❡✐r♦ ✭❊✳ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢✉♥❣♦ ❇✐♣♦❧❛r✐s ❡✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛❡
90 Tessmann
✭❨♦r✐♥♦r✐ ✫ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳ ❆ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ✭✶✾✾✺✮ s♦❜r❡

❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞✐s❝✉t✐✲
❞♦s ❛q✉✐✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❢❡✐t♦s ♥♦ ♥♦ss♦ ♣❛ís✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧
t❛♠❜é♠ ♠❡r❡❝❡ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛q✉át✐❝❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❊❣❡r✐❛ s♣♣✳ ❡ ❊✳
❝r❛ss✐♣❡s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s tê♠ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠
r❡♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ✉s✐♥❛s ❤✐❞r♦❡❧étr✐❝❛s ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ s✉❞❡st❡ ❞♦ ♣❛ís ✭P✐t❡❧❧✐✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
❆ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ t❡♠
s✐❞♦ ❧✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❉rs✳ ❊❧✐❛♥❛ ●✳ ❋♦♥t❡s ✭❈❊◆❆❘✲
●❊◆✴❊▼❇❘❆P❆✮✱ ❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥ ❆✳ P✐t❡❧❧✐ ✭❯◆❊❙P✲❏❛❜♦t✐❝❛❜❛❧✮ ❡ ❘♦❜❡rt ❲✳
❇❛rr❡t♦ ✭❯❋❱✮✳
6. Perspectivas do Controle Biológico de Plantas Daninhas

❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s r❛③õ❡s q✉❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s
tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♥❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❝❡rt♦s ❡❝♦ss✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦ às ♣r❡ssõ❡s ❞❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ s♦❜r❡
♦s s❡✉s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥♦❝✐✈♦s ❛♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❡ ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r
❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ♥❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
♠✉✐t❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❜✐✲
♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛
❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦
❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠
❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣♦♥t♦s q✉❡ ❡str❛♥❣✉❧❛♠ ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦
❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ é ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❢❛t♦✲
r❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♣❡♥s❛ ❡♠
❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ é ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ é ♠❡♥♦r✱
❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❡st❡s ♠❡r❝❛✲
❞♦s✱ ❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ é ❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ♠❛s
s✐♠ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❡ ♠é❞✐❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ❜✐♦t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❖s ❜✐♦✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱
❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s✱ ❛t❡♥❞❡rã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♥✐❝❤♦s ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳
❖s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❜❡♠
❝♦♠♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛t✐✈❛✱ tê♠
s✐❞♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ tê♠
s✐❞♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ➱ ♦ ❝❛s♦
❞❡ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ ❡❝♦ss✐st❡♠❛s ❛q✉át✐❝♦s✱ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❡①✲
t❡♥s✐✈❛s✱ ár❡❛s ✢♦r❡st❛✐s ❡ ár❡❛s s♦❜ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳
❊♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❞❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ é ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s
♦✉ ❧❡❣❛✐s✳ ▼❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉tr♦ ♥✐❝❤♦ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠
❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ sã♦ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳
❆ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ é r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛ ❡ ✉♠ ❝❛tá✲

❧♦❣♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡st✉❞❛✲
❞♦s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❏✉❧✐❡♥ ✫ ●r✐✣t❤s ✭✶✾✾✾✮✳
❚❛♠❜é♠✱ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞❛
❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❛♥❛✐s ❞♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙②♠♣♦s✐❛ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧
❈♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❲❡❡❞s✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ três ♦✉ q✉❛tr♦ ❛♥♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ♦s
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡♠ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és
❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ♥♦s s✐t❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s s✐t❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
■♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❡ ❊♥❞❡r❡ç♦
■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✭■❖❇❈✮
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✉♥✐♣❛✳✐t✴✐♦❜❝✴
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❋❧♦r✐❞❛ ❈❡♥t❡r ❢♦r ❆q✉❛t✐❝ ❛♥❞ ■♥✈❛s✐✈❡ P❧❛♥ts
❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❧❛♥ts✳✐❢❛s✳✉✢✳❡❞✉✴
❲❡❡❞s ✐♥ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛ ✕ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♥tr♦❧
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇❡❡❞s✳❣♦✈✳❛✉✴♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✴❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧✲❝♦♥tr♦❧✳❤t♠❧
❯❙❉❆ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r②
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❛rs✲❡❜❝❧✳♦r❣✴
❲❡❡❞ ❋❡❡❞❡rs✴❈♦r♥❡❧❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜✐♦❝♦♥tr♦❧✳❡♥t♦♠♦❧♦❣②✳❝♦r♥❡❧❧✳❡❞✉✴✇❡❡❞✳❤t♠❧
❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❲❡❡❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❛✐r✐❡ ✭❈❛♥❛❞á✮
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✳❣♦✈✳s❦✳❝❛✴❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❴❈♦♥tr♦❧❴❲❡❡❞s
92 Tessmann
Referências
❆❞❛♠s✱ ❊✳❇✳✱ ❋✉♥❣✐ ✐♥ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ❜✐♦❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s✳ ■♥✿ ❇✉r❣❡✱ ◆✳▼✳✱
✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❋✉♥❣✐ ✐♥ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❙②st❡♠s✳ ▼❛♥❝❤❡st❡r✱ ❯❑✿ ▼❛♥✲
❝❤❡st❡r ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✽✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✶✕✶✷✸✳
❈❡♥t❡r✱ ❚✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s✿ ✇❛t❡r❤②❛❝✐♥t❤ ❛♥❞ ✇❛t❡r❧❡tt✉❝❡✳ ■♥✿
❘♦s❡♥✱ ❉✳❀ ❇❡♥♥❡tt✱ ❋✳❉✳ ✫ ❈❛♣✐♥❡r❛✱ ❏✳▲✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ P❡st ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t
✐♥ t❤❡ ❙✉❜tr♦♣✐❝s✳ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✕ ❛ ❋❧♦r✐❞❛ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ❆♥❞♦✈❡r✱
❊❯❆✿ ■♥t❡r❝❡♣t✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ♣✳ ✹✽✶✕✺✷✶✳
❈❤❛r✉❞❛tt❛♥✱ ❘✳✱ ■♥✉♥❞❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❞✐❣❡♥♦✉s ❢✉♥❣❛❧
♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥s✳ ■♥✿ ❇✉r❣❡✱ ◆✳▼✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❋✉♥❣✐ ✐♥ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❙②s✲
t❡♠s✳ ▼❛♥❝❤❡st❡r✱ ❯❑✿ ▼❛♥❝❤❡st❡r ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✽✳ ♣✳ ✽✻✕✶✶✵✳
❈❤❛r✉❞❛tt❛♥✱ ❘✳✱ Pr♦s♣❡❝ts ❢♦r ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s ❜② ♣❧❛♥t ♣❛t❤♦✲
❣❡♥s✳ ❋✐t♦♣❛t♦❧ ❇r❛s✱ ✶✺✿✶✸✕✶✾✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❈❤❛r✉❞❛tt❛♥✱ ❘✳ ✫ ❍✐❡❜❡rt✱ ❊✳✱ ❆ ♣❧❛♥t ✈✐r✉s ❛s ❛ ❜✐♦❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❢♦r tr♦♣✐❝❛❧
s♦❞❛ ❆♣♣❧❡✱ ❙♦❧❛♥✉♥ ✈✐❛r✉♠✳ ❖✉t❧♦♦❦s P❡st ▼❛♥❛❣✱ ✶✽✿✶✻✼✕✶✼✶✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
❈❤❛r✉❞❛tt❛♥✱ ❘✳❀ ▲❛❜r❛❞❛✱ ❘✳❀ ❈❡♥t❡r✱ ❚✳❉✳ ✫ ❑❡❧❧②✲❇❡❣❛③♦✱ ❈✳✱ ❙tr❛t❡❣✐❡s
❢♦r ❲❛t❡r ❍②❛❝✐♥t❤ ❈♦♥tr♦❧✳ ❘♦♠❡✱ ■t❛❧②✿ ❋❆❖✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ✷✶✼ ♣✳
❉❛♥✐❡❧✱ ❏✳❚✳❀ ❚❡♠♣❧❡t♦♥✱ ●✳❊✳❀ ❙♠✐t❤✱ ❘✳❏✳ ✫ ❋♦①✱ ❲✳❚✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧
♦❢ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❥♦✐♥t✈❡t❝❤ ✐♥ r✐❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❡♥❞❡♠✐❝ ❢✉♥❣❛❧ ❞✐s❡❛s❡✳ ❲❡❡❞
❙❝✐✱ ✷✶✿✸✵✸✕✸✵✼✱ ✶✾✼✸✳
❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦✱ ●✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❘❡✈ ❆♥✉ P❛t♦❧ P❧❛♥t❛s✱ ✸✿✶✶✶✕✶✸✷✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
❋♦♥t❡s✱ ❊✳●✳❀ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✱ ❈✳❆✳❉✳❀ P✐r❡s✱ ❈✳❙✳❙✳ ✫ ❙✉❥✐✐✱ ❊✳❘✳✱ ❈✉rr❡♥t st❛t✉s
♦❢ t❤❡ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✳ ■♥✿ ❉❡❧❢♦ss❡✱ ❊✳❙✳ ✫ ❙❝♦tt✱
❘✳❘✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ Pr♦❝✳ ♦❢ 8th ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧
❈♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❲❡❡❞s✳ ▼❡❧❜♦✉r♥❡✱ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛✿ ❉❙■❘✴❈❙■❘❖✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ♣✳ ✻✾✸✳
●r♦❞♦✇✐t③✱ ▼✳❏✳❀ ❈❡♥t❡r✱ ❘✳❉✳❀ ❈♦♥❢r❛♥❝❡s❝♦✱ ❆✳❊✳ ✫ ❋r❡❡❞♠❛♥✱ ❏✳❆✳✱ ❘❡✲
❧❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❍②❞r❡❧❧✐❛ ❜❛❧❝✐✉♥❛s✐ ✭❉✐♣t❡r❛✿ ❊♣❤②❞r✐❞❛❡✮
❢♦r t❤❡ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜♠❡rs❡❞ ❛q✉❛t✐❝ ♣❧❛♥t ❍②❞r✐❧❧❛ ✈❡rt✐✲
❝✐❧❧❛t❛ ✭❍②❞r♦❝❤❛r✐t❛❝❡❛❡✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯♥✐t❡❞ ❙t❛t❡s✳ ❇✐♦❧ ❈♦♥tr♦❧✱ ✾✿✶✺✕✷✸✱
✶✾✾✼✳
❏✉❧✐❡♥✱ ▼✳❍✳ ✫ ●r✐✣t❤s✱ ▼✳❲✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❲❡❡❞s✿ ❆ ❲♦r❧❞
❈❛t❛❧♦❣✉❡ ♦❢ ❆❣❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❚❤❡✐r ❚❛r❣❡t ❲❡❡❞s✳ ✸❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❲❛❧❧✐♥❣❢♦r❞✱
❊❯❆✿ ❈❆❇ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ✷✶✷ ♣✳
▼❝❋❛❞②❡♥✱ ❘✳❊✳❈✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s✳ ❆♥♥✉ ❘❡✈ ❊♥t♦♠♦❧✱
✹✸✿✸✻✾✕✸✾✸✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
▼♦rr✐s✱ ▼✳❏✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♠②❝♦❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ❢♦r ❛♥ ✐♥✈❛s✐✈❡ s❤r✉❜✱
❍❛❦❡❛ s❡r✐❝❡❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ tr❡❡✱ ❆❝❛❝✐❛ ♠❡❛r♥s✐✐✱ ✐♥ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛✳ ■♥✿ ▼♦r❛♥✱
❏✳❱✳ ✫ ❍♦✛♠❛♥♥✱ ❏✳❍✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ Pr♦❝✳ ♦❢ t❤❡ 9th ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙②♠♣♦✲
s✐✉♠ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❲❡❡❞s✳ ❙t❡❧❧❡♥❜♦s❤✱ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛✿
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❈❛♣❡ ❚♦✇♥ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ♣✳ ✺✹✼✳
▼♦rt❡♥s❡♥✱ ❑✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s ✉s✐♥❣ ♠✐❝r♦♦r❣❛♥✐s♠s✳ ■♥✿ ❇♦✲

❧❛♥❞✱ ●✳❏✳ ✫ ❑✉②❦❡♥❞❛❧❧✱ ❉✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ P❧❛♥t✲▼✐❝r♦❜❡ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞
❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♥tr♦❧✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ▼❛r❝❡❧ ❉❡❦❦❡r✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ♣✳ ✷✷✸✕✷✹✾✳
P❤❛t❛❦✱ ❙✳❈✳❀ ❈❛❧❧❛✇❛②✱ ▼✳❇✳ ✫ ❱❛✈r✐♥❛✱ ❈✳❙✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ✐ts
✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✇❡❡❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t s②st❡♠s ❢♦r ♣✉r♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ②❡❧❧♦✇ ♥✉t✲
s❡t❣❡ ✭❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ❡s❝✉❧❡♥t✉s ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✿✽✹✕✾✶✱
✶✾✽✼✳
P✐t❡❧❧✐✱ ❘✳❆✳✱ ▼❛❝ró✜t❛s ❛q✉át✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s✳
■♥✿ ❆♥❛✐s ❞♦ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ❙♦❜r❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❆q✉át✐❝❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱
❉❋✿ ■❇❆▼❆✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✕✶✺✳
P✐t❡❧❧✐✱ ❘✳❆✳❀ ❈❤❛r✉❞❛tt❛♥✱ ❘✳ ✫ ❉❡✈❛❧❡r✐♦✱ ❏✳❚✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❆❧t❡r♥❛r✐❛ ❝❛s✲
s✐❛❡✱ Ps❡♦❞♦❝❡r❝♦s♣♦r❛ ♥✐❣r✐❝❛♥s✱ ❛♥❞ s♦②❜❡❛♥ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮ ♣❧❛♥t✐♥❣
❞❡♥s✐t② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ s✐❝❦❧❡♣♦❞ ✭❙❡♥♥❛ ♦❜t✉s✐❢♦❧✐❛ ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞
❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✷✿✸✼✕✹✵✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
P♦♠❡❧❧❛✱ ❆✳❲✳❱✳❀ ❇❛rr❡t♦✱ ❘✳❲✳ ✫ ❘❡q✉✐❛✱ ❆✳❈✳✱ ❊st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛✲
çã♦ ❉✉♦s♣♦r✐✉♠ ❨❛♠❛❞❛♥✉♠ ❳ ❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ✭t✐r✐r✐❝❛✮✳ ❋✐t♦♣❛t♦❧
❇r❛s✱ ✷✶✭s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦✮✿✸✾✶✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❙❝❤r♦❡❞❡r✱ ❉✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s✿ ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞
tr❡♥❞s✳ P❡sq ❆❣r♦♣❡❝ ❇r❛s✱ ✷✼✿✶✾✶✕✷✶✷✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❚❡❜❡❡st✱ ❉✳❖✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s ✇✐t❤ ♣❧❛♥t ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥s ❛♥❞ ♠✐✲
❝r♦❜✐❛❧ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❆❞✈ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠②✱ ✺✻✿✶✶✺✕✶✸✼✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❚❡❜❡❡st✱ ❉✳❖✳❀ ❨❛♥❞✱ ❳✳❇✳ ✫ ❈✐s❛r✱ ❈✳❘✳✱ ❚❤❡ st❛t✉s ♦❢ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧
♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s ✇✐t❤ ❢✉♥❣❛❧ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥s✳ ❆♥♥✉ ❘❡✈ P❤②t♦♣❛t❤♦❧✱ ✸✵✿✻✸✼✕✻✺✼✱
✶✾✾✷✳
❨♦r✐♥♦r✐✱ ❏✳❚✳ ✫ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ♠✐❧❦✇❡❡❞ ✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡✲
r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮ ✇✐t❤ ❍❡❧♠✐♥t❤♦s♣♦r✐✉♠ s♣✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝✳ ♦❢ t❤❡ 7
th
■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧
❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❲❡❡❞s✳ ❘♦♠❡✱ ■t❛❧②✿ ❯❙❉❆✲
❆❘❙✱ ✶✾✾✵✳ ♣✳ ✺✼✶✕✺✼✽✳
94 Tessmann
✳
Capítulo 5
Alelopatia
Nádja de Moura Pires e Valter Rodrigues Oliveira
1. Introdução
◆❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛✱
♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ ♦✉ ♥❡✉tr❛✳ ➱ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ q✉❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛s ✐♥t❡r❛❥❛♠ ❞❡
♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡✱ ♦✉✱ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
♦✉ ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s sã♦ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦s✳
➚s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥❝❛❞❡✐❛♠ ❡♥tr❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s✱ ▼✉❧❧❡r
✭✶✾✻✾✮ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥♦✉ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦r s❡r ✉♠ t❡r♠♦ ♠✉✐t♦
❛♠♣❧♦ ❡ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛r ✈ár✐♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ❙③❝③❡♣❛♥s❦✐ ✭✶✾✼✼✮ ❞✐✈✐❞✐✉✲♦ ❡♠✿
❛✮ ❛❧❡❧♦s♣♦❧✐❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ✕ é ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥✲
❝✐❛ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s
❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❧✉③✱ á❣✉❛✱ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ❡ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡❀
❜✮ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ✕ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s
q✉í♠✐❝❛s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❝❡rt♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡ q✉❡✱ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❛❢❡t❛♠
♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡
❝✮ ❛❧❡❧♦♠❡❞✐❛çã♦ ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛ ✕ sã♦ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞❛s ♣♦r
♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❢ís✐❝♦ ♦✉ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠ r❡✢❡①♦ ❛♦s s❡r❡s ✈✐③✐✲
♥❤♦s✳
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s❡rá ❞❛❞❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ à ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛✳ ❊st❡ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞❡
❞✉❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❣r❡❣❛s✿ ❛❧❧❡t♦♥ ✭♠út✉♦✮ ❡ ♣❛t❤♦s ✭♣r❡❥✉í③♦✮✱ ❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦
♣♦r ▼♦❧✐s❝❤ ❡♠ ✶✾✸✼✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r✐r✲s❡ t❛♥t♦ às ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❜✐♦q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❜❡✲
♥é✜❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ às ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝✐❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♠✐✲
❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✭❘✐❝❡✱ ✶✾✽✹✮✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦
r❡❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✳ P✉t♥❛♠ ✫ ❉✉❦❡ ✭✶✾✼✽✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ❛ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦s
♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ✭❞♦❛❞♦r❛✮ ♥❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ♥♦ ❝r❡s✲
❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✭r❡❝❡♣t♦r❛s✮✳
P❛r❛ ❘✐❝❡ ✭✶✾✽✹✮✱ ❛ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ♦r❣❛✲
♥✐s♠♦✱ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦
♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥✐❜✐♥❞♦ ♦✉ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉
❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡✱ ♦✉✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆✐♥❞❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❘✐❝❡ ✭✶✾✽✹✮✱ ❛ ❛❧❡❧♦✲
♣❛t✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♥tr❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱
96 Pires & Oliveira
❡♥tr❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s

❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ▼✐❧❧❡r ✭✶✾✾✻✮ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡♠
❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s✿ ❛✉t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✕ é ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ✐♥tr❛❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛
q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛
q✉í♠✐❝❛ q✉❡ ✐♥✐❜❡ ♦✉ r❡t❛r❞❛ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡❀ ❤❡t❡r♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✕ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠
❡❢❡✐t♦ ✜t♦tó①✐❝♦ é ❧✐❜❡r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❛❢❡t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦
❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ❛ss✐♠✱ q✉❡ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❛ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ é ♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐✲
çã♦ ♣♦✐s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ♥❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉í♠✐✲
❝❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ♥❛ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡
❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❧✉③✱ á❣✉❛✱ ❣ás ❝❛r❜ô♥✐❝♦ ❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ✭❘✐❝❡✱ ✶✾✽✹✮✳ ❊♥✲
tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✱
❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭❙❡✐❣❧❡r✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳
2. Natureza e Função das Substâncias Alelopáticas

❙✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛s✱ ✜t♦t♦①✐♥❛s✱ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♦✉ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s s❡❝✉♥❞á✲
r✐♦s✱ sã♦ ❛s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s
♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐✲
❞❛❞❡✳
◆♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥✲
t♦s é s❡ ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s sã♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r
♦✉ s❡ sã♦ s✐♥t❡t✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s
❞❡❢❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s
s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✱ ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♥♦s ✈❛❝ú♦❧♦s ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡r✐❛♠ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞❛s ❛✜♠ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❛✉t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡
✭▼✉❧❧❡r✱ ✶✾✻✻❀ ❲❤✐tt❛❦❡r✱ ✶✾✼✵✮✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❛ t❡♦r✐❛ é ❝♦♥t❡st❛❞❛ ♣♦r
❙✇❛✐♥ ✭✶✾✼✼✮✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s sã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s
❝♦♠ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❡ s✉❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡ ❛s ❧❡✐s ❞❛ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛✳ ◆❡st❡
❝❛s♦✱ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛s
♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s
s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♥tr❛ ✐♥s❡t♦s ❡ ❢✉♥❣♦s✳
P❡sq✉✐s❛s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐s♦❧❛r ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉í✲
♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ❡①✐st✐♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ❛❣r✉♣á✲
❧❛s✳ ❲❤✐tt❛❦❡r ✫ ❋❡❡♥② ✭✶✾✼✶✮ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠✲♥❛s ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❣r✉♣♦s✿ á❝✐❞♦
❝✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ ✢❛✈♦♥ó✐❞❡s✱ t❡r♣❡♥ó✐❞❡s✱ ❡st❡ró✐❞❡s ❡ ❛❧❝❛❧ó✐❞❡s✳ ❊st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s
r❡❧❛t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❧✐❝♦sí❞❡♦s ❡ ❡s✲
t❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tó①✐❝❛s✱ sã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛çú❝❛r❡s ❡
t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ✐♥ó❝✉❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳ ❖s ❣❧✐❝♦sí❞❡♦s ❡stã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠
s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦s ✈❛❝ú♦❧♦s ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ❞❛s
❢✉♥çõ❡s ♣r♦t♦♣❧❛s♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❖✉tr❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s
✭t❛♥✐♥♦✱ r❡s✐♥❛ ❡ ❧át❡①✮ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ ❝r✐st❛✐s ✭♦①❛❧❛t♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✐♦✮✳ P❛r❛ P✉t♥❛♠
Alelopatia 97
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ Pr♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦s ❡ r♦t❛ ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ ❞❡ sí♥t❡s❡✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿

❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❘✐❝❡ ✭✶✾✽✹✮✳
✭✶✾✽✽✮✱ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ s❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í✲

♠✐❝♦s é ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❡s ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❞❡s❞❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❤✐❞r♦❝❛r❜♦♥❡t♦s✱
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦✱ ❛té ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣♦❧✐❝í❝❧✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♣❡s♦s
♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✶✵✳✵✵✵
♣r♦❞✉t♦s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❛çã♦ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ♣❡✲
q✉❡♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✭❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱
✶✾✾✵✮✳
❘✐❝❡ ✭✶✾✽✹✮ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐✲
❝♦s ❡♠ ✶✹ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s✉❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛s s✉❛s
♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s ✈✐❛s ❞❡ sí♥t❡s❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✮✳
❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛✉t♦tró✜❝❛s✱ sã♦ ✐♠ó✈❡✐s✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ♣♦r ✐st♦
❡s❝❛♣❛r ❞♦ ❛t❛q✉❡ ❞♦s s❡✉s ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s✳ P♦r ❡st❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢✉♥çã♦
98 Pires & Oliveira
❞♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s é ❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ♦✉ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❞❡st❛s ❝♦♥tr❛ ♦ ❛t❛q✉❡

❞❡ ✜t♦♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s ❡ ♣r❛❣❛s ♦✉ ✐♥✈❛sã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❲❤✐tt❛❦❡r✱ ✶✾✼✵❀
▲♦✈❡tt✱ ✶✾✽✷✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ P✉t♥❛♠ ✫ ❉✉❦❡ ✭✶✾✼✹✮✱ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛
❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❞❛
s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ♣♦✐s ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ q✉❡ é tó①✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡
✈❡❣❡t❛❧✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥ó❝✉♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛✳
3. Liberação dos Aleloquímicos no Ambiente

❆s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛s sã♦ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞❛s ❞♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ♣♦r ✈♦❧❛✲
t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦✱ ❡①s✉❞❛çã♦ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s
✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ✭❘✐❝❡✱ ✶✾✽✹✮✳ ❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡st❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡
✐♥st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ❛♣ós s✉❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦✳
• ❱♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✿ ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✈♦❧át✐❧ sã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✲
❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛r♦♠át✐❝❛s✱
❝♦♠♦ ❛ r♦s❡✐r❛ ✭❘♦s❛ s♣✳✮✱ ♦ ❡✉❝❛❧✐♣t♦ ✭❊✉❝❛❧②♣t✉s s♣✳✮ ❡ ♦ ♠❡♥✲
tr❛st♦ ✭❆❣❡r❛t✉♠ ❝♦♥②③♦✐❞❡s ✮ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡
❧✐❜❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ✈♦❧át❡✐s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ♥❡✲
❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦❝✐✈♦s ❛ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❖s ❝❛s♦s ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❞❡
❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ✈♦❧át❡✐s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ár✐❞❛s ❡ ❞❡ t❡♠✲
♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛✳ ❖ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ é ❞♦s ❝❤❛♣❛rr❛✐s ❞❛ ❈❛❧✐❢ór♥✐❛✱
♦♥❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛r❜✉st✐✈❛s✱ ❙❛❧✈✐❛ ❧❡✉❝♦❝❡♣❤②❧❧❛ ❡ ❆rt❡♠✐s✐❛ ❝❛❧✐✲
❢♦r♥✐❝❛✱ ❧✐❜❡r❛♠ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✈♦❧át❡✐s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞♦s t❡r♣❡♥♦s✱
❛s q✉❛✐s ✐♠♣❡❞❡♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛çã♦
♥✉♠ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛ ❞♦✐s ♠❡tr♦s ✭P✉t♥❛♠✱ ✶✾✽✼✮✳ ❊st❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s
✈♦❧át❡✐s sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ✢♦ríst✐❝❛ ♥♦
❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
• ▲✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦✿ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❧✐①✐✈✐✲
❛❞❛ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝❤✉✈❛ ♦✉ ♦r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦s
❛té ♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♠❛✐s ❧✐①✐✈✐❛❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♦s á❝✐✲
❞♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱ ♦s ❛çú❝❛r❡s✱ ♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s✱ ❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣é❝t✐❝❛s✱
♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❣✐❜❡ré❧✐❝♦✱ ♦s t❡r♣❡♥ó✐❞❡s✱ ♦s ❛❧❝❛❧ó✐❞❡s ❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❢❡♥ó✲
❧✐❝♦s ✭P✉t♥❛♠✱ ✶✾✽✼✮✳ ❈♦❧t♦♥ ✫ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✭✶✾✽✵✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦
❧✐①✐✈✐❛❞♦ ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❆❜✉t✐❧♦♥ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐ ✐♥✐❜✐✉ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❛ s♦❥❛ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮✳
• ❊①s✉❞❛çã♦ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r✿ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡①✉❞❛♠ ♣❡❧❛s r❛í③❡s ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s
♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐✲
❝❛s✳ ➱ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ s❛❜❡r ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ s❡ ❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦
s♦❧♦✱ às q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦s✱ sã♦ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s
❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛s r❛í③❡s✱ ♦✉ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❛ ❡❧❛s
❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ♦✉ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s r❡sí❞✉♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱
♥♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♠♦rt❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s♣r❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❛s r❛í③❡s
Alelopatia 99
✭❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳ ❊st✉❞♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❨✉ ✫ ▼❛ts✉✐ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ♠♦str❛✲

r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❡①s✉❞❛❞♦ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ ♣❡♣✐♥♦ ✭❈✉❝✉♠✐s s❛t✐✈✉s ✮ ❝♦♥té♠
❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❝✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ q✉❡ ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ í♦♥s
♣♦r ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ✐♥t❛❝t❛s ❞❡ ♣❡♣✐♥♦✳
• ❉❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s✿ ❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í✲
♠✐❝♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ à ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r
❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s r❡sí❞✉♦s✱
♣❡❧♦ r♦♠♣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡❝✐❞♦s ♦✉ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝♦♠✲
♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❡①tr❛✈❛s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦
❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦✲
❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ✭❘✐❝❡✱ ✶✾✽✹❀ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱
♦s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐t♦s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ sã♦ ♠❛✐s tó①✐❝♦s ❞♦ q✉❡
♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳
❊st✉❞♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣♦r Pr❛t❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✾❛✱❜✮ r❡✈❡❧❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛
♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❛ ❧❡✉❝❡♥❛ ✭▲❡✉❝❛❡♥❛ ❧❡✉❝♦❝❡♣❤❛❧❛ ✮ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦
✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛ ❛♦ s♦❧♦✱ r❡❞✉③✐✉ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❡❢❡✐t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s✳ ■st♦ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♠✐♠♦s✐♥❛✱ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❡st❛
❧❡❣✉♠✐♥♦s❛✱ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧ ✭❈❤♦✉ ✫ ❑✉♦✱
✶✾✽✻✮✳
❆ ❛çã♦ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❞❡❝♦♠✲
♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✳ ❖ tr✐❣♦
✭❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ✮ s❡♠❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ r❡st♦s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱
♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✱ às ✈❡③❡s✱ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡t❛r❞❛❞♦✱ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ✜t♦t♦①✐♥❛ ❡①s✉❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❢✉♥❣♦
P❡♥✐❝✐❧❧✐✉♠ ✉rt✐❝❛❡✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❛❧❤❛ ✭❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳
❖s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s r❡sí❞✉♦s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ❡♠ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦✱
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❞❡s✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥❛s
♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s r❡sí❞✉♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s
é ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦r ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❡ ♦s
❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s r❡sí❞✉♦s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ✭P❛tr✐❝❦✱ ✶✾✼✶✮✳
4. Metodologias de Estudo da Alelopatia

◆♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r ❡ ♣r♦✈❛r ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ❞❡
❛❧❣✉♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦✱ ❋✉❡rst ✫ P✉t♥❛♥ ✭✶✾✽✸✮ s✉❣❡r❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦
❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❡t❛♣❛s✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦s ♣♦st✉❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❑♦❝❤✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡
s❡❣✉❡✿
✶✳ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r
❛ s✐♥t♦♠❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡✱ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦❀
✷✳ ■s♦❧❛r✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s✲
♣é❝✐❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛
q✉í♠✐❝❛❀
100 Pires & Oliveira
✸✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛✭s✮ t♦①✐♥❛✭s✮ ❡♠ ❞♦s❡s s❡✲

♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❛q✉❡❧❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ♥♦s ❡stá❞✐♦s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s
❞❡ s✉s❝❡t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡❀
✹✳ ▼♦♥✐t♦r❛r ❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞♦❛❞♦r✱ ❞❡t❡❝✲
t❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭s♦❧♦✱ ♣❧❛♥t❛✱ ❛r✮ ❡
s✉❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ r❡❝❡♣t♦r✳
❆ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❢❡✐t❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♦✉
♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✳ ❱ár✐❛s sã♦ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❡①✲
tr❛✐r ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s sã♦ ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❞❡
♣❛rt❡s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s tr✐t✉r❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❡①tr❛t♦r ♦r❣â✲
♥✐❝♦ ✭á❧❝♦♦❧✱ ❛❝❡t♦♥❛✱ ét❡r✱ ❝❧♦r♦❢ór♠✐♦✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ♦✉ á❣✉❛✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦✲s❡✱ ❛♣ós
✜❧tr❛❣❡♠✱ ♦ ❡①tr❛t♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦s✳ ❊st❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r
t❡st❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ✭✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❛s✮ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛❧❢❛❝❡✱ ❛ ♠❛✐s s❡♥sí✈❡❧
❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s✱ ♦ t♦♠❛t❡ ♦✉ ♦ r❛❜❛♥❡t❡ ✭▼❡❞❡✐r♦s✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳
❉❡✈❡✲s❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ♠❛❝❡r❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ s♦❧✈❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦
❛ á❣✉❛✱ ❡①tr❛❡♠ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥♦r♠❛✐s ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛♠ ❧✐❜❡✲
r❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦❜t❡r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♥❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s
✭■♥❞❡r❥✐t ✫ ❉❛❦s❤✐♥✐✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ é r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❡①tr❛✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♠❡t❛✲
❜ó❧✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✐❜✐r ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛✳ P♦ré♠✱ é ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡
❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♣r♦✈❛r ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ q✉❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ✐♥✐❜✐tór✐♦ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦
à ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ à ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ♣♦r á❣✉❛✱ ❧✉③ ❡ ♥✉tr✐✲
❡♥t❡s✳ ❉❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ q✉❡ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ♦s ❡①tr❛t♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s
❞❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✱
♣♦✐s ❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛r ❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ t❡st❡s
❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝❛s❛ ❞❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛çã♦ tê♠ q✉❡ s❡r tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❛✉t❡❧❛
♣♦✐s✱ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❧✐✲
①✐✈✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✭❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳
❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡s✲
t✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛✳ ❊st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠
♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ✈✐✈♦ ✕ ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ♦✉ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✕ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r✲
♠✐♥❛❞❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ♦✉✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❛ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐t♦s✱ s❡r✈✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛
♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❡✱ ♦✉✱ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✉❜str❛t♦
✭❙❛♥t❡❧♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✼✼❀ ❙tr❡✐❜✐❣✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳ ➱ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ út✐❧ ❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛
♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✲
❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❢r❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦
❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❜✐♦❛t✐✈♦s ✭▲❡❛t❤❡r ✫ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ✶✾✽✻✮ ✭❋✐✲
❣✉r❛ ✷✮✳
➱ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦✱ ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦
s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✲❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❞♦s❡✲r❡s♣♦st❛
Alelopatia 101
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢r❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱

♣✉r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▲❡❛t❤❡r ✫
❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✭✶✾✽✻✮✳
❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ✭▲❡❛t❤❡r ✫ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ✶✾✽✻✮✳ ❊st❛ ❝✉r✈❛

❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ é ❡♥tã♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡①✐s✲
t❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ é ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ✐♥✲
❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞♦ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦✱ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦✱
❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣♦s✲
t♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛✲t❡st❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛ ✭▲❡❛t❤❡r ✫
❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ✶✾✽✻✮✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞❛s ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠
t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦ q✉❡ é ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛✳
❖✉tr♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦s ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦s é q✉❡✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❧♦✲
♣át✐❝♦s ❞♦s ❡①tr❛t♦s r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s s✐♥ér❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❛❧❡✲
❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ✭❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❡stá ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦

♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛t✉❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦
❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❛t✐✈❛s só ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❛♣ós ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r
✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭■♥❞❡r❥✐t✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛
♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ P❛rt❤❡♥✐✉♠ ❤②st❡r♦♣❤♦r✉s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡
❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♣❡❧❛s r❛í③❡s ♥♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✢♦r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❑❛♥❝❤❛♥ ✫ ❏❛②❛✲
❝❤❛♥❞r❛♥✱ ✶✾✼✾✮✳ ❆ ❆✈❡♥❛ ❢❛t✉❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦
tr✐❣♦✱ ♠❛s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❢♦❧❤❛s ✭❙❝❤✉♠❛❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✽✸✮✳
❖ ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡st❛r ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s
é ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ✭♦✉ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ ❡stí♠✉❧♦✮ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡st❡ ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦ é ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❡ P❡tr✐✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✉❜str❛t♦ s❛t✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
t❡st❡✳ ❊st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ é ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❢♦t♦♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛
ót✐♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳ ❆ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡
❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦ ✈❛r✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ♠❛s ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ é ✉♠ t❡st❡ ❞❡
❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱
rá♣✐❞♦ ❡ r❡q✉❡r ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛ s❡r ❡st✉❞❛❞❛✳
❯♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧ ♥♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❧♦✲
♣át✐❝♦s ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❚❛♥❣ ✫ ❨♦✉♥❣ ✭✶✾✽✷✮✱ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲
❤❡♠❛rt❤r✐❛ ✭❍❡♠❛rt❤r✐❛ ❛❧t✐ss✐♠❛ ✭P✐♦r✳✮ ❙t❛♣❢ ✫ ❍✉❜❜❛r❞✮ ❡♠ ❛r❡✐❛ ✐r✲
r✐❣❛❞❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥✉tr✐t✐✈❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛
r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡s✐♥❛ ❛❞s♦r✈❡❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐✲
t♦s ❤✐❞r♦❢ó❜✐❝♦s ❡①tr❛✲❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❆s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡❧✉í❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡t❛♥♦❧ ❡ ♦
❧íq✉✐❞♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❢r❛çõ❡s ♥❡✉tr❛✱ á❝✐❞❛ ❡ ❜ás✐❝❛✳ ❇✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦s
❞♦s ❡①s✉❞❛t♦s r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❢❛❝❡ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❝♦♠
❝r♦♠❛t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡❧❣❛❞❛✱ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦✲
r❡s ❡r❛♠✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s✳ ❊st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠
q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❡①s✉❞❛t♦s r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❢♦✐ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ s♦❧✈❡♥t❡s✱
♣♦✐s ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛❞♦ ❡✱ ❞❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ é
♠✉✐t♦ út✐❧ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ r✐③♦s❢❡r❛✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✈♦❧át❡✐s✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡
❡♠ s❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞♦❛❞♦r❛ ✭❢♦♥t❡ ❞❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s✮ ♦✉ ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡st❛✱
❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✲t❡st❡ ✭✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❛✮ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝❛♠♣â♥✉❧❛s ❞❡ ✈✐❞r♦✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐✲
❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s s❡❥❛ ❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛✳ P❛r❛ s❡ ❛♠♦str❛r ♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ✈♦❧át❡✐s
❞✐s♣❡rs♦s ♥♦ ❛r ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ❝❛♠♣â♥✉❧❛ ❡ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❧♦✲
♣át✐❝♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ s❡r✐♥❣❛✳ ❆ ❛♠♦str❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛ é ❡♥tã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛ ♣♦r
❝r♦♠❛t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❣❛s♦s❛ ✭❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳
◆♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♦✉ ♦s r❡sí❞✉♦s ✈❡✲
❣❡t❛✐s✱ ♦s ❧✐①✐✈✐❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❧❛✈❛❣❡♠ ❞❡st❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❝♦♠
á❣✉❛✳ ❖ ❡①tr❛t♦ r❡❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ é ❡♥tã♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✲t❡st❡✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣❧❛❝❛s ❞❡ P❡tr✐✳
Alelopatia 103
P❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❜✐♦❡♥✲

s❛✐♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭■♥❞❡r❥✐t✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❙❤✐❧❧✐♥❣ ✫ ❨♦s❤✐❦❛✇❛ ✭✶✾✽✼✮ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ✉♠
❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐✲
❝♦s α✲♣❤❡♥②❧❛❝❡t✐❝♦ ❡ ♣ ✲❡t❤♦①②❜❡♥③♦✐❝♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ❡ ❙❡s❜❛♥✐❛ ❡①❛❧t❛t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✲t❡st❡✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❜✐♦♠❛ss❛ ❢r❡s❝❛ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❡ ❞❛s
r❛í③❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s
❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❡st✉❞♦s tê♠ ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
r❛✐③ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♠❛✐s s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛
✭❇❧✉♠ ✫ ❘❡❜❜❡❝❦✱ ✶✾✽✾❀ ▲②✉ ✫ ❇❧✉♠✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ ■♥❞❡r❥✐t ✫ ❉❛❦s❤✐♥✐✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s ❡st❡s ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❛t✐✲
✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ✐s♦❧❛r ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝r♦♠❛t♦❣r❛✲
✜❛ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ ✭❍P▲❈✮✱ ❣❛s♦s❛ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛✱ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s
❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s ❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s
❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ✭❉❡② ✫ ❍❛r❜♦♥❡✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ ■♥❞❡r❥✐t ✫ ❉❛❦s❤✐♥✐✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
Pr♦✈❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s r✐❣♦r♦s♦s✱ ♠❛s✱
t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✱
✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ só ♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡s♣❡✲
❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❡♠ ❜✐♦q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ s♦❧♦s✱ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s
ár❡❛s✳
5. Mecanismos e Modo de Ação dos Aleloquímicos

❆ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s q✉❛✐s ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♠♦✲
❞✐✜❝❛♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s
♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ✉♠ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦✱ ✐st♦ ❡♠ r❛③ã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ❡st❛ q✉❡stã♦✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠
❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✭✶✾✽✻✮✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s sã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉s ✐♠✲
♣❛❝t♦s ♥❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ s❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s
q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❯♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ s❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡s✲
♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ s♦❜r❡
❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❆s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ t❡♠ ♣❡r♠✐✲
t✐❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s
♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦s ♣r✐♠ár✐♦s ❡ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❉❡ ✉♠❛
♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s s❡ r❡s✉♠❡ à ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s ❛t✐✲
✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✈✐t❛✐s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡✱ r❡s♣✐r❛çã♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛çã♦
❞❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s✱ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥③✐♠át✐❝❛s✱ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞❛ ♣❧❛s♠❛❧❡♠❛ ❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✭❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ✶✾✽✽❀ ❙✐q✉❡✐r❛
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳
5.1 Regulação do crescimento

• ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r
✿ ❆ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❡ ♦ ❛❧♦♥❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r sã♦ ❢❛s❡s ❡ss❡♥✲
❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s
✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❡st❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳ ❙✉❜stâ♥✲
❝✐❛s ✈♦❧át❡✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧✈✐❛ ❧❡✉❝♦♣❤②❧❧❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝✐♥❡♦❧❡ ❡ ❝â♥❢♦r❛
r❡❞✉③✐r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❡ ♦ ❛❧♦♥❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❡
❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛ r❛❞í❝✉❧❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❤✐♣♦❝ót✐❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡♣✐♥♦ ✭▼✉❧❧❡r✱ ✶✾✻✺✮✳
• ❙í♥t❡s❡ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✿ ❱ár✐♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♠ ❛ ❜✐♦s✲
sí♥t❡s❡ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡
❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ♥❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✳ ❱❛♥ ❙✉♠❡r❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✾✼✶✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❝♦✉✲
♠❛r✐♥❛✱ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❝✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦s ❛❧❞❡✐❞♦s✱
✐♥✐❜✐r❛♠ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ 14 ❈✲❢❡♥✐❧❛❧❛♥✐♥❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡✈❡❞✉r❛
✭❙❛❝❝❤❛r♦♠②❝❡s ❝❡r❡✈✐s✐❛❡ ✮✳ ❚❡st❡s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❝♦✉♠❛r✐♥❛ ❡ á❝✐❞♦
❢❡rú❧✐❝♦ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ s✉♣r✐♠✐❞♦s ❡♠
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❢❛❝❡ ✭▲❛❝t✉❝❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✮ ❡ ❡♠❜r✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❝❡✈❛❞❛ ✭❍♦r❞❡✉♠
✈✉❧❣❛r❡ ✮✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡
♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ♣❡❧♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❝✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❢❡rú❧✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r s❡❣✉r♦ ❞❛
❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s á❝✐❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❢❛❝❡✳ ❊♠
❝♦♥tr❛♣❛rt✐❞❛✱ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✺✵ µ▼ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦ ❝❧♦r♦❣ê♥✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❧♦s ❞❡
Pr✉♥✉s ❛✈✐✉♠✱ ❝❛✉s♦✉ ♣r♦❧✐❢❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡❝✐❞♦ ❡ ❡❧❡✈❛çã♦ ♥❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡
sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ s✉❣❡r✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ q✉❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡st✐✲
♠✉❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡st❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧✐❢❡♥ó✐s ✭❋❡✉❝❤ ✫ ❙❝❤♠✐❞✱ ✶✾✽✵✮✳
❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s
❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ♥♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ é ♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡❧✳
• ■♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❤♦r♠ô♥✐♦s✿ ❆té ❤♦❥❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr✐❣❛♥t❡
q✉❡stã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ s❛❜❡r ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♦
❞❡❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r♠ô♥✐♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✭✶✾✽✻✮✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❡✲
❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s é ❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧
❞♦ á❝✐❞♦ ✐♥❞♦❧❛❝ét✐❝♦ ✭❆■❆✮✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♦✉tr❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡s✲
❝♦♣♦❧❡t✐♥❛ ❡ ♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❝❧♦r♦❣ê♥✐❝♦✱ ❝✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ✐♥✐❜❛♠ ♦✉
❡st✐♠✉❧❡♠ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❆■❆✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ▲❡❡ ❡t ❛❧✳
✭✶✾✽✷✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠
❞♦✐s ❣r✉♣♦s✿ s✉♣r❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❞❡str✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❆■❆✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❝❧♦✲
r♦❣ê♥✐❝♦✱ ❝❛❢é✐❝♦ ❡ ❢❡rú❧✐❝♦ ❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❆■❆ ♦①✐❞❛s❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s
á❝✐❞♦s ♣ ✲❝✉♠ár✐❝♦✱ ♣ ✲❤✐❞r♦①✐❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ❡ ✈❛♥í❧✐❝♦✳
❆❧❣✉♥s ♣♦❧✐❢❡♥ó✐s r❡❞✉③❡♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣♦r ❧✐❣❛r❡♠✲s❡
❛♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❣✐❜❡ré❧✐❝♦ ✭●❆✮✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
♣♦r ❧✐❣❛r❡♠✲s❡ ❛♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❛❜s❝ís✐❝♦ ✭❆❇❆✮✳ ❊♠ ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❡r✈✐❧❤❛
❡ ♣❡♣✐♥♦✱ ♦ t❛♥✐♥♦ ✐♥✐❜✐✉ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ●❆
✭❈♦r❝♦r❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✼✷✮✳
P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛r ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í✲
♠✐❝♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❤♦r♠♦♥❛❧ ❡✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱
Alelopatia 105
✐♥✐❜❡♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ P❡❧❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s

♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐r q✉❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s ❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❣r❛✉ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦s
❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡stã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❡st❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s✳
• ❊❢❡✐t♦s ♥❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛s✿ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❥á s❡ s❛❜❡ q✉❡ ♦s
❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ♥❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❆■❆ ♦①✐❞❛s❡ ❡ ❛♠✐✲
❧❛s❡✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦✉tr♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❛❧t❡r❛♠ ❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡
♠✉✐t❛s ❡♥③✐♠❛s✳ ✭❏❛✐♥ ✫ ❙r✐✈❛st❛✈❛✱ ✶✾✽✶✮ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♥✐tr❛t♦ r❡❞✉t❛s❡ ❡♠ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✶✵
µ▼ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦ s❛❧✐❝í❧✐❝♦ ❡ ❢♦✐ ✐♥✐❜✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✶✵✵✵ µ▼✳ ❊♠ ✈ár✐❛s s✐t✉❛✲
çõ❡s ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s tê♠ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦ ♣r♦t❡✐♥❛s❡s ❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛s ♣❡❝t♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱
❝❛t❛❧❛s❡s✱ ♣❡r♦①✐❞❛s❡s✱ ❢♦s❢♦r✐❧❛s❡s✱ ❝❡❧✉❧❛s❡s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✭❘✐❝❡✱ ✶✾✽✹✮✳
❊♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❝❛s♦ ❢♦✐ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ s❡ t❛✐s ❡❢❡✐t♦s sã♦ ❛ ❛çã♦ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛
❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
5.2 Mecanismo respiratório

❆❧❣✉♥s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦s ♠♦♥♦t❡r♣❡♥♦s✱ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s
❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ t❛①❛ r❡s♣✐r❛tór✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ s✉✲
♣õ❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s sã♦ tó①✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡♠ t❡st❡s ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❝♦♠
tr✐❣♦ ✭❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ✮✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ♠♦♥♦t❡r♣❡♥♦s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s
❞✐♠✐♥✉ír❛♠ ❛ r❡s♣✐r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
❯♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s q✉✐♥♦♥❛s✱ ♦s ✢❛✈♦♥ó✐❞❡s ❡ ♦
á❝✐❞♦ ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♠✐t♦❝♦♥❞r✐❛✐s✳ ❙t❡♥❧✐❞ ✭✶✾✼✵✮ ✈❡✲
r✐✜❝♦✉ q✉❡ ♦s ✢❛✈♦♥ó✐❞❡s ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❚P✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦
❛s q✉✐♥♦♥❛s ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❖2 ✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❡st❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ r❡❞✉✲
③✐❞♦ ♣♦ss❛ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ r❡s♣✐r❛tór✐♦✳ ❖✉tr❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♠♦str❛♠
q✉❡ ♦s á❝✐❞♦s ♣ ✲❝✉♠ár✐❝♦✱ ❝✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❡ ✷✲♠❡t❧✐♥❛❢t♦q✉✐♥♦♥❛ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ❛ r❛✲
③ã♦ ❆❚P✴❖ ❡♠ s✉s♣❡♥sã♦ ♠✐t♦❝♦♥❞r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❡✈❡❞✉r❛✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❤♦✉✈❡
✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦s❢♦r✐❧❛çã♦ ♦①✐❞❛t✐✈❛ ✭P✉t♥❛♠✱ ✶✾✽✼✮✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ✶✾✽✻✮✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦
❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♥♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ r❡s♣✐r❛tór✐♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧
❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛s✱ ♠✐t♦❝ô♥❞r✐❛s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ t❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❛
❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✐♥t❛❝t❛✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡
❛✉t♦r✱ ♥❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡s
q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ♥♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ r❡s♣✐r❛tór✐♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
5.3 Fotossíntese e processos relacionados

• ❊❢❡✐t♦ ♥❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡✿ ❖ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦♠❛ss❛ s❡❝❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❡stá ❧✐❣❛❞♦ à ✜①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ❡✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛
❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝❛✳ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ❡st✉❞♦✉ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡s✲
❝♦♣♦❧❡t✐♥❛ ♥❛ t❛①❛ ❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝❛ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥✉tr✐t✐✈❛✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✺✵✵ ♦✉
✶✵✵✵ µ▼ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦❧❡t✐♥❛ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❞♦ t❛❜❛❝♦ ✭◆✐❝♦t✐❛♥❛ t❛✲
❜❛❝✉♠ ✮ r❡❞✉③✐✉ ❛ t❛①❛ ❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝❛ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❞✐❛
❡ ❡st❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉ ❛ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❛r ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞♦✐s ❞✐❛s✱ ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧❡♥t❛
r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❛♣ós ❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛ r❡s♣✐r❛çã♦
♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❢♦✐ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛✲
❧❡❧❛♠❡♥t❡ à ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡✳ ❊st❡ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❞✉③✐✉ ❛ t❛①❛
❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧ ✭❍❡❧✐❛♥t❤✉s ❛♥♥✉✉s ✮ ❡ ❞♦ ❝❛r✉r✉ ✭❆♠❛✲
r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ✮✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ❈3 ❡ ❈4 ✳
❊st✉❞♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ s♦r❣♦❧❡♦♥❡✱ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡①s✉✲
❞❛❞❛ ❞❛s r❛í③❡s ❞❡ s♦r❣♦✱ ❝❛✉s❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦
●♦♥③❛❧❡③ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ♦ s♦r❣♦❧❡♦♥❡ ♣r♦✈♦✉ s❡r ✉♠ ♣♦t❡♥t❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r
❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ♥♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■■ ✭❋❙■■✮ ❡♠ ❝❧♦r♦♣❧❛st♦s
✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ❡ ♥❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ❞♦ ❋❙■■✳ ◆❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♦ s♦r❣♦❧❡♦♥❡ ❡①✐❜✐✉
♠❛✐♦r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❞✐✉r♦♥✱ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐✲
❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✳
• ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❡st♦♠át✐❝❛✿ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉ q✉❡ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛
❞❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦❧❡t✐♥❛ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥✉tr✐t✐✈❛✱ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♠♦s✲
tr❛r❛♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ t✉r❣♦r ❢♦❧✐❛r ❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ t❛①❛ ❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝❛✱
♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❡❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡st♦♠át✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❧✐♠✐t♦✉
❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❖2 ✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✺✵✵ ❛
✶✵✵✵ µ▼ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦❧❡t✐♥❛ ❡ á❝✐❞♦ ❝❧♦r♦❣ê♥✐❝♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝♦✉ ♦ ❢❡❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦
❡st♦♠át✐❝♦ ❡♠ t❛❜❛❝♦ ❡ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❜♦❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦
❞❛ ❡s❝♦♣♦❧❡t✐♥❛ ♥❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❡st♦♠át✐❝❛ ❡ t❛①❛ ❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝❛✳
❆ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡st♦✲
♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❜❡♠ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝✐❞❛✳
❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉ q✉❡ ♦s ❡stô♠❛t♦s ❞❡ t❛❜❛❝♦ ❢❡❝❤❛r❛♠ ❝♦♠
❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✶✵✵✵ µ▼ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦ tâ♥✐❝♦✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❢❡t❛❞♦s
♣♦r ✶✵✵ µ▼✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦ q✉❡
❝❛✉s♦✉ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
• ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛✿ ◆♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ❝❧♦r♦s❡
t❡♠ s✐❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡s✲
t❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉ q✉❡ s❡✐s
❞✐❛s ❛♣ós ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡rú❧✐❝♦✱
♣ ✲❝✉♠ár✐❝♦ ❡ ✈❛♥í❧✐❝♦✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♣❡s♦ s❡❝♦ ❡
♠❡♥♦s ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ♥❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳
❊♠ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡✱ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❞❡ s♦r❣♦ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✲
t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ♥❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s
t❡r s✐❞♦ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦✳ ❆ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ♣❛r❛
✉♠❛ ♠❡♥♦r t❛①❛ ❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝❛✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥♦
❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❡ s♦r❣♦ ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ t❡r
❝✉✐❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉❣❡r✐r q✉❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❛❧t❡r❛ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ♣r❡ss✉♣õ❡ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❧♦✲
r♦✜❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r s✐❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❛
✉♠❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ▼❣✲♣♦r✜r✐♥❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳ ■♥❞❡r❥✐t
✭✶✾✾✻✮ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s s♦❧ú✈❡✐s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ P❧✉❝❤❡❛
Alelopatia 107
❧❛♥❝❡♦❧❛t❛ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ❡ ❛ t❛①❛ ❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝❛

❧íq✉✐❞❛ ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❛s♣❛r❣♦ ✭❆s♣❛r❛❣✉s ♦✜❝✐♥❛❧✐s ✮ s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡
❝❛s❛ ❞❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛çã♦✳
5.4 Absorção de nutrientes e processos associados

• ❆❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ í♦♥s ❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧
✿ ▼♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❜✲
s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ❝♦rt❡s ❞❡ r❛í③❡s t❡♠ ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s á❝✐❞♦s
❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ❡ ❝✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ ❛s ❤✐❞r♦q✉✐♥♦♥❛s✱ ❥✉❣❧♦♥❛✱ ♥❛r✐♥❣❡♥✐♥❛ ❡ ✢♦✲
r❡t✐♥❛ sã♦ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦✳
●❧❛ss ✭✶✾✼✸✮ ♠♦str♦✉ q✉❡ ♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ❡ ❝✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ✐♥✐❜✐r❛♠ ❛
❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ P❖3− 4 ❡ ❑+ ♣❡❧❛s r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ❝❡✈❛❞❛✳
❍❛r♣❡r ✫ ❇❛❧❦❡ ✭✶✾✽✶✮ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❍ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦
❞❡ ✻✱✺ ♣❛r❛ ✹✱✺✱ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ s❛❧✐❝í❧✐❝♦ ❝❛✉s♦✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ♥❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦
❞❡ ❑+ ♣❡❧❛s r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❡✐❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ s♦❜ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♦s
❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✐❜✐r ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s✳
P♦✉❝♦s ❡st✉❞♦s tê♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♥♦
❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♥t❛❝t❛s✳ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ❝✐t❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♦♥❞❡ ❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ♥❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡
s♦❥❛ ❡♠ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦ ❢❡rú❧✐❝♦✳ ❊st❡ á❝✐❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠
s♦r❣♦ ♥♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭✷✺✵ ❡ ✺✵✵ µ▼✮ r❡❞✉③✐✉ ❛
❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❖3− 4 ♥❛s r❛í③❡s ❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❑+ ❡ ▼❣2+ ♥❛s
r❛í③❡s✳
• ❊❢❡✐t♦ ♥❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s✿ ❖s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❜s♦r✲
çã♦ ❞❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♥❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛
❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ●❧❛ss ✫
❉✉♥❧♦♣ ✭✶✾✼✹✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❡ r❛✐③ ❞❡ ❝❡✲
✈❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s♣♦❧❛r✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✺✵✵ µ▼ ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦
s❛❧✐❝í❧✐❝♦ ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ t❛♠♣ã♦ ✭♣❍ ✼✱✷✮✳ ❖ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♠✉❞♦✉ ❞❡ ✲✶✺✵ ♠❱
♣❛r❛ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ③❡r♦ ❡♠ ✶✷ ♠✐♥✉t♦s✳ ➪❝✐❞♦s ❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ❡ ❝✐♥â♠✐❝♦
t❡st❛❞♦s ❛ ✷✺✵ µ▼✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❛✉s❛r❛♠ ❞❡s♣♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦✳ ■❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
♥í✈❡✐s ♠✐❝r♦♠♦❧❛r❡s ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ❡ ❜✉tír✐❝♦ ❝❛✉s❛r❛♠ ❞❡s♣♦✲
❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡ó♣t✐❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❡✐❛ ✭❇❛t❡s ✫
●♦❧❞s♠✐t❤✱ ✶✾✽✸✮✳ ❊①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❧❛✉sí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡❝rés❝✐♠♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦
♥♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❆❚P❛s❡✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♣r♦✲
❞✉③ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛
s❡✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳
●❧❛ss ✫ ❉✉♥❧♦♣ ✭✶✾✼✹✮ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r❛♠ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❝é✲
❧✉❧❛s ❞❡ r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ❝❡✈❛❞❛ ❡ s✉❣❡r✐r❛♠ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❝❛✉s❛r❛♠
❛✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝át✐♦♥s ❡ â♥✐♦♥s✱
❛❞♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡✢✉①♦ ♥ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ í♦♥s✳
• ❊❢❡✐t♦ ♥❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❤í❞r✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✿ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣
✭✶✾✽✻✮✱ ♦s á❝✐❞♦s ♣ ✲❝✉♠ár✐❝♦ ❡ ❢❡rú❧✐❝♦ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ á❣✉❛
❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❡ s♦r❣♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡
❞❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♦s♠ót✐❝♦ ❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ t✉r❣♦r ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✳

❆❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s q✉❡ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠
t❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s s❡✉s ❡❢❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦
♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♥❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❘✐❝❡ ✭✶✾✽✹✮✱ ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s
♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❡♥t✉♣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s✱
s✉❣❡r✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡
❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❤í❞r✐❝♦ ❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳
6. Fatores que Afetam a Intensidade dos Efeitos Alelopáticos

❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✭✶✾✾✻✮ ✐❧✉str❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s
q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✮✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❧❡❧♦✲
♣❛t✐❛ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❞❛ ❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛ ❞♦s
❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛❧t❡r❛♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
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Inibição do crescimento
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ♦

❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
▼✉✐t♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❛❞♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ s♦❢r❡♠ ❡str❡ss❡s ♣♦r

❢❛t♦r❡s ❛❜✐ót✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ r❛❞✐❛çã♦✱ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ❡ á❣✉❛ ❡✱ ♦✉✱ ❜✐ó✲
t✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❡ ♣r❛❣❛s✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦
❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐t♦s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s ✭●❡rs❤❡♥③♦♥✱ ✶✾✽✹❀ ❚✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✹❀
❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ■♥❞❡r❥✐t✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❊st❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛s sã♦ ✐♠♣♦r✲
t❛♥t❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✱ ✐♥❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡
❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❛
❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ♥❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ✭❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ✶✾✾✺✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳
❊st✉❞♦s tê♠ ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❡♠ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♥✲
❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s✳ ❚❡♠✲s❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦ q✉❡
♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❡❢❡✐t♦ ✐♥✐❜✐tór✐♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦s sã♦
❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s ✭❙t❡✐♥s✐❡❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✷❀ ◗❛s❡♠ ✫
Alelopatia 109
❆❜✉✲■r♠❛✐❧❡❤✱ ✶✾✽✺❀ ❋✐s❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✫ ❊❝✲

❦r✐❝❤ ✭✶✾✽✹✮ ❢♦✐ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦ ❢❡rú❧✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✐❜✐r ♦
❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦r❣♦ ❛ ✷✾o ❈ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✸✼o ❈✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ❢♦✐ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛
s♦❥❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✶✵✵ µ▼ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦ ❢❡rú❧✐❝♦ ♥ã♦ ❛❢❡t♦✉ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❛ ✷✸o ❈✱ ♠❛s ✐♥✐❜✐✉ ❛ ✸✹o ❈✳
◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❧✉③ ❡ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s♦ sã♦ t❛♠✲
❜é♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ r❡❣✉❧❛♠ ❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s✳ P❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ t❛❜❛❝♦ ❡①♣♦st❛s ❛ ❧✉③ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛ ♥♦ ✜♠ ❞♦ ❞✐❛ ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠
♠❛✐s ❛❧❝❛❧ó✐❞❡s ♠❛s ♠❡♥♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❡①♣♦st❛s ❛ ❧✉③
✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❞✐st❛♥t❡ ✭❑❛s♣❡r❜❛✉❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✼✵✮✳ ❘✐❝❡ ✭✶✾✽✹✮ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉ q✉❡
❞✐❛s ❧♦♥❣♦s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦ ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦ ❡ t❡r♣❡♥♦s ❡♠ ♠✉✐✲
t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
❉❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥✉tr✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❡✲
❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳ ❖s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s
❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦♣♦❧✐♥❛✳ ❘✐❝❡ ✭✶✾✽✹✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❜♦r♦✱ ❝á❧❝✐♦✱ ♠❛❣✲
♥és✐♦✱ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ ❢ós❢♦r♦✱ ♣♦táss✐♦ ♦✉ ❡♥①♦❢r❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡
á❝✐❞♦ ❝❧♦r♦❣ê♥✐❝♦ ❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦❧✐♥❛ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
❊str❡ss❡ ❤í❞r✐❝♦✱ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❡str❡ss❡s✱ ✐♥❞✉③
❛✉♠❡♥t♦ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❝❧♦r♦❣ê♥✐❝♦ ❡ ✐s♦❝❧♦r♦❣ê✲
♥✐❝♦ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❊st✉❞♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❉❡❧ ▼♦r❛❧ ✭✶✾✼✷✮ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡
❡♠ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧✱ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❡ss❡ ❤í❞r✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦
♣r♦♠♦✈❡✉ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✶✺ ✈❡③❡s ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s á❝✐❞♦s✳
❖s á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦s à ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱
♣♦❧✐♠❡r✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ às ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ♦✉ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♣❡❧❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ r❛í③❡s✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❍✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡
❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡st❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✭❑❧❡✐♥ ✫ ❇❧✉♠✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳
❆s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛s ❡ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❛s ❝❛✲
r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❡ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❈❤♦✉ ✫
❲❛❧❧❡r✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳ ❖s á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦s à r❡t❡♥✲
çã♦ r❡✈❡rsí✈❡❧ ♦✉ ✐rr❡✈❡rsí✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s ❡✱ ♦✉✱ ✐♥♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s
✭❉❛❧t♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✼✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱
♣♦✐s ✈ár✐♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✭❲❛❧❧❡r✱ ✶✾✽✼✮✳
❖❦❛♠✉r❛ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✱ ♥❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛r ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉ q✉❡
♥✉♠❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❢♦✐ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛♠♦r❢♦ ✭❛❧♦❢❛♥❛s✮ ♣♦r tr♦❝❛ ✐ô♥✐❝❛✱ ♣♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐✲
❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❡✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❤❛❧♦✐s✐t❛ ❡ ✐❧✐t❛✱ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝❛✲
téq✉✐❝♦ ❡ ♦ ♣ ✲❤✐❞r♦①✐❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♣♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ♥❛s
✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❞❡ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ❡ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣♦✉❝♦
❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦s✱ ❛❣✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛t❛❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s✳
❆ s♦rçã♦✲❞❡ss♦rçã♦ ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦ ♣ ✲❝✉♠ár✐❝♦ ✭á❝✐❞♦ ✹✲❤✐❞r♦①✐❝✐♥â♠✐❝♦s✮✱ ❞♦
á❝✐❞♦ ❢❡rú❧✐❝♦ ✭á❝✐❞♦ ✸✲♠❡t♦①✐✲✹✲❤✐❞r♦①✐❝✐♥â♠✐❝♦✮✱ á❝✐❞♦ ✈❡rátr✐❝♦ ✭á❝✐❞♦
✸✱✹✲❞✐♠❡t♦①✐❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦✮✱ á❝✐❞♦ ✈❛♥í❧✐❝♦ ✭á❝✐❞♦ ✸✲♠❡t♦①✐✲✹✲❤✐❞r♦①✐❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ✮
❡ á❝✐❞♦ ♣ ✲❤✐❞r♦①✐❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ✭á❝✐❞♦ ✹✲❤✐❞r♦①✐❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦✮ ❢♦✐ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠
s♦❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ♣♦r ❈❡❝❝❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳

❖s á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s♦r✈✐❞♦s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭<✽ ❤✮ ❡ ❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s
❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♠♦♥t❛♥t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✭♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ✽✹✪✮✳ ❆ s♦rçã♦ ❢♦✐
✐rr❡✈❡rsí✈❡❧✳ ❖ ♣ré✲tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡♠♦✈❡r ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❡
ó①✐❞♦s ♠❡tá❧✐❝♦s ❧✐✈r❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐✉ ❛ s♦rçã♦✳ ❆ s♦rçã♦ ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s
♣ ✲❝✉♠ár✐❝♦ ❡ ❢❡rú❧✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❛
s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦ ✈❡rátr✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳
❊♠ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡✱ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦
❡ ❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦ ✈❛♥í❧✐❝♦ ❡ ♣ ✲❤✐❞r♦①✐❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡
♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡st❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❛❧t❛ r❡❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s á❝✐✲
❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s✱ é ♣♦✉❝♦ ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r
tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❧♦♥❣❡ ❞♦ s❡✉ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ ❧✐♠✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ r❛✐♦ ❞❡
✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ P❛r❡❝❡ q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡s á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ t❡r ❡❢❡✐t♦s
❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❡❧❡s t❡r✐❛♠ q✉❡ ♣❡rs✐st✐r ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ❧♦♥❣♦s ♣❡✲
rí♦❞♦s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❛ ♥í✈❡✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s
♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ ❡①❡r❝❡r ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❡❧❡s
s❡❥❛♠ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s✳
❊st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ❞❡ s❛♣♦♥✐♥❛s ❞❡ r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❢❛❢❛ ✭▼❡❞✐✲
❝❛❣♦ ♠❡❞✐❛ P❊❘❙✮ ❡ tr❡✈♦ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✭❚r✐❢♦❧✐✉♠ ♣r❛t❡♥s❡ ▲✳✮ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝r❡s✲
❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❞❡ tr✐❣♦ ✭❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ▲✳✮✱ ❖❧❡s③❡❦ ✫ ❏✉r③②st❛
✭✶✾✽✼✮ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❞❡ tr✐❣♦ ❢♦✐
♠❛✐s ♣r♦♥✉♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❛r❡♥♦s♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s s♦❧♦s ❛r❣✐❧♦s♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐
❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ à ♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ♥♦s s♦❧♦s ❛r❣✐❧♦s♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥✲
s❡q✉❡♥t❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛s s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❆✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❡ ❝♦❧③❛ ✭❇r❛ss✐❝❛ ♥❛♣✉s ✮✱ s♦r❣♦
✭❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❜✐❝♦❧♦r ✮✱ ❡r✈✐❧❤❛ ✭P✐s✉♠ s❛t✐✈✉♠ ▲✳✮ ❡ tr✐❣♦ ✭❚r✐t✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✲
✈✉♠ ✮✱ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦s ❡♠ s♦❧♦ ❛r❡♥♦s♦ ❡ ❛r❣✐❧♦s♦✱ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♦
❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ tr✐❣♦✱ ❏❡ss♦♣ ✫ ❙t❡✇❛rt ✭✶✾✽✸✮ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛
r❡sí❞✉♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝♦✉ ♠❛✐♦r r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr✐❣♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❛r❡♥♦s♦ ❡
t❛♥t♦ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r
❢♦r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ♥❡st❡ s♦❧♦✳
❇❤♦✇♠✐❦ ✫ ❉♦❧❧ ✭✶✾✽✷✮✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛t♦s ❛q✉♦s♦s ❞❡ r❡sí✲
❞✉♦s s❡❝♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠✐❧❤♦
❡♠ três t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s♦❧♦s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ♠❛✐♦r
♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♠❛✐s ❛r❡♥♦s♦✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣ ✫ ▲❡❛t❤❡r ✭✶✾✽✽✮✱ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s
❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦s sã♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s s❡✈❡r♦s ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❞❡ t❡①t✉r❛ ❛r❡♥♦s❛✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠❛✐s
❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞♦s ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ♠❛✐s ❛r❣✐❧♦s♦s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛ t❡①t✉r❛✱ ♦ ♣❍ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐✲
❝❛s ❛❧t❡r❛♠ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞♦s
❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s tê♠ ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s é ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡s ❡stã♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥ã♦ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱
❥á q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❍ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ♥ã♦
❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞❛✱ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ á❝✐❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠
Alelopatia 111
♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❝✐❞❡③ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ♦✉ r❛✐③ ✭❏❛❧❛❧ ✫ ❘❡❛❞✱

✶✾✽✸✮✳
❇❧✉♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✺✮✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡rú❧✐❝♦ ❡ ♣ ✲❝✉♠ár✐❝♦
s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❞♦ ♣❡♣✐♥♦ ✭❈✉❝✉♠✐s s❛t✐✈✉s ✮ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥✉tr✐t✐✈❛✱
♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❢♦✐ ✐♥✐❜✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❞♦✐s
á❝✐❞♦s ❡ ❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡st❛s ✐♥✐❜✐çõ❡s ❢♦✐ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞♦s
á❝✐❞♦s ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❍✱ t❡♥❞♦ s✐❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❍ ✺✱✺ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✻✱✸ ❡ ✼✱✵✳
❉❛❧t♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✸✮ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ♥❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❢❡rú✲
❧✐❝♦ s♦❜ ♣❍ ✺✱✵ ❡ ✼✱✾ ❡♠ ♠♦♥t♠♦r✐❧♦♥✐t❛✳ ■st♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à
s❛t✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛+2 ✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ❡♠ ♣❍ ✼✱✾✱ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❢❡rú❧✐❝♦ ❡stá ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥✐✲
ô♥✐❝❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡ ❧✐❣❛r✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝át✐♦♥ às ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s
❞❡ ❛r❣✐❧❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ s✉❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ é ♠❡♥♦r✳ ❆ ❛❞s♦rçã♦
❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ í♦♥ tr♦❝á✈❡❧ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛rá ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s
❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦❧✐♠❡r✐③❛çã♦✳
❲❤✐t❡❤❡❛❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✶✮✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣❍ ♥❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡
❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ r❛í③❡s ❡ ♣❛❧❤❛✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s
❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡❧❡✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❍ ❞❡ ✼✱✺ ♣❛r❛
✶✵✱✺✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
♠❛✐♦r✳ ❊♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ✼✱✺ ❛s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s
❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛✐①❛s✳
❊♠ s♦❧♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❡ tr✐❣♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐✲
♦♥❛❧✱ ❡ ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s
❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥♦✉✲s❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡
❝❛r❜♦♥♦✱ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ ♣❍ ❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❇❧✉♠ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❡♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦s✱ ❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó❧✐❝♦s
❢♦✐ ♠❛✐♦r✳
❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ t❡①t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦ ♣❍ ♥❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝❧❛r♦ ❡✱ t❛❧✈❡③✱ ❡st❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
❝♦♥tr❛❞✐tór✐♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❞❡✈✐❞♦s à ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡①t✉r❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♣❍ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s
♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s s♦❧♦s✳
7. Utilização da Alelopatia no Manejo de Plantas Daninhas nos

Agroecossistemas
❯♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐s sér✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛ é ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲
❞✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ q✉❡ ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✱ é
❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✵✪ ✭❆❧t✐❡r✐ ✫ ▲✐❡❜♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦
♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s ❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞♦♠✐✲
♥❛♥t❡s✱ ♥ã♦ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ❝♦❧♦♥✐③❛♠
♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦s✳
❙♦❜ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ❛ss✉♠❡ ❞❡s✲
t❛❝❛❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❞❛s r❡❛çõ❡s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛s ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐rá ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛❣rí❝♦✲
❧❛s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱

é♣♦❝❛ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ✭●♦♠✐❞❡✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s sã♦ ❝♦♠✉♥s ♥♦s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❡ tó①✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ♠❛s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈❛✱ ❛❞♠✐t❡✲s❡ ❛ ♣♦ss✐✲
❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞♦✭s✮ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡✭s✮ ❛t✐✈♦s✭s✮
❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✭s✮✱ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ✈❛♥t❛✲
❣❡♥s ❡❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✳ ❉✐✈❡rs♦s sã♦ ♦s ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s q✉❡
♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❡♠ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❛♦s q✉í♠✐✲
❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧❝❛❧ó✐❞❡s✱ ❜❡♥③♦①✐❛③✐♥♦♥❛s✱ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦
❝✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ ❝♦✉♠❛r✐♥❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❝✐❛♥♦❣ê♥✐❝♦s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛❧❡✲
❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ✭P✉t♥❛♠✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳ ❉✉❦❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✽✮ r❡❧❛t❛♠ ♦
✉s♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❝✐♥♠❡t❤②❧✐♥✱ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦ ❞❡ t❡r♣❡♥ó✐❞❡
❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❆rt❡♠✐s✐❛ s♣✳ ❆
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡st❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦
❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❍❛t③✐♦s ✭✶✾✽✼✮ r❡❧❛t❛
❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s s✐♥t❡t✐③❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ q✉❡
sã♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✮✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❍❛t③✐♦s

✭✶✾✽✼✮✳
❈♦♠♣♦st♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❋♦♥t❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❋❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡✴P❛ís
✭♣❧❛♥t❛ ♦✉ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦✮ ✭♥♦♠❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✮
❆♥✐s♦♠✐❝✐♥❛ ❙tr❡♣t♦♠②❝❡s s♣✳ ▼❡t❤♦①②♣❤❡♥♦♥❡ ◆✐❤♦♥✴❏❛♣ã♦
❇❡♥③♦①❛③✐♥♦♥❛s ●r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❇❛♥③❛♥✐♥ ❇❆❙❋✴❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛
✭á❝✐❞♦ ❤✐❞r♦①â♠✐❝♦✮
❇✐❛❧❛❢♦s ❙tr❡♣t♦♠②❝❡s ❤②❣r♦s❝♦♣✐❝✉s ❡ ❍❡r❜✐❛❝❡❛❡ ❏❛♣ã♦
❙tr❡♣t♦♠②❝❡s ✈✐r✐❞♦❝❤r♦♠♦❣❡♥❡s
❈✐♥❡♦❧❡ ❉✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❈✐♥♠❡t❤②❧✐♥❡ ❙❤❡❧❧✴❊❯❆
➪❝✐❞♦ ❢✉sár✐❝♦ ❋✉s❛r✐✉♠ s♣✳ P✐❝❧♦r❛♠ ❉❖❲✴❊❯❆
■♣r❡①✐❧ ■♣r❡① ♣❛❝❤②♦♥ ❇❡♥③♦❞♦① ●✉❧❢✴❊❯❆
▼♦♥✐❧✐❢♦r♠✐♥❛ ❋✉s❛r✐✉♠ ♠♦♥✐❧✐❢♦r♠❡ ✸✱✹✲❞✐❜✉t♦①② ❈✐❜❛✲●❡✐❣②✴❙✉íç❛
♠♦♥✐❧✐❢♦r♠✐♥
❋♦s✜♥♦tr✐❝✐♥❛ ❙tr❡♣t♦♠②❝❡s ✈✐r✐❞♦❝❤r♦♠♦❣❡♥❡s ●❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ ❍♦❡❝❤st✴❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛
➪❝✐❞♦ q✉✐♥♦❧í♥✐❝♦ ◆✐❝♦t✐♥❛ t❛❜❛❝✉♠ ◗✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝ ❇❆❙❋✴❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛
7.1 Efeito alelopático das plantas daninhas

❊①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧
❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✷ ❡ ✸✮✳ ❊st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①s✉❞❛t♦s✱
❧✐①✐✈✐❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ✈♦❧át❡✐s✳
❍á ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❛❣r❡ss✐✈❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡✲
r❡♥❡s ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❆❣r♦♣②r♦♥ r❡♣❡♥s✱ ❈✐rs✐✉♠ ❛r✲
✈❡♥s✐s✱ ❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❤❛❧❡♣❡♥s❡ ❡ ❈②♣❡r✉s ❡s❝✉❧❡♥t✉s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛s
❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦①✐♥❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞❛s
❞❡ s✉❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ✭P✉t♥❛♠✱ ✶✾✽✼✮✳ ❚❛✐s ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦✲
❞❡♠ ❛❢❡t❛r ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣♦r
Alelopatia 113
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛

❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✕ ❉✐❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❑♦❤❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✳
P❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❈✉❧t✉r❛ r❡❝❡♣t♦r❛ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s
❞♦❛❞♦r❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡❝❡♣t♦r❛s
❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s ♣❛❧✲ ❆❧❧✐✉♠ ❝❡♣❛ ✭❝❡❜♦❧❛✮✱ ❘❡sí❞✉♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ r❡❞✉③ ♦
♠❡r✐ ✭❝❛r✉r✉✮ ❉❛✉❝✉s ❝❛r♦t❛ ✭❝❡✲ ♣❡s♦ ❢r❡s❝♦ ❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
♥♦✉r❛✮ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s
❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✲ ❩❡❛ ♠❛②s ✭♠✐❧❤♦✮✱ ●❧②✲ ❊①tr❛t♦ ❛q✉♦s♦ ✐♥✐❜❡ ♦ ❝r❡s✲
✢❡①✉s ✭❝❛r✉r✉✮ ❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✭s♦❥❛✮ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❤✐♣♦❝ót✐❧♦ ❡♠
s♦❥❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦❧❡ó♣t✐❧♦ ❡♠ ♠✐✲
❧❤♦
❆❧t❡r♥❛t❤❡r❛ tr✐❛♥✲ ●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✭s♦❥❛✮✱ ❘❡❞✉③ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛
❞r❛ ✭❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤✐♥❤♦✮ ❆r❛❝❤✐s ❤②♣♦❣❛❡❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ t❡st❡
✭❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✮✱ P❤❛s❡♦❧✉s
❛✉r❡✉s ✭❢❡✐❥ã♦✮
❆♠❜r♦s✐❛ tr✐✜❞❛ ❘❛♣❤❛♥✉s s❛t✐✈✉s ✭r❛✲ ❊①tr❛t♦ ❛q✉♦s♦ ✐♥✐❜❡ ❛ ❣❡r✲
✭❧♦s♥❛✲❞♦✲❝❛♠♣♦✮ ❜❛♥❡t❡✮✱ ❙♦r❣❤✉♠ s♣✳ ♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❞✉③ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐✲
✭s♦r❣♦✮ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s
❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ ▲❛❝t✉❝❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✭❛❧❢❛❝❡✮✱ ❊①s✉❞❛t♦ ❞❡ r❛✐③ ✐♥✐❜❡ ♦
✭♣✐❝ã♦✲♣r❡t♦✮ P❤❛s❡♦❧✉s ✈✉❧❣❛r✐s ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s
✭❢❡✐❥ã♦✲❝♦♠✉♠✮✱ ❩❡❛
♠❛②s ✭♠✐❧❤♦✮✱ ❙♦r❣❤✉♠
❜✐❝♦❧♦r ✭s♦r❣♦✮
❊✉♣❛t♦r✐✉♠ ♦❞♦✲ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ❘❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❡ ❝❛✉❧❡✱ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡
r❛t✉♠ ✭❝❛♠❜❛rá✱ ✭❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦✮✱ r❛í③❡s r❡t❛r❞❛♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛✲
♠❛t❛✲♣❛st♦✮ ❱✐❣♥❛ ✉♥❣✉✐❝✉❧❛t❛ çã♦ ❡ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ❛ ár❡❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❡
✭❢❡✐❥ã♦✲❝❛✉♣✐✮ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ s❡❝❛
P❛rt❤❡♥✐✉♠ ❤②s✲ P❤❛s❡♦❧✉s ✈✉❧❣❛r✐s ❋♦❧❤❛s s❡❝❛s ♠✐st✉r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠
t❡r♦♣❤♦r✉s ✭❧♦s♥❛✲ ✭❢❡✐❥ã♦✲❝♦♠✉♠✮✱ ❱✐❣♥❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐✲
❜r❛♥❝❛✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞❡✐r♦✮ s✐♥❡♥s✐s ✭❢❡✐❥ã♦✲❝❛✉♣✐✮ ♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♥♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛
❳❛♥t❤✐✉♠ str✉♠❛✲ ❇r❛ss✐❝❛ ❝❛♠♣❡str✐s ❊①tr❛t♦ ❛q✉♦s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
r✐✉♠ ✭❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤ã♦✮ ✭♥❛❜♦✮✱ ▲❛❝t✉❝❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛rt❡s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ r❡❞✉③ ❛ ❣❡r✲
✭❛❧❢❛❝❡✮✱ P❡♥♥✐s❡t✉♠ ♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦
❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥✉♠ ✭♠✐❧❤❡t♦✮ ♣❡s♦ s❡❝♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✲t❡st❡
❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ ❛❧❜✉♠ ●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✭s♦❥❛✮✱ ❩❡❛ ❊①tr❛t♦ ❛q✉♦s♦ ❞♦ r❡sí❞✉♦
✭❛♥ç❛r✐♥❤❛✲❜r❛♥❝❛✮ ♠❛②s ✭♠✐❧❤♦✮ ✐♥✐❜❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❛✐③
❡ ❞♦ ❝♦❧❡ó♣t✐❧♦
❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤✐rt❛ ❆r❛❝❤✐s ❤②♣♦❣❡❛ ✭❛♠❡♥✲ ❙❡❝r❡çã♦ ❞❛ r❛✐③ ❛❢❡t❛ ❛ ❣❡r✲
✭❡r✈❛ ❞❡ ❙❛♥t❛ ❞♦✐♠✮✱ ●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
▲✉③✐❛✮ ✭s♦❥❛✮✱ P❤❛s❡♦❧✉s ❛✉r❡✉s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✲t❡st❡
✭❢❡✐❥ã♦✮
❖①❛❧✐s ❝♦r♥✐❝✉❧❛t❛ ❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ❊①tr❛t♦ ❛q✉♦s♦ ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s
✭❛③❡❞✐♥❤❛✱ tr❡✈♦✮ ✭tr✐❣♦✮ ❡ t✉❜ér❝✉❧♦s r❡❞✉③ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s
❉❛t✉r❛ str❛♠♦♥✐✉♠ ❍♦r❞❡✉♠ ✈✉❧❣❛r❡ ✭❝❡✲ ❆❧❝❛❧ó✐❞❡ q✉❡ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛ ❞❛s
✭tr♦♠❜❡t❡✐r❛✮ ✈❛❞❛✮✱ ❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✲ s❡♠❡♥t❡s r❡t❛r❞❛ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐✲
✈✉♠ ✭tr✐❣♦✮ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s
▲❛♥t❛♥❛ ❝❛♠❛r❛ ●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✭s♦❥❛✮✱ ❩❡❛ ❘❡sí❞✉♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❛❢❡t❛
✭❝❛♠❜❛rá✮ ♠❛②s ✭♠✐❧❤♦✮ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛
❡ ❞❛s r❛í③❡s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✲t❡st❡
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛

❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✕ ▼♦♥♦❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❑♦❤❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✳
P❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❈✉❧t✉r❛ r❡❝❡♣t♦r❛ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s
❞♦❛❞♦r❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡❝❡♣t♦r❛s
❆❣r♦♣②r♦♥ r❡♣❡♥s ❆✈❡♥❛ s❛t✐✈❛✭❛✈❡✐❛✮✱ ❊①tr❛t♦ ❛q✉♦s♦ ❞❡ r✐③♦♠❛s
✭tr✐❣♦ s✐❧✈❡str❡✮ ❩❡❛ ♠❛②s ✭♠✐❧❤♦✮✱ ●❧②✲ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ r❡t❛r❞❛ ❛
❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✭s♦❥❛✮✱ P❤❛✲ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❞✉③ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐✲
s❡♦❧✉s ✈✉❧❣❛r✐s ✭❢❡✐❥ã♦✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❛✐③
❝♦♠✉♠✮
❈②♣❡r✉s ❡s❝✉❧❡♥t✉s ●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✭s♦❥❛✮✱ ❩❡❛ ❘❡sí❞✉♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ❡①✲
✭t✐r✐r✐❝ã♦✮ ♠❛②s ✭♠✐❧❤♦✮ tr❛t♦ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ♦ ♣❡s♦ s❡❝♦
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✲t❡st❡
❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ❆❧❧✐✉♠ ❝❡♣❛ ✭❝❡❜♦❧❛✮✱ ❊①tr❛t♦ ❛q✉♦s♦ r❡❞✉③ ❛
✭t✐r✐r✐❝❛✮ ▲②❝♦♣❡rs✐❝✉♠ ❡s❝✉❧❡♥✲ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✲
t✉♠ ✭t♦♠❛t❡✮✱ ❘❛♣❤❛✲ t❡st❡
♥✉s s❛t✐✈✉s ✭r❛❜❛♥❡t❡✮
❈②♥♦❞♦♥ ❞❛❝t②❧♦♥ Pr✉♥✉s ♣❡rs✐❝❛ ✭♣ês✲ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡s r❡✲
✭❣r❛♠❛✲s❡❞❛✮ s❡❣♦✮ ❝é♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛s é ❛❢❡t❛❞♦
▲♦❧✐✉♠ ♣❡r❡♥♥❡ ▲❛❝t✉❝❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✭❛❧❢❛❝❡✮ ❊①tr❛t♦ ❞❛ ❧❛✈❛❣❡♠ ❞❛s s❡✲
✭❛③❡✈é♠✮ ♠❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ á❣✉❛ ✐♥✐❜❡ ❢♦rt❡✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❝r❡s✲
❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s
❙❡t❛r✐❛ ❣❧❛✉❝❛ ●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✭s♦❥❛✮✱ ❩❡❛ ❘❡sí❞✉♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ r❡❞✉③ ❛
✭❝❛♣✐♠✲r❛❜♦✲❞❡✲ ♠❛②s ✭♠✐❧❤♦✮ ❛❧t✉r❛✱ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦
r❛♣♦s❛✮ ♣❡s♦ ❢r❡s❝♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✲t❡st❡
❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❤❛❧❡✲ ❍♦r❞❡✉♠ ✈✉❧❣❛r❡ ✭❝❡✲ ❆♣♦❞r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
♣❡♥s❡ ✭❝❛♣✐♠✲ ✈❛❞❛✮ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✐♥✐❜❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
♠❛ss❛♠❜❛rá✮ ❞❡ r❛í③❡s ❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛
♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ♦✉ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❛ r❡❞✉çã♦

❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s✐♠❜✐♦s❡ ❞❛s
❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳
❊st✉❞♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❱✐❞❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r❛♠ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧
❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛t♦s ❛q✉♦s♦s ❞❡ r❛✐③ ❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛r♠❡❧❛❞❛
✭❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ✮ ♥❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❞❡
❢❡✐❥ã♦✱ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ s♦❥❛✱ tr✐❣♦✱ ❝❡♥t❡✐♦✱ ❛③❡✈é♠✱ tr❡♠♦ç♦✲❛③✉❧ ❡ ❡r✈✐❧❤❛❝❛✱ s❡♠✱ ♥♦
❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❛✭s✮ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛✭s✮ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✭s✮✳ ❉❡✈❡ s❡r s❛❧✐❡♥t❛❞♦✱
q✉❡ é ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ✐s♦❧❛r ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❊♥✲
tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r
♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡♥t❡✳
7.2 Efeito alelopático das culturas

❱ár✐❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡①✐❜❡♠ ❢♦rt❡ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
❝✉❧t✉r❛s s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡s✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❞❡st❡s ❡❢❡✐t♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✲
Alelopatia 115
✈✉♠ ✭tr✐❣♦✮✱ ❖r②③❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✭❛rr♦③✮✱ ❩❡❛ ♠❛②s ✭♠✐❧❤♦✮✱ ❇r❛ss✐❝❛ s♣♣✳ ✭❝❛♥♦❧❛✱
❝♦✉✈❡✮ ❡ ❙❡❝❛❧❡ ❝❡r❡❛❧❡ ✭❝❡♥t❡✐♦✮✱ sã♦ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦s à ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ r❡sí❞✉♦
❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛✳ ❖ r❡sí❞✉♦ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♥ã♦ só ✐♥✐❜❡
♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛
❡s♣é❝✐❡ ✭❙r✐✈❛st❛✈❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✻❀ ▲♦❞❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✼✮✳
❊①tr❛t♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❝❛✉s❛ ✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ às ♣ró♣r✐❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s
❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❨❛❦❧❡ ✫ ❈r✉s❡✱ ✶✾✽✹❀ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✾✵✮✳ ❊st❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡
r♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s♦❥❛ ✭❚✉r❝♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳ ❏✐♠é♥❡③ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✸✮✱
♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ r❡sí❞✉♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ♦s ❣rã♦s ❞❡ ♣ó❧❡♥ ❞❡st❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛s✳
❚r✐❣♦✱ tr✐t✐❝❛❧❡✱ ❛✈❡✐❛✱ ❝❡♥t❡✐♦✱ ♥❛❜♦✱ tr❡♠♦ç♦ ❡ ❝♦❧③❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦
✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛r♠❡❧❛❞❛ ✭❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛
♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ✮✱ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦ ✭❈❡♥❝❤r✉s ❡❝❤✐♥❛t✉s ✮ ❡ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦
✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮ ✭❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ✫ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
❆s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✮ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r
❜❡♠ ♠❛♥❡❥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦
❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳
8. Manejo de Plantas Daninhas na Agricultura

◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡st✐♠❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s
❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✺✽✱✷✪ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✭●♦❡❧❧♥❡r✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
❈♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ♦s ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t♦r❡s tê♠ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③
♠❛✐s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s✐♥tét✐❝♦s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ♦ ♣♦✲
t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❛♥♦s ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s
❞❛♥♦s♦s ❞♦s ❛❣r♦tó①✐❝♦s à s❛ú❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t✐③❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♥❡✲
❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s
tê♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡♥♦✈á✈❡✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦
♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✳
❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r s✉♣r✐♠✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✈✐✈❛s ♦✉
❞❡ s❡✉s r❡sí❞✉♦s ✭P✉t♥❛♠ ✫ ❉❡❋r❛♥❦✱ ✶✾✽✸✮✳ ❑♦❤❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✽✮ s✉❣❡r❡♠
três ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❡❧❛s q✉❛✐s ❛ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✿
✶✳ ❚r❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡♥✲
tr❡ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s❀
✷✳ ❯s♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s s✉❝❡ss♦r❛s ❝❛♣❛③❡s
❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧
❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ❡❀
✸✳ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❡❧♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠
♠ét♦❞♦ s❡❣✉r♦ ❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ sã♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❜✐♦❞❡✲
❣r❛❞á✈❡✐s ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣❡rs✐st❡♠ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❧✉❡♥t❡s✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳ ❈✉❧t✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❑♦❤❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳

✭✶✾✾✽✮✳
❈✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦❛❞♦r❛ ❈✉❧t✉r❛ r❡❝❡♣t♦r❛ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❡s✲
♣é❝✐❡s r❡❝❡♣t♦r❛s
❍❡❧✐❛♥t❤✉s ❛♥♥✉✉s ●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✭s♦❥❛✮✱ ❋♦❧❤❛s s❡❝❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠✐st✉r❛❞❛s
✭❣✐r❛ss♦❧✮ ❙♦r❣❤✉♠ s♣♣✳ ✭s♦r❣♦✮ ❛♦ s♦❧♦ ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ r❡✲
❞✉③❡♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉✲
❧❛s
❍❡❧✐❛♥t❤✉s ❛♥♥✉✉s ❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ❘❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧
✭❣✐r❛ss♦❧✮ ✭tr✐❣♦✮ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ❞❡ ✹ ❛ ✸✸✪ ❛
❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ tr✐❣♦
❇r❛ss✐❝❛ ❝❛♠♣❡str✐s ❱✐❣♥❛ r❛❞✐❛t❛ ✭❢❡✐❥ã♦✲ ❊①tr❛t♦ ❛q✉♦s♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ✐♥✐❜❡
✭♥❛❜♦✮ ♠✉♥❣♦✲✈❡r❞❡✮ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❞✉③ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s
❘❛♣❤❛♥✉s s❛t✐✈✉s ▲❛❝t✉❝❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✭❛❧❢❛❝❡✮ ❘❡sí❞✉♦ ❞❡ r❛í③❡s ♦✉ ❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❛é✲
✭r❛❜❛♥❡t❡✮ r❡❛ ✐♥✐❜❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦
■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❜❛t❛t❛s ❈②♣❡r✉s ❡s❝✉❧❡♥t✉s ✭t✐✲ ❊①tr❛t♦ ❛q✉♦s♦ ❡ ♠❡t❛♥ó❧✐❝♦ r❡✲
✭❜❛t❛t❛✲❞♦❝❡✮ r✐r✐❝ã♦✮✱ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❣♦ s❛✲ t❛r❞❛♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❞✉③❡♠
t✐✈❛ ✭❛❧❢❛❢❛✮ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ s❡❝❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✭s♦❥❛✮ ❇r❛ss✐❝❛ r❛♣❛ ✭♠♦s✲ ❊①tr❛t♦ ❛q✉♦s♦ ✐♥✐❜❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛✲
t❛r❞❛✮✱ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❣♦ s❛t✐✈❛ çã♦ ❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❡ ♦ ❝r❡s✲
✭❛❧❢❛❢❛✮✱ ❘❛♣❤❛♥✉s s❛✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡
t✐✈✉s ✭r❛❜❛♥❡t❡✮✱ ❩❡❛ ♠✐❧❤♦
♠❛②s ✭♠✐❧❤♦✮
▲✉♣✐♥✉s ❛❧❜✉s ✭tr❡✲ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ❊①s✉❞❛t♦s r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s r❡❞✉③❡♠ ♦
♠♦ç♦✮ ✭❝❛r✉r✉✮✱ ❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ❛t✐✲
❛❧❜✉♠ ✭❛♥ç❛r✐♥❤❛✲ ✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❝❛t❛❧❛s❡ ❡
❜r❛♥❝❛✮ ♣❡r♦①✐❞❛s❡
▼❡❞✐❝❛❣♦ s❛t✐✈❛ ✭❛❧✲ ❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ s♣♣✳ ✭tr✐❣♦✮ ❊①tr❛t♦s ❛q✉♦s♦ ❡ ❛❧❝ó♦❧✐❝♦ r❡✲
❢❛❢❛✮ ❞✉③❡♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❝r❡s❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s
▼❡❞✐❝❛❣♦ s❛t✐✈❛ ✭❛❧✲ ❈✉❝✉♠✐s s❛t✐✈✉s ✭♣❡✲ ❘❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❣❡r✲
❢❛❢❛✮ ♣✐♥♦✮ ♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧â♥✲
t✉❧❛s
❚r✐❢♦❧✐✉♠ ❛❧❡①❛♥✲ ❆❧❧✐✉♠ ❝❡♣❛ ✭❝❡❜♦❧❛✮✱ ❈♦♠♣♦st♦s ✈♦❧át❡✐s ♦r✐❣✐♥ár✐♦s
❞r✐♥✉♠ ✭tr❡✈♦✮ ❉❛✉❝✉s ❝❛r♦t❛ ✭❝❡✲ ❞♦ r❡sí❞✉♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ r❡❞✉③❡♠
♥♦✉r❛✮✱ ▲②❝♦♣❡rs✐❝♦♥ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
❡s❝✉❧❡♥t✉♠ ✭t♦♠❛t❡✮ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❈♦✛❡❛ ❛r❛❜✐❝❛ ▲❛❝t✉❝❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✭❛❧❢❛❝❡✮✱ ❊①tr❛t♦s ❛q✉♦s♦s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s s❡❝❛s
✭❝❛❢é✮ ▲♦❧✐✉♠ ♠✉❧t✐✢♦r✉♠ ❡ r❛í③❡s r❡❞✉③❡♠ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡
✭❛③❡✈é♠✮ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❛❞í❝✉❧❛
❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❜✐❝♦❧♦r ❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ❘❡sí❞✉♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦r❣♦ ♥♦
✭s♦r❣♦✮ ✭tr✐❣♦✮ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ r❡❞✉③ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❛ ✸✶✪ ❛ ❣❡r✲
♠✐♥❛çã♦
❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ●♦ss②♣✐✉♠ ❤✐rs✉t✉♠ ❘❡sí❞✉♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ r❡❞✉③ ❛ ❣❡♠✐✲
✭tr✐❣♦✮ ✭❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✮ ♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ s❡❝❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s
Alelopatia 117
Referências
❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ❋✳❙✳✱ ❆ ❛❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❈✐r❝✉❧❛r ✺✸✱ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❆❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝♦
❞♦ P❛r❛♥á✱ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✱ ✶✾✽✽✳ ✻✵ ♣✳
❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ❋✳❙✳✱ ❆❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛✿ ❛ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❍♦❥❡✱ ✶✶✿✸✽✕✹✺✱
✶✾✾✵✳
❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ❋✳❙✳ ✫ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❇✳◆✳✱ P❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✳ ■♥✿ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ❋✳❙✳ ✫
❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❇✳◆✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ●✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✿ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦
❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ■♥st✐t✉t♦
❆❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❞♦ P❛r❛♥á✱ ✶✾✽✺✳ ♣✳ ✸✹✶✕✸✾✾✳
❆❧t✐❡r✐✱ ❆✳▼✳ ✫ ▲✐❡❜♠❛♥✱ ▼✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❛❣r♦❡❝♦s②st❡♠s✿ ❡❝♦✲
❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✽✳ ✸✺✹ ♣✳
❇❛t❡s✱ ●✳❲✳ ✫ ●♦❧❞s♠✐t❤✱ ▼✳❍✳▼✳✱ ❘❛♣✐❞ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛s♠❛✲
♠❡♠❜r❛♥❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ✐♥ ♦❛t ❝♦❧❡♦♣t✐❧❡s t♦ ❛✉①✐♥ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ✇❡❛❦ ❛❝✐❞s✳
P❧❛♥t❛✱ ✶✺✾✿✷✸✶✕✷✸✼✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
❇❤♦✇♠✐❦✱ P✳❈✳ ✫ ❉♦❧❧✱ ❏✳❉✳✱ ❈♦r♥ ❛♥❞ s♦②❜❡❛♥ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t♦ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝
❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝r♦♣ r❡s✐❞✉❡s✳ ❆❣r♦♥ ❏✱ ✼✹✿✹✕✻✱ ✶✾✽✷✳
❇❧✉♠✱ ❯✳❀ ❉❛❧t♦♥✱ ❇✳❘✳ ✫ ❙❤❛♥♥✱ ❏✳❘✳✱ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❢❡r✉❧✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♣ ✲❝♦✉♠❛r✐❝
❛❝✐❞s ✐♥ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t ❝✉❧t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❝✉❝✉♠❜❡r ❧❡❛❢ ❡①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ ❛s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❜②
♣❍✳ ❏ ❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✶✺✿✶✺✻✼✕✶✺✽✷✱ ✶✾✽✺✳
❇❧✉♠✱ ❯✳ ✫ ❘❡❜❜❡❝❦✱ ❏✳✱ ■♥❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦✈❡r② ♦❢ ❝✉❝✉♠❜❡r r♦♦ts ❣✐✈❡♥
♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❢❡r✉❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ✐♥ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t ❝✉❧t✉r❡✳ ❏ ❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱
✶✺✿✾✶✼✕✾✷✽✱ ✶✾✽✾✳
❇❧✉♠✱ ❯✳❀ ❲❡♥t✇♦rt❤✱ ❚✳❘✳❀ ❑❧❡✐♥✱ ❑✳❀ ❲♦rs❤❛♠✱ ❆✳❉✳❀ ❑✐♥❣✱ ▲✳❉✳❀ ●❡r✐❣✱
❚✳▼✳ ✫ ▲②✉✱ ❙✳❲✳✱ P❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ s♦✐❧ ❢r♦♠ ✇❤❡❛t✲ ♥♦ t✐❧❧✱
✇❤❡❛t✲❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ t✐❧❧✱ ❛♥❞ ❢❛❧❧♦✇✲❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ t✐❧❧ s♦②❜❡❛♥ ❝r♦♣♣✐♥❣
s②st❡♠s✳ ❏ ❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✶✼✿✶✵✹✺✕✶✵✻✼✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
❈❡❝❝❤✐✱ ❆✳▼✳❀ ❑♦s❦✐♥❡♥✱ ❲✳❈✳❀ ❈❤❡♥❣✱ ❍✳❍✳ ✫ ❍❛✐❞❡r✱ ❑✳✱ ❙♦r♣t✐♦♥✲
❞❡s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞s ❛s ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❜② s♦✐❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ❇✐♦❧ ❋❡rt✐❧
❙♦✐❧s✱ ✸✾✿✷✸✺✕✷✹✷✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈❤♦✉✱ ❈✳❍✳ ✫ ❑✉♦✱ ❨✳▲✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦❢ s✉❜tr♦♣✐❝❛❧ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥
✐♥ ❚❛✐✇❛♥ ■■■✿ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ❡①❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✉♥❞❡rst♦r② ❜② ▲❡✉❝❛❡♥❛ ❧❡✉✲
❝♦❝❡♣❤❛❧❛ ✭▲❛♠✳✮ ❞❡ ❲✐t✳ ❏ ❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✶✷✿✶✹✸✶✕✶✹✹✽✱ ✶✾✽✻✳
❈❤♦✉✱ ❈✳❍✳ ✫ ❲❛❧❧❡r✱ ●✳❘✳✱ P❤②t♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❊❝♦❧♦❣②✿ ❛❧❧❡❧♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧s✱ ♠②✲
❝♦t♦①✐♥s ❛♥❞ ✐♥s❡❝t ♣❤❡r♦♠♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧♦♠♦♥❡s✳ ▼♦♥♦❣r❛♣❤ ❙❡r✐❡s✱
■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❇♦t❛♥②✱ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❙✐♥✐❝❛✱ ❚❛✐♣❡✐✱ ❚❛✐✇❛♥✱ ✶✾✽✾✳ ✺✵✹ ♣✳
❈♦❧t♦♥✱ ❈✳❊✳ ✫ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ❋✳❆✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ♦❢ ✈❡❧✈❡t❧❡❛❢ ✭❆❜✉✲
t✐❧♦♥ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐❝ ▼❡❞✐❝✳✱ ▼❛❧✈❛❝❡❛❡✮ ♦♥ s♦②❜❡❛♥✳ ❆♠ ❏ ❇♦t✱ ✻✼✿✶✹✵✼✕
✶✹✶✸✱ ✶✾✽✵✳
❈♦r❝♦r❛♥✱ ▼✳❘✳❀ ●❡✐ss♠❛♥✱ ❚✳❆✳ ✫ P❤✐♥♥②✱ ❇✳❖✳✱ ❚❛♥♥✐♥s ❛s ❣✐❜❜❡r❡❧❧✐♥
❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐sts✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✹✾✿✸✷✸✕✸✸✵✱ ✶✾✼✷✳
❉❛❧t♦♥✱ ❇✳❘✳❀ ❇❧✉♠✱ ❯✳ ✫ ❲❡❡❞✱ ❙✳❇✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ s✉❜st❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❡❝♦s②s✲

t❡♠s✿ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ st❡r✐❧❡ s♦✐❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✐♥ ❛❧t❡r✐♥❣ r❡❝♦✈❡r② ♦❢
❢❡r✉❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞✳ ❏ ❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✾✿✶✶✽✺✕✶✷✵✶✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
❉❛❧t♦♥✱ ❇✳❘✳❀ ❲❡❡❞✱ ❙✳❇✳ ✫ ❇❧✉♠✱ ❯✳✱ P❧❛♥t ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞s ✐♥ s♦✐❧s✿ ❛
❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s✳ ❙♦✐❧ ❙❝✐ ❙♦❝ ❆♠ ❏✱ ✺✶✿✶✺✶✺✕
✶✺✷✶✱ ✶✾✽✼✳
❉❡❧ ▼♦r❛❧✱ ❘✳✱ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❝❤❧♦r♦❣❡♥✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥✳ ❖❡❝♦✲
❧♦❣✐❛✱ ✾✿✷✽✾✕✸✵✵✱ ✶✾✼✷✳
❉❡②✱ P✳▼✳ ✫ ❍❛r❜♦♥❡✱ ❏✳❇✳✱ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ✐♥ P❧❛♥t ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠✐str②✳ ▲♦♥❞♦♥✱ ❯❑✿

❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✵✳ ✻✺✼ ♣✳
❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳❀ P❛✉❧ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳◆✳ ✫ ▲❡❡✱ ❙✳▼✳✱ ❚❡r♣❡♥♦✐❞s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❣❡♥✉s ❆rt❡✲
♠✐s✐❛ ❛s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❈✉t❧❡r✱ ❍✳●✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ❆❝✲
t✐✈❡ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ Pr♦❞✉❝ts✿ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✉s❡ ✐♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿
❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✶✾✽✽✳ ♣✳ ✸✶✽✕✸✸✹✳
❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ❋✳❆✳✱ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡s ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❧❧❡❧♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧s✳ ■♥✿
P✉t♥❛♠✱ ❆✳❘✳ ✫ ❚❛♥❣✱ ❈✳❙✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✳ ◆❡✇
❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✶✾✽✻✳ ♣✳ ✶✼✶✕✶✽✽✳
❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ❋✳❆✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✿ ❝✉rr❡♥t st❛t✉s ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡ ❣♦❛❧s✳ ■♥✿ ■♥❞❡r❥✐t✱ ❀
❉❛❦s❤✐♥✐✱ ❑✳▼✳▼✳ ✫ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ❋✳❆✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✿ ❖r❣❛♥✐s♠s✱
Pr♦❝❡ss❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧
❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ♣✳ ✶✕✷✹✳
❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ❋✳❆✳✱ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② ✐♥ ❝r♦♣♣✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s✳
❆❣r♦♥ ❏✱ ✽✽✿✽✽✻✕✽✾✸✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ❋✳❆✳ ✫ ❊❝❦r✐❝❤✱ P✳✱ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❢❡r✉❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞

str❡ss ♦♥ ❣r❛✐♥ s♦r❣❤✉♠ ❛♥❞ s♦②❜❡❛♥s✳ ❏ ❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✶✵✿✶✻✶✕✶✼✵✱ ✶✾✽✹✳
❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ❋✳❆✳ ✫ ▲❡❛t❤❡r✱ ●✳❘✳✱ P♦t❡♥t✐❛❧s ❢♦r ❡①♣❧♦✐t✐♥❣ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② t♦
❡♥❤❛♥❝❡ ❝r♦♣ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ❏ ❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✶✹✿✶✽✷✾✕✶✽✹✹✱ ✶✾✽✽✳
❋❡✉❝❤✱ ❲✳ ✫ ❙❝❤♠✐❞✱ P✳P✳❙✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ♦rt❤♦✲❞✐❤②❞r♦①②♣❤❡♥♦❧s ♦♥ ❣r♦✇t❤
❛♥❞ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ♣❛tt❡r♥ ♦❢ ❝❛❧❧✉s ❝✉❧t✉r❡s ❢r♦♠ Pr✉♥✉s ❛✈✐✉♠✳ P❤②s✐♦❧
P❧❛♥t✱ ✺✵✿✸✵✾✕✸✶✸✱ ✶✾✽✵✳
❋✐s❤❡r✱ ◆✳❍✳❀ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s♦♥✱ ●✳❇✳❀ ❲❡✐❞❡♥❤❛♠❡r✱ ❏✳❉✳ ✫ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞s♦♥✱ ❉✳❘✳✱

■♥ s❡❛r❝❤ ♦❢ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦r✐❞❛ ❙❝r✉❜✳ ❚❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ t❡r♣❡♥♦✐❞s✳
❏ ❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✷✵✿✶✸✺✺✕✶✸✽✵✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❋✉❡rst✱ ❊✳P✳ ✫ P✉t♥❛♥✱ ❆✳❘✳✱ ❙❡♣❛r❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝

❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡✿ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s✳ ❏ ❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱
✾✿✾✸✼✕✾✹✹✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
●❡rs❤❡♥③♦♥✱ ❏✳✱ ❈❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥t s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐t❡s ✉♥❞❡r
✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t str❡ss✳ ❘❡❝ ❆❞✈ P❤②t♦❝❤❡♠✱ ✶✽✿✷✼✸✕✸✷✶✱ ✶✾✽✹✳
●❧❛ss✱ ❆✳❉✳▼✳✱ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞s ✉♣♦♥ ✐♦♥ ✉♣t❛❦❡✳ ■✿ ■♥✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢
♣❤♦s♣❤❛t❡ ✉♣t❛❦❡✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✺✶✿✶✵✸✼✕✶✵✹✶✱ ✶✾✼✸✳
Alelopatia 119
●❧❛ss✱ ❆✳❉✳▼✳ ✫ ❉✉♥❧♦♣✱ ❏✳✱ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞s ✉♣♦♥ ✐♦♥ ✉♣t❛❦❡✳
■❱✿ ❉❡♣♦❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧s✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✺✹✿✽✺✺✕✽✺✽✱
✶✾✼✹✳
●♦❡❧❧♥❡r✱ ❈✳■✳✱ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❉❡❢❡♥s✐✈♦s ❆❣rí❝♦❧❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✿ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦
s❡✉ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ s❛ú❞❡ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✳ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ P❛ss♦
❋✉♥❞♦✱ ❘❙✿ ❆rt❣r❛♣❤ ❊❞✐t♦r❛✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ✶✵✸ ♣✳
●♦♠✐❞❡✱ ▼✳❇✳✱ P♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝❛s ❞♦s r❡st♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s
❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛✲❞❡✲❛çú❝❛r ✭ ❙❛❝❝❤❛r✉♠ s♣✮✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❚❡s❡ ✕ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛✱ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡
❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ▲✉✐③ ❞❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱
❙P✱ ✶✾✾✸✳
●♦♥③❛❧❡③✱ ❱✳▼✳❀ ❑❛③✐♠✐r✱ ❏✳❀ ◆✐♠❜❛❧✱ ❈✳■✳❀ ❲❡st♦♥✱ ▲✳❆✳ ✫ ❈❤❡✐♥❛❡✱ ●✳▼✳✱
■♥❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❤♦t♦s②st❡♠ ✐✐ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥ tr❛♥s❢❡r r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜② t❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧
♣r♦❞✉❝t s♦r❣♦❧❡♦♥❡✳ ❏ ❆❣r✐❝ ❋♦♦❞ ❈❤❡♠✱ ✹✺✿✶✹✶✺✕✶✹✷✶✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
❍❛r♣❡r✱ ❏✳❘✳ ✫ ❇❛❧❦❡✱ ◆✳❊✳✱ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❑+ ❛❜✲
s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦❛t r♦♦ts ❜② s❛❧✐❝②❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✻✽✿✶✸✹✾✕✶✸✺✺✱
✶✾✽✶✳
❍❛t③✐♦s✱ ❑✳❑✳✱ ❇✐♦t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ✇❡❡❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✿ ♥♦✇ ❛♥❞
✐♥ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡✳ ❆❞✈ ❆❣r♦♥✱ ✹✶✿✸✷✺✕✸✼✺✱ ✶✾✽✼✳
■♥❞❡r❥✐t✱ ✱ P❧❛♥t ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝s ✐♥ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✳ ❇♦t ❘❡✈✱ ✻✷✿✶✽✻✕✷✵✷✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
■♥❞❡r❥✐t✱ ✫ ❉❛❦s❤✐♥✐✱ ❑✳▼✳▼✳✱ ❖♥ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r② ❜✐♦❛ss❛②s ✐♥ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✳ ❇♦t
❘❡✈✱ ✻✶✿✷✽✕✹✹✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
❏❛✐♥✱ ❆✳ ✫ ❙r✐✈❛st❛✈❛✱ ❍✳❙✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ s❛❧✐❝②❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ♦♥ ♥✐tr❛t❡ r❡❞✉❝t❛s❡
❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ ♠❛✐③❡ s❡❡❞❧✐♥❣s✳ P❤②s✐♦❧ P❧❛♥t✱ ✺✶✿✸✸✾✕✸✹✷✱ ✶✾✽✶✳
❏❛❧❛❧✱ ▼✳❆✳❋✳ ✫ ❘❡❛❞✱ ❉✳❏✳✱ ❚❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❛❧❧✉♥❛
❤❡❛t❤❧❛♥❞ s♦✐❧ ✇✐t❤ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ t♦ ♣❤②t♦✲ ❛♥❞ ❢✉♥❣✐t♦①✐❝✐t②✳ ■■✳
▼♦♥t❤❧② q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ ❈❛❧✲
❧✉♥❛ ❛♥❞ s♣r✉❝❡✲❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ s♦✐❧✳ P❧❛♥t ❙♦✐❧✱ ✼✵✿✷✼✸✕✷✽✻✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
❏❡ss♦♣✱ ❘✳❙✳ ✫ ❙t❡✇❛rt✱ ▲✳❲✳✱ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❝r♦♣ r❡s✐❞✉❡s✱ s♦✐❧ t②♣❡ ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣❡✲
r❛t✉r❡ ♦♥ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❡❛r❧② ❣r♦✇t❤ ♦❢ ✇❤❡❛t✳ P❧❛♥t ❙♦✐❧✱ ✼✹✿✶✵✶✕✶✵✾✱
✶✾✽✸✳
❏✐♠é♥❡③✱ ❏✳❏✳❀ ❙❝❤✉❧t③✱ ❑✳❀ ❆♥❛②❛✱ ❆✳▲✳❀ ❍❡r♥á♥❞❡③✱ ❏✳ ✫ ❊s♣❡❥♦✱ ❖✳✱ ❆❧❧❡✲
❧♦♣❛t❤② ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢ ❝♦r♥ ♣♦❧❧❡♥✳ ❏ ❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✾✿✶✵✶✶✕✶✵✷✺✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
❑❛♥❝❤❛♥✱ ❙✳❉✳ ✫ ❏❛②❛❝❤❛♥❞r❛♥✱ ❑✳❙✳✱ ❆❧❧❡♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ P❛rt❤❡♥✐✉♠
❤②st❡r♦♣❤♦r✉s ▲✳ ■✳ ❊①✉❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦rs t❤r♦✉❣❤ r♦♦ts✳ P❧❛♥t ❙♦✐❧✱
✺✸✿✷✼✕✸✺✱ ✶✾✼✾✳
❑❛s♣❡r❜❛✉❡r✱ ▼✳❏✳❀ ❚s♦✱ ❚✳❈✳ ✫ ❙♦r♦❦✐♥✱ ❚✳P✳✱ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❡♥❞✲♦❢✲❞❛② r❡❞
❛♥❞ ❢❛r✲r❡❞ r❛❞✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❢r❡❡ s✉❣❛rs✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❛❝✐❞s ❛♥❞ ❛♠✐♥♦❛❝✐❞s ♦❢
t❛❜❛❝❝♦✳ P❤②t♦❝❤❡♠✱ ✾✿✷✵✾✶✕✷✵✾✺✱ ✶✾✼✵✳
❑❧❡✐♥✱ ❑✳ ✫ ❇❧✉♠✱ ❯✳✱ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ s♦✐❧ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦♥ ❢❡r✉❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥
♦❢ ❝✉❝✉♠❜❡r ❧❡❛❢ ❡①♣❛♥s✐♦♥✳ ❏ ❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✶✻✿✶✸✼✶✕✶✸✽✸✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❑♦❤❧✐✱ ❘✳❑✳❀ ❇❛t✐s❤✱ ❉✳ ✫ ❙✐♥❣❤✱ ❍✳P✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥

❛❣r♦❡❝♦s②st❡♠s✳ ❏ ❈r♦♣ Pr♦❞✱ ✶✿✶✻✾✕✷✵✶✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
▲❡❛t❤❡r✱ ●✳❘✳ ✫ ❊✐♥❤❡❧❧✐❣✱ ❋✳❆✳✱ ❇✐♦❛ss❛②s ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✳ ■♥✿
P✉t♥❛♥✱ ❆✳❘✳ ✫ ❚❛♥❣✱ ❈✳❙✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✳ ◆❡✇
❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✶✾✽✻✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✸✕✶✹✺✳
▲❡❡✱ ❚✳❚✳❀ ❙t❛rr❛tt✱ ❆✳◆✳ ✫ ❏❡✈♥✐❦❛r✱ ❏✳❏✳✱ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡♥③②♠✐❝ ♦①✐❞❛✲
t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❞♦❧❡✲✸✲❛❝❡t✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ❜② ♣❤❡♥♦❧s✿ str✉❝t✉r❡✲❛❝t✐✈✐t② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣✳
P❤②t♦❝❤❡♠✱ ✷✶✿✺✶✼✕✺✷✸✱ ✶✾✽✷✳
▲♦❞❤✐✱ ▼✳❆✳❑✳❀ ❇✐❧❛❧✱ ❘✳ ✫ ▼❛❧✐❦✱ ❑✳❆✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② ✐♥ ❛❣r♦❡❝♦s②st❡♠s✿

✇❤❡❛t ♣❤②t♦t♦①✐❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ r♦❧❡s ✐♥ ❝r♦♣ r♦t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❏ ❈❤❡♠
❊❝♦❧✱ ✶✸✿✶✽✽✶✕✶✽✾✶✱ ✶✾✽✼✳
▲♦✈❡tt✱ ❏✳❱✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ❛♥❞ s❡❧❢✲❞❡❢❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ❆✉st ❲❡❡❞s✱ ✷✿✸✸✕✸✻✱

✶✾✽✷✳
▲②✉✱ ❙✳❲✳ ✫ ❇❧✉♠✱ ❯✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❢❡r✉❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞✱ ❛♥ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞✱
♦♥ ♥❡t P✱ ❑✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❛t❡r ✉♣t❛❦❡ ✐♥ ❝✉❝✉♠❜❡r s❡❡❞❧✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ s♣❧✐t✲r♦♦t
s②st❡♠✳ ❏ ❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✶✻✿✷✹✷✾✕✷✹✸✾✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
▼❛rt✐♥✱ ❱✳▲✳❀ ▼❝❈♦②✱ ❊✳▲✳ ✫ ❉✐❝❦✱ ❲✳❆✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② ♦❢ ❝r♦♣ r❡s✐❞✉❡s
✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s ❝♦r♥ s❡❡❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡❛r❧② ❣r♦✇t❤✳ ❆❣r♦♥✱ ❏✱ ✽✷✿✺✺✺✕
✺✻✵✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
▼❡❞❡✐r♦s✱ ❆✳❘✳▼✳✱ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❧❡♦♣át✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❛❣r♦❡✲
❝♦ss✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❚❡s❡ ✕ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❙♦❧♦s ❡ ◆✉tr✐çã♦ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❊s❝♦❧❛
❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ▲✉✐③ ❞❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱
P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❙P✱ ✶✾✽✾✳
▼✐❧❧❡r✱ ❉✳❆✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② ✐♥ ❢♦r❛❣❡ ❝r♦♣ s②st❡♠s✳ ❆❣r♦♥ ❏✱ ✽✽✿✽✺✹✕✽✺✾✱
✶✾✾✻✳
▼✉❧❧❡r✱ ❈✳❍✳✱ ❚❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ✭❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✮ ✐♥ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥❛❧
❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ❇ ❚♦rr❡② ❇♦t ❈❧✉❜✱ ✾✸✿✸✸✷✕✸✺✶✱ ✶✾✻✻✳
▼✉❧❧❡r✱ ❈✳❍✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② ❛s ❛ ❢❛❝t♦r ✐♥ ❡❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✳ ❱❡❣❡t❛t✐♦✱
✶✽✿✸✹✽✕✸✺✼✱ ✶✾✻✾✳
▼✉❧❧❡r✱ ❲✳❍✳✱ ❱♦❧❛t✐❧❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❙❛❧✈✐❛ ❧❡✉❝♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✿ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦♥
s❡❡❞❧✐♥❣ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛♥❞ s♦✐❧ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛✳ ❇♦t ●❛③✱ ✶✷✻✿✶✾✺✱ ✶✾✻✺✳
❖❦❛♠✉r❛✱ ❨✳✱ ❈♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❛❞s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❛❧✐❝②❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ❛♥❞ ✐ts str✉❝t✉r❛❧
❛♥❛❧♦❣♦✉s ♦♥ ❛❧❧♦♣❤❛♥✐❝ ❝❧❛②✳ ❈❧❛② ❙❝✐✱ ✼✿✸✷✺✕✸✸✺✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❖❧❡s③❡❦✱ ❲✳ ✫ ❏✉r③②st❛✱ ▼✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♦❢ ❛❧❢❛❢❛ r♦♦t ♠❡❞✐✲
❝❛❣❡♥✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ❣❧②❝♦s✐❞❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❢❛t❡ ✐♥ s♦✐❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ P❧❛♥t ❙♦✐❧✱
✾✽✿✻✼✕✽✵✱ ✶✾✽✼✳
P❛tr✐❝❦✱ ❩✳❆✳✱ P❤②t♦t♦①✐❝ s✉❜st❛♥❝❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦st✐♦♥ ✐♥
s♦✐❧ ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥t r❡s✐❞✉❡s✳ ❙♦✐❧ ❙❝✐✱ ✶✶✶✿✶✸✕✶✽✱ ✶✾✼✶✳
Pr❛t❡s✱ ❍✳❚✳❀ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ■✳❆✳❀ P❛❡s✱ ❏✳▼✳❱✳❀ P✐r❡s✱ ◆✳▼✳ ✫ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s✱
P✳❈✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❛ ❧❡✉❝❡♥❛ ✭▲❡✉❝❛❡♥❛ ❧❡✉❝♦❝❡♣❤❛❧❛ ✭▲❛♠✮
❉❡ ❲✐t✮ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❞♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✳
Alelopatia 121
P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❆♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❊▼❇❘❆P❆✲❈◆P▼❙✱ ❙❡t❡ ▲❛❣♦❛s✱ ✶✾✾✾❛✳ ✷

♣✳
Pr❛t❡s✱ ❍✳❚✳❀ P✐r❡s✱ ◆✳▼✳❀ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ■✳❆✳P✳ ✫ ❋❛r✐❛s✱ ❚✳❈✳▲✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❧❡✉❝❛❡♥❛
✭▲❡✉❝❛❡♥❛ ❧❡✉❝♦❝❡♣❤❛❧❛ ✭▲❛♠✮ ❉❡ ❲✐t✮ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✇❡❡❞ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥
♠❛✐③❡ ✭❩❡❛ ♠❛②s ▲✳✮ ❝r♦♣✳ ■♥✿ ❆❜str❛❝ts ♦❢ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡
♦♥ ❇✐♦❞✐✈❡rs✐t②✳ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✱ ▼●✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❯♥✐♦♥ ♦❢ P✉r❡ ❛♥❞
❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❈❤❡♠✐str② ✭■❯P❆❈✮✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✻✳ ✶✾✾✾❜✳
P✉t♥❛♠✱ ❆✳❘✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✳ ■♥✿ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣②✳
❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✼✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✶✕✶✺✺✳
P✉t♥❛♠✱ ❆✳❘✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧s ❢r♦♠ ♣❧❛♥ts ❛s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱
✷✿✺✶✵✕✺✶✽✱ ✶✾✽✽✳
P✉t♥❛♠✱ ❆✳❘✳ ✫ ❉❡❋r❛♥❦✱ ❏✳✱ ❯s❡ ♦❢ ♣❤②t♦t♦①✐❝ ♣❧❛♥t r❡s✐❞✉❡s ❢♦r s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡
✇❡❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✳ ❈r♦♣ Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✷✿✶✼✸✕✶✽✶✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
P✉t♥❛♠✱ ❆✳❘✳ ✫ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❲✳❇✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ s✉♣♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞s✳ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r
❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② ✐♥ ❛❝❝❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝✉❝✉♠❜❡r✳ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✶✽✺✿✸✼✵✕✸✼✷✱ ✶✾✼✹✳
P✉t♥❛♠✱ ❆✳❘✳ ✫ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❲✳❇✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② ✐♥ ❛❣r♦❡❝♦s②st❡♠s✳ ❆♥♥ ❘❡✈
P❤②t♦♣❛t❤♦❧✱ ✶✻✿✹✸✶✕✹✺✶✱ ✶✾✼✽✳
◗❛s❡♠✱ ❏✳❘✳ ✫ ❆❜✉✲■r♠❛✐❧❡❤✱ ❇✳❊✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❙❛❧✈✐❛ s②r✐❛❝❛ ▲✳

✭❙②r✐❛♥ s❛❣❡✮ ✐♥ ✇❤❡❛t✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❘❡s✱ ✷✺✿✹✼✕✺✷✱ ✶✾✽✺✳
❘✐❝❡✱ ❊✳▲✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✳ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✹✳
✹✷✷ ♣✳
❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ▲✳❘✳❆✳❀ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❚✳❏✳❉✳ ✫ ❘❡✐s✱ ❘✳❆✳✱ ❆❧❡❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ❡♠ P❧❛♥t❛s
❋♦rr❛❣❡✐r❛s✳ ❇♦❧❡t✐♠✱ ❯◆❊❙P✴❋❯◆❊P✱ ❏❛❜♦t✐❝❛❜❛❧✱ ❙P✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ✶✽ ♣✳
❙❛♥t❡❧♠❛♥♥✱ P✳❲✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❜✐♦❛ss❛②✳ ■♥✿ ❚r✉❡❧♦✈❡✱ ❇✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤
▼❡t❤♦❞s ✐♥ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ▲❛s ❈r✉❝❡s✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❙♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡
❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✱ ✶✾✼✼✳ ♣✳ ✼✾✕✽✼✳
❙❝❤✉♠❛❝❤❡r✱ ❲✳❏✳❀ ❚❤✐❧❧✱ ❉✳❈✳ ✫ ▲❡❡✱ ●✳❆✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢ ✇✐❧❞
♦❛t ✭❆✈❡♥❛ ❢❛t✉❛ ✮ ♦♥ s♣r✐♥❣ ✇❤❡❛t ✭❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ✮ ❣r♦✇t❤✳ ❏
❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✾✿✶✷✸✺✕✶✷✹✺✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
❙❡✐❣❧❡r✱ ❉✳❙✳✱ ❈❤❡♠✐str② ❛♥❞ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ♦❢ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❆❣r♦♥

❏✱ ✽✽✿✽✼✻✕✽✽✺✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❙❤✐❧❧✐♥❣✱ ❉✳●✳ ✫ ❨♦s❤✐❦❛✇❛✱ ❋✳❆✳✱ ❆ r❛♣✐❞ s❡❡❞❧✐♥❣ ❜✐♦ss❛② ❢♦r st✉❞② ♦❢ ❛❧✲
❧❡❧♦♣❛t②✳ ■♥✿ ❲❛❧❧❡r✱ ●✳❘✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❆❧❧❡❧♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧s✿ ❘♦❧❡ ✐♥ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡
❛♥❞ ❋♦r❡st②✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✶✾✽✼✳ ♣✳
✸✸✹✕✸✹✷✳
❙✐q✉❡✐r❛✱ ❏✳❖✳❀ ◆❛✐r✱ ▼✳●✳❀ ❍❛♠♠❡rs❝❤♠✐❞t✱ ❘✳❀ ❙❛✜r✱ ●✳❘✳ ✫ P✉t♥❛♠✱
❆✳❘✳✱ ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥t✲s♦✐❧✲♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛❧ s②s✲
t❡♠s✳ ❈r✐t ❘❡✈ P❧ ❙❝✐✱ ✶✵✿✻✸✕✶✷✶✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
❙r✐✈❛st❛✈❛✱ P✳❈✳❀ ❚♦t❡②✱ ◆✳●✳ ✫ Pr❛❦❛s❤✱ ❖✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ str❛✇ ❡①tr❛❝t ♦♥ ✇❛✲
t❡r ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❡❛t ✭❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ▲✳ ✈❛r✐❡t②
❘❘✲✷✶✮ s❡❡❞s✳ P❧❛♥t ❙♦✐❧✱ ✾✶✿✶✹✸✕✶✹✺✱ ✶✾✽✻✳
❙t❡✐♥s✐❡❦✱ ❏✳❲✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡r✱ ▲✳❘✳ ✫ ❈♦❧❧✐♥s✱ ❋✳❈✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢

✇❤❡❛t ✭❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ✮ str❛✇ ♦♥ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ✇❡❡❞ s♣❡❝✐❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱
✸✵✿✹✾✺✕✹✾✼✱ ✶✾✽✷✳
❙t❡♥❧✐❞✱ ●✳✱ ❋❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞s ❛s ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦rs ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❞❡♥♦s✐♥❡ tr✐♣❤♦s♣❤❛t❡
✐♥ ♣❧❛♥t ♠✐t♦❝❤♦♥❞r✐❛✳ P❤②t♦❝❤❡♠✱ ✾✿✷✷✺✶✕✷✷✺✻✱ ✶✾✼✵✳
❙tr❡✐❜✐❣✱ ❏✳❈✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❜✐♦❛ss❛②✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❘❡s✱ ✷✽✿✹✼✾✕✹✽✹✱ ✶✾✽✽✳
❙✇❛✐♥✱ ❚✳✱ ❙❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s ❛s ♣r♦t❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❣❡♥ts✳ ❘❡✈ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱
✷✽✿✹✼✾✕✺✵✶✱ ✶✾✼✼✳
❙③❝③❡♣❛♥s❦✐✱ ❆✳❏✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② ❛s ❛ ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r
✇❡❡❞s✳ ❆q✉❛t✐❝ ❇♦t✱ ✸✿✶✾✸✕✶✾✼✱ ✶✾✼✼✳
❚❛♥❣✱ ❈✳❙✳ ✫ ❨♦✉♥❣✱ ❈✳❈✳✱ ❈♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝
❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✉♥❞✐st✉r❜❡❞ r♦♦t s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ❜✐❣❛❧t❛ ❧✐♠♣♦❣r❛ss
✭❍❡♠❛rt❤r✐❛ ❛❧t✐ss✐♠❛ ✮✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✻✾✿✶✺✺✕✶✻✵✱ ✶✾✽✷✳
❚✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥♥✱ ❇✳◆✳❀ ❙t❡❡❧✐♥❦✱ ❈✳ ✫ ▲♦❡✇✉s✱ ❋✳❆✳✱ P❤②t♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✲
♦♥s t♦ ❙tr❡ss✳ ✈✳ ✶✽ ❞❡ ❘❡❝❡♥t ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ P❤②t♦❝❤❡♠✐str②✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱
❊❯❆✿ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✶✾✽✹✳ ✸✸✹ ♣✳
❚✉r❝♦✱ ❘✳❋✳❀ ❇✐s❝❤♦✛✱ ▼✳❀ ❇r❡❛❦✇❡❧❧✱ ❉✳P✳ ✫ ●r✐✣t❤✱ ❉✳❘✳✱ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢
s♦✐❧✲❜♦r♥❡ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛ t♦ t❤❡ r♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❝♦r♥✳ P❧❛♥t ❙♦✐❧✱ ✶✷✷✿✶✶✺✕
✶✷✵✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❱❛♥ ❙✉♠❡r❡✱ ❈✳❋✳❀ ❈♦tt❡♥✐❡✱ ❏✳❀ ❉❡●r❡❡❢✱ ❏✳ ✫ ❑✐♥t✱ ❏✳✱ ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s
✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ r❡❣✉❧❛t♦r② r♦❧❡ ♦❢ ♥❛t✉r❛❧❧②
♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♠❛r✐♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝s✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t ❆❞✈ P❤②t♦❝❤❡♠✱ ✹✿✶✻✺✕✶✼✵✱
✾✼✶✳
❱✐❞❛❧✱ ❘✳❆✳❀ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ❋✳❙✳ ✫ ▼✐③♦❦❛♠✐✱ ▼✳▼✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❛❧❡❧♦♣át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❡①✲
tr❛t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛r♠❡❧❛❞❛ ✭❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ✮ ♥♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✶✻o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦
❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s✱ ❙P✿ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛
❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ❊r✈❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♣✳ ✻✳ ✶✾✽✻✳
❲❛❧❧❡r✱ ●✳❘✳✱ ❆❧❧❡♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧s✿ r♦❧❡ ✐♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r❡str②✳ ✈✳ ✸✸✵✳ ❆♠❡✲
r✐❝❛♥ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✶✾✽✼✳
❲❤✐t❡❤❡❛❞✱ ❉✳❈✳❀ ❉✐❜❜✱ ❍✳ ✫ ❍❛rt❧❡②✱ ❘✳❉✳✱ ❊①tr❛❝t❛♥t ♣❍ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡❧❡❛s❡
♦❢ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s ❢r♦♠ s♦✐❧✱ ♣❧❛♥t r♦♦ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛❢ ❧✐tt❡r✳ ❙♦✐❧ ❇✐♦❧
❇✐♦❝❤❡♠✱ ✶✸✿✸✹✸✕✸✹✽✱ ✶✾✽✶✳
❲❤✐tt❛❦❡r✱ ❘✳❍✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❜✐♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❡❝♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ■♥✿ ❙♦♥❞❡❤❡✐✲
♠❡r✱ ❊✳ ✫ ❙✐♠❡♦♥❡✱ ❏✳❇✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❊❝♦❧♦❣②✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿
❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✼✵✳ ♣✳ ✹✸✕✼✵✳
❲❤✐tt❛❦❡r✱ ❘✳❍✳ ✫ ❋❡❡♥②✱ P✳P✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧s✿ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s
❛♠♦♥❣ ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✶✼✶✿✼✺✼✕✼✼✵✱ ✶✾✼✶✳
❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s♦♥✱ ●✳❇✳✱ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✱ ❑♦❝❤✬s ♣♦st✉❧❛t❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❡❝❦ r✐❞❞❧❡✳ ■♥✿
●r❛❝❡✱ ❏✳❇✳ ✫ ❚✐❧♠❛♥✱ ❉✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦♥ P❧❛♥t ❈♦♠♣❡t✐t✐♦♥✳
◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✵✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✸✕✶✻✷✳
Alelopatia 123
❨❛❦❧❡✱ ●✳❆✳ ✫ ❈r✉s❡✱ ❘✳▼✳✱ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❢r❡s❤ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐♥❣ ❝♦r♥ ♣❧❛♥t
r❡s✐❞✉❡ ❡①tr❛❝ts ♦♥ ❝♦r♥ s❡❡❞❧✐♥❣ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ❙♦✐❧ ❙❝✐ ❙♦❝ ❆♠ ❏✱
✹✽✿✶✶✹✸✕✶✶✹✻✱ ✶✾✽✹✳
❨✉✱ ❏✳◗✳ ✫ ▼❛ts✉✐✱ ❨✳✱ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ r♦♦t ❡①✉❞❛t❡s ♦❢ ❝✉❝✉♠❜❡r ✭❈✉❝✉♠✐s
s❛t✐✈✉s ✮ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧❡❧♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧s ♦♥ ✐♦♥ ✉♣t❛❦❡ ❜② ❝✉❝✉♠❜❡r s❡❡❞❧✐♥❣s✳ ❏
❈❤❡♠ ❊❝♦❧✱ ✷✸✿✽✶✼✕✽✷✼✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
✳
Capítulo 6
Introdução ao Controle Químico
Rubem Silvério de Oliveira Jr.
1. Breve Histórico do Controle Químico de Plantas Daninhas

❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❖ t❡r♠♦ ✏ s❡❧❡çã♦✑ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ à ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♥❞♦
❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♥ã♦✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❩✐♠❞❤❛❧ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✱
❛ ❡t♠♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✈❡♠ ❞♦ ❧❛t✐♠ ❍❡r❜❛ ✭♣❧❛♥t❛✮ ❡ ❝❛❡❞❡r❡ ✭♠❛t❛r✮✳
❊♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s
❝♦♥❢✉♥❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❆♣ós ❛ ❢❛s❡
❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡r❛ ❢❡✐t♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛✲
♠❡♥t❛s✱ s✉r❣❡♠✱ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✱ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s r❡❧❛t♦s ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦
❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ P♦r ✈♦❧t❛ ❞❡
✶✾✵✽✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❇♦❧❧❡② ✭◆♦rt❤ ❉❛❦♦t❛✱ ❊❯❆✮✱ ❇♦♥♥❡t ✭❋r❛♥ç❛✮
❡ ❙❝❤✉❧③ ✭❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛✮ ✉s❛r❛♠ s❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦❜r❡ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s á❝✐❞♦ s✉❧❢úr✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❝❡r❡❛✐s ✭❩✐♠❞❤❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♠❛r❝♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♠♦✲
❞❡r♥♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✹✶✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦ ✷✱✹✲
❞✐❝❧♦r♦❢❡♥♦①✐❛❝ét✐❝♦✱ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ✭P♦❦♦r♥②✱ ✶✾✹✶✮✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❣✉❡rr❛
♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥♦✲
①✐❛❝ét✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛♣ós ♦ ✜♠
❞❛ ❣✉❡rr❛ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ♦ ❛♥ú♥❝✐♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉❡
❝❛✉s❛✈❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❍❛♠♠❡r ✫ ❚✉❦❡②✱ ✶✾✹✹❀ ▼❛rt❤ ✫
▼✐t❝❤❡❧❧✱ ✶✾✹✹✮✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭♠♦♥✉✲
r♦♥✮ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡r❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦ ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó①✐❝♦s ✭❇✉❝❤❛ ✫ ❚♦❞❞✱ ✶✾✺✹✮✳ ◆❛s
❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✺✵ ❡ ✻✵✱ ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❡r♥❛s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛s ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s s✐♥tét✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❖ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛
✶
✭❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✺✻✮ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞♦✉ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ r❡♣❡r❝✉t✐♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❣r✉♣♦s
❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛ís❡s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✸ é ❝r✐❛❞❛
❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ❊r✈❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✭❙❇❍❊❉✮✱ ❛t✉❛❧
✷
❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✭❙❇❈P❉✮ ✳
✶ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇ss❛✳♥❡t✴
✷ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳s❜❝♣❞✳♦r❣✴
126 Oliveira Jr.
2. Importância Econômica
❖ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ t❡♠ ❡✈♦❧✉í❞♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛
❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ár❡❛s ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❝❡rr❛❞♦s✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠ã♦✲❞❡✲♦❜r❛✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♥♦s✱ s❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡
♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✹✺ ❛♥♦s ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❝♦♠ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ♣❛ss♦✉
❞❡ ❯❙✩ ✹✵✵ ♠✐❧ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✹ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛s❡ ❯❙✩ ✼ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ❡♠ ✷✵✵✽ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✮✳
◆♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾ ❛ ✷✵✵✼✱ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❝r❡s❝❡✉ ♥✉♠❛
t❛①❛ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡ ✹✱✻✼✪✳ P❛r❛ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦✱ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❢✉♥❣✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ✐♥s❡t✐❝✐❞❛s ❝r❡s❝❡r❛♠
❡♠ t❛①❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡ ✺✱✷✺❀ ✷✱✸✹ ❡ ✹✱✾✷✪✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳
❍✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡♠♣r❡ r❡✲
♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❢r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❝♦♠♦
❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ss❡ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❛té
❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss❛❞❛✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✹✵ ❛ ✹✺✪ ❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s
❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ✭t♦t❛❧ ❡

r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✮ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❊①tr❛í❞♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s
t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞♦ ❙■◆❉❆●✳
◆♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱ ❛ s♦❥❛ ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛ ❝♦♠

♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s✱ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❝✐tr♦s✱
❝❛♥❛✲❞❡✲❛çú❝❛r ❡ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛
ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣❛ís✳ ❊st❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s
❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ q✉❛s❡ ✼✺✪ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s
✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✮✳
Introdução ao Controle Químico 127
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✶✾✾✻✲✷✵✵✽

✭❡♠ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❞ó❧❛r❡s✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❊①tr❛í❞♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞♦ ❙■◆❉❆●✳
❈❧❛ss❡ ✶✾✾✻ ✶✾✾✼ ✶✾✾✽ ✷✵✵✸ ✷✵✵✹ ✷✵✵✺ ✷✵✵✻ ✷✵✵✼ ✷✵✵✽
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✶✵✵✺✱✶ ✶✷✶✹✱✽ ✶✸✻✽✱✼ ✶✺✷✸✱✼ ✶✽✸✵✱✼ ✶✼✸✺✱✽ ✶✻✼✹✱✸ ✷✸✵✹✱✶ ✸✷✵✵✱✼
❋✉♥❣✐❝✐❞❛s ✷✼✻✱✸ ✸✺✻✱✸ ✹✸✻✱✷ ✼✶✸✱✺ ✶✸✽✽✱✷ ✶✵✽✾✱✺ ✾✶✼✱✹ ✶✷✻✹✱✹ ✶✺✼✸✱✻
■♥s❡t✐❝✐❞❛s ✸✼✺✱✺ ✹✻✹✱✽ ✺✽✾✱✺ ✼✷✺✱✷ ✶✵✻✻✱✻ ✶✶✽✵✱✼ ✶✶✷✽✱✾ ✶✺✸✼✱✹ ✷✵✷✼✱✽
❆❝❛r✐❝✐❞❛s ✾✷✱✷ ✽✻✱✼ ✾✼✱✽ ✽✵✱✵ ✼✽✱✵ ✽✷✱✽ ✼✵✱✹ ✾✷✱✶ ✶✶✷✱✾
❖✉tr♦s✯ ✹✸✱✹ ✺✽✱✷ ✻✺✱✻ ✾✸✱✽ ✶✸✶✱✺ ✶✺✺✱✵ ✶✷✽✱✽ ✶✼✹✱✵ ✶✼✹✱✵
❚♦t❛❧ ✶✼✶✷✱✼ ✷✶✽✵✱✽ ✷✺✺✼✱✽ ✸✶✻✸✱✸ ✹✹✾✹✱✾ ✹✷✸✹✱✼ ✸✾✶✾✱✽ ✺✸✼✷✱✵ ✼✶✷✺✱✶
✯ ❆♥t✐❜r♦t❛♥t❡s✱ r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ó❧❡♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ ❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♥t❡s ❛❞❡s✐✈♦s✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ✭✪✮ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♥♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ t♦t❛❧
❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭✷✵✵✸✲✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❊①tr❛í❞♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s
t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞♦ ❙■◆❉❆●✳
❈✉❧t✉r❛s P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ✭✪✮
♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s
✷✵✵✸ ✷✵✵✹ ✷✵✵✺ ✷✵✵✻ ✷✵✵✼
❙♦❥❛ ✹✶✱✻ ✹✺✱✵ ✹✹✱✵ ✹✵✱✾ ✹✸✱✵
▼✐❧❤♦ ✶✸✱✾ ✶✷✱✺ ✶✷✱✸ ✶✶✱✼ ✶✸✱✻
❈✐tr♦s ✾✱✷ ✽✱✶ ✽✱✷ ✶✵✱✹ ✽✱✼
❈❛♥❛ ✼✱✺ ✼✱✷ ✼✱✶ ✾✱✻ ✾✱✹
❆❧❣♦❞ã♦ ✻✱✺ ✼✱✵ ✻✱✸ ✼✱✵ ✻✱✺
❈❛❢é ✸✱✹ ✸✱✸ ✸✱✻ ✸✱✾ ✷✱✼
❚r✐❣♦ ✷✱✸ ✸✱✵ ✷✱✷ ✶✱✾ ✶✱✻
❇❛t❛t❛ ✷✱✷ ✶✱✾ ✶✱✾ ✷✱✵ ✶✱✹
❆rr♦③ ✐rr✐❣❛❞♦ ✷✱✶ ✶✱✾ ✶✱✼ ✶✱✺ ✶✱✽
❋❡✐❥ã♦ ✷✱✵ ✶✱✾ ✶✱✻ ✶✱✼ ✶✱✽
❖✉tr❛s ✾✱✸ ✽✱✷ ✶✶✱✶ ✾✱✹ ✾✱✸
3. Aspectos Positivos do Controle Químico

❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✱ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡
sã♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛s ❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♣❡r❞❛s ♥❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳ ➱ ✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡
q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❡s♣é✲
❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
sã♦ ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛s
❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛s à ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣r♦✲
♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ♥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s
♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♥ã♦ tê♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
❆ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥t♦ à é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ár❡❛s
❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❡♠ ❡t❛♣❛s✱ ❛❞❡q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ tr❛✲
❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♦ ♠❛q✉✐♥ár✐♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♠ã♦✲❞❡✲♦❜r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳ ❊♠ ♠✉✐t❛s
128 Oliveira Jr.
s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ ❤á ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦s ❛♦

s♦❧♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❛té ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱
❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱
❛❧❣✉♥s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦ sã♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❡♠ é♣♦❝❛s ❞❡
♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛çõ❡s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s✳
❆ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r✲
❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s à ❡r♦sã♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠
❧♦❝❛✐s ♦♥❞❡ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r
❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❢é ❡ ❝✐tr♦s✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛r ♥ã♦ só ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧
❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♣❡s❛❞♦ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦✲
❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠♦rt❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✷✭❛✮ ❡
✷✭❜✮✳
❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦♣❡r❛✲
❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛r ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠ã♦✲❞❡✲♦❜r❛
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
t❛♠❜é♠ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✉s✲
t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛ ❡ ❞❡ s❡❝❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❣rã♦s✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s✳
4. Limitações do Uso de Herbicidas

❚♦❞♦s ♦s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝❡rt♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❡ ♣❛r❛
♦✉tr❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❛t✉❛❧ s❡❥❛ ❞❡ q✉❡
♦s ♥♦✈♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡♥♦r ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ t♦✲
①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦
r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❧❞❛s ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐✲
❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r tr❡✐♥❛❞♦✳ ◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛s
✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çõ❡s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♣❡❧❛ ♥❡❣❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧
❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦✱ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s
t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①✐st❡♠✳ ◆♦ P❛r❛♥á✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦s tê♠ r❡s✲
tr✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛
❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♣❛r❛ ár❡❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛s ❛ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡✲
♠❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦❧❡rí❝♦❧❛s✱ ❢r✉tí❢❡r❛s ✭♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉✈❛✱
❝✐tr♦s ❡ ❛♠♦r❡✐r❛✮✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥❞✐♦❝❛ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✮✳ ❆ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s
❝✉❧t✉r❛s ✈❛r✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ t♦♠❛t❡✱ ♣♦r
❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜✲❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲
❉ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳ ❉♦s❡s ❛té ✶✸✱✹✹ ❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛
−1
[glyphosate+diuron]
50 DAA
✭❛✮
[glyphosate+diuron]
120 DAA
✭❜✮
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳ ❆s♣❡❝t♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝✐tr♦s✱ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡♠ s♦❧♦ ❛r❡♥♦s♦
♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦ ❛r❡♥✐t♦ ❈❛✐✉á ✭P❘✮✳ ✭❛✮✿ ✺✵ ❞✐❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❉❆❆✮ ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❞✐✉r♦♥ ♥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ✭à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ár❡❛ ♥ã♦ tr❛t❛❞❛ ♥❛s
❡♥tr❡❧✐♥❤❛s✮✳ ✭❜✮✿ ✶✷✵ ❉❆❆ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭à ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♥❡st❡
♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ♣♦r ❞✉❛s r♦ç❛❞❛s✮✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡✱ ❡♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠♦rt❛ ♣r♦t❡❣❡♥❞♦ ♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✺✮✳
130 Oliveira Jr.
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳ ▼✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦s ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣♦ ▼♦✉rã♦✱ P❘✱ ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ❡①✐st❡♠
r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦✳
▼✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ P❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ P❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡

r❡str✐çã♦ r❡str✐çã♦
❆r❛r✉♥❛ ❛♥♦ t♦❞♦ ▼❛♠❜♦rê ❛❣♦st♦✲♠❛✐♦
❆r✐r❛♥❤❛ ❞♦ ■✈❛í s❡t❡♠❜r♦✲❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ▼❛t♦ ❘✐❝♦ s❡t❡♠❜r♦✲❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦
❇♦❛ ❊s♣❡r❛♥ç❛ ✶✺✴❛❣♦✳✲✶✺✴♠❛✐♦ ▼♦r❡✐r❛ ❙❛❧❡s ❛❣♦st♦✲♠❛✐♦
❈♦r✉♠❜❛t❛í ❞♦ ❙✉❧ s❡t❡♠❜r♦✲♠❛rç♦ ◆♦✈❛ ❈❛♥t✉ s❡t❡♠❜r♦✲❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦
❊♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦ ❇❡❧trã♦ ❛❣♦st♦✲♠❛rç♦ P❡❛❜✐r✉ ❛❣♦st♦✲❛❜r✐❧
❋❛r♦❧ s❡t❡♠❜r♦✲❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ◗✉✐♥t❛ ❞♦ ❙♦❧ ♦✉t✉❜r♦✲❛❜r✐❧
❋ê♥✐① ❛♥♦ t♦❞♦ ❘♦♥❝❛❞♦r ❛♥♦ t♦❞♦
❏❛♥✐ó♣♦❧✐s ❛♥♦ t♦❞♦ ❙ã♦ ❏♦ã♦ ❞♦ ■✈❛í ✷✵✴s❡t✳✲✷✵✴♠❛✐♦
❏❛r❞✐♠ ❆❧❡❣r❡ ❛♥♦ t♦❞♦ ❙ã♦ P❡❞r♦ ❞♦ ■❣✉❛çú s❡t❡♠❜r♦✲❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦
▲✉✐③✐❛♥❛ ❛❣♦st♦✲♠❛rç♦
♥ã♦ ❝❛✉s❛r❛♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❢♦r♠❛✲

çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❛rt♦ ❝❛❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❢r✉t♦s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❞♦s❡s tã♦ ❜❛✐①❛s q✉❛♥t♦
✵✱✹✷ ❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛❢❡t❛r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
−1
❞❡ ❢r✉t♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ✢♦r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❋❛❣❧✐❛r✐

❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ✢♦r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ r❛♠♦ ❞♦
❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ é s❡♥sí✈❡❧ à ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉ ♥❡st❛
❢❛s❡ ✭❋✶✮ ❡✱ q✉❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ❡stá❞✐♦✱ t♦❧❡r❛ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ✸✱✸✻ ❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛ ✭❡q✉✐✲
−1
✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✵✱✺✪ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡

✶✱✵ ▲ ♣✳❝✳ ❤❛ ✮✳ ◆✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ▼❛✲
−1
r✐♥❣á✱ P❘✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s

❡stá❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ♠♦✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♠❛çãs ❝♦♠❡ç❛♠ ❛ s❡ ❢♦r♠❛r✱ ❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
❝❛✐ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ú♥✐❝♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝♦✉ q✉❡❞❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛✲
t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❡st❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ✶✸✱✹✹ ❣ ❡✳❛✳
❤❛ ✭❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✷✱✵✪✮ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❈✶
−1
✭❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♠❛çã ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ r❛♠♦✮ ✭❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳

❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ✉✈❛ ❞❡✲
♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥t♦♠❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❞❡ ✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❢♦✐ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ às s✉❜❞♦s❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s s✐♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞♦
✷✱✹✲❉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✈❛♠✲s❡ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❝❤♦s ❡ ✢♦✲
r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❢♦✐ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s
❞♦s❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s
✐♥❥úr✐❛s s❡✈❡r❛s r❡❣✐str❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❞♦s❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s s❡ r❡❝✉♣❡✲
r❛r❛♠ ❛♣ós ❞✉❛s ♣♦❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ r❡❣✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❞✉❛s s❛❢r❛s
♣♦r ❛♥♦✮✳ ◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s s✉❜❞♦s❡s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s
❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛s ❞❡ ✶✱✵ ❡ ✷✱✵✪ ❡♠ três ❡stá❞✐♦s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s ❛ ≤✷✱✵✪ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦
❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✏ ♠❡✐❛✲❜❛❣❛✑ ♥ã♦ ❝❛✉s♦✉ r❡♣❡r❝✉ssõ❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡
✐♥❥úr✐❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✉✲s❡✱
♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ❛ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s à ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r

❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳
❯♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ♦s r❡sí❞✉♦s✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡ç❛ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠
❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s ❡❧❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦
s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛r ♦✉ ✐♥❥✉r✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s
❡♠ r♦t❛çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛rr②♦✈❡r✳ ❯♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛✲
❧❤❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr②♦✈❡r é ❢❡✐t❛ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✶✱ q✉❡ ❞✐s❝✉t❡
❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❡rs✐st✐r ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥✲
t❛çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ♦✉ ❛♥✐♠❛❧✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲❛s ✐♠♣ró♣r✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦✳
❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ✐♥❝♦rr❡t❛ ♦✉ ♠❛❧ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ q✉❡r ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♦✉ ♣♦r ✐♥❥úr✐❛s ❝❛✉s❛❞❛s à ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
❯♠❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ r❡❝❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡stá ❧✐❣❛❞❛
à ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ◆♦
❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s r❡❧❛t♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽
❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ❡st❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦✳
P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ s♦❢r❡r ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❡①t❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝❧✐♠❛✱
s♦❧♦ ❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦✳
5. Aspectos a Serem Considerados na Escolha do Tratamento

a Ser Utilizado
P♦r tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞♦s❡ ❡ é♣♦❝❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛✳ P❛r❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❡rr♦s✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r q✉❛❧ ♦✉ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡rá s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
q✉í♠✐❝♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛❧ é ♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❛s
❡s♣é❝✐❡s✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ♦
❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❛ s❡r ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
♦✉ ❞♦s❡ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡q✉❡✲
r❡♠ ♣❛r❛ s❡✉ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s✐stê♠✐❝♦s ❡♠ é♣♦❝❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥á❧♦❣❛✱
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛♥✉❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡q✉❡r❡r
❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝✉❥❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ s❡❥❛ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛✲
r❛♥t✐r à ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❧✐✈r❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♠♣♦st❛
♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
P❛r❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ s♦❧♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛
♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❢ís✐❝❛s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡
♣❍✱ t❡①t✉r❛ ❡ t❡♦r ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s
132 Oliveira Jr.
♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡st❡s ❞♦✐s

♣♦♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s✱ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✐t❡♥s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦
tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✿
• ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❀
• ❊✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ár❡❛❀
• ❊stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s❀
• ❊st✐♠❛r q✉❛❧ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉❡ s❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛❀
• ❈✉st♦ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ár❡❛❀
• ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧❀
• ▼❡♥♦r t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡❀
• ❊❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡♠ r♦t❛çã♦❀
• ▼❡♥♦r ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ✭❞❡r✐✈❛✱ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦✱ r✉✲
♥♦✛ ✮❀
• ❆❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦❀
• ▼❛✐♦r ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥t♦ à é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦❀
• ❆❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✭❞✐✲
r❡t♦✴❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✮❀
• P♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡✱ ❛♣ós ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ tr❛t❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s❡ ❛ ❡✜❝✐✲
ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱
♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s r❛③õ❡s ♣❡❧❛s q✉❛✐s ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s✳ ❖ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ❛♦
✉s✉ár✐♦ ♥ã♦ só ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❛r✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠✲
❜é♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❧✉❝r❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦
❛❣rí❝♦❧❛✳
6. Nomenclatura dos Herbicidas

❚♦❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é ♥♦♠❡❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ três ❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③
q✉❡ sã♦ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s s✐♥t❡t✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈♦ t❡♠
✉♠ ♥♦♠❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ♥♦♠❡ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ♦✉ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈♦✳ ❊st❡ é
❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ✐♥t❡r✲
♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ sã♦ tr❛t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✳
❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛r❦❡t✐♥❣ ❞❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s ♦✉ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❝❛❞❛
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ t❡♠ ✉♠ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ❢❛♥t❛s✐❛ ♦✉ ♥♦♠❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✱ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡ ♣❛r❛
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❝♦♠ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐á✲❧♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❛t✐✈♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡

❛t✐✈♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦ s♦❜ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦
❞♦ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡ ❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✮✳ ❆s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛
❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❝♦♠✉♠
❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ✭❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ✫ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❙❡♥s❡♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ◆♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r
❞❡st❡ t❡①t♦✱ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s é ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱
❡①❝❡t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
◆♦♠❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ◆♦♠❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s

➪❝✐❞♦ ✷✲❬✹✱✺✲❞✐❤✐❞r♦✲✹✲ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ❉✐♥❛♠❛③✱ ■♠❛③❡t✱
♠❡t❤✐❧✲✹✲✭✶✲♠❡t❤✐❧❡t✐❧✮✲✺✲ ■♠❛③❡t❛♣✐r P❧✉s ◆♦r✲
♦①♦✲✶❍✲✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✲✷✲✐❧❪✲✺✲ t♦①✱■♠❛③❡t❛♣✐r Pr❡♥t✐ss✱
❡t✐❧✲✸✲♣✐r✐❞✐♥❡❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦ P✐st♦❧✱ P✐✈♦t✱ ❱❡③✐r✱
❩❡t❤❛♣②r
◆✲✭✸✱✹✲ ♣r♦♣❛♥✐❧ ❈❧❡❛♥✲❘✐❝❡✱ ●r❛ss❛✐❞✱
❞✐❝❧♦❢❡♥✐❧✮♣r♦♣❛♥❛♠✐❞❛ ❍❡r❜✐♣r♦♣❛♥✐♥✱ P✐❧♦♥✱
Pr♦♣❛♥✐❧ ❆❣r✐♣❡❝✱ Pr♦✲
♣❛♥✐❧ ❋❡rs♦❧✱ Pr♦♣❛♥✐❧
▼✐❧❡♥✐❛✱ ❙t❛♠ ✹✽✵ ✭❡♥tr❡
♦✉tr♦s✮
✻✲❝❧♦r♦✲◆✱◆✬ ✲❞✐❡t✐❧✲✶✱✸✱✺✲ s✐♠❛③✐♥❡ ❍❡r❜❛③✐♥✱ ❙✐♠❛♥❡①
tr✐❛③✐♥❛✲✷✱✹✲❞✐❛♠✐♥❛
✷✱✻✲❞✐♥✐tr♦✲ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ ❍❡r❜✐✢❛♥✱ Pr❡♠❡r❧✐♥ ✻✵✵✱
N ✱N ✲❞✐♣r♦♣✐❧✲✹✲ ❚r✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥❛ ❆t❛♥♦r✱ ❚r✐✲
✭tr✐✢✉♦r♦♠❡t✐❧✮❜❡♥③♦❛♠✐♥❛ ✢✉r❛❧✐♥❛ ◆♦rt♦① ●♦❧❞ ✭❡♥✲
tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✮
7. Formas de Classificação de Herbicidas

❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s
s❡❥❛ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ♦✉ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❛✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛
❛♣❡♥❛s ❝❡rt♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♦✉ às
s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳
❖ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ é ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ q✉í✲
♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ s❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧
❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❛r✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt♦s t❡r♠♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱
♠✉✐t♦s ❞♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
134 Oliveira Jr.
7.1 Classificação quanto à seletividade

❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é ✉♠ ♣ré✲
r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ♦✉ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ❡s✲
♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ♦✉ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♠❡♥♦s
s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
• ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s✿ ♠❛t❛♠ ♦✉ r❡str✐♥❣❡♠ s❡✈❡r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐✲

♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥✉♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ s❡♠ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛r ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛
♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡st❡❥❛ ✐♥tr✐♥s❡✲
❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ à ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ é s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛
s♦❥❛ ❂ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ♥ã♦ ❛❢❡t❛ s♦❥❛✮✱ é r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦
❞❡st❡ t❡r♠♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r✐r✲s❡ às ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦
♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ❜❛s✐✲
❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ♦ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥
❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ♠♦♥♦❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é
❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✏ ❧❛t✐❢♦❧✐❝✐❞❛✑ ✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ s❡❧❡✲
t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✏ ❣r❛♠✐♥✐❝✐❞❛s✑ ✳ ❇❡♥✲
t❛③♦♥✱ ❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ❡ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ sã♦ ♦✉tr♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s t✐✲
♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛t✐❢♦❧✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❚r✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥✱ ❝❧❡t❤♦❞✐♠ ❡ ✢✉❛③✐❢♦♣ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠
♦✉tr♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛♠✐♥✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r s❡✲
❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦
❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳
• ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s✿ sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✱

❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♠❛t❛r ♦✉ ✐♥❥✉r✐❛r s❡✈❡r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❞♦s❡s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛s✳ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✱
❞✐q✉❛t ❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦✲❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦
s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ é r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦s
❞❡♠❛✐s sã♦ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♣ré✲❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛✳ ◆❡♥❤✉♠
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ r✐❣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡
❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ é ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s✳ ❈♦♠ ❛
✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛
❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❛ss♦✉
❛ s❡r q✉❡st✐♦♥á✈❡❧✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡
❢♦r♠❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧
♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❝♦rr❡t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥ã♦ é s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛
t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✳
7.2 Classificação quanto à translocação

• ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦✿ ◆ã♦ s❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛♠ ♦✉ s❡ tr❛♥s✲
❧♦❝❛♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✳ ❙ó ❝❛✉s❛♠ ❞❛♥♦s ♥❛s ♣❛rt❡s q✉❡
❡♥tr❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♥❞♦✱
♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦

♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é rá♣✐❞♦ ❡ ❛❣✉❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛r ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦
❞❡ ❤♦r❛s✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝✉❥❛ ❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐s✲
t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ sã♦ ❜❡♥t❛③♦♥✱ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✳
• ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛çã♦ s✐stê♠✐❝❛✿ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛✲
❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡♠♦r❛❞♦✱ ❝rô♥✐❝♦✳ ❆ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r
♣❡❧♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✱ ♦✉ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡ ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛✱ ❛s
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❧✐♠❛ ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ sã♦ ❢❛t♦r❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s
q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ♥♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❡ ♦
❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠
❞❡ ❢r❛♥❝❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦
❧❡♥t❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s♦❢r❡r ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛s ❧♦❣♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲
çã♦✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✢✉❛③✐❢♦♣✱ ❢❡♥♦①❛♣r♦♣✱ s❡t❤♦①②❞✐♠ ❡ ❝❧❡t❤♦❞✐♠
sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ rá♣✐❞❛✱ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♥❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r
❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❤♦r❛ s❡♠ ❝❤✉✈❛ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❛♠✐♥❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦
♠í♥✐♠♦ s❡♠ ❝❤✉✈❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✹ ❤♦r❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❤❛❥❛
♣r❡❥✉í③♦ ♥♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳
7.3 Classificação quanto à época de aplicação

Pr❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠
♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ s❡❥❛♠ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛❞♦s✳ P♦r✲
t❛♥t♦✱ s❛❜❡r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝á✲❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛
♦ ✉s♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❡ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦✳ ❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ à
é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ r❡✢❡t❡ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛s
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❆q✉❡❧❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ s♦❧♦ sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♣❡✲
❧❛s r❛í③❡s ♦✉ ♣♦r ❡str✉t✉r❛s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s ❛♥t❡s✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦✉ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡
❛♣ós ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❏á ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s à ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s sã♦
♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s é♣♦❝❛s✱ ❡st❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❝♦♠♦
♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ s❡❥❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐✈♦
t❛♠❜é♠✳
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ é♣♦❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ sã♦ ✉t✐✲
❧✐③❛❞❛s✿
• Pré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦ ✭PP■✮✿ ❘❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉❡
sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❞❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦
♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ♦✉ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✐rr✐❣❛çã♦✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❞❛s
s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✿
✕ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡ ♣❧â♥✲
t✉❧❛s ❛♥t❡s ♦✉ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛❀
136 Oliveira Jr.
✕ ❇❛✐①❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛❀

✕ ❋♦t♦❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦❀
✕ ❱♦❧❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❛❧t❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r✮✳
❖ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭✵✱✸
♠❣ ▲−1 ✮ ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ❂ ✶✱✶ ① ✶✵−4 ♠♠
❍❣✮✳ ❆ ❛❧t❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♣♦r
✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r✲
❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❊st❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦ à ❜❛✐①❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ às ♣❡r❞❛s ♣♦r
❢♦t♦❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✱ ❢❛③❡♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❡
❞❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦✳ ◆♦✈❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ tê♠ s✐❞♦
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛t♦r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s
♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❧❡✈❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❛✉✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛✳ ❏á ♦ ❊P❚❈✱ t❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭✸✼✵ ♠❣
▲−1 ✮✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐rr✐❣❛çã♦ ❧♦❣♦
❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆♠❜♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❞✐❢❡✲
r❡♥t❡s✱ ❛t✉❛♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ ✭❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✮✱
♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛♠❜♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦
❝♦♠ ♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ❞❡s✉s♦✱ t❛♥t♦
♣❡❧❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦
❞❡ q✉❡ t❛✐s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s sã♦ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦
❞✐r❡t♦✳
• Pré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✭P❘➱✮✿ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛♣ós ❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ♦✉
♣❧❛♥t✐♦✱ ♠❛s ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❤❛✈❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♠❛s ❛♣ós ❛
❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛s às
❡♥tr❡❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❞❡♣♦✐s q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐✉ ❝❡rt❛ ❛❧t✉r❛✳ ❚❡♥❞♦
❡♠ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡♠❡r❣✐r❛♠✱ t❛❧ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲
çã♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ ◆❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❡♠ P❘➱✱ ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❛t✉❛♠ s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s
❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r✳ ■♠❛✲
③❛q✉✐♥✱ ❛❧❛❝❤❧♦r ❡ ❞✐✉r♦♥ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s tí♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ P❘➱✳
• Pós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✭PÓ❙✮✿ ◆❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❡♠❡r❣✐❞❛s✱ ♠❛s ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♥❡♠ s❡♠✲
♣r❡✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ PÓ❙ s❡♠ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛ é ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦
❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳ ◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ PÓ❙✱ ♥♦
❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❡♠❡r✲
❣✐❞❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡
♣❡❧❛ ✈✐❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ r❡q✉❡r❡r ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ à ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦

❞✐r❡t❛ ❛♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✳
❆ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ PÓ❙ é ♠✉✐t♦
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❡♠ ❢❛s❡s ♣r❡❝♦❝❡s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❡st❡ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❛té ✸✲✹ ❢♦❧❤❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞✐❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s ❡ ❛♥t❡s ♦✉
❛té ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s✳ ➚s ✈❡③❡s sã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♦s t❡r♠♦s PÓ❙ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ PÓ❙ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡ r❡❢❡r✐r ❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❡stá❞✐♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝♦❝❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲
✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ PÓ❙ t❛r❞✐❛ ✭♣❧❛♥t❛s
❛❞✉❧t❛s✮ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡✲
❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛ ♦✉ ♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛✳ ❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❡stá✲
❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❞♦s❡s ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s ♦✉
♣r♦❞✉t♦s s✐stê♠✐❝♦s sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝✉❥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛
sã♦ s❡t❤♦①②❞✐♠✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ❜❡♥t❛③♦♥✱ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ❡ ✐♦①②♥✐❧✳
7.4 Classificação quanto à estrutura química

❆ ♠❛✐♦r ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡stá ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡✲
r❡♥t❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦❞❡♠
❛t✉❛r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞✐st✐♥t❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❖s s✐st❡♠❛s
❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ sã♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✐♥s✉✲
✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝❡r ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ à ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s
❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❣r✉♣♦s
q✉í♠✐❝♦s sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
7.5 Classificação quanto ao mecanismo de ação

❖ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s é
✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ✉♠ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦
❞❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s
q✉í♠✐❝♦s s♦❜ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳
❈♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ r❡q✉❡r ✉♠ ✐♥tr✐♥❝❛❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡
❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ❜✐♦q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❡ ✜s✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛
♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥ã♦
✐♠♣❧✐q✉❡ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱
❡❧❡ ♣r♦✈ê ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡
s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡
❡ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ♥❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❛ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ❖s
138 Oliveira Jr.
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♥♦

❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼✳
7.6 Outras classificações

❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞❛s
♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡①t♦✳ ❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛✲
❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛✱
♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦✱ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝❧❛ss❡ t♦①✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣♦✲
❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛çã♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❞❡st❡s ít❡♥s sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♥♦
❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ q✉❡ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳
❍á✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ q✉❡✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛❝❡✐✲
t❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❯♠❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ✭❛q✉át✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦✱ tr❛♥s❧♦❝á✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐✲
❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ s♦❧♦✮ ❢♦✐ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❘❛❞♦s❡✈✐❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛q✉át✐❝❛s sã♦✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s à ♣❛rt❡✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉s♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ✜♠ sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✱
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠
❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖✉tr♦s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ sã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛s ár❡❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✢✉r✐❞♦♥❡✳
Referências
❇✉❝❤❛✱ ❍✳❈✳ ✫ ❚♦❞❞✱ ❈✳❲✳✱ ✸✭♣✲❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤❡♥②❧✮✲✶✱✶✲❞✐♠❡t❤②❧✉r❡❛ ✕ ❛ ♥❡✇
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡✳ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✶✶✹✿✹✵✸✕✹✾✹✱ ✶✾✺✹✳
❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❇r❛♥❞ã♦ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❏✳❯✳❚✳❀ ❈❛❧❧❡❣❛r✐✱ ❖✳❀
P❛❣❧✐❛r✐✱ P✳❍✳ ✫ ❆r❛♥t❡s✱ ❏✳●✳❩✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s✉❜✲❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉ ♥❛ ♣r♦✲
❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢✉♠♦ ❡ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉
❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❆❣rí❝♦❧❛✱ ✷✼✿✸✵✕✸✹✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
❋❛❣❧✐❛r✐✱ ❏✳❘✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳ ✫ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳✱ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ s✉❜✲❧❡t❤❛❧
❞♦s❡s ♦❢ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ❞r✐❢t✱ ♦♥ t♦♠❛t♦ ②✐❡❧❞✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ❙❝✐ ❍❡❛❧t❤
❇✱ ✹✵✿✷✵✶✕✷✵✻✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❍❛♠♠❡r✱ ❈✳▲✳ ✫ ❚✉❦❡②✱ ❍✳❇✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛❧ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✷✱✹✲
❞✐❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤❡♥♦①②❛❝❡t✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ❛♥❞ ✷✱✹✱✺✲tr✐❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤❡♥♦①②❛❝❡t✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ♦♥
❜✐♥❞✇❡❡❞✳ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✶✵✵✿✶✺✹✕✶✺✺✱ ✶✾✹✹✳
▼❛rt❤✱ P✳❈✳ ✫ ▼✐t❝❤❡❧❧✱ ❏✳❲✳✱ ✷✱✹✲❞✐❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤❡♥♦①②❛❝❡t✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ❛s ❛ ❞✐✛❡✲
r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡✳ ❇♦t ●❛③✱ ✶✵✻✿✷✷✹✕✷✸✷✱ ✶✾✹✹✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳❀ ❇r❛♥❞ã♦ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❏✳❯✳❚✳❀ ❈❛❧❧❡❣❛r✐✱ ❖✳❀
P❛❣❧✐❛r✐✱ P✳❍✳❀ ❈❛✈❛❧✐❡r✐✱ ❙✳❉✳❀ ❋r❛♠❡sq✉✐✱ ❱✳P✳❀ ❈❛rr❡✐r❛✱ ❙✳❆✳▼✳ ✫
❘♦s♦✱ ❆✳❈✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s✉❜✲❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉✈❛
■tá❧✐❛ ❡ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❆❣rí❝♦❧❛✱ ✷✼✿✸✺✕✹✵✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ P✐r❡s✱ ◆✳▼✳❀ ❋♦r♥❛r♦❧❧✐✱ ❉✳❆✳❀ ❈❤❡❤❛t❛✱ ❆✳◆✳ ✫ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡✱
❖✳✱ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐✉r♦♥
♦✉ s✐♠❛③✐♥❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❝✐tr♦s ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛ s❡❝❛
❡ ❝❤✉✈♦s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ♥♦r♦❡st❡ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛♥á✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦
❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❋❧♦r✐❛♥ó♣♦❧✐s✱
❙❈✿ ❙❇❈P❉✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ♣✳ ✸✼✼✕✸✼✽✳
P♦❦♦r♥②✱ ❘✳✱ ❙♦♠❡ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤❡♥♦①②❛❝❡t✐❝ ❛❝✐❞s✳ ❏ ❆♠❡r ❈❤❡♠ ❙♦❝✱ ✻✸✿✶✼✻✱
✶✾✹✶✳
❘❛❞♦s❡✈✐❝❤✱ ❙✳❀ ❍♦❧t✱ ❈✳ ✫ ●❤❡rs❛✱ ❈✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❊❝♦❧♦❣②✿ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r
❲❡❡❞ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ✺✽✾
♣✳
❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❇✳◆✳ ✫ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ❋✳❙✳✱ ●✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ✺❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱
P❘✿ ❊❞✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ✺✾✷ ♣✳
❙❡♥s❡♠❛♥✱ ❙✳❆✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦✳ ✾❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❈❤❛♠♣❛✐❣♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❲❡❡❞
❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ✹✺✽ ♣✳
❩✐♠❞❤❛❧✱ ❘✳▲✳✱ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧s ♦❢ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ✻❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❙❛♥ ❉✐❡❣♦✱ ❊❯❆✿
❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ✹✺✵ ♣✳
140 Oliveira Jr.
✳
Capítulo 7
Mecanismos de Ação de Herbicidas
Rubem Silvério de Oliveira Jr.
1. Introdução
P❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s é út✐❧ ❛❣r✉♣á✲❧♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦
❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❜ás✐❝❛✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ s✐♥t♦♠❛s s✐♠✐✲
❧❛r❡s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❡①✐st❛♠ ❡①❝❡ssõ❡s à r❡❣r❛ ✭❩✐♠❞❤❛❧✱
✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ❤❛✈❡r ❢♦rt❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ♠♦str❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝✐❞♦ é ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛
❡♥tr❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦
❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♦♥❞❡ ♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❛t✉❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦
❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦s q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ♥❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡st❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦
♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ✈✐sí✈❡✐s ❞❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛✲s❡ ♠♦❞♦
❞❡ ❛çã♦✳
❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ s❡✉ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ t❡♠
s♦❢r✐❞♦ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✲
✈♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s sít✐♦s ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❆
❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ❛q✉❡❧❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧♦
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❘❡s✐st❡♥❝❡ ❆❝t✐♦♥ ❈♦♠♠✐tt❡❡ ✭❍❘❆❈✮✳ ◆❡❧❛✱ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦
❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♦r❞❡♠ ❛❧❢❛❜ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s sít✐♦s ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❡
❝❧❛ss❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✮✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❝♦♠✲
♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❧❡tr❛ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳
◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡✱ ❛s s✉❜❝❧❛ss❡s ❈✶✱ ❈✷ ❡ ❈✸ ✐♥❞✐✲
❝❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ à ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ❉✶✳ ❖ s✐♥t♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣
✭❜r❛♥q✉❡❛♠❡♥t♦✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s✳ P♦r ❝♦♥✲
s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦s s✉❜❣r✉♣♦s ❋✶✱ ❋✷ ❡ ❋✸ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ sít✐♦s
❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✑ ❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s
♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ✏ ❩✑ ❛té q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝á✲❧♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ P❛r❛ ❡✈✐✲
t❛r ❝♦♥❢✉sõ❡s ❝♦♠ ✏ ■✑ ❡ ✏ ❖✑ ✱ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ✏ ❏✑ ❡ ✏ ◗✑ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦♠✐t✐❞❛s✳ ◆♦✈♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡rã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ♦✉ ❡♠ ♥♦✈♦s ❣r✉♣♦s
142 Oliveira Jr.
✭❘✱ ❙✱ ❚✳✳✳✮✳ ❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛

✭❲❙❙❆✮ ✭♥✉♠ér✐❝♦✮ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❧✐st❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳

❍❘❆❈ ❙ít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❲❙❙❆
❆r✐❧♦①✐❢❡♥♦①✐♣r♦♣✐♦♥❛t♦s ✶
✭❋❖Ps✮
❆ ■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❝❡t✐❧ ❈♦❆
❝❛r❜♦①✐❧❛s❡ ✭❆❈❈❛s❡✮ ❈✐❝❧♦❤❡①❛♥♦❞✐♦♥❛s ✶
✭❉■▼s✮
❋❡♥✐❧♣✐r❛③♦❧✐♥❛s ✭❉❊◆s✮ ✶
❙✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ✷
■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❝❡t♦❧❛❝t❛t♦
s✐♥t❛s❡ ✭❆▲❙✮ ✭♦✉ ■♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ✷
❇ ❛❝❡t♦❤✐❞ró①✐❞♦á❝✐❞♦ ❚r✐❛③♦❧♦♣✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥❛s ✷
s✐♥t❛s❡ ❆❍❆❙✮ P✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥✐❧✭t✐♦✮❜❡♥③♦❛t♦s ✷
❙✉❧❢♦♥✐❧❛♠✐♥♦❝❛r❜♦♥✐❧✲ ✷
tr✐❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s
❚r✐❛③✐♥❛s ✺
❚r✐❛③✐♥♦♥❛s ✺
■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❚r✐❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ✺
❈✶ ♥♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■■ ❯r❛❝✐❧❛s ✺
P✐r✐❞❛③✐♥♦♥❛s ✺
❋❡♥✐❧✲❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s ✺
■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❯ré✐❛s ✼
❈✷
♥♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■■ ❆♠✐❞❛s ✼
■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ◆✐tr✐❧❛s ✻
❈✸ ♥♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■■ ❇❡♥③♦t✐❛❞✐❛③✐♥♦♥❛s ✻
❋❡♥✐❧✲♣✐r✐❞❛③✐♥❛s ✻
❉ ■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❇✐♣✐r✐❞í❧✐✉♥s ✷✷
♥♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■
❉✐❢❡♥✐❧ét❡r❡s ✶✹
❋❡♥✐❧♣✐r❛③♦❧❡s ✶✹
◆✲❢❡♥✐❧❢t❛❧✐♠✐❞❛s ✶✹
■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❚✐❛❞✐❛③♦❧❡s ✶✹
❊ ♣r♦t♦♣♦r✜r✐♥♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❖①❛❞✐❛③♦❧❡s ✶✹
♦①✐❞❛s❡ ✭PP❖✮ ❚r✐❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ✶✹
❖①❛③♦❧✐❞✐♥❡❞✐♦♥❛s ✶✹
P✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥❞✐♦♥❛s ✶✹
❖✉tr♦s ✶✹
Mecanismos de Ação de Herbicidas 143
❈♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶
❍❘❆❈ ❙ít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❲❙❙❆
■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ P✐r✐❞❛③✐♥♦♥❛s ✶✷
❋✶ ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s ♥❛ ✜t♦❡♥♦ P✐r✐❞✐♥❡❝❛r❜♦①❛♠✐❞❛s ✶✷
❞❡s❛t✉r❛s❡ ✭P❉❙✮ ❖✉tr♦s ✶✷
■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❚r✐❝❡t♦♥❛s ✷✼
❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s ♥❛ ■s♦①❛③♦❧❡s ✷✼
❋✷ ✹✲❤✐❞r♦①✐❢❡♥✐❧✲♣✐r✉✈❛t♦✲ P✐r❛③♦❧❡s ✷✼
❞✐♦①✐❣❡♥❛s❡ ✭✹✲❍PP❉✮ ❖✉tr♦s ✷✼
■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❚r✐❛③♦❧❡s ✶✶
❋✸ ❞❡ ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s ✭❛❧✈♦ ■s♦①❛③♦❧✐❞✐♥♦♥❛s ✶✸
❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✮ ❉✐❢❡♥✐❧ét❡r❡s ✶✶
● ■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❊P❙P s✐♥t❛s❡ ●❧✐❝✐♥❛s ✾
❍ ■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❧✉t❛♠✐♥❛ ➪❝✐❞♦ ❢♦s❢í♥✐❝♦ ✶✵
s✐♥t❡t❛s❡
■ ■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❉❍P ✭❞✐❤✐✲ ❈❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s ✶✽
❞r♦♣t❡r♦❛t♦ s✐♥t❛s❡✮
❉✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s ✸
■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋♦s❢♦r♦❛♠✐❞❛t♦s ✺✸
❑✶ ♠✐❝r♦tú❜✉❧♦s P✐r✐❞✐♥❛s ✸
❇❡♥③❛♠✐❞❛s ✸
➪❝✐❞♦ ❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ✸
❑✷ ■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐t♦s❡ ❈❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s ✷✸
❈❧♦r♦❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛s ✶✺
■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❆❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛s ✶✺
❑✸ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ✭♦✉ ■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❖①✐❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛s ✶✺
❱▲❈❋❆ ✭✈❡❥❛ t❡①t♦✮ ❚❡tr❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ✶✺
❖✉tr♦s ✶✺
◆✐tr✐❧❛s ✷✵
■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❇❡♥③❛♠✐❞❛s ✷✶
▲ ✭❝❡❧✉❧♦s❡✮ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❚r✐❛③♦❧♦❝❛r❜♦①❛♠✐❞❛s ✷✼
➪❝✐❞♦ q✉✐♥♦❧✐♥♦❝❛r❜♦①í✲ ✷✻✴✷✼
❧✐❝♦
▼ ❉❡s❛❝♦♣❧❛❞♦r❡s ✭❉✐sr✉♣✲ ❉✐♥✐tr♦❢❡♥ó✐s ✷✹
t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✮
■♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❚✐♦❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s ✽
❧✐♣í❞❡♦s ✲ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❋♦s❢♦r♦❞✐t✐♦❛t♦s ✽
◆
✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆❈❈❛s❡ ❇❡♥③♦❢✉r❛♥❛s ✶✻
➪❝✐❞♦ ❝❧♦r♦❝❛r❜ô♥✐❝♦ ✷✻
144 Oliveira Jr.
❈♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶
❍❘❆❈ ❙ít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❲❙❙❆
➪❝✐❞♦ ❢❡♥ó①✐❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦ ✹
➪❝✐❞♦ ❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ✹
▼✐♠❡t✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛
❖ ➪❝✐❞♦ ♣✐r✐❞✐♥❡❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦ ✹
❛✉①✐♥❛
➪❝✐❞♦ q✉✐♥♦❧✐♥♦❝❛r❜♦①í✲ ✹
❧✐❝♦
❖✉tr♦s ✹
■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❋t❛❧❛♠❛t♦s ✶✾

P
❞❡ ❛✉①✐♥❛s ❙❡♠✐❝❛r❜❛③♦♥❛s ✶✾
❘ ... ...
❙ ... ...
✳ ... ...
➪❝✐❞♦ ❛r✐❧❛♠✐♥♦♣r♦♣✐ô✲ ✷✺
♥✐❝♦
❩ ❉❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s
P✐r❛③ó❧✐✉♥s ✷✻
❖r❣❛♥♦❛rs❡♥✐❝❛✐s ✶✼
❖✉tr♦s
❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ sã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦

❛ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❣❡r❛✐s✱ ❛♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❡ à s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠
sã♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❛s
♠❛r❝❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
2. Mimetizadores da Auxina – Grupo O(4)

●r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱
❛✉①✐♥❛s s✐♥tét✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❤♦r♠♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s✲
tr✉t✉r❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛✉①✐♥❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❊st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ t❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠✲
♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦
s✐♥t❡t✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦✳❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱
−1
❢♦✐ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞♦s❡s ❜❛✐①❛s ✭≤ ✶ ❦❣ ❤❛ ✮✳ ❍✐s✲
t♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❡ ♦ ▼❈P❆ sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞❛r ♦
❡stí♠✉❧♦ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
❆ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ✷✱✹✱✺✲❚ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❣✉❡rr❛
❞♦ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✏ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❧❛r❛♥❥❛✑ ✳ ❖ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❧❛r❛♥❥❛ ❡r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛
❞❡s❢♦❧❤❛r ♣❛rt❡s ❞❛ s❡❧✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠✱ ♦ ▲❛♦s ❡ ♦ ❈❛♠❜♦❥❛✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡
❛ ❢❛s❡ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛ ❞❡st❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦✱ s♦❧❞❛❞♦s ♥♦rt❡✲✈✐❡t♥❛♠✐t❛s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s
q✉❡ s✉♣r✐❛♠ ♦s ✈✐❡t❝♦♥❣s ✭♦s ❣✉❡rr✐❧❤❡✐r♦s s✉❧✲✈✐❡t♥❛♠✐t❛s✮✱ ✈✐❛❥❛✈❛♠ ❞♦
❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❛ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛✳ ❊st❛
r❡❣✐ã♦ ✜❝♦✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ tr✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤✱ ❡ ❡r❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛
❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r♦t❛ ❞❡ s✉♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❣✉❡rr✐❧❤❡✐r♦s ❞♦ s✉❧✳ ❖ ❡①ér✲
❝✐t♦ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛✈❛ ❝♦rt❛r ❡st❛ r♦t❛ ❞❡ s✉♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦
q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡❝✐❞✐❞♦ ❞❡s❢♦❧❤❛r ❛ s❡❧✈❛ ❡ ❡①♣♦r ❡st❛ ❛rtér✐❛ ❞❡ s✉♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆♦

✜♥❛❧✱ ❡st❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ♥ã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥♦✉ ♠✐❧✐t❛r♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊r❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡s❢♦❧❤❛r
ár❡❛s tã♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✈✐❛❥❛♥t❡s ♣♦❞✐❛♠ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡
♠✉❞❛r ❞❡ r♦t❛ ❡♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❧❛r❛♥❥❛✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛✱ ♦s ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦s ♣r❡❝✐s❛r❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠✉✐t♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❣❛♥â♥✲
❝✐❛ ♣♦r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✈❡♥❞❛s ✐♥❞✉③✐✉ ♠✉✐t❛s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r
r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❡s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①ér❝✐t♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♠✉✐t❛s
♣❛rt✐❞❛s ❢❡✐t❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❤❛♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ✐♥❛❝❡✐tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✉❜♣r♦✲
❞✉t♦ ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞♦ ✷✱✹✱✺✲❚✿ ❛ t❡tr❛❝❧♦r♦❞✐❜❡♥③♦✲❞✐♦①✐♥❛ ✭❚❈❉❉✮✳ ❖s ❡❢❡✐t♦s
❝❛♥❝❡rí❣❡♥♦s ❞❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛♥t❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✱
♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♥✈♦❧t♦s ❡♠ ❝❡rt♦ ♠✐stér✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛
♠✉✐t❛ ❝♦♥tr♦✈érs✐❛✳
2.1 Características gerais

✶✳ ❆❢❡t❛♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r à ❛✉①✐♥❛ ♥❛✲
t✉r❛❧ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❆■❆✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ♠❛✐s
❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ♦ ❆■❆❀
✷✳ ❚♦❞♦s sã♦ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛❞♦s t❛♥t♦ ✈✐❛ ✢♦❡♠❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛ ❡✱ ♣♦r✲
t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s✳ ❊①✐st❡✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱
❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦
♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s❀
✸✳ ❊❢❡✐t♦s ♥♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♥♦t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞♦s❡s
♠✉✐t♦ ❜❛✐①❛s✳ P✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞♦r❡s r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s s❡♠ ❧❛✈❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ ❧✐♠♣♦s ❞❡
❢♦r♠❛ ♥ã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♦✉ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝❛rr❡✲
❣❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❞❡r✐✈❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r sér✐♦s ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s❀
✹✳ ❈♦♠ ❡①❝❡çã♦ ❞♦ ♣✐❝❧♦r❛♠✱ ♥ã♦ ♣❡rs✐st❡♠ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡
✉♠❛ s❛❢r❛❀
✺✳ ❚♦❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❜❛✐①❛ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♠í❢❡r♦s❀
✻✳ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞✐❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s✱ ❛♥✉❛✐s ♦✉
♣❡r❡♥❡s✳ ❙❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧❀
✼✳ ❊♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ss❡❝❛♥t❡s
❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛r❜✉st♦s t❛♠❜é♠❀ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s✱ ❝♦♥st✐✲
t✉❡♠ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s❀
✽✳ P❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦
✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❡ ❛❧t❛ ♣r❡ssã♦✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❤♦rár✐♦s ❞❡ ✈❡♥t♦✳ P❛r❛ ♦
✷✱✹✲❉✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ést❡r sã♦ ♠❛✐s ✈♦❧át❡✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❛♠✐♥❛✱
❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ s❡r ❡✈✐t❛❞❛s❀
✾✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❛✐✲
①❛s ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ t♦♠❛t❡✱ ✉✈❛✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❝✉❝✉r❜✐tá❝❡❛s ❡
s♦❥❛✳
146 Oliveira Jr.
2.2 Modo de ação

❆ ❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✭♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✮ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦✲
❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧❡✐❝♦s ❡ ❛ ♣❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳ P❡♥s❛✲s❡ q✉❡
❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝❛✉s❛r ❛ ❛❝✐❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦
❡stí♠✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❜♦♠❜❛ ❞❡ ♣rót♦♥s ❞❛ ❆❚P❛s❡✱ ❧✐❣❛❞❛ à ♠❡♠✲
❜r❛♥❛ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳ ❆ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ♣❍ ❛♣♦♣❧ást✐❝♦ ✐♥❞✉③ à ❡❧♦♥❣❛çã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ♣❡❧♦
❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛s ❡♥③✐♠❛s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦ ❛❢r♦✉①❛♠❡♥t♦
❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳ ❇❛✐①❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♠ ❛ ❘◆❆
♣♦❧✐♠❡r❛s❡✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦s s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❘◆❆✱ ❉◆❆ ❡ ❜✐♦s✲
sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✳ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦s ❛♥♦r♠❛✐s ♥❡st❡s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❧❡✈❛♠ à sí♥t❡s❡
❞❡ ❛✉①✐♥❛s ❡ ❣✐❜❡r✐❧✐♥❛s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ♣r♦♠♦✈❡rã♦ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❡ ❛❧♦♥❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r
❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡s♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦ ♥❛s ♣❛rt❡s ♥♦✈❛s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✱ ❛t✐✈❛♥❞♦ s❡✉ ♠❡t❛✲
❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❡ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❡s❣♦t❛♠❡♥t♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s
♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛s✱ ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❣❡✲
r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♠❡r✐st❡♠át✐❝❛s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛♠ t❛♥t♦ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦s
♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✳
❊st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♠ ❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱
♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❡♣✐♥❛st✐❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦
❛ ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✭❙❡♥s❡♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ s✐♥t♦♠❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❤♦r♠♦♥❛✐s ❡♠
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s é ❛ ❡♣✐♥❛st✐❛ ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡ ♣❡❝í♦❧♦s✳ ➚ ♠❡❞✐❞❛
q✉❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛s sã♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s✱ ♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡ ❛s
❢✉♥çõ❡s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♥♦r♠❛✐s sã♦ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞❛s✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s
s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s s✐♥t♦♠❛s✿
• ❉❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥❛s ♥❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ♥♦ ❧✐♠❜♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r❀
• P❛r❛❧✐s❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡♥❣r♦ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❛í③❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❛s ❣❡♠❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥❞✉③✐r ❛♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❛í③❡s ❛❞✈❡♥tí❝✐❛s❀
• ❚✉♠♦r❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✭♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ♥ós✮✱ ♦s
q✉❛✐s ❡stã♦ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s à ♦❜str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞♦ ✢♦❡♠❛❀
• ❆ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❧❡♥t❛✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❡♥tr❡ ✸ ❡ ✺ s❡♠❛♥❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
2.3 Seletividade
◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠✐♠❡t✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛✉①✐♥❛✱ ❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s sã♦✱ ❡♠
❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡✱ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦✳ ❆s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s q✉❡ ❡✈❡♥✲
t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❡♥r♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❛♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈❛s r❡♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛s✳
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ s♦✲
♠❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s✿ ❛ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ♥❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s é ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❛✐①❛ ❡ ❛ s✉❛
tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛ é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❛♥❛tô♠✐❝❛s
❝♦♠♦ ♥ós ❡ ♠❡r✐st❡♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❛❧❛r✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♠ r❡❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛çã♦✳
2.4 Grupos químicos e herbicidas

❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
➪❝✳ ❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ❉✐❝❛♠❜❛ ❇❛♥✈❡❧
❆♠✐♥♦♣②r❛❧✐❞ ✲
❈❧♦♣②r❛❧✐❞ ✲
❋❧✉r♦①②♣✐r ❙t❛r❛♥❡
➪❝✳ ♣✐r✐❞✐♥❡❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦s ❇r♦✇s❡r✱ ❈r❛t❡r✱ ▲❡♦♣❛r❞✱
◆❛✈✐❣❛t♦r✱ P❛❞r♦♥✱ P✐q✉❡✱

P✐❝❧♦r❛♠
❘✉♥♥❡r✱ ❚❡①❛s✱ ❚♦❝♦✱
❚r♦♣❡r♦
❈r❡s❝❡♥❞♦✱ ●❛r❧♦♥✱ ❚r✐❝❧♦♥✱
❚r✐❝❧♦♣②r
❚r✐❝❧♦♣②r ❱♦❧❛❣r♦
❆♠✐♥❛♠❛r✱ ❆♠✐♥♦❧✱ ❇r❛tt✱
❇r✐♦♥✱ ❈❛♠♣❡♦♥✱ ❈❛♣r✐✱
❉❡❢❡r♦♥✱ ❉❡③✱ ❉▼❆✲✽✵✻✱
✷✱✹✲❉ ●r❛♥t✱ ❍❡r❜✐✲❉✱ ◆❛✈❛❥♦✱

➪❝✳ ❢❡♥♦①✐❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦s
Pr❡♥✲❉ ✽✵✻✱ ❚❡♥t♦ ✽✻✼✱ ❯ ✹✻
❇❘✱ ❲❡❡❞❛r✱ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❆❣r✐t❡❝✱
✷✱✹✲❉ ❆♠✐♥❛ ✼✷✱ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❋❡rs♦❧

▼❈P❆ ❲❡❡❞♦♥❡
➪❝✳ q✉✐♥♦❧✐♥♦❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦ ◗✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝ ❋❛❝❡t
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐st✉r❛s✿
• ❆♠✐♥♦♣②r❛❧✐❞✰✷✱✹✲❉✿ ❏❛❣✉❛r
• ❆♠❡tr②♥✰❞✐✉r♦♥✰▼❈P❆✿ ❆❣r✐tr✐♥
• ❆♠✐♥♦♣②r❛❧✐❞✰✢✉r♦①②♣②r✿ ❉♦♠✐♥✉♠
• ❋❧✉r♦①②♣✐r✰♣✐❝❧♦r❛♠✿ P❧❡♥✉♠
• ❋❧✉r♦①②♣✐r✰tr✐❝❧♦♣②r✿ ❚r✉♣❡r
• P✐❝❧♦r❛♠✰✷✱✹✲❉✿ ❆r❡♥❛✱ ❆rt②s✱ ❉✐s♣❛r♦✱ ❉♦♥t♦r✱ ❏❛❝❛ré✱ ▼❛♥♥❡❥♦✱
◆❛✈✐❣❛t♦r✲❉✱ ◆♦rt♦♥✱ ❚♦r❞♦♥✱ ❚r❛❝t♦r✱ ❚✉❝s♦♥✱ ❚✉r✉♥❛✱ ❱✐❦t♦r✱ ✷✱✹✲
❉✰P✐❝❧♦r❛♠ ◆♦rt♦①
• P✐❝❧♦r❛♠✰tr✐❝❧♦♣②r✿ ❚♦❣❛r
• Pr♦♣❛♥✐❧✰tr✐❝❧♦♣②r✿ ❙t❛♠♣✐r
❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡

❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳ ◆❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✱ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡❧❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡
s✐♠✐❧❛r às ❛✉①✐♥❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ✭❆■❆✮✳ ❊♠ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱
♦ q✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥✐❜✐r ✉♠❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❜✐♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❝❡❧✉✲
❧♦s❡ ✭♣❛r❡❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✮✳ ❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣♦❞❡
148 Oliveira Jr.
t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ▲(27) ✳ ❖s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥❛s ❣r❛✲
♠í♥❡❛s ♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ❡st❛r ❧✐❣❛❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦
❡ ❞❡ ❝✐❛♥❡t♦ ✭●r♦ss♠❛♥ ✫ ❑✇✐❛t❦♦✇s❦✐✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
❖ ❛♠✐♥♦♣②r❛❧✐❞ ❡ ♦ ❝❧♦♣②r❛❧✐❞ sã♦ ❞✉❛s ♥♦✈❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥✲
❝❡♠ ❛♦ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ♣✐r✐❞✐♥❡❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠
♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ♠✐st✉r❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛s✳ ❯♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦✱ ♦
❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ♣✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥❡❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r✲
❝❛❞♦✱ t❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❛♠✐♥♦❝②❝❧♦♣②r❛❝❤❧♦r ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❡♠ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❍á ♦✉tr♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝❧♦♠❡♣r♦♣✱ ❞✐❝❤❧♦r♣r♦♣✱
♠❡❝♦♣r♦♣✱ ▼❈P❇ ✭á❝✐❞♦ ❢❡♥♦①✐❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦✮✱ ❝❤❧♦r❛♠❜❡♥✱ ❚❇❆ ✭á❝✐❞♦ ❜❡♥✲
③ó✐❝♦✮ ❡ q✉✐♥♠❡r❛❝ ✭á❝✐❞♦ q✉✐♥♦❧✐♥♦❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❜❡♥❛③♦❧✐♥✲❡t❤②❧
✭♦✉tr♦s✮✳
3. Inibidores do Fotossistema II – Grupos C1(5) , C2(7) e C3(6)

❙ã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❍✐❧❧✱ ♣♦r ✐♥✐❜✐r❡♠
❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦♣❧❛st♦s ❡
❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❝❡♣t♦r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s✳ ❆ ❛çã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s
❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✺✵✱ ♠❛s t❛✐s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠✱ ❛té ❤♦❥❡✱
✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐s ♥✉♠❡r♦s♦s ❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛♠♣❧❛
✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳ ❆ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛
❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✻✵ r❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡♥tã♦
✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ♥❡st❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♣❛ss♦✉
❛ ❡st❛r ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✳
❖s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡
❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ✭❇❛❧❦❡✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ♥❛ r❡♠♦çã♦ ♦✉ ✐♥❛t✐✈❛çã♦
❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦s ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s✳

✶✳ ❆ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ✜①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❖2 ❞❡❝❧✐♥❛ ♣♦✉❝❛s ❤♦r❛s ❛♣ós ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦
❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s tr❛t❛❞❛s✳ ❊♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s✱ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡
✜①❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❝❛✐ ❛ ♥í✈❡✐s tã♦ ❜❛✐①♦s ❡ ❡♠ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❞✐❛s r❡t♦r♥❛ ❛♦ ♥♦r✲
♠❛❧❀ ♥❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❛ ❛té ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ③❡r♦ ❡♠ ✶ ♦✉ ✷ ❞✐❛s
❡ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦❀
✷✳ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s ✈✐❛ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛
❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠
♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱
✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✳ ❆❞❥✉✈❛♥t❡s sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛çã♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r❀
✸✳ ❚♦❞♦s s❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛♠ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐❛ ①✐❧❡♠❛❀ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣❡✲
r❡♥❡s só ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✈✐❛ s♦❧♦❀
✹✳ P❧❛♥t❛s t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ♠❛✐s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛

q✉❛♥❞♦ ❜❛✐①❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ❞✐❛s q✉❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡♠
❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❧t❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s❀
✺✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✈❛✐ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❛ ♠♦❞❡r❛❞♦✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛

♣♦ss❛ ✈❛r✐❛r ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❡ ♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ é
❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞✐❛s ❛té ♠❛✐s ❞❡
✉♠ ❛♥♦❀
✻✳ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ s✐♥❡r❣íst✐❝❛ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦

t❡♠♣♦ ♦✉ ♣ró①✐♠♦s à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡t✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❝♦❧✐♥❡s✲
t❡r❛s❡❀
✼✳ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s✳
3.2 Modo de ação

❆ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦
❛♦ sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ◗B ✱ ♥❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ❉✶ ❞♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■■✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ s❡
❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛ ♥❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ❞♦s t✐❧❛❝ó✐❞❡s ❞♦s ❝❧♦r♦♣❧❛st♦s✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✲
s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦ ❜❧♦q✉❡✐♦ ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ❞❡ ◗A ♣❛r❛ ◗B ✳ ■st♦ ✐♥✲
t❡rr♦♠♣❡ ❛ ✜①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❖2 ❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❚P ❡ ◆❆❉P❍2 ✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❆ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱
❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳
❖s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s✉❣❡r✐❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♠♦rr✐❛♠ ♣♦r ✏ ✐♥❛♥✐✲
çã♦✑ ✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛çã♦ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s❛ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡✳ ◆♦
❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s tr❛t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ♠♦rr❡♠ ♠❛✐s
rá♣✐❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛s à ❧✉③ ❞♦ q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ sã♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❡s❝✉r♦✳ ■st♦
♣r♦✈❛ q✉❡ ❛❧❣♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦✳ P❡♥s❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❧♦r♦s❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛♣ós
♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡❥❛ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡r♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♣í❞❡♦s✳
▲✐♣í❞❡♦s ❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s sã♦ ♦①✐❞❛❞♦s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ r♦♠♣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠✲
❜r❛♥❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❡ ♦r❣❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡s✐❞r❛t❡♠ ❡ ❞❡s✐♥t❡❣r❡♠✲s❡
r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❆ ♣❡r♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❧✐♣í❞❡♦s é ❛✉t♦❝❛t❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡ s❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦s
❧✐♣í❞❡♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❞♦ ❝❧♦r♦♣❧❛st♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s
❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❊st❛s r❡❛çõ❡s ❛❝❛❜❛♠ ♣♦r ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ❞❡str✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s
♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ❡ ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡
❞❛ ❞❡s♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s t✐❧❛❝ó✐❞❡s ❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✭❇❛rt❡❧s✱
✶✾✽✺❛✮✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦
❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ♥♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■■✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝♦ tã♦
❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ✭❡st❛❞♦ tr✐♣❧❡t✮✱ q✉❡ s♦❜r❡❝❛rr❡❣❛ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥✉❛çã♦
❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣✐❣♠❡♥t♦s ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s✳ ❖ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛
tr✐♣❧❡t ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♣í❞❡♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s
♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ✭❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✹❜✮✿ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ é ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❝❛✐s
❧✐♣í❞✐❝♦s ♥♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❣r❛①♦s ✐♥s❛t✉r❛❞♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❞❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s✳ ❖
s❡❣✉♥❞♦ é q✉❡ ❛ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ tr✐♣❧❡t ♣♦❞❡ r❡❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r
150 Oliveira Jr.
♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ s✐♥❣❧❡t✳ ❖ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡♥tã♦ r❡❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ ❡st❡s r❛❞✐❝❛✐s ♣❛r❛
✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♦①✐❞❛çã♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❞❛♥♦ às ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s✳
3.3 Locais de atuação nas plantas

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛♠ três ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s à ♣r♦t❡í♥❛
❉✶✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r♠❛♠ s✉❜❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♣r✐✲
♠❡✐r♦ s✉❜❣r✉♣♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❢❡♥✐❧❝❛r✲
❜❛♠❛t♦s✱ ♣✐r✐❞❛③✐♥♦♥❛s✱ tr✐❛③✐♥❛s✱ tr✐❛③✐♥♦♥❛s✱ tr✐❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ❡ ✉r❛❝✐❧❛s ✲
(5) (7)
❈✶ ❀ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❛♠✐❞❛s ❡ ✉ré✐❛s ✕ ❈✷ ❀
❡ ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❜❡♥③♦t✐❛❞✐❛③✐♥♦♥❛s✱ ♥✐tr✐❧❛s ❡ ❢❡✲
(6)
♥✐❧♣✐r✐❞❛③✐♥❛s ✕ ❈✸ ✳ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ sít✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦✱ ❡st❡s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ s✐♥t♦♠❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛s ♥❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✳
❖ ❞✐✉r♦♥ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ ✉ré✐❛ ❧✐❣❛♠✲s❡ ❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❞❡ ♣❡s♦ ♠♦❧❡✲
❝✉❧❛r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥♦ ✏ sít✐♦ ❞❛ ✉ré✐❛✑ ✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❛s tr✐❛③✐♥❛s✱ ❧✐❣❛♠✲s❡ ❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ❖ sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦
❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ❞♦ ❝❧♦r♦♣❧❛st♦ é ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ❯♠ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ sít✐♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✱ é ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦
❞❛s ❜❡♥③♦t✐❛❞✐❛③✐♥♦♥❛s✱ ♥✐tr✐❧❛s ❡ ❢❡♥✐❧♣✐r✐❞❛③✐♥❛s✳ ❊①✐st❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♦✉✲
tr❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝♦s q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ❧✐❣❛ ❛♦ ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦
◗❇✳ ❙ã♦ ♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ✏ ♥ã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦s✑ ✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❞✐♥✐✲
tr♦❢❡♥ó✐s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✮✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❞✐♥✐tr♦❢❡♥ó✐s tê♠
s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛s ♣②r✐❞❛✲
③✐♥♦♥❛s ✭♥♦r✢✉r❛③♦♥✮ ❡ q✉✐♥♦❧✐♥❛s ✭q✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡
q✉❡ ❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❢❡♥ó✐s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦
s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦ ♥❛ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
3.4 Seletividade
❆s tr✐❛③✐♥❛s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ sã♦ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡
❝♦♥❥✉❣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧✉t❛t✐♦♥❛ ♥❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❝❤❡✲
❣✉❡ ❛♦ ❝❧♦r♦♣❧❛st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛✉s❛r ✐♥❥úr✐❛s✳ ❊s♣é❝✐❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ P❛♥✐❝✉♠
♠✐❧✐❛❝❡✉♠✱ P❛♥✐❝✉♠ ❞✐❝❤♦t♦♠✐✢♦r✉♠✱ ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ s♣♣✳ ❡ ❙❡t❛r✐❛ s♣♣✳ sã♦
❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s ❛ ❢❛③❡r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡st♦①✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭❯♥✐✈❡r✲
s✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦✱ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ♦✉
❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ♦✉
s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦✿
• ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✭s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦✮❀
• ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛❀
• ❆❜s♦rçã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣♦r r❛í③❡s ♦✉ ❢♦❧❤❛s❀
• ❚r❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛s r❛í③❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s❀

• ❙♦rçã♦ ❡♠ sít✐♦s ✐♥❛t✐✈♦s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s❀
• ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♠❛✐♦r❡s t❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r t♦❧❡✲
râ♥❝✐❛❀
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s sít✐♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s

❞♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■■ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ♣r♦té✐❝♦ ◗❇ ♥❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ❞♦s
❝❧♦r♦♣❧❛st♦s✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❛s ✉ré✐❛s ❧✐❣❛♠✲s❡ ❛♦s sít✐♦s ✶ ❡ ✷✱ ❛s
tr✐❛③✐♥❛s ❧✐❣❛♠✲s❡ ❛♦s sít✐♦s ✷ ❡ ✸ ❡ ♦s ❞✐♥✐tr♦❢❡♥ó✐s ❧✐❣❛♠✲s❡ ❛♦ sít✐♦ ✹✳
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ●r❡ss❡❧ ✭✶✾✽✺✮✳
152 Oliveira Jr.

❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
❈❧❡❛♥✲❘✐❝❡✱ ●r❛ss❛✐❞✱
●r❛ss♠❛①✱ ❍❡r❜✐♣r♦♣❛♥✐♥✱
❆♠✐❞❛s Pr♦♣❛♥✐❧ P✐❧♦♥✱ Pr♦♣❛♥✐❧ ❆❣r✐♣❡❝✱
Pr♦♣❛♥✐❧ ❉❡❢❡♥s❛✱ Pr♦♣❛♥✐❧
❋❡rs♦❧✱ ❙❛t❛♥✐❧✱ ❙♣❛❞❛✱ ❙t❛♠
❇❡♥③♦t✐❛❞✐❛③✐♥♦♥❛s ❇❡♥t❛③♦♥ ❇❛♥✐r✱ ❇❛s❛❣r❛♥
◆✐tr✐❧❛s ■♦①②♥✐❧ ❚♦tr✐❧
❆♠❡tr❡①✱ ❆♠❡tr✐♥❛ ❆❣r✐♣❡❝✱
❆♠❡tr②♥❡ ❆♠❡tr✐♥❛ ❆t❛♥♦r✱ ●❡s❛♣❛①✱
❍❡r❜✐♣❛❦✱ ▼❡tr✐♠❡①
❆tr❛♥❡①✱ ❆tr❛③✐♥❛ ❆t❛♥♦r✱
❚r✐❛③✐♥❛s ❆tr❛③✐♥❛ ◆♦rt♦①✱ ❆tr❛③✐♥❛①✱
❇❧❛st✱ ❈♦②♦t❡✱ ●❡♥✐✉s✱
❆tr❛③✐♥❡ ●❡s❛♣r✐♠✱ ❍❡r❜✐tr✐♥✱ ▼♦st✱
P♦s♠✐❧✱ Pr✐♠ó❧❡♦✱ Pr♦♦❢✱
❙✐♣tr❛♥✱ ❙✐♣tr♦✐❧✱ ❙♣r✐♥t
Pr♦♠❡tr②♥❡ ●❡s❛❣❛r❞
❙✐♠❛③✐♥❡ ❍❡r❜❛③✐♥✱ ❙✐♠❛♥❡①
❇r♦❦❡r✱ ❉❡st❛q✉❡✱ ❉r✉✐❞✱
❍❡①❛❢♦rt✱ ❍❡①❛♥✐❧✱
❍❡①❛③✐♥♦♥❡ ❍❡①❛③✐♥♦♥❛ ◆♦rt♦①✱
❚r✐❛③✐♥♦♥❛s ▼❛❣♥✉s❇❘✱ ◆❡t✉♥♦✱
P❡r❢♦r♠✱ ❘❛♠❜♦✱ ❙t②❧❡
▼❡t❛♠✐tr♦♥ ●♦❧t✐①
▼❡tr✐❜✉③✐♥ ❙❡♥❝♦r✱ ❙♦❝❝❡r
❚r✐❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ❆♠✐❝❛r❜❛③♦♥❡ ❉✐♥❛♠✐❝
❈❡♥t✐♦♥✱ ❉✐r❡①✱ ❉✐✉r❡①✱
❉✐✉r♦♥✱ ❉✐✉r♦♥ ❋❡rs♦❧✱
❉✐✉r♦♥ ▼✐❧❡♥✐❛✱ ❉✐✉r♦♥
❉✐✉r♦♥ ◆♦rt♦①✱ ❉✐✉r♦♥ ❆❣r✐t❡❝✱
❯ré✐❛s ❉✐✉r♦♥ ❱♦❧❛❣r♦✱ ❉✐✉r♦♥
❱♦❧❝❛♥♦✱ ●r❛s♣✱ ❍❡r❜✉r♦♥✱
❑❛r♠❡①✱ ◆❡t✉♥
▲✐♥✉r♦♥ ❆❢❛❧♦♥✱ ▲✐♥✉r❡①
❚❤✐❞✐❛③✉r♦♠ ❘✉❣❡t
❆✈❛❧✱ ❇✉t✐r♦♥✱ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❡✱
❚❡❜✉t❤✐✉r♦♥ ●r❛s❧❛♥✱ ▲❛✈❛✱ P❡r✢❛♥✱ ❙♣✐❦❡
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐st✉r❛s✿
• ❆♠❡tr②♥❡✰❞✐✉r♦♥✰▼❈P❆✿ ❆❣r✐tr✐♥
• ❆♠❡tr②♥❡✰❞✐✉r♦♥✿ ❆♠❡tr♦♥✱ ❇✐♠❡tr♦♥
• ❆♠❡tr②♥❡✰tr✐✢♦①②s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✿ ❑r✐s♠❛t
• ❆♠❡tr②♥❡✰s✐♠❛③✐♥❡✿ ❙✐♠❡tr❡①✱ ❚♦♣❡③❡
• ❆♠❡tr②♥❡✰❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡✿ ❙✐♥❡r❣❡
• ❆❧❛❝❤❧♦r✰❛tr❛③✐♥❡✿ ❆❣✐♠✐①✱ ❆❧❛❝❧♦r✰❆tr❛③✐♥❛ ◆♦rt♦①✱ ❆❧❛③✐♥❡✱ ❇♦✲
①❡r
• ❆tr❛③✐♥❡✰s✐♠❛③✐♥❡✿ ❆tr❛♠✐①✱ ❆tr❛s✐♠❡①✱ ❇❡♥❝❤✱ ❊①tr❛③✐♥✱ ❍❡r❜✐✲
♠✐①✱ Pr✐♠❛t♦♣✱ ❙❡♥✐♦r✱ ❙✐♠tr❛❝✱ ❚r✐❛♠❡①
• ❆tr❛③✐♥❡✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✿ ●✐❧❧❛♥❡①
• ❆tr❛③✐♥❡✰s✲♠❡t♦❧❛❝❤❧♦r✿ Pr✐♠❛❣r❛♠ ●♦❧❞✱ Pr✐♠❛✐③✱ Pr✐♠❡str❛ ●♦❧❞
• ❆tr❛③✐♥❡✰♥✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✿ ❙❛♥s♦♥ ❆❩
• ❇❡♥t❛③♦♥✰❞✐❝❧♦r❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✿ Pr❛♠❛t♦
• ❇❡♥t❛③♦♥✰✐♠❛③❛♠♦①✿ ❆♠♣❧♦
• ❇r♦♠❛❝✐❧✰❞✐✉r♦♥✿ ❑r♦✈❛r
• ❈❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡✰❤❡①❛③✐♥♦♥❡✿ ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r✱ ❘❛♥❣❡r
• ❉✐✉r♦♥✰❞✐❝❧♦r❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✿ ●r❛♠♦❝✐❧
• ❉✐✉r♦♥✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✿ ●❧②❞✉r✱ ❚r♦♣✉r♦♥
• ❉✐✉r♦♥✰❤❡①❛③✐♥♦♥❡✿ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡✱ ❆✈❡❧❡①✱ ❈♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✱ ❈♦r♦♥❡❧ ❇❘✱
❉✐❤❡①✱ ❉✐③♦♥❡✱ ❍❡❧♣✱ ❍❡①❛r♦♥✱ ❍❡①❛③✐♥♦♥❛✲❉ ◆♦rt♦①✱ ❏✉♠♣✱ ❘❛♥✲
❝❤♦✱ ❙❝♦♣✉s✱ ❙♦❧❞✐❡r✱ ❱❡❧♣❛r ▼❛①✱ ❱❡❧♣❛r ❑✱ ❳❡❦✐❧
• ❉✐✉r♦♥✰❤❡①❛③✐♥♦♥❡✰s✉❧❢♦♠❡t✉r♦♥✿ ❋r♦♥t
• ❉✐✉r♦♥✰t❡❜✉t❤✐✉r♦♥✿ ❇✐♠❛t❡
• ❉✐✉r♦♥✰t❤✐❞✐❛③✉r♦♥✿ ❉r♦♣♣ ❯❧tr❛
• ❉✐✉r♦♥✰▼❙▼❆✿ ❋♦rt❡①
• ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰s✐♠❛③✐♥❡✿ ❚r♦♣❛③✐♥
❖✉tr♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s q✉❡

♥ã♦ sã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♣❡♥t❛♥♦❝❤❧♦r ✭❛♠✐❞❛s✮✱
❜r♦♠♦❢❡♥♦①✐♠✱ ❜r♦♠♦①②♥✐❧ ✭♥✐tr✐❧❛s✮✱ ❝②❛♥❛③✐♥❡✱ ❞❡s♠❡tr②♥❡✱ ❞✐♠❡t❤❛♠❡✲
tr②♥✱ ♣r♦♠❡t♦♥✱ ♣r♦♣❛③✐♥❡✱ s✐♠❡tr②♥❡✱ t❡r❜✉♠❡t✉r♦♥✱ t❡r❜✉t②❧❛③✐♥❡✱ t❡r✲
❜✉tr②♥❡✱ tr✐❡t❛③✐♥❡ ✭tr✐❛③✐♥❛s✮✱ ❜r♦♠❛❝✐❧✱ ❧❡♥❛❝✐❧✱ t❡r❜❛❝✐❧ ✭✉r❛❝✐❧❛s✮✱ ❝❤❧♦✲
r✐❞❛③♦♥ ✭♣✐r✐❞❛③✐♥♦♥❛s✮✱ ❞❡s♠❡❞✐♣❤❛♠✱ ♣❤❡♠❡❞✐♣❤❛♠ ✭❢❡♥✐❧❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s✮✱
❝❤❧♦r♦❜r♦♠✉r♦♥✱ ❝❤❧♦r♦t♦❧✉r♦♥✱ ❝❤❧♦r♦①✉r♦♥✱ ❞✐♠❡❢✉r♦♥✱ ❡t❤✐❞✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❢❡✲
♥✉r♦♥✱ ✢✉♦♠❡t✉r♦♥✱ ✐s♦♣r♦t✉r♦♥✱ ✐s♦✉r♦♥✱ ♠❡t♦❜r♦♠✉r♦♥✱ ♠❡t❛❜❡♥③t❤✐❛✲
③✉r♦♥✱ ♠❡t♦①✉r♦♥✱ ♠♦♥♦❧✐♥✉r♦♥✱ ♥❡❜✉r♦♥✱ s✐❞✉r♦♥ ✭✉ré✐❛s✮ ❡ ♣②r✐❞❛❢♦❧ ❡
♣②r✐❞❛t❡ ✭❢❡♥✐❧♣✐r✐❞❛③✐♥❛s✮✳
❖ ❜❡♥t❛③♦♥✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❡st❡❥❛ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❢♦t♦s✲
s✐st❡♠❛ ■■✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s
❞♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■✿
154 Oliveira Jr.
• ➱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♣r✐♠❛r✐❛✲

♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❡ à ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦✳ ❖s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡
✐♥❥úr✐❛ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛♠✲s❡ ♣ró①✐♠♦s ♦✉ ♥♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛✲
❞♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦❀
• ❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s sã♦ ♠❛✐s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s t❡❝✐❞♦s t❡♥r♦s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❡s❀
• ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s é ✉s❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r ✐♥❥úr✐❛s r❡❧❛t✐✲
✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡✈❡r❛s ✭♥❡❝r♦s❡✮✱ ♠❛s r❡❝✉♣❡r❛♠✲s❡ ❛♣ós ❝❡rt♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ✉♠❛
✈❡③ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♥❡♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♥♦ s♦❧♦❀
• ❆ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡❝✐❞♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❡ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝❛
❧❡✈❛ à ♣❛r❛❧✐s❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ à ♠♦rt❡✳
4. Inibidores do Fotossistema I – Grupo D(22)

❚❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■ ♦✉ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❡s
❞❡ r❛❞✐❝❛✐s ❧✐✈r❡s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡
❛çã♦ ❡♠ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❝❛✉s❡♠ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❡❧❛
q✉❛❧ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞♦ é ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ✐♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥✐❜✐✲
❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■■✳ ❊st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❛t✉❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛❧s♦ ❛❝❡♣t♦r ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s
♥♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■✱ ❡ ❝❛✉s❛ ✐♥❥úr✐❛s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐st✐♥t❛s
❞❛q✉❡❧❛s ❝❛✉s❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■■✳

✶✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛❧t❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✲
❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛q✉♦s❛s❀
✷✳ ❙ã♦ ❝át✐♦♥s ❢♦rt❡s✳ ❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✱ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❢♦r✲
t❡♠❡♥t❡ s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦❧ó✐❞❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♥❛ s✉❛ rá♣✐❞❛
✐♥❛t✐✈❛çã♦❀
✸✳ P♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r✱ ❝❤✉✈❛s ♦❝♦rr✐❞❛s ✸✵ ♠✐♥✉t♦s
❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ♥❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s❀
✹✳ ❖s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛♠✲s❡ r❛♣✐❞❛✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ ❛ ♠♦rt❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛ ❞♦✐s ❞✐❛s✳ ❖s s✐♥t♦♠❛s
❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ tã♦ ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❢♦r ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✉✲
♠✐♥♦s❛ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦❀
✺✳ ❙ã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ tã♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛❀
✻✳ ❚♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♠í❢❡r♦s é ❛❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✳
✼✳ ❯s❛❞♦s ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡✲
♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♣❛r❛
♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♥ã♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s✱ r❡♥♦✈❛çã♦
❞❡ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♣ré✲❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛✳ P♦❞❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s
❡♠ ❥❛t♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❝❛♥❛ ❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❢r✉tí❢❡r❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s✳
4.2 Modo de ação

❖s ❜✐♣✐r✐❞í❧✐✉♥s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t ❡ ♦ ❞✐q✉❛t✱ ❝♦♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s r❡❞♦① ❞❡
✲✷✹✾ ❡ ✲✹✹✻ ♠❱ ✭❍❛❧❧✐✇❡❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✱ sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❝át✐♦♥s✱ ♠❛s tê♠ ❛
❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✱ ❛♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝❡♣t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ♥♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛
■ ♥❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡✱ t♦r♥❛r❡♠✲s❡ r❛❞✐❝❛✐s ❧✐✈r❡s ✭♠♦♥♦✲❝át✐♦♥s✮✳ ❖ sít✐♦ ♥♦
q✉❛❧ ❛♠❜♦s ❛t✉❛♠ ♥♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■ é ♥❛ ♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ à ❢❡rr❡❞♦①✐♥❛✱
❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ r❡❞♦① ❞❡st❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✮✳ P❡♥s❛✲s❡ q✉❡
♦ ❞♦❛❞♦r ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢❡rr♦✲
❡♥①♦❢r❡ ✭❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✹❛✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s r❡❞♦① ❞♦s

❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ❞♦ ❝❧♦r♦♣❧❛st♦✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦
❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦s ❡ ❞♦ ❞✐q✉❛t ❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✳ ❖ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡
❡❧étr♦♥s ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡♥♦r ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ r❡❞♦①✱ ❡ é ♣♦r ❡st❡ ❢❛t♦ q✉❡
♦s ❜✐♣✐r✐❞í❧✐✉♥s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛❧s♦s ❛❝❡♣t♦r❡s✱ ❞❡s✈✐❛♥❞♦
♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s✳ ❙ã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦s sít✐♦s ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s
✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■■ ✲ ♦ ❞♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ ✉ré✐❛ ✭✶✮ ❡ ♦ ❞♦ ❉❇▼■❇
✭✷✮✳
❆ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ♥♦ ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛ ■ ♣❛r❛❧✐s❛ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛

❢❡rr❡❞♦①✐♥❛ ❡ ❛s r❡❛çõ❡s s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳ ❆ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r♦s♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s q✉❡
♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❜✐♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧
♣❡❧❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s✳ ❯♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ r❡❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦①✐❞❛çã♦✱
♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❝❛✐s ❧✐✈r❡s ✭❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦①✐❞❛♥t❡ q✉❡ é ♦ ❛r✮✱
156 Oliveira Jr.
❞✐sr✉♣çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s✱ ♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s

s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦❣r✐❞❡ ❛ ✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳ ❘❡❛çõ❡s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛

❢❡rr❡❞♦①✐♥❛ ❡stá ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❡ q✉❡ sã♦ ❜❧♦q✉❡❛❞❛s ❛♣ós ♦ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡
❡❧étr♦♥s ♣❡❧♦s ❜✐♣✐r✐❞í❧✐✉♥s ♥♦s ❝❧♦r♦♣❧❛st♦s✳ ❋♣ ❂ ✢❛✈♦♣r♦t❡í♥❛✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦
❞❡ ❇❛rt❡❧s ✭✶✾✽✺❜✮✳
❘❡s✉♠✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡

❞♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s ❛❢❡t❛❞♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡str✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❣r❛①♦s ♥♦s t✐❧❛❝ó✐❞❡s ❡
♦✉tr❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❝❛✐s
❧✐✈r❡s✱ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❛♥♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡s r❛❞✐❝❛✐s ❧✐✈r❡s ❝❛✉s❛♠ às ❝é❧✉❧❛s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ à
❝❧♦r♦s❡✱ ♥❡❝r♦s❡ ❡ ♠♦rt❡✳
4.3 Seletividade
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s✳ ◆♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡
❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠ ❡ ❞❡ ❆❣r♦♣②r♦♥ r❡♣❡♥s ❢♦r❛♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s
❛♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✱ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s t❡♦r❡s ❞❛s ❡♥③✐♠❛s
s✉♣❡ró①✐❞♦✲❞✐s♠✉t❛s❡✱ ❝❛t❛❧❛s❡ ❡ ♣❡r♦①✐❞❛s❡✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛♠ ♦ ❍2 ❖2
♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝✐❛✐s às ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉s❛r ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦
❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥❛s q✉❛✐s s❡❥❛ ❡✈✐t❛❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦
❞♦ ❥❛t♦ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳

❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
❉✐q✉❛t ❘❡❣❧♦♥❡
❇✐♣✐r✐❞í❧✐✉♥s
❉✐❝❧♦r❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t ●r❛♠♦①♦♥❡✱ ❍❡❧♠♦①♦♥❡✱ P❛r❛❞♦①
P❛r❛q✉❛t ▲❛r❡❞♦✱ P❛r❛q✉❛t ❙✐♥♦♥
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐st✉r❛s✿
• ❇❡♥t❛③♦♥✰❞✐❝❧♦r❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✿ Pr❛♠❛t♦
• ❉✐❝❧♦r❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✰♣❛r❛q✉❛t✿ ❚♦❝❤❛
• ❉✐✉r♦♥✰❞✐❝❧♦r❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✿ ●r❛♠♦❝✐❧
5. Inibidores do Crescimento Inicial – Grupos K1(3) ; K2(23) e

K3(15)
5.1 Subgrupo K1(3) : inibidores da formação de microtúbulos (dinitro-

anilinas e piridinas)
❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❡st❡ s✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡✲
❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❞♦ s✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ❑✸✳ ❊✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❛
❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✏ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ♣♦❧✐♠❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ t✉❜✉❧✐♥❛✑ ♣❛r❛ ❛❣r✉♣❛r
❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
❇❡♥③❛♠✐❞❛s✱ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ✭❉❈P❆✮✱ ❞✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s✱ ❢♦s✲
❢♦r♦❛♠✐❞❛t♦s ❡ ♣✐r✐❞✐♥❛s sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡
s❡ ❧✐❣❛♠ à t✉❜✉❧✐♥❛✱ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦tú❜✉✲
❧♦s✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✲t✉❜✉❧✐♥❛ ✐♥✐❜❡ ❛ ♣♦❧✐♠❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦tú❜✉❧♦s✱
❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ à ❞❡s❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦
❢✉s♦ ♠✐tót✐❝♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s
❝r♦♠♦ss♦♠♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♠✐t♦s❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❡q✉❛t♦r✐❛❧
♥ã♦ s❡ ❢♦r♠❛✳ ❖s ♠✐❝r♦tú❜✉❧♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛
♣❛r❡❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳ ❆ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦tú❜✉❧♦s ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ♦ s✐♥t♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥t✉♠❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ r❛í③❡s✱
q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s ♠❡r✐st❡♠át✐❝♦s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ s❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡♠
♥❡♠ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ s❡ ❛❧♦♥❣❛r ✭❙❡♥s❡♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
5.1.1 Características gerais

✶✳ ❈❛✉s❛♠ ❛ ♣❛r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❛✐③ ❡ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❡
♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r ❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❞♦ ♠❡r✐st❡♠❛ ❛♣✐❝❛❧❀
158 Oliveira Jr.
✷✳ P❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s ❡ ❛♥✉❛✐s ❥á ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s só ♠♦rr❡♠ ❡♠

❝❛s♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s ❡ ♣✐r✐❞✐♥❛s ♥ã♦ s❡
tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛♠ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣♦✉❝❛ ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❥á ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s❀
✸✳ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ à ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✈❛✐ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛ ❛❧t❛❀
✹✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❢ís✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♠ s❡✉ ❞❡✲
s❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ rá♣✐❞♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❛❧t❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r✱ ❢♦tó❧✐s❡✱ ❞❡❝♦♠✲
♣♦s✐çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥❛✮❀
✺✳ ❚♦❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❜❛✐①❛ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♠í❢❡r♦s❀
✻✳ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✿ sã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s✱ ♦r✐✉♥❞❛s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s❀
✼✳ ❙ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ P❘➱ ♦✉ PP■✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛❧t❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r✳
5.1.2 Modo de ação

❙ã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ♠✐t♦s❡✱ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦tú❜✉❧♦s✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s♦
❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✼✵ ❡ ✽✵✮✱ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳ ❆ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ s♦❜r❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❝❛✉s❛
❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐t♦s❡ ♥❛ ♣r♦♠❡tá❢❛s❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ♣♦❧✐♠❡r✐③❛çã♦
❞❛ t✉❜✉❧✐♥❛ ❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦tú❜✉❧♦s ✭❍❡ss ✫ ❇❛②❡r✱ ✶✾✼✹✱ ✶✾✼✼✮✳
❆ ♥í✈❡❧ ❝✐t♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♦ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ ❛❧t❡r❛ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞❛ ♠✐t♦s❡✳ ❆♥♦r✲
♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♠✐tót✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡tá❢❛s❡s ❞❡s♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s✱ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♣♦❧✐♣❧ó✐❞❡s ❡
♠✐❝r♦♥ú❝❧❡♦s sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ❛♣ós ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❡❜♦❧❛✱
tr✐❣♦ ❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ✭▲✐❣♥♦✇s❦✐ ✫ ❙❝♦tt✱ ✶✾✼✷❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳
❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ ♥ã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✱ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐✲
♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✭P❛r❦❛ ✫ ❙♦♣❡r✱ ✶✾✼✼✮✱ ♠❛s ✐♥✈❛r✐❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛✉s❛ ❛ ✐♥✐✲
❜✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ✭▲✐❣♥♦✇s❦✐ ✫ ❙❝♦tt✱ ✶✾✼✷✮✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦✲
s❡✱ s♦❜ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ♠♦r❢♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❡♥t✉♠❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣♦♥t❛s ❞❡ r❛í③❡s
s❡♥sí✈❡✐s✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à r❡❞✉çã♦ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛❧✐s❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱
❡♠❜♦r❛ ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s s❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❤❛ ✭❍❛rt③❧❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳
P❛r❛ ♦ t❤✐❛③♦♣②r✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❛t✉❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ às ❞✐♥✐tr♦✲
❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❧✐❣❛ à ♠❡s♠❛
♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ✭t✉❜✉❧✐♥❛✮✳
5.1.3 Seletividade
❆ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✭s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦✮ é ♦
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠♦❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s sã♦ s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s
t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s✳ ❊♠ ❝❡♥♦✉r❛ ✭❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s✮ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥✲
❝✐❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥♦ sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛
t✉❜✉❧✐♥❛✳
5.2 Subgrupo K3(15) : inibidores da divisão celular (cloroacetamidas)

❊st❡ s✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ♣♦❞❡✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s✱ s❡r r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛✲
♥✐s♠♦ à ♣❛rt❡✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦
❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛✳ ▼❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❞❡
✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s ❣r❛①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❧♦♥❣❛ ✭♦✉✱ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✱
✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❱▲❈❋❆ ✕ ❱❡r② ▲♦♥❣ ❈❤❛✐♥ ❋❛tt② ❆❝✐❞s ✮✱ ♦✉✱ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡
✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳ ❖ ❛❧❛❝❤❧♦r ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞❡st❡
❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❛ s❡r ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧✲
t✉r❛ ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞✐❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠
s♦❥❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ✭❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s
❧❛r❣❛s✮✱ s❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❝♦♠♦ ♦ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥✱ s❡✉
❝♦♠♣❡t✐❞♦r ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛✮✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞✐❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s ❡ sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠✐✲
❧❤♦✱ s♦❥❛✱ ❜❛t❛t❛✱ ❢❡✐❥ã♦✱ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❢✉♠♦ ❡ ❝❛♥❛✲❞❡✲❛çú❝❛r✳ ❆❧é♠
❞❛s ❝❧♦r♦❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❡st❡ s✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ❛s ❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛s✱ ♦①✐❛❝❡t❛♠✐✲
❞❛s ❡ t❡tr❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s✳

✶✳ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❜❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❥á
❡♠❡r❣✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣♦✉❝❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s
✭❊①✿ ❝❛r✉r✉✮✳ ❙ã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛❀
✷✳ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s t❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛s r❛í③❡s ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s
❞✐❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s✮ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ✭♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ♠♦♥♦✮✱
♠❛s ❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ é ♣❡q✉❡♥❛❀
✸✳ ❚♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡✐①❡s✱ ❛✈❡s ❡ ♠❛♠í❢❡r♦s é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❜❛✐①❛❀
✹✳ ❯♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ r❡❣✐str♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ♣❛r❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✱ ❝❛❢é✱ ❝❛♥❛✱ ❢❡✐❥ã♦✱ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧✱ ♠✐❧❤♦
❡ s♦❥❛✳ ◆❡♥❤✉♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s ✉♠❛ ❧❡✈❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦
❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s❀
✺✳ ❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t♦s ❛♥♦s✱
❡①✐st❡♠ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❧❛t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❧❡♥ç♦❧ ❢r❡át✐❝♦
♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❞❡ ❛❧❛❝❤❧♦r ❡ ♠❡t♦❧❛❝❤❧♦r✳

❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♣♦✉❝♦ s❡ s❛❜❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❡✲
❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❆ ❛çã♦ ✜t♦tó①✐❝❛ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ✭♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈ár✐❛s✮ ♥♦s
♠❡r✐st❡♠❛s ❛♣✐❝❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❡ ❞❛s r❛í③❡s ❡♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✳
❊st❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♥❛ ♣❛r❛❧✐s❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛♠❛✲
♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❛✐③ ❡ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡
160 Oliveira Jr.
❛ér❡❛✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❛ ❡❧♦♥❣❛çã♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r✱ ❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♣í❞❡♦s ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛✲

çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r ✭❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ●r❛♠í♥❡❛s ♠♦str❛♠
✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦❧❡ó♣t✐❧♦✳
P♦❞❡ ❤❛✈❡r ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥❥úr✐❛ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s s❡✈❡r❛s ❞❡ ❝❧✐♠❛
✭❢r✐♦✱ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝❤✉✈❛s✮ ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛
❛❜s♦rçã♦ ✭❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
5.2.3 Seletividade
P♦❞❡ ❡st❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ à t❛①❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦✱ ♠❛s ✐st♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡stá
t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞♦✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s❛❢❡♥❡rs ✭♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s✮ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲
✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❛❝❤❧♦r ❡ ♠❡t♦❧❛❝❤❧♦r ❡♠ s♦r❣♦ ❣r❛♥í❢❡r♦✳
❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛♦ ❛❧❛❝❤❧♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡✲
q✉❡♥❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s à ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲♦
✐♥❛t✐✈♦✳ ❊st❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦
❛tr❛③✐♥❡ é ❞❡st♦①✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❊♠
❝❡rt♦s ❝❛s♦s ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡♣❛r❛r
❡s♣é❝✐❡s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✳

❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
❙✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ❑✶(3)
❍❡r❜❛❞♦①✱ P❡♥❞✐♠❡t❤❛❧✐♥
P❡♥❞✐♠❡t❤❛❧✐♥ ❙❛♥❛❝❤❡♠✱ P❡♥❞✉❧✉♠
❆rr♦✇✱ ❈❛♥❛str❛✱ ❍❡r❜✐✢❛♥✱
❉✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s ▲✐❢❛❧✐♥✱ ◆♦✈♦❧❛t❡✱ Pr❡♠❡r❧✐♥✱
❚r✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥❛ ❆t❛♥♦r✱ ❚r✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥❛
❚r✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ ▼✐❧❡♥✐❛✱ ❚r✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥❛ ◆♦rt♦①✱
❚r✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥❛ ◆♦rt♦① ●♦❧❞✱
❚r✐✢✉r❡①✱ ❚r✐t❛❝
P✐r✐❞✐♥❛s ❚❤✐❛③♦♣②r ❱✐s♦r
❙✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ❑✸(15)
❆❝❡t♦❝❤❧♦r ❋✐st✱ ❑❛❞❡tt✱ ❙✉r♣❛ss
❈❧♦r♦❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛s ❆❧❛❝❤❧♦r ❆❧❛❝❧♦r ◆♦rt♦①✱ ❆❧❛♥❡①✱ ▲❛ç♦
❙✲♠❡t♦❧❛❝❤❧♦r ❉✉❛❧ ●♦❧❞
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐st✉r❛s✿
• ❆❧❛❝❤❧♦r✰tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥✿ ▲❛♥❝❡
• ❆❧❛❝❤❧♦r✰❛tr❛③✐♥❡✿ ❆❣✐♠✐①✱ ❆❧❛❝❧♦r✰❆tr❛③✐♥❛ ◆♦rt♦①✱ ❆❧❛③✐♥❡✱ ❇♦✲
①❡r
• ❆tr❛③✐♥❡✰s✲♠❡t♦❧❛❝❤❧♦r✿ Pr✐♠❛❣r❛♠ ●♦❧❞✱ Pr✐♠❛✐③✱ Pr✐♠❡str❛ ●♦❧❞

• Pr♦♣❛♥✐❧✰t❤✐♦❜❡♥❝❛r❜✿ ●r❛ss♠❛①✱ ❙❛t❛♥✐❧
❖✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❑✶ ❡ s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s

sã♦ ❜❡♥❡✜♥✱ ❞✐♥✐tr❛♠✐♥❡✱ ♦r②③❛❧✐♥ ✭❞✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s✮✱ ❛♠✐♣r♦♣❤♦s✲♠❡t❤②❧✱
❜✉t❛♠✐♥♦♣❤♦s ✭❢♦s❢♦r♦❛♠✐❞❛t♦s✮✱ ❞✐t❤✐♦♣②r ✭♣✐r✐❞✐♥❛s✮✱ ♣r♦♣②③❛♠✐❞❡✱ t❡✲
❜✉t❛♠ ✭❜❡♥③❛♠✐❞❛s✮ ❡ ❝❤❧♦rt❛❧ ♦✉ ❉❈P❆ ✭á❝✐❞♦ ❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦✮✳ ◆♦ ❣r✉♣♦
❑✷ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❝❛r❜❡t❛♠✐❞❡✱ ❝❤❧♦r♣r♦♣❤❛♠ ❡ ♣r♦♣❤❛♠ ✭❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s✮✳
◆♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❑✸ ❡stã♦ ❜✉t❛❝❤❧♦r✱ ❞✐♠❡t❤❛❝❤❧♦r✱ ❞✐♠❡t❤❡♥❛♠✐❞✱ ♠❡t❛③❛❝❤✲
❧♦r✱ ♠❡t♦❧❛❝❤❧♦r✱ ♣❡t❤♦①❛♠✐❞✱ ♣r❡t✐❧❛❝❤❧♦r✱ ♣r♦♣❛❝❤❧♦r ✭❝❧♦r♦❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛s✮✱
❞✐♣❤❡♥❛♠✐❞✱ ♥❛♣r♦❛♥✐❧✐❞❡✱ ♥❛♣r♦♣❛♠✐❞❡ ✭❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛s✮✱ ✢✉❢❡♥❛❝❡t✱ ♠❡❢❡♥❛✲
❝❡t ✭♦①✐❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛s✮✱ ✐♣❢❡♥❝❛r❜❛③♦♥❡✱ ❢❡♥tr❛③❛♠✐❞❡ ✭t❡tr❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s✮✱ ❛♥✐❧♦✲
❢♦s✱ ❝❛❢❡♥str♦❧❡✱ ♣②r♦①❛s✉❧❢♦♥❡ ❡ ♣✐♣❡r♦♣❤♦s ✭♦✉tr♦s ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✮✳ ❉✐✲
♠❡t❤❛❝❤❧♦r✱ ❞✐♠❡t❤❛♥❛♠✐❞✱ ♠❡t❛③❛❝❤❧♦r✱ ♠❡t♦❧❛❝❤❧♦r✱ ♣❡t❤♦①❛♠✐❞✱ ♣r❡t✐✲
❧❛❝❤❧♦r✱ ♣r♦♣❛❝❤❧♦r✱ ♣r♦♣✐s♦❝❤❧♦r ❡ t❤❡♥②❧❝❤❧♦r sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦s ♥♦
❣r✉♣♦ ❑✸✱ ♠❛s s❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✳
6. Inibidores da PROTOX – Grupo E(14)

❊st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝✉❥♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❜❡ ❛
❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ♣r♦t♦♣♦r✜r✐♥♦❣ê♥✐♦ ♦①✐❞❛s❡ ✭PP❖ ♦✉ P❘❖❚❖❳✮✳ ❙ã♦
t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞♦ t❡tr❛♣✐rr♦❧❡ ♦✉ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛
sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦♣♦r✜r✐♥❛ ■❳✳

✶✳ P♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s r❛í③❡s✱ ❝❛✉❧❡ ♦✉ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♥♦✈❛s❀
✷✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣♦✉❝❛ ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s❀
✸✳ ❘❡q✉❡r❡♠ ❧✉③ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛t✐✈❛❞♦s❀
✹✳ P❛rt❡s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡①♣♦st❛s ❛♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ à ❧✉③ ♠♦rr❡♠ r❛♣✐❞❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ ✭✉♠ ❛ ❞♦✐s ❞✐❛s✮❀
✺✳ ❙ã♦ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡
r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s à ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦❀
✻✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❞♦✐s ít❡♥s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣ré✲
❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣ró①✐♠♦ à s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡
❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s❀
✼✳ ❖ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✈❛r✐❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
❈❛s♦s ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❝❛rr②♦✈❡r ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡
❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ❡ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✳
162 Oliveira Jr.
6.2 Modo de ação

❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡st❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦
❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ♣r♦t♦♣♦r✜r✐♥♦❣ê♥✐♦ ♦①✐❞❛s❡ ✭PP❖ ♦✉ P❘❖❚❖❳✮✱
q✉❡ ❛t✉❛ ♥❛ ♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦♣♦r✜r✐♥♦❣ê♥✐♦ à ♣r♦t♦♣♦r✜r✐♥❛ ■❳ ✭♣r❡❝✉r✲
s♦r❡s ❞❛ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛✮✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦✲
♣♦r✜r✐♥♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ r❡❛t✐✈♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡
✉♠❛ ♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ♥ã♦✲❡♥③✐♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳ ❈♦❣✐t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r♦t♦♣♦r✜r✐♥❛ ■❳
♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✈✐❛ ♥ã♦ ❡♥③✐♠át✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ s♦❢r❡r✐❛ ❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❣✲q✉❡❧❛t❛s❡
♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r✲s❡ ❡♠ ▼❣✲♣r♦t♦♣♦r✜r✐♥❛ ■❳✱ ❡✱ ♦✉✱ q✉❡ t❡r✐❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✈✐❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧✳ ◆❡st❡
❝❛s♦✱ ♦❝♦rr❡r✐❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ❡ ❧✉③ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡✈❛r ♦ ❖2 ❛♦ ❡st❛❞♦
s✐♥❣❧❡t✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ s❡r✐❛ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧✱ ❡♠ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡r♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡
❧✐♣í❞❡♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♥❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✳ ▲✐♣í❞❡♦s ❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s sã♦ ♦①✐✲
❞❛❞♦s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❛ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ❡ ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s ❡ ♥♦ r♦♠♣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡s✐❞r❛t❡♠ ❡ s❡ ❞❡s✐♥t❡❣r❡♠
r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝❛✉s❛♠ ❛ ♠♦rt❡
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛s ❡♥tr❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ tr❛t❛❞❛✳
❖s t❡❝✐❞♦s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s s♦❢r❡♠ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡❝r♦s❡ ❡ ♠♦rt❡✱ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛
♣❡r♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♣í❞❡♦s✳
P❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♥❡❝r♦s❡ ♥❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭✉♠ ❛
três ❞✐❛s✮✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣♦❞❡♠
❡①✐❜✐r ✐♥❥úr✐❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛ s❡✈❡r❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❉♦s❡s s✉❜❧❡t❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ ❜r♦♥③❡✲
❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ♠❛✐s ♥♦✈❛s✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❣♦t❛s
❝❛✉s❛ ♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♠❛♥❝❤❛s ❜r❛♥❝❛s ♥❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✳
6.3 Seletividade
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦❧❤❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣♦✉❝❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s t❡♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❛
ár❡❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❛❢❡t❛❞❛ ✭❡①✿ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ❡ ❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ s♦❥❛✮ ♦❝♦rr❡
❝❡rt♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛✱ ♠❛s ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛♠ ✭♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ é ✉♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡
❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦✱ ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ♥♦✈❛s q✉❡ s❛❡♠ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s✮✳
P❛r❛ ♦ ♦①②✢✉♦r❢❡♥✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❝♦♠♦ P✐♥✉s s♣✳ ❡ ❝❡❜♦❧❛✱ ❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛
❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ♠❡♥♦r ♠♦❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❡♥♦r ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ✈✐❛
❢♦❧✐❛r✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡r❛ ❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r✳
❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ só é ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛s
às ❡♥tr❡❧✐♥❤❛s ✭❝❛❢é✱ ❝✐tr♦s✮✳
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❡ ♦ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✱ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐s✲
t✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s
❡♠ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♣ré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦✱ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ ♥♦r✲
♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r
♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s♦❜r❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ✭❏❛r❡♠t❝❤✉❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
❋♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ❋❧❡①
❉✐❢❡♥✐❧ét❡r❡s ❈♦❜r❛✱ ❈♦r❛❧✱ ❉r✐❜❧❡✱ ▲❛❝t♦❢❡♥
▲❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ❆●P✱ ◆❛❥❛✱ ❙❡r♣❡♥t
❖①②✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ●❛❧✐❣❛♥✱ ●♦❛❧
◆✲❢❡♥✐❧❢t❛❧✐♠✐❞❛s ❋❧✉♠✐❝❧♦r❛❝✲♣❡♥t✐❧ ❘❛❞✐❛♥t✱ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡
❋❧✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❋❧✉♠②③✐♥✱ ❙✉♠✐s♦②❛✱ ❙✉♠②③✐♥
❖①❛❞✐❛③ó✐s ❖①❛❞✐❛③♦♥ ❘♦♥st❛r
❆✣♥✐t②✱ ❆✐♠✱ ❆✉r♦r❛✱
❚r✐❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ❈❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧
◗✉✐❝❦s✐❧✈❡r✱ ❘❛❣❡✱ ❙♣♦t❧✐❣❤t
❙✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ❇♦r❛❧✱ ❊①♣❧♦r❡r✱ ❙♦❧❛r❛
P✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥❛❞✐♦♥❛s ❙❛✢✉❢❡♥❛❝✐❧ ❑✐①♦r✱ ❍❡❛t
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐st✉r❛s✿
• ❋❧✉③✐❢♦♣✲♣✲❜✉t②❧✰❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✿ ❋✉s✐✢❡①✱ ❘♦❜✉st
❖✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✿ ❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥✲só❞✐♦✱

❛❝❧♦♥✐❢❡♥✱ ❜✐❢❡♥♦①✱ ❝❤❧♦♠❡t❤♦①②❢❡♥✱ ❡t❤♦①②❢❡♥✱ ✢✉♦r♦❣❧②❝♦❢❡♥✱ ❤❛❧♦s❛✲
❢❡♥ ✭❞✐❢❡♥✐❧ét❡r❡s✮✱ ✢✉t✐❛❝❡t✲♠❡t❤②❧✱ t❤✐❞✐❛③✐♠✐♠ ✭t❤✐❛❞✐③♦❧❡s✮✱ ✢✉❛③♦✲
❧❛t❡✱ ♣②r❛✢✉❢❡♥✲❡t❤②❧ ✭♣❤❡♥②❧♣✐r❛③♦❧❡s✮✱ ❛③❛❢❡♥✐❞✐♠✱ ❜❡♥❝❛r❜❛③♦♥❡ ✭tr✐❛✲
③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛✮✱ ❝✐♥✐❞♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ✭◆✲❢❡♥✐❧❢t❛❧✐♠✐❞❛✮✱ ♦①❛❞✐❛r❣②❧ ✭♦①❛❞✐❛③♦❧✮✱ ♣❡♥t♦✲
①❛③♦♥❡ ✭♦①❛③♦❧✐❞✐♥❡❞✐♦♥❛✮✱ ❜❡♥③❢❡♥❞✐③♦♥❡✱ ❜✉t❛❢❡♥❛❝✐❧ ✭♣✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥❛❞✐♦♥❛s✮✱
✢✉❢❡♥♣②r✲❡t❤②❧✱ ♣r♦✢✉❛③♦❧✱ ♣②r❛❝❧♦♥✐❧ ✭♦✉tr♦s✮✳
7. Inibidores da Biossíntese de Carotenóides – Grupos F1(12) ;

F2(27) e F3(11,13)
❊st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛✲s❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ s✐♥✲
t♦♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡s♣✐❣♠❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ♦❝❛✲
s✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦t♦❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛♣ós ♦ ❜❧♦q✉❡✐♦ ❞❛
sí♥t❡s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❣♠❡♥t♦s ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ s❡r❡♠ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❜❧❡❛❝❤❡rs✳ ❙✉❜❞✐✈✐❞❡✲s❡ ❡♠ três ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ q✉❡
❞✐❢❡r❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❜❧♦q✉❡✐♦ ❞♦s ♣✐❣♠❡♥t♦s
❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✮✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ tí♣✐❝♦
s✐♥t♦♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
❖ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡✱ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝♦✲
❜❡rt♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❋▼❈ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✹ ❡ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦
❞❡ ■♦✇❛✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✻✳ ❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ✐s♦①❛✢✉t♦❧❡✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ à ❞✐q✉❡t♦♥✐tr✐❧❛✳ ❊st❡ ❢❛t♦ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠
q✉❡ ♦ ✐s♦①❛✢✉t♦❧❡ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣ró✲❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
164 Oliveira Jr.
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳ ❙ít✐♦s ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡

❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡t③✐♥❣❡r ❏r✳ ✫ ▼❛❧❧♦r②✲❙♠✐t❤ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✳
a ❙✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ❋✶✿ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
b ❙✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ❋✷✿ ✐s♦①❛✢✉t♦❧❡✱ ♠❡s♦tr✐♦♥❡✱ t❡♠❜♦tr✐♦♥❡✳
c ❙✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ❋✸✿ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡✳

✶✳ ❊st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ♥❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣✐❣♠❡♥✲
t♦s ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♥✉♠❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛
✏ ❛❧❜✐♥❛✑ ❀
✷✳ ❆♠✐tr♦❧❡ ✭❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✮ é ♣r♦♥t❛✲

♠❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✱ ♠❛s ♦s
❞❡♠❛✐s tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡❧♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛❀
✸✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥♦r✢✉r❛③♦♥✱ ✢✉r✐❞♦♥❡ ❡ ❝❧♦✲

♠❛③♦♥❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❛♥✐✜❝❛r ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛s ♣♦r ❞❡r✐✈❛❀ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧
♣❛r❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛ é ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦s ❛♦
s♦❧♦❀
✹✳ ◆♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢❛t♦r q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ s♦rçã♦ é ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r✲

❣â♥✐❝❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ t❡①t✉r❛ é s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ ❡ ♦ ♣❍ ♣r❛✲
t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♥✢✉✐✳ ❆ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛
❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ ❡ ❢♦tó❧✐s❡ ❞❡s❡♠✲
♣❡♥❤❛♥❞♦ ♣❛♣é✐s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s❀
✺✳ ❚♦❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❜❛✐①❛ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♠í❢❡r♦s✳

7.2 Modo de ação

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❛t✉❛♠ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s
sít✐♦s ❡♥③✐♠át✐❝♦s ❞❛ r♦t❛ ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❣♠❡♥t♦s ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s✳ ❖ ❜❧♦✲
q✉❡✐♦ ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡st❡s ♣✐❣♠❡♥t♦s é ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦
❞♦ s✐♥t♦♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✏ ❛❧❜✐♥✐s♠♦✑ ♦✉ ❞❡s♣✐❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
(12)
◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ s✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ✭❋✶ ✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❛s ♣✐r✐❞❛③✐♥♦♥❛s ✭♥♦r✢✉✲
r❛③♦♥✮✱ ❛s ♣✐r✐❞✐♥❡❝❛r❜♦①❛♠✐❞❛s ✭❞✐✢✉❢❡♥✐❝❛♥✱ ♣✐❝♦❧✐♥❛❢❡♥✮ ❡ ♦ ✢✉r✐❞♦♥❡✱ ♦s
q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❜❧♦q✉❡✐❛♠ ❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s
♣❡❧❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✜t♦❡♥♦ ❞❡s❛t✉r❛s❡✳ ❙✉❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❝❛✉s❛ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✜t♦✲
❡♥♦✱ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❥á ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✢✉r✐❞♦♥❡ ✭❑♦✇❛❧❝③②❦✲
❙❝❤rö❞❡r ✫ ❙❛♥❞♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✷✮ ❡ ♥♦r✢✉r❛③♦♥ ✭❙❛♥❞♠❛♥♥ ✫ ❇ö❣❡r✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳
(27)
❚r✐❝❡t♦♥❛s✱ ✐s♦①❛③♦❧❡s ❡ ♣✐r❛③♦❧❡s ✭❋✷ ✮ sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
q✉❡ ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ♦✉tr❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛✱ ❛ p✲❤✐❞r♦①✐❢❡♥✐❧♣✐r✉✈❛t♦ ❞❡s✐❞r♦❣❡♥❛s❡ ✭❍PP❉✮✱
q✉❡ é ❛ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ♣✲❤✐❞r♦①✐♠❡t✐❧♣✐r✉✈❛t♦ à ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥✲
t✐s❛t♦✳ ❊st❛ é ✉♠❛ r❡❛çã♦✲❝❤❛✈❡ ♥❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛st♦q✉✐♥♦♥❛ ❡ s✉❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦
❞á ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❛♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ ❜r❛♥q✉❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s q✉❡ ❡♠❡r❣❡♠ ❛♣ós
❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡s s✐♥t♦♠❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡
❞❡ ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛st♦q✉✐♥♦♥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❢❛t♦r ❞❛
✜t♦❡♥♦ ❞❡s❛t✉r❛s❡ ✭❙❡♥s❡♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
(13)
❖ sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❛s ✐s♦①❛③♦❧✐❞✐♥♦♥❛s ✭❋✸ ✮ ♥ã♦ é ❜❡♠
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳ ❖ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ t❡r ✉♠ sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③
q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝❛✉s❛ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞♦ ✜t♦❡♥♦ ✭❉✉❦❡ ✫ ❑❡♥②♦♥✱ ✶✾✽✻✮ ♥❡♠ ✐♥✐❜❡
❛ ❜✐♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛♥✐❧❣❡r❛♥✐❧ ♣✐r♦❢♦s❢❛t❛s❡ ✭❲❡✐♠❡r✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❋♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦
q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡①❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ s❡r✐❛ ❛ ■PP ✐s♦♠❡r❛s❡ ✭✐s♦♣❡♥t❡♥✐❧ ♣✐r♦❢♦s❢❛t♦
✐s♦♠❡r❛s❡✮✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝❛rt❛❞♦ ✭❈r♦t❡❛✉✱ ✶✾✾✷❀ ❲❡✐♠❡r
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❊✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡s s✉❣❡r❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ é ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐③❛❞♦
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✺✲❝❡t♦✲❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ♣❡❧❛s ❤❡♠♦♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝✐t♦❝r♦♠♦
P✲✹✺✵ ♠♦♥♦①✐❣❡♥❛s❡✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭❨✉♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❆ ❢♦r♠❛ ✺✲❝❡t♦ ✐♥✐❜❡ ❛ ✶✲❞❡♦①✐✲①✐❧✉❧♦s❡ ✺✲❢♦s❢❛t❛s❡ s✐♥t❛s❡ ✭❉❖❳P✮✱ ✉♠
❝♦♠♣♦st♦✲❝❤❛✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ✐s♦♣r❡♥ó✐❞❡s ❞♦s ♣❧❛stí❞❡♦s ✭❋❡r❤❛t♦❣❧✉
✫ ❇❛rr❡t✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
(11)
❆♠✐tr♦❧❡ ✭❋✸ ✮ ✭tr✐❛③♦❧✮ ✐♥✐❜❡ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐✲
❞❡s ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♦ sít✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛ s✐❞♦
(11)
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✳ ❆❝❧♦♥✐❢❡♥ ✭❋✸ ✮ ✭❞✐❢❡♥✐❧ét❡r✮ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❛t✉❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♠❡✲
❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s✱ ♠❛s ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❡①❛t♦
❞❡ ❛çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛❞♦✳
❖ s✐♥t♦♠❛ ♠❛✐s ✈✐sí✈❡❧ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❞♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♠ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❛ ❜✐♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s é ❛ ❢♦❧❤❛❣❡♠ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❜r❛♥❝❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ❛♣ós ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ➚s ✈❡③❡s ✐st♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✏ ❝r❡s✲
❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧❜✐♥♦✑ ✳ ❖ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♠❛s
s❡♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❡❝✐❞♦s ❢♦t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝♦s ✈❡r❞❡s✱ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❛♥t✐❞♦✳ ❖ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝❡ss❛ ❡ ❡♥tã♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♠
❛ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ ♥❡❝r♦s❡✳ ❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❛ ❜✐♦ssí♥✲
t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s ♥ã♦ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ♦s ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s ♣ré✲❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦
166 Oliveira Jr.
♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ♠♦str❛♠ ♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❛❧❜✐♥♦s

tí♣✐❝♦s✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s ♥♦✈❛s s❡❥❛ ❜r❛♥❝♦✱ ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
♥ã♦ ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❜✐♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛✳ ❆ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ é
♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❞❡str✉✐çã♦ ❞❡❧❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✉③ ✭❢♦t♦♦①✐❞❛çã♦✮✱ ♦✉ t❛❧✈❡③ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à
❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐sr✉♣çã♦ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❛ ❜✐♦s✲
sí♥t❡s❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❧♦r♦♣❧❛st♦✳ ❯♠ ♣❛♣❡❧
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞♦s ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s é ♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡❣❡r ❛ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦♦①✐❞❛çã♦✳
❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❛ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ s❡r s✐♥t❡t✐③❛❞❛ ❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ❡❧❡tr♦♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①❝✐t❛❞❛
♣❡❧❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❢ót♦♥s ❞❡ ❧✉③✱ é tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐♥❣❧❡t ♣❛r❛ ❛
❢♦r♠❛ tr✐♣❧❡t✱ ♠❛✐s r❡❛t✐✈❛✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡
❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ é ❞✐ss✐♣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦s ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s
♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✱ ❡st❛s ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛s ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ tr✐♣❧❡t ✐♥✐❝✐❛♠ r❡❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❡stá ❛ ❞❡str✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ s❡♠
❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦s ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s✱ ❛s ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s❡ ♠❛♥t❡r❡♠
❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❡stá✈❡✐s✳
7.3 Seletividade
• ❈❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡✿ é s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛rr♦③✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❜❛t❛t❛✱ ❝❛♥❛✱ ❢✉♠♦✱ ♠❛♥✲
❞✐♦❝❛✱ ♣✐♠❡♥tã♦ ❡ s♦❥❛✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❛rr♦③✱ ❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛
❛♦ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ♣♦r ❡st❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s é ❝♦♥❢❡r✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛
❈✐t♦❝r♦♠♦ P✲✹✺✵ ♠♦♥♦①✐❣❡♥❛s❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦ ♠❡só✜❧♦✱ ♣♦r
♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞✐❡t❤♦❧❛t❡ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ✐♥s❡t✐❝✐❞❛s ♦r✲
❣❛♥♦❢♦s❢♦r❛❞♦s✳ ❖s ♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❛
❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝✐t♦❝r♦♠♦✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ s❡❥❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦
♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛t✐✈❛ ✭✺✲❝❡t♦ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡✮ ✭❋❡r❤❛t♦❣❧✉ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦
❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛
❛ ✉♠ s♦♠❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❤✐❞r♦①✐❧❛çã♦✱
r♦♠♣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ♥♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ✲◆✲❈❍2 ✱ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❡t❛❜ó✲
❧✐t♦s✱ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s♦ ❡ ♠❡♥♦r tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s
❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦✳
• ◆♦r✢✉r❛③♦♥ é s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♥❛✱ ❝✐tr♦s ❡ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ é r❡✲
❣✐str❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ➱ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ♣ré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦✳ P♦❞❡ s❡r
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❢r✉tí❢❡r❛s✳ ■s♦①❛✢✉t♦❧❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ r❡✲
❣✐str♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❜❛t❛✱ ❝❛♥❛✱ ❡✉❝❛❧✐♣t♦✱ ♠❛♥❞✐♦❝❛✱ ♠✐❧❤♦
❡ P✐♥✉s s♣✳ ❊♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s s♦❜r❡ ❛
s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s sã♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛s✳
• ❚r❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ✭❡①✿ ✢✉r✐❞♦♥❡ ❡ ♥♦r✢✉r❛③♦♥ ❡♠ ❛❧❣♦✲
❞ã♦✮❀
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
❙✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ❋✷(27)
■s♦①❛③♦❧❡s ■s♦①❛✢✉t♦❧❡ ❋♦r❞♦r✱ Pr♦✈❡♥❝❡
❚r✐❝❡t♦♥❛s ▼❡s♦tr✐♦♥❡ ❈❛❧❧✐st♦
❚❡♠❜♦tr✐♦♥❡ ❙♦❜❡r❛♥
❙✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ❋✸(13)
❈❧♦♠❛♥❡①✱ ❈❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡✱
■s♦①❛③♦❧✐❞✐♥♦♥❛s ❈❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ❈♦♠♠❡♥❝❡✱ ❊s❝✉❞♦✱ ●❛♠✐t✱
●❛♠✐t ❙t❛r✱ ▼❛❣✐st❡r✱ ❘❡❛t♦r
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐st✉r❛s✿
• ❆♠❡tr②♥❡✰❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡✿ ❙✐♥❡r❣❡
• ❈❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡✰❤❡①❛③✐♥♦♥❡✿ ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r✱ ❘❛♥❣❡r
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ✜t♦❡♥♦ ❞❡s❛t✉r❛s❡ ✭❋✶✮ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❜❡✢✉❜✉t❛♠✐❞✱

❞✐✢✉❢❡♥✐❝❛♥✱ ✢✉r✐❞♦♥❡✱ ✢✉r♦❝❤❧♦r✐❞♦♥❡✱ ✢✉rt❛♠♦♥❡✱ ♥♦r✢✉r❛③♦♥ ❡ ♣✐❝♦❧✐♥❛✲
❢❡♥✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡ r❡❣✐str♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❊♠ r❡❧❛✲
çã♦ ❛♦ s✉❜❣r✉♣♦ ❋✷✱ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❜❡♥③♦❢❡♥❛♣✱ ♣②r❛s✉❧❢♦t♦❧❡✱
✐s♦①❛❝❤❧♦rt♦❧❡✱ ♣②r❛③♦❧②♥❛t❡✱ ♣②r❛③♦①✐❢❡♥✱ t❡❢✉r②❧tr✐♦♥❡✱ t♦♣r❛♠❡③♦♥❡✱ s✉❧✲
❝♦tr✐♦♥❡✱ ❜❡♥③♦❜✐❝②❝❧♦♥ ❡ ❜✐❝②❝❧♦♣②r♦♥❡✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛♠✐tr♦❧❡ ❡ ✢✉♦♠❡t✉r♦♥
t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❋✸✳
8. Inibidores da ACCase – Grupo A(1)

●r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♣í✲
❞❡♦s✱ ♦✉ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s ❣r❛①♦s✳ ❈♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❣r✉♣♦s
q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ q✉✐♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ s❡♠❡✲
❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠♦❞♦
❞❡ ❛çã♦✳ ❖s ❛r✐❧♦①✐❢❡♥♦①✐♣r♦♣✐♦♥❛t♦s ✭❆PPs✮ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧
❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✼✵ ❡ ❛s ❝✐❝❧♦❤❡①❛♥♦❞✐♦♥❛s ✭❈❍❉s✮ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✽✵✳

✶✳ ❙ã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s✐stê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♥❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s
❛♥✉❛✐s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡r❡♥❡s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ✈❛r✐❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✳ ❊s✲
♣é❝✐❡s ♥ã♦ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ✭t❛♥t♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✮ sã♦
♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s❀
✷✳ ❆s ❞♦s❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❜❛✐①❛s✱ ❡♠✲
❜♦r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s r❡q✉❡✐r❛ ❞♦s❡s ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s✳
168 Oliveira Jr.
❆ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♦❝♦rr❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✈✐❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r✳ P♦s✲

s✉❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❜❛✐①❛ ♦✉ ♥✉❧❛✱ ♥ã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛
♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦❀
✸✳ P♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥t♦ à é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❖
❡stá❞✐♦ ♠❛✐s s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❞❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s é ❡♥tr❡ ✸ ❛ ✺ ❢♦❧❤❛s✱ ♠❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
♠❛✐♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rt♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s✱ ❛
t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡
s❡r ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦❀
✹✳ ❊✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡s ❣r❛✲
♠✐♥✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ sã♦ ♠✐st✉r❛❞♦s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡
❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❧❛t✐❢♦❧✐❝✐❞❛s ✭❡①✿ ❞✐❝❧♦❢♦♣✰✷✱✹✲❉❀ s❡t❤♦①②❞✐♠
♦✉ ✢✉❛③✐❢♦♣ ❝♦♠ ❜❡♥t❛③♦♥ ♦✉ ❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥✮✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞✉çã♦
♥❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s❀
✺✳ ❈❛s♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❥á ❢♦r❛♠
❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❀
✻✳ ◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❞❥✉✈❛♥t❡s✱
✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡✱ ♦✉ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
8.2 Modo de ação

❊♠ ✶✾✽✼ ❢♦✐ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡r❛ ❛
❛❝❡t✐❧✲❝♦❡♥③✐♠❛ ❆ ❝❛r❜♦①✐❧❛s❡ ✭❆❈❈❛s❡✮✳ ❊st❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❡s✲
tr♦♠❛ ❞♦s ♣❧❛stí❞❡♦s✱ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡ ❛❝❡t✐❧ ❝♦❡♥③✐♠❛ ❆ ✭❛❝❡t✐❧ ❝♦✲❆✮ à ♠❛❧♦♥✐❧✲
❝♦❡♥③✐♠❛✲❆ ✭♠❛❧♦♥✐❧ ❝♦✲❆✮✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❖2 ✭❍❈❖3 ✮ à ❛❝❡t✐❧
❝♦✲❆✱ ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❜✐♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❣r❛①♦s✳ ❆
✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s ❣r❛①♦s ❜❧♦q✉❡✐❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦s❢♦❧✐♣í❞❡♦s
✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳
❖ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❝❡ss❛ ❧♦❣♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❖s
♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s sã♦ ♥♦t❛❞♦s
✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♠❡r✐st❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♣í❞❡♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s é ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡♥s❛✳ ❊♠ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s✱ ♦s ♠❡r✐st❡♠❛s
✭♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♦s ❡♥tr❡♥ós✮ s♦❢r❡♠ ❞❡s❝♦❧♦r❛çã♦✱ ✜❝❛♠ ♠❛rr♦♥s ❡ ❞❡s✐♥t❡❣r❛♠✲
s❡✳ ❆s ❢♦❧❤❛s r❡❝é♠✲❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ✜❝❛♠ ❝❧♦rót✐❝❛s ❡ ♠♦rr❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ❡ três
s❡♠❛♥❛s ❛♣ós ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❋♦❧❤❛s ♠❛✐s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r
❝♦❧♦r❛çã♦ ❛rr♦①❡❛❞❛ ♦✉ ❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛❞❛✱ ❧❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
❢ós❢♦r♦ ✭❱✐❞❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
8.3 Seletividade
❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞✐❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s ❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s
♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ✭✐♥s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❆❈❈❛s❡✮✳ ◆❡♥❤✉♠❛
❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦✱ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦
❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✹❝✮✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥á❧♦❣❛✱ ❛
t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ♣❛r❡❝❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛

❢♦r♠❛ ♠❡♥♦s s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❆❈❈❛s❡✳

❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
❈②❤❛❧♦❢♦♣✲❜✉t②❧ ❈❧✐♥❝❤❡r
❈❧♦❞✐♥❛❢♦♣✲♣r♦♣❛r❣②❧ ❚♦♣✐❦
❉✐❝❧♦❢♦♣✲♠❡t❤②❧ ■❧♦①❛♥
P♦❞✐✉♠ ❊❲✱ ❘❛♣s♦❞❡✱
❆r✐❧♦①✐❢❡♥♦①✐♣r♦♣✐♦♥❛t♦s ❋❡♥♦①❛♣r♦♣✲♣✲❡t❤②❧
❙t❛r✐❝❡✱ ❲❤✐♣ ❙
✭❆PPs✮ ✭✏❢♦♣s✑✮ ❋❧✉❛③✐❢♦♣✲♣✲❜✉t②❧ ❋✉s✐❧❛❞❡
❍❛❧♦①②❢♦♣✲♣✲♠❡t❤②❧ ●❛❧❧❛♥t✱ ❱❡r❞✐❝t
Pr♦♣❛q✉✐③❛❢♦♣ ❆❝❡rt
◗✉✐③❛❧❛❢♦♣✲♣✲❡t❤②❧ ❚❛r❣❛
◗✉✐③❛❧❛❢♦♣✲♣✲t❡❢✉r②❧ P❛♥t❤❡r
❈❡♥t✉r✐♦♥✱ ▲♦r❞✱ P♦q✉❡r✱
❈❧❡t❤♦❞✐♠
❙❡❧❡❝t
❈✐❝❧♦❤❡①❛♥♦❞✐♦♥❛s Pr♦❢♦①②❞✐♠ ❆✉r❛
✭❈❍❉s✮ ✭✏ ❞✐♠s✑ ✮ ❙❡t❤♦①②❞✐♠ P♦❛st✱ P♦❛st P❧✉s
❚❡♣r❛❧♦①②❞✐♠ ❆r❛♠♦
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐st✉r❛s✿
• ❈❧❡t❤♦❞✐♠✰❢❡♥♦①❛♣r♦♣✲♣✲❡t②❧✿ P♦❞✐✉♠ ❙✱ ❙❡❧❡❢❡♥
• ❋❧✉③✐❢♦♣✲♣✲❜✉t②❧✰❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✿ ❋✉s✐✢❡①✱ ❘♦❜✉st
❖✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s sã♦ ❢❡♥♦①❛♣r♦♣✲❡t❤②❧✱

♠❡t❛♠✐❢♦♣ ✭❛r✐❧♦①✐❢❡♥♦①✐♣r♦♣✐♦♥❛t♦s✮✱ ❛❧❧♦①②❞✐♠✱ ❜✉tr♦①②❞✐♠✱ ❝②❝❧♦①✐❞✐♠✱
♣r♦❢♦①②❞✐♠ ❡ tr❛❧❦♦①②❞✐♠ ✭❝✐❝❧♦❤❡①❛♥♦❞✐♦♥❛s✮✳ ❯♠ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í✲
♠✐❝♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢❡♥✐❧♣✐r❛③♦❧✐♥❛s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞❡♥♦✲
♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣✐♥♦①❛❞❡♥✳
9. Inibidores da ALS – Grupo B(2)

❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛çã♦ ✏ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛
sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s✑ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s
❞❛ ❆▲❙✱ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❊❙P❙ s✐♥t❛s❡ ❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❣❧✉t❛♠✐♥❛ s✐♥t❡t❛s❡
✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡ tr❛t❛♠ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡
❛çã♦ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s é ♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡✐t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ t❡①t♦✳
❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠
❞♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳
●r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❧❛♥ç❛❞❛s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ♦✉ ❡♠ ❢❛s❡
❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡stã♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳
170 Oliveira Jr.
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳ ❖r❣❛♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s q✉❡

✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ✭✯ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❞❛s ❡♥③✐♠❛s✿ ❆▲❙ ❂
❛❝❡t♦❧❛❝t❛t♦ s✐♥t❛s❡❀ ●❙ ❂ ❣❧✉t❛♠✐♥❛ s✐♥t❡t❛s❡❀ ❊P❙P s✐♥t❛s❡ ❂
✺✲❡♥♦❧♣✐r✉✈✐❧❝❤✐q✉✐♠❛t♦✲✸✲❢♦s❢❛t♦ s✐♥t❛s❡✳
■♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s✱ ♣✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥✐❧✭t✐♦✮❜❡♥③♦❛t♦s✱ s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧❛♠✐♥♦❝❛r❜♦♥✐tr✐❛③♦✲

❧✐♥♦♥❛s✱ s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ❡ tr✐❛③♦❧♦♣✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥❛s sã♦ ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s q✉❡ ✐♥✐❜❡♠
❛ ❛❝❡t♦❧❛❝t❛t♦ s✐♥t❛s❡ ✭❆▲❙✮✳ ❆ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s r❡s✉❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s q✉❡
♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❆▲❙ ❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ❞❡
❝❛❞❡✐❛ r❛♠✐✜❝❛❞❛✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡①❛t❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s s❡❥❛ ✐❣♥♦✲
r❛❞❛✳
❖s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛
❛❧t❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❞♦s❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❛✐①❛s✱ ❜❛✐①❛ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♠í❢❡r♦s ❡
❜♦❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐❛s ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛✳
❆ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ♥❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡
♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙✱ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❛ís❡s✳
◆♦✈♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ tê♠ s✉r❣✐❞♦ ♥❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞♦
q✉❡ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳
❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛✲
❞♦s ♥❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❛s ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s✱ s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ❡ ❛s tr✐❛③♦❧♦♣✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥❛s
sã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
9.1 Imidazolinonas
❊st❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s ❞❛ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❈②❛✲
♥❛♠✐❞ ❈♦♠♣❛♥② ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✼✵✳ ❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✈❡rs❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱
❜❛✐①❛ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧✱ ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦s
❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛r❛♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡
❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ✜❜r❛s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ t♦❞♦✳
❆s ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ❡ ❛s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ q✉✐♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱
❛t✉❛♠ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✮ ❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ s✐♥t♦♠❛s
❞❡ ✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✳ ❆♠❜♦s ♦s ❣r✉♣♦s sã♦
❡❢❡t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❞♦s❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❛✐①❛s ✭< ✵✱✶✺ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮✱ ❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ é ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡
s❡❧❡t✐✈❛✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❧❛r❣♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❛♥✉❛❧✳ ❍❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❛s ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢ís✐❝❛
❝♦♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ✷✱✹✲❉✳
9.2.1 Toxicidade
❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s
✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s t❡♠ ✉♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧
t♦①✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧❛s ❛❣❡♠ ✐♥✐❜✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❜✐♦ss✐♥té✲
t✐❝♦ ♥✉♠ sít✐♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❆ ❛❝❡t♦❧❛❝t❛t♦ s✐♥t❛s❡ ✭❆▲❙✮✱
❡♥③✐♠❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❛t✉❛♠ ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥♦s ❛♥✐♠❛✐s✱ ♦s
q✉❛✐s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥❣❡stã♦ ❞♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ✭❧❡✉❝✐♥❛✱ ✐s♦❧❡✉❝✐♥❛ ❡ ✈❛❧✐♥❛✮✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ t♦✲
①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦❜❛✐❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ q✉❡
❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ❡①❝r❡t❛❞♦s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r r❛t♦s✱ ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ♣♦s✲
s❛♠ s❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛r ❡♠ t❡❝✐❞♦s ♦✉ ♥♦ s❛♥❣✉❡✳
9.2.2 Comportamento no ambiente

◆❛ á❣✉❛✱ ❛ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ é ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧❡♥t❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥♦r♠❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❍ ❡
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ❛ ❢♦tó❧✐s❡ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♥❛ á❣✉❛ é ❡①tr❡♠❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ rá♣✐❞❛✳ P❡r❞❛s ♣♦r ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ sã♦ ❞❡s♣r❡③í✈❡✐s✳
❆ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ é ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡
s♦rçã♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦✱ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ à ❧✉③ s♦❧❛r ✭❘❡♥♥❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✽✽❀ ▼❛♥❣❡❧s✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❖ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s♦rçã♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡❧❡✈❛çã♦ ❞♦
t❡♦r ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❍ ✭▲♦✉① ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✾❀ ❈❤❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✾✷✮ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❤✐❞ró①✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❢❡rr♦ ❡ ❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s
✭❖✬❇r②❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳
❖ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s é ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣r♦✲
♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s sã♦ ♣❍ ❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â✲
♥✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ❛r❣✐❧❛ t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛
♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s s♦❧♦s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s sã♦ á❝✐❞♦s✱ ❡ ❛s s✉❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡
♠❛✐s á❝✐❞❛s à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡❝r❡s❝❡✱ ❛ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦
♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✳
Oliveira Jr.
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳ ▲♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦✳ ◆♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦♥st❛♠ ♦
♥♦♠❡ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♦✉ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ♥❛s ❡❧✐♣s❡s ❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❡♥③✐♠❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞❛s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❱❛r❣❛s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✳
172
❆ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥❛ s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛❡ró❜✐❝❛s é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠❡✲

❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦tó❧✐s❡✳ ❆s
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s q✉❡ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❡♠♣❡✲
r❛t✉r❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❡ s♦❧♦s ú♠✐❞♦s✱ sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s ♥❛s
q✉❛✐s ❛s ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s sã♦ ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛❞❛s ✭●♦❡t③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✾✵❀ ▲♦✉① ✫ ❘❡❡s❡✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❋❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥❛
♣♦❞❡♠✱ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧❡✈❛r ❛♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛s ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡♠
r♦t❛çã♦ ✭▼♦♥❦s ✫ ❇❛♥❦s✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ▼♦②❡r ✫ ❊s❛✉✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳
❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ✉t✐✲
❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s q✉❛♥t♦ à s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❡
❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❞❡ ✏s❛❢r✐♥❤❛✑ ❡♠ r♦t❛çã♦ ❛♣ós ❛ s♦❥❛ ✭❙✐❧✈❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾❀
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❉❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❆ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❛ s✉❣❡r❡ q✉❡
♥ã♦ s❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ✏ s❛❢r✐♥❤❛✑ ❛♣ós ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐✲
♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥✱ ❛♣ós s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ s♦❥❛ ♥♦ ✈❡rã♦✳

◆❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✱ ❛s ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ❡ ❛s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❛
♠❡s♠❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ✕ ❛ ❆▲❙ ✭❙t✐❞❤❛♠✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❊st❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❛t✉❛ ♥❛ sí♥t❡s❡
❞❡ três ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ r❛♠✐✜❝❛❞❛✿ ❧❡✉❝✐♥❛✱ ❧✐s✐♥❛ ❡ ✐s♦❧❡✉❝✐♥❛ ✭❋✐✲
❣✉r❛ ✻✮✳ ❊♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ♣❛r❛❧✐s❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦s❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❡r✈❛❧ ❡✱ ♦✉ ❛rr♦①❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡
✼ ❛ ✶✵ ❞✐❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❋♦❧❤❛s ❡♠ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡♠
❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ♠❛♥❝❤❛❞❛s ❡ ♠❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s✳ P♦❞❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❤❛✈❡r ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s✲
❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❛í③❡s ❧❛t❡r❛✐s q✉❛♥❞♦ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦
s♦❧♦✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s✱ ♦ ♠❡r✐st❡♠❛ ❛♣✐❝❛❧ ♥❡❝r♦s❛ ❡ ♠♦rr❡
❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣❛rt❡s ♠❛✐s ✈❡❧❤❛s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳
9.2.4 Seletividade
❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r✐♠ár✐♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ às ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s é ❛ ❝❛♣❛✲
❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐③❛r ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐t♦s ♥ã♦ tó①✐❝♦s❀
❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛✳
9.3 Sulfoniluréias
❆ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❛s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛
❉✉P♦♥t ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✶✾✼✺✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❝❤❧♦rs✉❧✲
❢✉r♦♥ ✭♥ã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✮✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✶✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛✲s❡ ♣♦r s❡r
✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ t❡♠ ❛❧t♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛s ❞♦s❡s
❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ➱ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡
♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❝❡♥t❡✳
❆s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ sã♦ ❛t✐✈❛s t❛♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✈✐❛
❢♦❧✐❛r q✉❛♥t♦ ✈✐❛ s♦❧♦✱ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✈✐❛ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ ❡ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦❀ ❡①✐st❡
174 Oliveira Jr.
t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛✲

♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s
❞❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♥❛s
q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳

❉❡♠♦♥str❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛❧✲
❣✉♥s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛s
s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ❞❡❣r❛❞❛♠✲s❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣♦r ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r
❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥❛✳ ❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❛s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s sã♦ á❝✐✲
❞♦s ❢r❛❝♦s ❝♦♠ ♣❑✬s ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✸ ❛ ✺ ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❡✉tr❛ é ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡
s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡❧ à ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ❡♠
s♦❧♦s á❝✐❞♦s ✭❚❤✐❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❊♠ s♦❧♦s ❞❡ ♣❍ ❛❧t♦✱ ❛ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛ é ❞r❛st✐✲
❝❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥❛
✭❏♦s❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
❆s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠ó✈❡✐s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❡str✉✲
t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ❊st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡
❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❞❡ ♣❍ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦ ✭❋r❡❞❡r✐❝❦s♦♥ ✫ ❙❤❡❛✱ ✶✾✽✻✮✳ ❆s s✉❧✲
❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s tê♠ ❜❛✐①❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ✭✶✵−12 ❛ ✶✵−6 ♠♠ ❍❣ ❛ ✷✺ ◦ ❈✮✱
t❡♥❞♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦✉❝❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛s ♣♦r ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✳
9.3.3 Susceptibilidade de culturas em rotação a resíduos de sulfonilu-

réias (carryover)
❯♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s é s❡♥sí✈❡❧ às ❞♦s❡s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛s ❞❛s
s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s sã♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ r♦t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛♥♦s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥✲
❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❡st❛çã♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡✱
♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ é ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❍ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❆
♠❡s♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡
r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❡ s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ■st♦
t♦r♥❛ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛rr②♦✈❡r✳ ❆ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ♥❛ ár❡❛ tr❛t❛❞❛ ❥á ♣r♦✈♦✉ ♥ã♦ s❡r ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❛✐①❛s✱
✐♥❥úr✐❛s ♣♦r ❝❛rr②♦✈❡r ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡♠ r♦t❛çã♦ sã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥✲
❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s✳ ❈❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ tr✐❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱
s✉❧❢♦♠❡t✉r♦♥✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ t❤✐❢❡♥s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ♥✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ♣r✐♠❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡
❡t❤❛♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥ t❡♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ❡①❝❡❞❡♠ ✶✷✵
❞✐❛s✳ ❇❡♥s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡ tr✐❜❡♥✉r♦♥ t❡♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❡♥tr❡ ✻✵ ❡ ✶✷✵ ❞✐❛s ✭❚❤✐❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❆♣ós ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ✐♥✲
❝❧✉❡♠ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ❡ ❛rr♦③✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ s♦r❣♦ ❡ ♠✐❧❤❡t♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ ❜♦❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛
♣❛r❛ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❡♠ s✉❝❡ssã♦ à s♦❥❛ ✭❉❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♠❡♥♦s
s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠✲s❡ ❛ s♦❥❛✱ ♦ tr✐❣♦ ❡ ♦ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✳

❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ é ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❆▲❙✱ ❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❝❤❛✈❡ ♥❛ r♦t❛ ❞❡
❜✐♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ✈❛❧✐♥❛✱ ❧❡✉❝✐♥❛ ❡ ✐s♦❧❡✉❝✐♥❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✮✳ ❆♣ós
❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦✱ ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ár❡❛s ❞❡
❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛t✐✈♦ ✭♠❡r✐st❡♠❛s✱ á♣✐❝❡s✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦ ❡♠
♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡tí✈❡✐s✳ ❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛❝❛❜❛♠ ♠♦rr❡♥❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛✳ ❊①❝❡❧❡♥t❡s r❡✈✐sõ❡s
s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ♥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s
♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❙❝❤❧♦ss ✭✶✾✾✵✮ ❡ ❉✉r♥❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✳
9.3.5 Seletividade
P❛r❛ ❛s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s✱ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ t❡r✲
♠♦s ❞❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ é ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ rá♣✐❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ✐♥❛t✐✈♦s ♥❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s
t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❡❞✐❞♦
❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s✳ ❆ ❛✈❡✐❛✱ ♦ tr✐❣♦ ❡ ❛ ❝❡✈❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠
❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✲❖❍ ❛♦ ❛♥❡❧ ❢❡♥✐❧ ❞♦ ❝❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ❛♣ós ♦ q✉❡
♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❜♦✐❞r❛t♦s ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ✐♥❛t✐✈♦
✭❇❡②❡r ❏r✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳
9.4 Triazolopirimidas
❊st❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❢♦✐ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❉♦✇✲❊❧❛♥❝♦✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ❖ ✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ é ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠
PP■ ♦✉ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦ ❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡✱
♠❡s♠♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛❧❣✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✳
❖ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ é r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ PP■ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱
s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛s ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ❛
s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ s❡r ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❛❞♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ r❛❝❤❛❞✉r❛ ❞♦
s♦❧♦ ✭❝r❛❝❦✐♥❣ ✮✱ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛

▼❛✐♦r s♦rçã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❡ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡
❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s é ♣r❡❞♦♠✐✲
♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥❛✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛❡ró❜✐❝♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♥❛❡ró❜✐❝♦s✳
❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ tr❛t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✢✉♠❡ts✉✲
❧❛♠ ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦s s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❜❡t❡rr❛❜❛✱ ❝❛♥♦❧❛
❡ t♦♠❛t❡ ✭❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ✫ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❋♦r❛ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ r❡❝♦♠❡♥✲
❞❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ s♦r❣♦ ❡ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ só s❡❥❛♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛s
❡♠ ár❡❛s tr❛t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠ ♥♦✈❡ ♠❡s❡s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❍❛t③✐♦s✱
✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧ é ♠✉✐t♦ s❡♥sí✈❡❧ à ❛t✐✲
✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♥ã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛
176 Oliveira Jr.
♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r

✭❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳

❆t✉❛♠ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ às s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ❡ ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s✳
❆♣ós ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s
♠♦rr❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡
♣❡❧❛s r❛í③❡s ❡✱ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❛ér❡❛s ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥✲
❝✐❛✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛♠✲s❡ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ q✉❛♥t♦
♣❡❧♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦✳
9.4.4 Seletividade
❆ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s às tr✐❛③♦❧♦♣✐r✐♠✐❞❛s é ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦
♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡♥tr♦
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ ❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ é s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❡♠ ♣ré
❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳

❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
■♠❛③❛♠♦① ❘❛♣t♦r✱ ❙✇❡❡♣❡r
■♠❛③❛♣✐❝ P❧❛t❡❛✉
■♠❛③❛♣②r ❈❤♦♣♣❡r ❋❧♦r❡st❛❧✱
❈♦♥t❛✐♥
■♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❯❧tr❛
■♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ■♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ◆♦rt♦①✱ ❙❝❡♣t❡r✱
❙♦②❛q✉✐♥✱ ❚♦♣❣❛♥
❉✐✛❡r✱ ❉✐♥❛♠❛③✱
■♠❛③❡t✱ ■♠❛③❡t❛♣✐r P❧✉s
■♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ◆♦rt♦①✱ ■♠❛③❡t❛♣✐r
Pr❡♥t✐ss✱ P✐st♦❧✱ P✐✈♦t✱
❱❡③✐r✱ ❲✐❞❡✱ ❩❛♣❤✐r✱
❩❡t❤❛♣②r
❆③✐♠s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ●✉❧❧✐✈❡r
❈❛♣✉t✱ ❈❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥
❆❣r✐♣❡❝✱ ❈❧❛ss✐❝✱
❈❧♦r✐♠✱ ❈❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥
▼❛st❡r ◆♦rt♦①✱
❈❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ❈❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ Pr❡♥t✐ss✱
❈❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ✷✺✵ ❇❘✱
❈♦♥q✉❡st✱ ●❛r❜♦r✱
P❛♥③❡r✱ ❙♠❛rt✱ ❙t❛r♦♥✱
❙t✐❧♦✱ ❚✇✐st❡r
❈②❝❧♦s✉❧❢❛♠✉r♦♥ ■♥✈❡st
❙✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ❊t❤♦①②s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ●❧❛❞✐✉♠
❋❧❛③❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❑❛t❛♥❛
❍❛❧♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧ ❙❡♠♣r❛
■♦❞♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧ ❍✉ss❛r
▼❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧ ❆❝❝✉r❛t❡✱ ❆❧❧②✱
◆✉❢✉r♦♥✱ ❲♦❧❢✱ ❩❛rt❛♥
❆❝❝❡♥t✱ ▲♦♦♣✱
◆✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ◆♦rt♦①✱
◆✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ◆✐♣♣♦♥✱ ◆✐ss❤✐♥✱
Pr❛♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❙❛♥s♦♥
❖①❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❈❤❛rt
P②r❛③♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ❙✐r✐✉s
❚r✐✢♦①②s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲s♦❞✐✉♠ ❊♥✈♦❦❡
❈❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✲♠❡t❤②❧ P❛❝t♦
❚r✐❛③♦❧♦♣✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥❛s ❉✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ❈♦❛❝t✱ ❙♣✐❞❡r
❋❧✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ Pr❡✈❛✐❧✱ ❙❝♦r♣✐♦♥
P❡♥♦①s✉❧❛♠ ❘✐❝❡r
P✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥✐❧✭t✐♦✮❜❡♥③♦❛t♦s ❇✐s♣②r✐❜❛❝✲s♦❞✐✉♠ ◆♦♠✐♥❡❡✱ ❙♦♥♦r❛
P②r✐t❤✐♦❜❛❝✲s♦❞✐✉♠ ❙t❛♣❧❡
178 Oliveira Jr.
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐st✉r❛s✿ ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s
• ❇❡♥t❛③♦♥✰✐♠❛③❛♠♦①✿ ❆♠♣❧♦
• ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✰✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥✿ ❖♥❡s❤♦t
• ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✿ ❆❧t❡③❛
• ■♠❛③❛♣✐❝✰✐♠❛③❛♣②r✿ ❑✐✜①✱ ❖♥❞✉t②
• ■♠❛③❛♣✐❝✰✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✿ ❖♥❧②
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐st✉r❛s✿ s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s
• ❆♠❡tr②♥❡✰tr✐✢♦①②s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲s♦❞✐✉♠✿ ❑r✐s♠❛t
• ❆tr❛③✐♥❡✰♥✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✿ ❙❛♥s♦♥ ❆❩
• ❋♦r❛♠s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✰✐♦❞♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧✿ ❊q✉✐♣ P❧✉s
❯♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ r❡❣✐str♦

♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✿ ✐♠❛③❛♠❡t❤❛❜❡♥③✲♠❡t❤②❧ ✭✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s✮✱ ❛♠✐❞♦s✉❧✲
❢✉r♦♥✱ ❜❡♥s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧✱ ❝❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ❝✐♥♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ❡t❤❛♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲
♠❡t❤②❧✱ ✢✉❝❡t♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ✢✉♣②rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧✲s♦❞✐✉♠✱ ✐♠❛③♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱
♠❡s♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧✱ ♦rt❤♦s✉❧❢❛♠✉r♦♥✱ ♣r✐♠✐s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧✱ ♣r♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱
r✐♠s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ s✉❧❢♦♠❡t✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧✱ s✉❧❢♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ tr✐❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ tr✐❜❡♥✉r♦♥✲
♠❡t❤②❧✱ t❤✐❢❡♥s✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧✱ tr✐✢✉s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧✱ tr✐t♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ♣r♦♣②r✐✲
s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ✭s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s✮✱ ✢♦r❛♠s✉❧❛♠✱ ♠❡t♦s✉❧❛♠✱ ♣②r♦①s✉❧❛♠ ✭tr✐❛③♦❧♦✲
♣✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥❛s✮✱ ♣②r✐❜❡♥③♦①✐♠✱ ♣②r✐❢t❛❧✐❞✱ ♣②r✐♠✐♥♦❜❛❝✲♠❡t❤②❧✱ ♣②r✐♠✐s✉❧❢❛♥
✭♣✐r✐♠✐❞✐♥✐❧✭t✐♦✮❜❡♥③♦❛t♦s✮✱ ✢✉❝❛r❜❛③♦♥❡✲s♦❞✐✉♠✱ t❤✐❡♥❝❛r❜❛③♦♥❡✲♠❡t❤②❧ ❡
♣r♦♣♦①②❝❛r❜❛③♦♥❡✲s♦❞✐✉♠ ✭s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧❛♠✐♥♦❝❛r❜♦♥✐❧tr✐❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s✮✳
10. Inibidores da EPSP Sintase - Grupo G(9)

❆ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❡♠ ✶✾✺✵✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡ á❝✐❞♦ ❛♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛✈❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛♥t❡✱ r❡❞✉t♦r ❞❡
♣❍✱ ❞❡t❡r❣❡♥t❡✱ ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✭❋r❛♥③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ●r✉②s ✫
❙✐❦♦rs❦✐✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ◆❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✻✵ ❡ ✼✵ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢♦✐
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♠❛r❝❛ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ s❡r ✈❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♥♦s ❛♥♦s ✼✵✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡
❞✉❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❛♣ós ❡①✐st✐❛♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✾✵ ♠❛r❝❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛s à ❜❛s❡ ❞❡st❡
✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈♦ ✭●r✉②s ✫ ❙✐❦♦rs❦✐✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❍♦❥❡✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ é ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❛♠♣❧♦
❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s
❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♠❛♥❡❥♦✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦✐ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧❛ r❡✈✐sã♦
❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ♦❜r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❱❡❧✐♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✳

✶✳ ❆t✉❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❙❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛
❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✐♥t❡♥s❛ s♦rçã♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ é ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ s♦r✈✐❞♦✱
t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♥ã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s❀
✷✳ ❉❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥❛ é ❛ r♦t❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❛ ♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❢♦t♦❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠
❛❝♦♥t❡ç❛♠❀
✸✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ t❡♥❤❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ❞❡s♣r❡③í✈❡❧ ✭♣♦✉❝♦ ✈♦❧át✐❧✮✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡✲
♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧
❞❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛s ♣♦r ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉✲
çã♦ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛
❞❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛❀
✹✳ ➱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛
❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s✳
10.2 Modo de ação

❖ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❜❧♦q✉❡✐❛ ❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❊P❙Ps ✭✺✲❡♥♦❧♣✐r✉✈✐❧❝❤✐q✉✐♠❛t♦✲✸✲❢♦s❢❛t♦
s✐♥t❛s❡✮✱ q✉❡ ❝❛t❛❧✐s❛ ❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❝❤✐q✉✐♠❛t♦ ✸✲❢♦s❢❛t♦ ✭❙✸P✮
❡ ❢♦s❢♦❡♥♦❧♣✐r✉✈❛t♦ ✭P❊P✮✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❡♥♦❧♣✐r✉✈✐❧❝❤✐q✉✐♠❛t♦✲✸✲❢♦s❢❛t♦ ❡
❢♦s❢❛t♦ ✐♥♦r❣â♥✐❝♦✳ ❆ ❡♥③✐♠❛ r❡❛❣❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❙✸P ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❝♦♠ ♦
P❊P✳ ❆ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❊P❙Ps ❧❡✈❛ ❛♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝❤✐q✉✐♠❛t♦
♥♦s ✈❛❝ú♦❧♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r✲
❜♦♥♦ ♥❛ r♦t❛ ✭❋❡❞t❦❡ ✫ ❉✉❦❡✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❖❝♦rr❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦ ❜❧♦q✉❡✐♦ ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡
❞❡ três ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ❛r♦♠át✐❝♦s✿ ♦ tr✐♣t♦❢❛♥♦✱ ❛ ❢❡♥✐❧❛❧❛♥✐♥❛ ❡ ❛ t✐r♦s✐♥❛
✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✮ ✭❩❛❜❧♦t♦✇✐❝③ ✫ ❘❡❞❞②✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❊♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡tí✈❡✐s tr❛t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❧✐❣❛ à ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❧✐✈r❡✱ ♠❛s ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❊P❙Ps✲❙✸P✱ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♥❞♦
❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❊P✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ✐♥❛t✐✈♦ ❊P❙Ps✲❙✸P✲❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
✭▼♦♥q✉❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❆ ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❊P❙Ps✲
❙✸P é ✼✺ ✈❡③❡s ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ P❊P ❡ s✉❛ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦
é ✷✵✵✵ ✈❡③❡s ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ P❊P ✭❘❡❛♠ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ◆❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱
❛ ❊P❙Ps é s✐♥t❡t✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❝✐t♦♣❧❛s♠❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❝❧♦r♦♣❧❛st♦
❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡♥③✐♠❛ ✭♣❊P❙Ps✮✳ ❆ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ à
❡♥③✐♠❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♥♦ ❝✐t♦♣❧❛s♠❛✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲
♣❊P❙Ps✲❙✸P ✭❑r✉s❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❤á r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✲
t♦ss✐♥tét✐❝❛ ❡ ♠❡♥♦r ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ❛r♦♠át✐❝♦s✳
❖ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ é ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❛ér❡❛s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦✱ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛✲s❡ r❛♣✐❞❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦✳
❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡❣✉❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
❢♦t♦❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦s ❢♦♥t❡✲❞r❡♥♦ ❡ s❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛t✐✈♦
✭♠❡r✐st❡♠❛s✮✳ ❆♣ós✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ♣❛r❛❧✐s❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠✉✐t♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡❣r❛❞❛♠✲s❡ ❧❡♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✳
180 Oliveira Jr.
●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛r✲s❡ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♠❡r✐st❡♠át✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲

t❛s tr❛t❛❞❛s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ rá♣✐❞❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s r❛í③❡s✱
r✐③♦♠❛s ❡ ♠❡r✐st❡♠❛s ❛♣✐❝❛✐s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❢♦t♦❛s✲
s✐♠✐❧❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡
♦❝♦rr❡♠ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈❛❣❛r✳ ❖s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠✲s❡
❧❡♥t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦s❡ ❡ ♥❡❝r♦s❡✳ ❆ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❛
♣❧❛♥t❛ s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞✐❛s ♦✉ s❡♠❛♥❛s ✭❋r❛♥③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✾✼❀ ▼♦♥q✉❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s❡❥❛ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡✲
❝✐❞♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♦✉tr♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡❢❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s sã♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✳
❊st❡s ❡❢❡✐t♦s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✐♠✲
♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✭❑r❡♠❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✺❀ ❑r❡♠❡r ✫ ▼❡❛♥s✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❩♦❜✐♦❧❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❛✱❜✱❝✮✳
10.3 Seletividade
❊st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ s❡✲
❧❡t✐✈♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s ✉s♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛s
♣❛r❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡ ❛ ❧✐♠♣❡③❛ ❞❡ ár❡❛s ♥ã♦ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✳
❊♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s✱
❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛t✐♥❥❛♠ ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♥♦
s♦❧♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛♥t❡s
❞❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛s✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛s✱ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡r
✉♠❛ ♦♣çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ s♦❥❛ ❘♦✉♥❞✉♣
❘❡❛❞②✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s
♣❛r❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❡ ♦ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦
♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❡ ❝❛♥♦❧❛✱ ♠❛♠ã♦✱ ❛❧❢❛❢❛ ❡ ❜❡t❡rr❛❜❛ ❛ç✉❝❛r❡✐r❛ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛ís❡s✳
10.4 Grupo químico e herbicidas
●r✉♣♦ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
◆♦♠❡s ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❝♦♠✉♥s
❋❡r❛✱ ❉✐r❡❝t✱ ●❧✐❛t♦✱ ●❧✐❢♦s✱ ●❧✐❢♦s P❧✉s✱
●❧✐❢♦s❛t♦ ❆❣r✐♣❡❝ ✼✷✵✱ ●❧✐❢♦s❛t♦ ❆t❛♥♦r✱
●❧✐❢♦s❛t♦ ❆t❛r✱ ●❧✐❢♦s❛t♦ ❈r♦♣❝❤❡♠✱ ●❧✐❢♦s❛t♦
❋❡rs♦❧✱ ●❧✐❢♦s❛t♦ ◆♦rt♦①✱ ●❧✐❢♦s❛t♦ ◆✉❢❛r♠✱
●❧✐❢♦s❛t♦ ◆✉tr✐t♦♣✱ ●❧✐❢♦s❛t♦ ❩❛♠❜❛✱ ●❧✐❢♦s❛t♦
✹✽✵ ❆❣r✐♣❡❝✱ ●❧✐❢♦s❛t♦ ✹✽✵ ❍❡❧♠✱ ●❧✐❢♦s❛t♦ ✹✽✵
P✐❦❛♣❛✉✱ ●❧✐❢♦①✐♥✱ ●❧✐♣❤♦❣❛♥✱ ●❧✐st❡r✱ ●❧✐✲✉♣✱

●❧✐❝✐♥❛s ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
●❧✐③ ✹✽✵✱ ●❧✐③ P❧✉s✱ ●❧✐③♠❛①✱ ●❧②♦①✱ ●❧②♣❤♦t❛❧✱
P✐❧❛rs❛t♦✱ P♦❧❛r✐s✱ Pr❡t♦r✐❛♥✱ ❘❛❞❛r✱ ❘♦❞❡♦✱
❘♦♥❛t ❘♦✉♥❞✉♣ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧✱ ❘♦✉♥❞✉♣ ❘❡❛❞②✱
❘♦✉♥❞✉♣ ❘❡❛❞② ▼✐❧❤♦✱ ❘♦✉♥❞✉♣ ❚r❛♥s♦r❜✱
❘♦✉♥❞✉♣ ❯❧tr❛✱ ❘♦✉♥❞✉♣ ❲●✱ ❘✉st❧❡r✱
❙❛♠✉r❛✐✱ ❙❝♦✉t✱ ❙❤❛❞♦✇✱ ❙t✐♥❣❡r✱ ❙✉♠ô✱
❚♦✉❝❤❞♦✇♥✱ ❚r❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❚r♦♣✱ ❚✉♣❛♥✱ ❩❛♣♣ ◗■
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐st✉r❛s✿
• ❆tr❛③✐♥❡✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✿ ●✐❧❧❛♥❡①
• ❉✐✉r♦♥✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✿ ●❧②❞✉r✱ ❚r♦♣✉r♦♥
• ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥✿ ❖♥❡s❤♦t
• ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✿ ❆❧t❡③❛
• ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰s✐♠❛③✐♥❡✿ ❚r♦♣❛③✐♥
◆♦ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞❛s ❣❧✐❝✐♥❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ s✉❧❢♦s❛t❡✱

❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡♠ r❡❣✐str♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
11. Inibidores da Glutamina Sintetase (GS) – Grupo H(10)
❆té ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛♥♦s ❛trás✱ ♦ ❛♠♦♥✐♦ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡✱ ú♥✐❝♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡
❝♦♠ ❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✱ ❡r❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❞❡ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▲✐❜❡rt②
▲✐♥❦✱ ♣❛ss♦✉ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❛❧✲
❣✉♠❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳ ❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣❡♥❡ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❛♠♦♥✐♦ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡
q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❝❛♥♦❧❛✱ ❜❡t❡rr❛❜❛
❛ç✉❝❛r❡✐r❛✱ s♦❥❛ ❡ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✉❧✲
t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛rr♦③✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❞❛r t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❡st❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠
♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛♠♦♥✐♦ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡✳ ❖ ❣❡♥❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦
❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ ❢♦✐ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛ ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❙tr❡♣t♦♠②❝❡s✳
❊st❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ♦♥❞❡
❜✐♦t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ tê♠ s✉r❣✐❞♦✳
182 Oliveira Jr.
❯♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♥♦✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦

à t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ✐♥s❡t♦s ✭❍❡r❝✉❧❡①✯■❚▼ ❀ ❨✐❡❧❞❣❛r❞❚▼ ✮✱ ♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✱ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❡♥❡ ❝r②✶❋✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡
❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦ ❇❛❝✐❧❧✉s t❤✉r✐♥❣✐✲
❡♥s✐s ✭❇t✮✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ✐♥s❡t✐❝✐❞❛✳
❖s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ t❡❝♥♦✲
❧♦❣✐❛ ▲✐❜❡rt② ▲✐♥❦✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦
♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦✳
11.2 Modo de ação
❊st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✐♥✐❜❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❣❧✉t❛♠✐♥❛ s✐♥t❡t❛s❡ ✭●❙✮✱ ❡♥③✐♠❛ q✉❡
❝♦♥✈❡rt❡ ♦ ❣❧✉t❛♠❛t♦ ❡ ❛♠ô♥✐❛ ❡♠ ❣❧✉t❛♠✐♥❛✳ ❆ ●❙ é ❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♥❛
r♦t❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡ ◆ ✐♥♦r❣â♥✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✳ ➱ ✉♠❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛✲
❝❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♠ô♥✐❛
♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♥✐tr✐t♦ r❡❞✉t❛s❡✱ ❡❧❛ r❡❝✐❝❧❛ ❛♠ô♥✐❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦s
♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❢♦t♦r❡s♣✐r❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✮✳
❆ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ●❙ ❧❡✈❛ ❛♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ rá♣✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡
❛♠ô♥✐❛✱ ♦ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❧❡✈❛ à ❞❡str✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❡ ✐♥✐❜❡ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡
❛s r❡❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛s ■ ❡ ■■✳ ❊st❡ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❞✉③ ♦ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡
❞❡ ♣❍ ♥❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡s❛❝♦♣❧❛r ❛ ❢♦t♦❢♦s❢♦r✐❧❛çã♦ ✭❙❡♥s❡♠❛♥✱
✷✵✵✼✮✳
❖ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐❛ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ é ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛✲
r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❡ ❞✐sr✉♣çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❝❧♦r♦♣❧❛st♦s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛
❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s t❡♥❤❛♠ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❡♠ ❝é❧✉❧❛s
tr❛t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ●❙ ❛♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❛♠ô♥✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡✱ ❡
s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❢♦t♦❢♦s❢♦r✐❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é q✉❡ ❛
❞❡♣❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧✉t❛♠✐♥❛ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ é ❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❛✲
r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡✳ ❖✉tr❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ♣❛r❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❞❛ ❢♦t♦ssí♥t❡s❡ é ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❣❧✐♦①✐❧❛t♦✱ ✉♠ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r ❞❛ ❘✉❇P ❝❛r❜♦①✐❧❛s❡
✭❉❡✈✐♥❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
11.3 Seletividade
❖ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡①✐st❛ ❝♦♥✲
s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱
❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥❛ ●❙ ✭❘✐❞❧❡② ✫ ▼❝◆❛❧❧②✱
✶✾✽✺✮✳ P❧❛♥t❛s tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s
♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▲✐❜❡rt② ▲✐♥❦✳
Mecanismos de Ação de Herbicidas
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✳ ❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❧✉t❛♠✐♥❛ s✐♥t❡t❛s❡ ✭●❙✮ ♥❛ ✜s✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✳ ❙❡t❛s ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠
183
✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ✭❧❡♥t❛ ♦✉ rá♣✐❞❛✮✱ ❡❧✐♣s❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞✐♠✐♥✉í❞♦s✳ ●❖●❆❚ ❂ ❣❧✉t❛♠❛t♦
s✐♥t❛s❡✱ ❆❚ ❂ ❛♠✐♥♦tr❛♥s❢❡r❛s❡✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❉❡✈✐♥❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✳
184 Oliveira Jr.

❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
➪❝✳ ❢♦s❢í♥✐❝♦ ❛♠♦♥✐♦ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ ❋✐♥❛❧❡✱ ▲✐❜❡rt②
❖✉tr♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ é ♦ ❜✐❛❧❛♣❤♦s

✭á❝✐❞♦ ❢♦s❢í♥✐❝♦✮✳
12. Inibidores da Síntese de Lipídeos (Não ACCase) - Grupo

N(8,16,26)
❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ é ♦ ❞♦s t✐♦❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❡①✐st❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❛t✐✈♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❞✐✈❡r✲
s♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❢♦r❛♠
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞♦s t✐♦❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s✳ ❆ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦✲
r❛çã♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t♦r♥❛r
❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❊P❚❈ ✭❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦
r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✈✐❛ á❣✉❛ ❞❡ ✐rr✐❣❛çã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stã♦ ♦s
♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❢❡r✐r s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✳

✶✳ ❚♦❞♦s sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛❧t❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r✱
❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦✳ P♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ❜♦❛ s♦❧✉❜✐✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✐rr✐❣❛çõ❡s ♣❡s❛❞❛s❀
✷✳ ■♥✐❜❡♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ tê♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ s♦❜r❡
❛s r❛í③❡s❀
✸✳ P❡♥❡tr❛♠ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s r❛í③❡s✱ ♠❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❛té
♦s ♠❡r✐st❡♠❛s ❛♣✐❝❛✐s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛t✐✈♦s❀
✹✳ ▼♦✈❡♠✲s❡ ♣r♦♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛❀
✺✳ ❙ã♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛ ❈❖2 ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ♥❛t✉✲
r❛✐s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s❀
✻✳ ❆ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ é r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉rt❛✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❞✐s✲
s✐♣❛çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦r ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥❛❀
✼✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ é ♠❛✐s ❛t✐✈❛ s♦❜r❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ♠✉✐✲
t❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣r✐♠✐r ♦
❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ t✐r✐r✐❝❛✳
12.2 Modo de ação

◆ã♦ é ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✱ ♠❛s ♦ sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡
s✉❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ sã♦ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛✳ ❚ê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥❛ ♠✐t♦s❡✱ ♠❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠
❞♦s❡s ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ♣❛r❛❧✐s❛♠ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦
é✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦✮✳
❙❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s t✐♦❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❛ ❜✐♦ssí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s ❣r❛①♦s✱
❧✐♣í❞❡♦s ✭♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❡r❛
❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r✮✱ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ✐s♦♣r❡♥ó✐❞❡s ✭✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❣✐❜❡r✐❧✐♥❛s✮✱ ❡ ✢❛✈♦♥ó✐❞❡s ✭✐♥✲
❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛♥t♦❝✐❛♥✐♥❛s✮✳ ❊s♣❡❝✉❧❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞♦s ❡st❡s ❢❛t♦s
♣♦ss❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❝❡t✐❧✲❝♦❡♥③✐♠❛ ❆ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❝♦♥✲
t❡♥❞♦ r❛❞✐❝❛✐s s✉❧✜❞r✐❧❛ ❛♦s s✉❧❢ó①✐❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❧✐♥❛t❡ ❡ t❤✐♦❜❡♥❝❛r❜✱ ♦ q✉❡
♣r❡ss✉♣õ❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛s ✭❙❡♥s❡♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❙✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❛ ❞✐st♦rçã♦
❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❡ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ✭r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❝♦❧❡ó♣✲
t✐❧♦✮✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s❡✲
❣✉❡♠ ❡♠❡r❣✐r ♠❛s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s s❡✈❡r❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐st♦r❝✐❞❛s❀ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦rr❡♠✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ t✐r✐r✐❝❛✱ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡
♠♦rt❡ ❞♦s t✉❜ér❝✉❧♦s✱ ♠❛s ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s é ❛tr❛s❛❞♦ ❛té ♦
❊P❚❈ ❞✐ss✐♣❛r✲s❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳
12.3 Seletividade
• ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛s ❞✐❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s sã♦ ♠❛✐s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s✱
❡♠❜♦r❛ ❡①✐st❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛
❝❧❛ss❡❀
• ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦✮❀
• P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣r♦t❡t♦r❛s ✭❊①✿ ❊P❚❈ ✰ ♣r♦t❡t♦r
❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐❧❤♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥❛t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♣♦r
♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛çã♦✮✳

❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ◆♦♠❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
❚✐♦❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s ❚❤✐♦❜❡♥❝❛r❜ ❙❛t✉r♥
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐st✉r❛s✿
• Pr♦♣❛♥✐❧✰t❤✐♦❜❡♥❝❛r❜✿ ●r❛ss♠❛①✱ ❙❛t❛♥✐❧
❉❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞♦s t✐♦❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ t❤✐♦❜❡♥❝❛r❜✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲

s❡ ❜✉t②❧❛t❡✱ ❝②❝❧♦❛t❡✱ ❊P❚❈✱ ❡s♣r♦❝❛r❜✱ ♠♦❧✐♥❛t❡✱ ♦r❜❡♥❝❛r❜✱ ♣❡❜✉❧❛t❡✱
186 Oliveira Jr.
♣r♦s✉❧❢♦❝❛r❜✱ t✐♦❝❛r❜❛③✐❧✱ tr✐❛❧❧❛t❡ ❡ ✈❡r♥♦❧❛t❡✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s

✭❢♦s❢♦r♦❞✐t✐♦❛t♦s✱ ❜❡♥③♦❢✉r❛♥❛s ❡ á❝✐❞♦ ❝❧♦r♦❝❛r❜ô♥✐❝♦✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❧✐♠✐✲
t❛❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✳
13. Outros Mecanismos de Ação

■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❉❍P ✭❞✐❤✐❞r♦♣t❡r♦❛t♦✮ s✐♥t❛s❡ ✲ ●r✉♣♦ ■(18)
●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✿ ❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s ✭❛s✉❧❛♠✮✳
■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ✭❝❡❧✉❧♦s❡✮ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ✕ ●r✉♣♦

▲(20,21,26,27)
●r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✿ ♥✐tr✐❧❛s ✭❞✐❝❤❧♦❜❡♥✐❧✱ ❝❤❧♦r✲
t✐❛♠✐❞✮✱ ❜❡♥③❛♠✐❞❛s ✭✐s♦①❛❜❡♥✮✱ tr✐❛③♦❧♦❝❛r❜♦①❛♠✐❞❛s ✭✢✉♣♦①❛♠✮ ❡ á❝✐❞♦
q✉✐♥♦❧✐♥♦❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦ ✭q✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝ ✕ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♥♦❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s ✕
t❛♠❜é♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❖✮✳
❉❡s❛❝♦♣❧❛❞♦r❡s ✭❞✐sr✉♣t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✮ ✲ ●r✉♣♦ ▼(24)

●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✿ ❞✐♥✐tr♦❢❡♥ó✐s ✭❉◆❖❈✱ ❞✐♥♦✲
s❡❜✱ ❞✐♥♦t❡r❜✮✳
■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❛✉①✐♥❛s ✕ ●r✉♣♦ P(19)

●r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✿ ❢t❛❧❛♠❛t♦s ✭♥❛♣t❛❧❛♠✮ ❡
s❡♠✐❝❛r❜❛③♦♥❛s ✭❞✐✢✉❢❡♥③♦♣②r✲◆❛✮✳
▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ✕ ●r✉♣♦ ❩(25,26,17)

❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s sít✐♦s ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✱ é
♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s
❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❣r✉♣♦s✳ ❖s ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠
♥❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ sã♦ ❧✐st❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❖ ú♥✐❝♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛
✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ é ♦ ▼❙▼❆✳
• ▼❙▼❆ ✭❆♥❝♦s❛r✱ ❆♥s❛r✱ ❉❛❝♦♥❛t❡✱ ❉❡ss❡❝❛♥✱ ▼❙▼❆ ✼✷✵✱ ▼❙▼❆
✼✷✵ ❉♦✇ ❆❣r♦❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ▼❙▼❆ ✼✷✵ ❱♦❧❛❣r♦✱ ❱♦❧❝❛♥❡✮✿ P❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛♦
❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞♦s ♦r❣❛♥♦❛rs❡♥✐❝❛✐s ♦✉ ❛rs❡♥✐❝❛✐s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✳ ❘❡❣✐s✲
tr❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❝❛❢é✱ ❝❛♥❛✱ ❝✐tr♦s ❡ ár❡❛s ♥ã♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛✲
❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❧❛r❣♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s
❧❛r❣❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s✳ ❯s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ é
❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r✳ ➱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❥❛t♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦ s❡ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♥ã♦
❧❤❡ sã♦ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✳ ❆ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❢♦❧✐❛r✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦✳ ❊♠
ár❡❛s ♥ã♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ss❡❝❛♥t❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♠
❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❤♦r♠♦♥❛✐s✳
❖ ❞❡s❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝♦ ✭❆❚P✮ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♦

♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❙▼❆ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ♠❛s ❛s ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✲
✈❡✐s sã♦ ✐♥s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❡①❛t♦✳ ❆ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦
rá♣✐❞❛ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❞❡str✉✐çã♦ ❞❡
♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✳
Referências
❇❛❧❦❡✱ ◆✳❊✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦♥ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥✿ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳
✭❊❞✳✮✱ ❲❡❡❞ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣②✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✈✳ ■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✸✕
✶✸✾✱ ✶✾✽✺✳
❇❛rt❡❧s✱ P✳●✳✱ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ♦♥ ❝❤❧♦r♦♣❧❛st ❛♥❞ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳
■♥✿ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ ❲❡❡❞ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣②✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱
✈✳ ■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✹✕✾✶✱ ✶✾✽✺❛✳
❇❛rt❡❧s✱ P✳●✳✱ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❤❡r❝✐❞❡s ♦♥ ♣❤♦t♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s✳ ■♥✿ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱
❲❡❡❞ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣②✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✈✳ ■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✕✸✻✱ ✶✾✽✺❜✳
❇❡②❡r ❏r✳✱ ❊✳❀ ❉✉✛②✱ ▼✳❀ ❍❛②✱ ❏✳ ✫ ❙❝❤❧✉❡t❡r✱ ❉✳✱ ❙✉❧❢♦♥②❧✉r❡❛s✳ ■♥✿ ❑❡❛r✲
♥❡②✱ P✳❈✳ ✫ ❑❛✉❢♠❛♥✱ ❉✳❉✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ❝❤❡♠✐str②✱ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥
❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ▼❛r❝❡❧ ❉❡❦❦❡r✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✼✕✶✽✾✱ ✶✾✽✽✳
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳❀ ▼♦r❛❡s✱ ❱✳❏✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳ ✫ ●♦✲
♠❡s✱ ❏✳❆✳✱ P❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ s♦❥❛
s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧ ❡♠ s✉❝❡ssã♦✳ P❡sq ❆❣r♦♣❡❝ ❇r❛s✱ ✸✼✿✺✺✾✕✺✻✺✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❈❤❡✱ ▼✳❀ ▲♦✉①✱ ▼✳▼✳❀ ❚r❛✐♥❛✱ ❙✳❏✳ ✫ ▲♦❣❛♥✱ ❚✳❏✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ♣❍ ♦♥ s♦r♣t✐♦♥
❛♥❞ ❞❡s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ♦♥ ❝❧❛②s ❛♥❞ ❤✉♠✐❝ ❛❝✐❞✳
❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ◗✉❛❧✱ ✷✶✿✻✾✽✕✼✵✸✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❈r♦t❡❛✉✱ ❘✳✱ ❈❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ✐♥❤✐❜✐t t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐s♦♣❡♥t❡♥②❧

♣②r♦♣❤♦s♣❤❛t❡ t♦ ❣❡r❛♥②❧✱ ❢❛r♥❡s②❧✱ ♦r ❣❡r❛♥②❧❣❡r❛♥②❧ ♣②r♦♣❤♦s♣❤❛t❡
✐♥ ✈✐tr♦✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✾✽✿✶✺✶✺✕✶✺✶✼✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❉❛♥✱ ❍✳❆✳❀ ❉❛♥✱ ▲✳●✳▼✳❀ ❇❛rr♦s♦✱ ❆✳▲✳▲✳❀ Pr♦❝ó♣✐♦✱ ❙✳❖✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱
❘✳❙✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❆✳●✳❀ ▲✐♠❛✱ ▼✳❉✳❇✳ ✫ ❋❡❧❞❦✐r❝❤❡r✱ ❈✳✱ ❘❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②
♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ s♦②❜❡❛♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ♦♥ ❣r❛✐♥ s♦r❣❤✉♠ ❝r♦♣ s✉❝✲
❝❡ss✐♦♥✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✽✿✶✵✽✼✕✶✵✾✺✱ ✷✵✶✵✳
❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ❋✳✱ ▼♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t ❛♥❞ ❞✐q✉❛t✳ ■♥✿ P✉r❞✉❡ ❯♥✐✲
✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❆❝t✐♦♥ ❈♦✉rs❡✳ ❲❡st ▲❛❢❛②❡tt❡✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈
Pr❡ss✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✽✕✶✷✼✱ ✶✾✾✹❛✳
❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ❋✳✱ ▼♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❤♦t♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦rs✳ ■♥✿ P✉r❞✉❡
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❆❝t✐♦♥ ❈♦✉rs❡✳ ❲❡st ▲❛❢❛②❡tt❡✱ ❊❯❆✿
❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ♣✳ ✽✺✕✶✵✷✱ ✶✾✾✹❜✳
❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ❋✳✱ ▼♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧✐♣✐❞ ❜✐♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦rs ✭❣r❛♠✐♥✐❝✐❞❡s
✕ ❆❈❈❛s❡ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦rs✮✳ ■♥✿ P✉r❞✉❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❆❝t✐♦♥
❈♦✉rs❡✳ ❲❡st ▲❛❢❛②❡tt❡✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✶✕✷✶✻✱ ✶✾✾✹❝✳
188 Oliveira Jr.
❉❡✈✐♥❡✱ ▼✳❀ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳ ✫ ❋❡❞t❦❡✱ ❈✳✱ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❊♥✲
❣❧❡✇♦♦❞ ❈❧✐✛s✱ ❊❯❆✿ Pr❡♥t✐❝❡ ❍❛❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ✹✹✶ ♣✳
❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳ ✫ ❑❡♥②♦♥✱ ❲✳❍✳✱ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❞✐♠❡t❤❛③♦♥❡ ✭❋▼❈ ✺✼✵✷✵✮ ♦♥ ❝❤✲
❧♦r♦♣❧❛st ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ■■✳ P✐❣♠❡♥t s②♥t❤❡s✐s ❛♥❞ ♣❤♦t♦s②♥t❤❡t✐❝ ❢✉♥❝✲
t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝♦✇♣❡❛ ✭❱✐❣♥❛ ✉♥❣✉✐❝✉❧❛t❛ ▲✳✮ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❧❡❛✈❡s✳ P❡st✐❝ ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠
P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✷✺✿✶✶✕✶✽✱ ✶✾✽✻✳
❉✉r♥❡r✱ ❏✳❀ ●❛✐❧✉s✱ ❱✳ ✫ ❇ö❣❡r✱ P✳✱ ◆❡✇ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦♥ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥t

❛❝❡t♦❧❛❝t❛t❡ s②♥t❤❛s❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ✢❛✈✐♥ ❛❞❡♥✐♥❡ ❞✐♥✉❝❧❡♦t✐❞❡✳ P❧❛♥t
P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✾✺✿✶✶✹✹✕✶✶✹✾✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
❋❡❞t❦❡✱ ❈✳ ✫ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❍♦❝❦✱ ❇✳ ✫ ❊❧st♥❡r✱ ❊✳❋✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✱

P❧❛♥t t♦①✐❝♦❧♦❣②✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ▼❛r❝❡❧ ❉❡❦❦❡r✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✼✕✸✸✵✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❋❡r❤❛t♦❣❧✉✱ ❨✳❀ ❆✈❞✐✉s❤❦♦✱ ❙✳ ✫ ❇❛rr❡t✱ ▼✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ❢♦r s❛❢❡♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝❧♦✲
♠❛③♦♥❡ ❜② ♣❤♦r❛t❡ ✐♥s❡❝t✐❝✐❞❡ ✐♥ ❝♦tt♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦rs ♦❢ ❝②t♦❝❤r♦♠❡
P✹✺✵s✳ P❡st ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠ P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✽✶✿✺✾✕✼✵✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❋❡r❤❛t♦❣❧✉✱ ❨✳ ✫ ❇❛rr❡t✱ ▼✳✱ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ♦❢ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ♠♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥✳ P❡st✐❝
❇✐♦❝❤❡♠ P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✽✺✿✼✕✶✹✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
❋r❛♥③✱ ❏✳❊✳❀ ▼❛♦✱ ▼✳❑✳ ✫ ❙✐❦♦rs❦✐✱ ❏✳❆✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✿ ❆ ✉♥✐q✉❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧

❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ✻✼✽
♣✳
❋r❡❞❡r✐❝❦s♦♥✱ ❉✳❘✳ ✫ ❙❤❡❛✱ P✳❏✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♦✐❧ ♣❍ ♦♥ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥✱ ♠♦✈❡✲
♠❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥t ✉♣t❛❦❡ ♦❢ ❝❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✹✿✸✷✽✕✸✸✷✱ ✶✾✽✻✳
●♦❡t③✱ ❆✳❏✳❀ ▲❛✈②✱ ❚✳▲✳ ✫ ●❜✉r✱ ❊✳❊✳✱ ❉❡❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✜❡❧❞ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥❝❡
♦❢ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✽✿✹✷✶✕✹✷✽✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
●r❡ss❡❧✱ ❏✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ❛❧t❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✐t❡ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✳
■♥✿ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ ❲❡❡❞ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣②✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱
✈✳ ■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✵✕✶✾✵✱ ✶✾✽✺✳
●r♦ss♠❛♥✱ ❑✳ ✫ ❑✇✐❛t❦♦✇s❦✐✱ ❏✳✱ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡t❤②❧❡♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❝②❛✲
♥✐❞❡ ❜✐♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s ❛♣♣❡❛rs t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❡ q✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❜❛r♥②❛r❞❣r❛ss✳ ❏ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱
✶✹✷✿✹✺✼✕✹✻✻✱ ✶✾✾✸✳
●r✉②s✱ ❑✳❏✳ ✫ ❙✐❦♦rs❦✐✱ ❏✳❆✳✱ ■♥❤✐❜✐t♦rs ♦❢ tr②♣t♦♣❤❛♥✱ ♣❤❡♥②❧❛❧❛♥✐♥❡ ❛♥❞
t②r♦s✐♥❡ ❜✐♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s ❛s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❙✐♥❣❤✱ ❇✳❑✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ P❧❛♥t ❛♠✐♥♦
❛❝✐❞s✿ ❜✐♦❝❤❡♠✐str② ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦t❡❝❤♦♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ▼❛r❝❡❧ ❉❡❦✲
❦❡r✱ ♣✳ ✸✺✼✕✸✽✹✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
❍❛❧❧✐✇❡❧❧✱ ❇✳✱ ❖①②❣❡♥ r❛❞✐❝❛❧s✿ t❤❡✐r ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥t t✐ss✉❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r
r♦❧❡ ✐♥ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❞❛♠❛❣❡✳ ■♥✿ ❇❛❦❡r✱ ◆✳❘✳ ✫ P❡r❝✐✈❛❧✱ ▼✳P✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✱
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❆♠st❡r❞❛♠✱ ◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞s✿ ❊❧s❡✈✐❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ▲t❞✱ ✈✳ ✶✵ ❞❡
❚♦♣✐❝s ✐♥ ♣❤♦t♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s✱ ♣✳ ✽✼✕✶✷✾✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
❍❛rt③❧❡r✱ ❘✳●✳❀ ❋❛✇❝❡tt✱ ❘✳❙✳ ✫ ❚❛❜❡r✱ ❍✳●✳✱ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ ♦♥ ❝♦r♥

✭❩❡❛ ♠❛②s ✮ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛♥❞ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✽✿✹✻✽✕✹✼✵✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❍❛t③✐♦s✱ ❑✳❑✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦✳ ❙✉♣♣❧❡♠❡♥t t♦ s❡✈❡♥t❤ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✳

▲❛✇r❡♥❝❡✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ✶✵✸ ♣✳
❍❡ss✱ ❉✳ ✫ ❇❛②❡r✱ ❉✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✉❧tr❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢
❞✐✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❝❡❧❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦♦t ♠❡r✐st❡♠ ♦❢ ❝♦tt♦♥ ✭●♦ss②♣✐✉♠ ❤✐rs✉t✉♠ ✮✳ ❏
❈❡❧❧ ❙❝✐✱ ✶✺✿✹✷✾✕✹✹✶✱ ✶✾✼✹✳
❍❡ss✱ ❉✳ ✫ ❇❛②❡r✱ ❉✳❊✳✱ ❇✐♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ t♦ ❈❤❧❛♠②❞❛✲
♠♦♥❛s ✢❛❣❡❧❧❛r t✉❜✉❧✐♥✳ ❏ ❈❡❧❧ ❙❝✐✱ ✷✹✿✸✺✶✕✸✻✵✱ ✶✾✼✼✳
❏❛r❡♠t❝❤✉❦✱ ❈✳❈✳❀ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❇✐✛❡✱ ❉✳❋✳❀ ❆❧♦♥s♦✱
❉✳●✳ ✫ ❆r❛♥t❡s✱ ❏✳●✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ❆❝t❛ ❙❝✐ ❆❣r♦♥✱ ✸✵✿✹✹✾✕✹✺✺✱ ✷✵✵✽✳
❏♦s❤✐✱ ▼✳▼✳❀ ❇r♦✇♥✱ ❍✳▼✳ ✫ ❘♦♠❡ss❡r✱ ❏✳❆✳✱ ❉❡❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥
❜② s♦✐❧ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✸✿✽✽✽✕✽✾✸✱ ✶✾✽✺✳
❑♦✇❛❧❝③②❦✲❙❝❤rö❞❡r✱ ❙✳ ✫ ❙❛♥❞♠❛♥♥✱ ●✳✱ ■♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✢✉r✐❞♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤
❞❡s❛t✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❤②t♦❡♥❡ ❜② ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝②❛♥♦❜❛❝t❡r✐✉♠ ❆♣❤❛✲
♥♦❝❛♣s❛✳ P❡st ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠ P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✹✷✿✼✕✶✷✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❑r❡♠❡r✱ ❘✳❀ ▼❡❛♥s✱ ◆✳ ✫ ❑✐♠✱ ❑✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛✛❡❝ts s♦②❜❡❛♥ r♦♦t ❡①✉✲
❞❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❤✐③♦s♣❤❡r❡ ♠✐❝r♦♦r❣❛♥✐s♠s✳ ■♥t ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ❆♥❛❧ ❈❤❡♠✱
✽✺✿✶✶✻✺✕✶✶✼✹✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❑r❡♠❡r✱ ❘✳❏✳ ✫ ▼❡❛♥s✱ ◆✳❊✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t ❝r♦♣
✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ r❤✐③♦s♣❤❡r❡ ♠✐❝r♦♦r❣❛♥✐s♠s✳ ❊✉r ❏ ❆❣r♦♥✱ ✸✶✿✶✺✸✕
✶✻✶✱ ✷✵✵✾✳
❑r✉s❡✱ ◆✳❉✳❀ ❚r❡③③✐✱ ▼✳▼✳ ✫ ❱✐❞❛❧✱ ❘✳❘✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❊P❙P❙✿
r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❘❡✈ ❇r❛s ❍❡r❜✱ ✶✿✶✸✾✕✶✹✻✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
▲✐❣♥♦✇s❦✐✱ ❊✳▼✳ ✫ ❙❝♦tt✱ ❊✳●✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ ♦♥ ♠✐t♦s✐s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱
✷✵✿✷✻✼✕✷✼✵✱ ✶✾✼✷✳
▲♦✉①✱ ▼✳▼✳❀ ▲✐❡❜❧✱ ❘✳❆✳ ✫ ❙❧✐❢❡✱ ❋✳❲✳✱ ❆❞s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♦❞ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠❛✲
③❡t❤❛♣②r ♦♥ s♦✐❧s✱ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ s♦r❜❡♥ts✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✼✿✼✶✷✕
✼✶✽✱ ✶✾✽✾✳
▲♦✉①✱ ▼✳▼✳ ✫ ❘❡❡s❡✱ ❑✳❉✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♦✐❧ ♣❍ ♦♥ ❛❞s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥❝❡
♦❢ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✹✵✿✹✾✵✕✹✾✻✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
▼❛♥❣❡❧s✱ ●✳✱ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ s♦✐❧ ✕ ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇
♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳ ■♥✿ ❙❤❛♥❡r✱ ❉✳▲✳ ✫ ❖✬❈♦♥♥♦r✱ ❙✳▲✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✱ ❚❤❡
✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✶✕✷✵✾✱
✶✾✾✶✳
▼♦♥❦s✱ ❈✳❉✳ ✫ ❇❛♥❦s✱ P✳❆✳✱ ❘♦t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝r♦♣ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t♦ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❝❧♦✲
♠❛③♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ②❡❛r✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✾✿✻✷✾✕
✻✸✸✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
▼♦♥q✉❡r♦✱ P✳❆✳❀ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳ ✫ ❖s✉♥❛✱ ▼✳❉✳✱ ❆❜s♦rçã♦✱ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛✲
çã♦ ❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣♦r ♣❧❛♥t❛s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❡ s✉s❝❡tí✈❡✐s
❛ ❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✷✿✹✹✺✕✹✺✶✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
190 Oliveira Jr.
▼♦②❡r✱ ❏✳❘✳ ✫ ❊s❛✉✱ ❘✳✱ ■♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ r♦t❛✲

t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝r♦♣s ✐♥ ❙♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❧❜❡rt❛✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✵✿✶✵✵✕✶✵✻✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❖✬❇r②❛♥✱ ❑✳❆✳❀ ❇r❡❝❦❡✱ ❇✳❏✳❀ ❙❝❤✐❧❧✐♥❣✱ ❉✳●✳ ✫ ❈♦❧✈✐♥✱ ❉✳▲✳✱ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s✐♦♥
♦❢ ❜✐♦❛ss❛② t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r ❞❡t❡❝t✐♥❣ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ✐♥ s♦✐❧✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱
✽✿✷✵✸✕✷✵✻✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ❱✳❘✳❀ ❙❝❛♣✐♠✱ ❈✳❆✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳ ✫ P✐r❡s✱ ◆✳▼✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ♠✐tót✐❝♦
❞❡ r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦✳ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❯◆■▼❆❘✱ ✶✽✿✺✸✼✕✺✹✹✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳✱ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❡ ❛❧❛❝❤✲
❧♦r✰❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛♥♦❧❛✳ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❘✉r❛❧✱
✸✶✿✷✶✼✕✷✷✷✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
P❛r❦❛✱ ❙✳❏✳ ✫ ❙♦♣❡r✱ ❖✳❋✳✱ ❚❤❡ ♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐♥✐✲
tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✷✺✿✼✾✕✽✼✱ ✶✾✼✼✳
❘❡❛♠✱ ❏✳❊✳❀ ❨✉❡♥✱ ❍✳❑✳❀ ❋r❛③✐❡r✱ ❘✳❇✳ ✫ ❙✐❦♦rs❦✐✱ ❏✳❆✳✱ ❊P❙P s②♥t❤❛s❡✿
❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ st✉❞✐❡s ✉s✐♥❣ ✐s♦t❤❡r♠❛❧ t✐tr❛t✐♦♥ ♠✐❝r♦❝❛❧♦r✐♠❡tr② ❛♥❞ ❡q✉✐❧✐✲
❜r✐✉♠ ❞✐❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❧✐❣❛♥❞ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❡t✐❝
♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠✳ ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠✐str②✱ ✸✶✿✺✺✷✽✕✺✺✸✹✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❘❡♥♥❡r✱ ❑✳❆✳❀ ▼❡❣❣✐t✱ ❲✳❋✳ ✫ P❡♥♥❡r✱ ❉✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♦✐❧ ♣❍ ♦♥ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥
❛♥❞ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ❛❞s♦r♣t✐♦♥ t♦ s♦✐❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❤②t♦t♦①✐❝✐t② t♦ ❝♦r♥ ✭❩❡❛
♠❛②s ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✻✿✼✽✕✽✸✱ ✶✾✽✽✳
❘❡t③✐♥❣❡r ❏r✳✱ ❊✳❏✳ ✫ ▼❛❧❧♦r②✲❙♠✐t❤✱ ❈✳✱ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ❜② s✐t❡
♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ✇❡❡❞ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t str❛t❡❣✐❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱
✶✶✿✸✽✹✕✸✾✸✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
❘✐❞❧❡②✱ ❙✳▼✳ ✫ ▼❝◆❛❧❧②✱ ❙✳❋✳✱ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ♣❤♦s♣❤✐♥♦t❤r✐❝✐♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐s♦③②✲
♠❡s ♦❢ ❣❧✉t❛♠✐♥❡ s②♥t❡t❤❛s❡ ✐s♦❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♣❧❛♥t s♣❡❝✐❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡①❤✐❜✐t
✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❞❡❣r❡❡s ♦❢ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐t② t♦ t❤❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡✳ P❧❛♥t ❙❝✐✱ ✸✾✿✸✶✕✸✻✱
✶✾✽✺✳
❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❇✳◆✳ ✫ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ❋✳❙✳✱ ●✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ✺❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱
P❘✿ ❊❞✳ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ✺✾✶ ♣✳
❙❛♥❞♠❛♥♥✱ ●✳ ✫ ❇ö❣❡r✱ P✳✱ ■♥❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❛r♦t❡♥♦✐❞ ❜✐♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s ❜② ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❇ö❣❡r✱ P✳ ✫ ❙❛♥❞♠❛♥♥✱ ●✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✱ ❚❛r❣❡t s✐t❡s ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡
❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✕✹✹✱ ✶✾✽✾✳
❙❝❤❧♦ss✱ ❏✳❱✳✱ ❆❝❡t♦❧❛❝t❛t❡ s②♥t❤❛s❡✱ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡
❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ s✐t❡✳ P❡st✐❝ ❙❝✐✱ ✷✾✿✷✽✸✕✷✾✷✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❙❡♥s❡♠❛♥✱ ❙✳❆✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦✳ ✾❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ▲❛✇r❡♥❝❡✱ ❊❯❆✿
❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ✹✺✽ ♣✳
❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❆✳❆✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❈♦st❛✱ ❊✳❘✳ ✫ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ▲✳❘✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧
♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♠❛③❛♠♦① ❡ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❞❡
♠✐❧❤♦ ❡ s♦r❣♦✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✼✿✸✹✺✕✸✺✹✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
❙t✐❞❤❛♠✱ ▼✳❆✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s t❤❛t ✐♥❤✐❜✐t ❛❝❡t♦❤②❞r♦①②❛❝✐❞ s②♥t❤❛s❡✳ ❲❡❡❞
❙❝✐✱ ✸✾✿✹✷✽✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
❚❤✐❧❧✱ ❉✳❈✳✱ ❙✉❧❢♦♥②❧✉r❡❛s ❛♥❞ tr✐❛③♦❧♦♣②r✐♠✐❞✐♥❡s✳ ■♥✿ P✉r❞✉❡ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲

s✐t②✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❆❝t✐♦♥ ❈♦✉rs❡✳ ❲❡st ▲❛❢❛②❡tt❡✱ ❊❯❆✿ P✉r❞✉❡
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✼✕✸✹✸✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✱ ✱ ❈✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ✇❡❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✐♥ ✜❡❧❞ ❝r♦♣s✳
❙t✳ P❛✉❧✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✱ ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥ s❡r✈✐❝❡✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ✽✺
♣✳
❱❛r❣❛s✱ ▲✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❆✳❆✳❀ ❇♦ré♠✱ ❆✳❀ ❘❡③❡♥❞❡✱ ❙✳❚✳❀ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ❋✳❆✳ ✫ ❙❡✲
❞✐②❛♠❛✱ ❚✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱
▼●✿ ❊❞✳ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ✶✸✶ ♣✳
❱❡❧✐♥✐✱ ❊✳❉✳❀ ▼❡s❝❤❡❞❡✱ ❉✳❑✳❀ ❈❛r❜♦♥❛r✐✱ ❈✳❆✳ ✫ ❚r✐♥❞❛❞❡✱ ▼✳▲✳❇✳✱
●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❇♦t✉❝❛t✉✱ ❙P✿ ❋❊P❆❋✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ✹✾✸ ♣✳
❱✐❞❛❧✱ ❘✳❆✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✿ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
P♦rt♦ ❆❧❡❣r❡✱ ❘❙✿ ❊❞✳ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ✶✻✺ ♣✳
❲❡✐♠❡r✱ ▼✳❘✳❀ ❇❛❧❦❡✱ ◆✳❊✳ ✫ ❇✉❤❧❡r✱ ❉✳❉✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s
♥♦t ✐♥❤✐❜✐t ✐♥ ✈✐tr♦ ❣❡r❛♥②❧❣❡r❛♥②❧ s②♥t❤❡s✐s ❢r♦♠ ♠❡✈❛❧♦♥❛t❡✳ P❧❛♥t
P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✾✽✿✹✷✼✕✹✸✷✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❲❡✐♠❡r✱ ❘✳✱ ❈❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ✐♥❤✐❜✐t t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐s♦♣❡♥t❡♥②❧ ♣②✲
r♦♣❤♦s♣❤❛t❡ t♦ ❣❡r❛♥②❧✱ ❢❛r♥❡s②❧✱ ♦r ❣❡r❛♥②❧❣❡r❛♥②❧ ♣②r♦♣❤♦s♣❤❛t❡ ✐♥
✈✐tr♦✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✾✽✿✶✺✶✺✕✶✺✶✼✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❨✉♥✱ ▼✳❙✳❀ ❨♦❣♦✱ ❨✳❀ ▼✐✉r❛✱ ❘✳❀ ❨❛♠❛s✉❡✱ ❨✳ ✫ ❋✐s❝❤❡r✱ ❆✳❏✳✱ ❈②t♦❝❤r♦♠❡
P✲✹✺✵ ♠♦♥♦♦①②❣❡♥❛s❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t ❛♥❞ ✲s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜❧❡
❧❛t❡ ✇❛t❡r❣r❛ss ✭❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ♣❤②❧❧♦♣♦❣♦♥ ✮✳ P❡st✐❝ ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠ P❤②s✐♦❧✱
✽✸✿✶✵✼✕✶✶✹✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❩❛❜❧♦t♦✇✐❝③✱ ❘✳▼✳ ✫ ❘❡❞❞②✱ ❑✳◆✳✱ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐✲
③♦❜✐✉♠ ❥❛♣♦♥✐❝✉♠ s②♠❜✐♦s✐s ✇✐t❤ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲r❡s✐st❡♥t tr❛♥s❣❡♥✐❝ s♦②✲
❜❡❛♥✿ ❛ ♠✐♥✐r❡✈✐❡✇✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ◗✉❛❧✱ ✸✸✿✽✷✺✕✽✸✶✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❩✐♠❞❤❛❧✱ ❘✳▲✳✱ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧s ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❙❛♥ ❉✐❡❣♦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝
Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ✹✺✵ ♣✳
❩♦❜✐♦❧❡✱ ▲✳❍✳❙✳❀ ❑r❡♠❡r✱ ❘✳❏✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳ ✫ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ❛✛❡❝ts ♣❤♦t♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s ✐♥ ✜rst ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲
r❡s✐st❛♥t s♦②❜❡❛♥s✳ P❧❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❙♦✐❧✱ ✸✸✻✿✷✺✶✕✷✻✺✱ ✷✵✶✵❛✳
❩♦❜✐♦❧❡✱ ▲✳❍✳❙✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❍✉❜❡r✱ ❉✳▼✳❀ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳❀ ❈❛str♦✱
❈✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ❋✳❆✳ ✫ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏✉♥✐♦r✱ ❆✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ r❡❞✉❝❡s s❤♦♦t
❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ ♥✉tr✐❡♥ts ✐♥ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t s♦②❜❡❛♥s✳
P❧❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❙♦✐❧✱ ✸✷✽✿✺✼✕✻✾✱ ✷✵✶✵❝✳
❩♦❜✐♦❧❡✱ ▲✳❍✳❙✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❑r❡♠❡r✱ ❘✳❏✳❀ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳❀ ❇♦✲
♥❛t♦✱ ❈✳▼✳ ✫ ▼✉♥✐③✱ ❆✳❙✳✱ ❲❛t❡r ✉s❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ♣❤♦t♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s
♦❢ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t s♦②❜❡❛♥ ❛s ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❜② ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ P❡st✐❝ ❇✐♦✲
❝❤❡♠ P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✾✼✿✶✽✷✕✶✾✸✱ ✷✵✶✵❜✳
192 Oliveira Jr.
✳
Capítulo 8
Resistência de Plantas Daninhas a Herbicidas
Miriam Hiroko Inoue e Rubem Silvério de Oliveira Jr.
1. Introdução
❊♠ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ ❞❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦
❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ár❡❛s ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛s✱ ❞❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ♠ã♦✲❞❡✲
♦❜r❛ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ❛❧✐❛❞❛s à ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s
q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s t❡♠ ❝r❡s❝✐❞♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s
❞é❝❛❞❛s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛
❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳
❈♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝r❡s✲
❝✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ é ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳
❖ ✉s♦ r❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♦✉ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ♥❛
♠❡s♠❛ ár❡❛ t❡♠ ❧❡✈❛❞♦ à s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❝❡rt♦s ❣r✉♣♦s
q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ é ❢✉♥✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s t❡r♠♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✳
P♦r s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ♦✉ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ q✉❡✱ ✉♠❛
✈❡③ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ❛ ❝❡rt❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ t❡♠ s❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛
♣♦r ❛q✉❡❧❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❞❡✜♥❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡
♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♦✉ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❛t❛ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡r ❡ s❡
r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❛♣ós ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s♦✲
❢r❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛✳ ❇✐ót✐♣♦s sã♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❣❛ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛
s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✳
❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ é ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❤❡r❡❞✐tár✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s
❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛✲
③❡s ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡r ❛ ✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉❡✱ s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥♦r♠❛✐s
❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❡st❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ t❡r♠♦ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❝r✉③❛❞❛ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❝✉❥❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ s❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❞♦✐s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛
r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛
❞♦✐s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳
❱ár✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥✲
t✐❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❞❛ ❤♦♠❡♣❛❣❡ ❞❛ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t②
194 Inoue & Oliveira Jr.
♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ✭❍❡❛♣✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ◆❡st❡ s✐t❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ t❡r ✉♠❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❛
s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳
2. Histórico e Situação Atual da Resistência

❆ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s é r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦✱ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡s♣♦♥t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s✉❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ♥ã♦ s❡♥❞♦✱
♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦r✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í✲
❞✉♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❛❧✲
q✉❡r ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s é ❛ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡
r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ s✉s❝❡tí✈❡❧✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❑✐ss♠❛♥♥ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✱ t♦✲
❞❛s ❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tê♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s q✉❡ sã♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
❍✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✐ r❡❧❛t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✺✼✱ ❝♦♠
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❞✐❢✉s❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠✐♠❡t✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛✉✲
①✐♥❛ ✭❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝✐♠❛ ✸✺✷ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✹✵✵ ♠✐❧ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✶✾✻
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✭✶✶✹ ❞✐❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s ❡ ✽✷ ♠♦♥♦❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s✮✳ ◆♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛❝❡✲
t♦❧❛❝t❛❞♦ s✐♥t❛s❡ ✭❆▲❙✮ é ❞❡ ✶✵✼✱ ♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛❝❡t✐❧ ❝♦❡♥③✐♠❛✲❆ ❝❛r❜♦①✐❧❛s❡ ✭❆❈❈❛s❡✮ é ❞❡ ✸✾ ❡ ♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é✲
❝✐❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❡♥♦❧✲♣✐r✉✈✐❧✲s❤✐q✉✐♠❛t♦✲❢♦s❢❛t♦
s✐♥t❛s❡ ✭❊P❙Ps✮ é ❞❡ ✷✶✳ ❖ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞♦s ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✐s✲
t❡♥t❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ✭❍❡❛♣✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r✲
❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✱ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✷ ✭●❛③③✐✲
❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❱✐❞❛❧ ✫ ▼❡r♦tt♦ ❏r✳✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛✲
❜❛❧❤♦s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❝♦♠♦ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛✱ ❇✐❞❡♥s s✉❜❛❧t❡r♥❛♥s✱ ❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛✱ ❈②♣❡✲
r✉s ❞✐✛♦r♠✐s✱ ❋✐♠❜r✐st②❧✐s ♠✐❧✐❛❝❡❛✱ ▲♦❧✐✉♠ ♠✉❧t✐✢♦r✉♠✱ ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ❝✐❧✐❛r✐s✱
❊❧❡✉s✐♥❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛✱ P❛rt❤❡♥✐✉♠ ❤②st❡r♦♣❤♦r✉s✱ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐✱ ❊❝❤✐✲
♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s✲♣❛✈♦♥✐s✱ ❘❛♣❤❛♥✉s s❛t✐✈✉s✱ ❙❛❣✐tt❛r✐❛ ♠♦♥t❡✈✐❞❡♥s✐s✱ ❈♦♥②③❛
❜♦♥❛r✐❡♥s✐s✱ ❈♦♥②③❛ ❝❛♥❛❞❡♥s✐s✱ ❖r②③❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ✐♥s✉❧❛r✐s ✭❈❤r✐s✲
t♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ●❛③③✐❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ▼♦♥q✉❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ◆♦❧❞✐♥
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✱ ✷✵✵✷❛✱❜❀ ❚❤❡✐s❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❘♦♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❱❛r❣❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❀
▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ●❛③③✐❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❱✐❞❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❆♥❞r❡s
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❈♦♥❝❡♥ç♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ▼♦r❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ▼❡♥❡③❡s ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✾❀ ❍❡❛♣✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❜✐ót✐♣♦s
r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s
q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥st❛t❛❞♦s ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✳
❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡s❛✜♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉s❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❜✐ó✲
Resistência de plantas daninhas a herbicidas 195
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s

❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❍❡❛♣ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳
❆♥♦ ❊s♣é❝✐❡ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦
♦✉ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦
✶✾✾✷ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✭❧❡✐t❡✐r♦✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
✶✾✾✸ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ ✭♣✐❝ã♦✲♣r❡t♦✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
✶✾✾✻ ❇✐❞❡♥s s✉❜❛❧t❡r♥❛♥s ✭♣✐❝ã♦✲♣r❡t♦✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
✶✾✾✼ ❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ✭❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛r♠❡❧❛❞❛✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆❈❈❛s❡
✶✾✾✾ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ✭❝❛♣✐♠✲❛rr♦③✮ ❆✉①✐♥❛s s✐♥tét✐❝❛s
✶✾✾✾ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s✲♣❛✈♦♥✐s ✭❝❛♣✐♠✲❛rr♦③✮ ❆✉①✐♥❛s s✐♥tét✐❝❛s
✶✾✾✾ ❙❛❣✐tt❛r✐❛ ♠♦♥t❡✈✐❞❡♥s✐s ✭s❛❣✐tár✐❛✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
✷✵✵✵ ❈②♣❡r✉s ❞✐✛♦r♠✐s ✭❥✉♥q✉✐♥❤♦✱ t✐r✐r✐❝❛✲❞♦✲ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
❜r❡❥♦✮
✷✵✵✶ ❋✐♠❜r✐st②❧✐s ♠✐❧✐❛❝❡❛ ✭❝♦♠✐♥❤♦✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
✷✵✵✶ ❘❛♣❤❛♥✉s s❛t✐✈✉s ✭♥❛❜♦✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
✷✵✵✷ ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ❝✐❧✐❛r✐s ✭❝❛♣✐♠✲❝♦❧❝❤ã♦✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆❈❈❛s❡
✷✵✵✸ ❊❧❡✉s✐♥❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✭❝❛♣✐♠✲♣é✲❞❡✲❣❛❧✐♥❤❛✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆❈❈❛s❡
✷✵✵✸ ▲♦❧✐✉♠ ♠✉❧t✐✢♦r✉♠ ✭❛③❡✈é♠✮ ❉❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❣❧✐❝✐♥❛
✷✵✵✹ P❛rt❤❡♥✐✉♠ ❤②st❡r♦♣❤♦r✉s ✭❧♦s♥❛✲❜r❛♥❝❛✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
✷✵✵✹ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✭❧❡✐t❡✐r♦✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
✭❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ P❘❖❚❖❳
✷✵✵✺ ❈♦♥②③❛ ❜♦♥❛r✐❡♥s✐s ✭❜✉✈❛✮ ❉❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❣❧✐❝✐♥❛
✷✵✵✺ ❈♦♥②③❛ ❝❛♥❛❞❡♥s✐s ✭❜✉✈❛✮ ❉❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❣❧✐❝✐♥❛
✷✵✵✻ ❖r②③❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✭❛rr♦③✲✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
✷✵✵✻ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✭❧❡✐t❡✐r♦✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
✭❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛✮ ❉❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❣❧✐❝✐♥❛
✷✵✵✻ ❇✐❞❡♥s s✉❜❛❧t❡r♥❛♥s ✭♣✐❝ã♦✲♣r❡t♦✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
✭❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❋❙ ■■
✷✵✵✽ ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ✐♥s✉❧❛r✐s ✭❝❛♣✐♠✲❛♠❛r❣♦s♦✮ ❉❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❣❧✐❝✐♥❛
✷✵✵✾ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ✭❝❛♣✐♠✲❛rr♦③✮ ■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙
✭❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛✮ ❆✉①✐♥❛s s✐♥tét✐❝❛s
t✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♠♦✲
❧é❝✉❧❛s ❛t✐✈❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱
❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝♦♥tr✐✲
❜✉✐r ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛s ár❡❛s q✉❡ ❥á ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡
r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✳
3. Mecanismos que Conferem Resistência

❍á três ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❣❡r❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐s✲
tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡
❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳
3.1 Alteração do local de ação

❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ t♦r♥❛r✲s❡
✐♥❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝❡r s✉❛ ❛çã♦ ✜t♦tó①✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✮✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠
❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ sã♦ ♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ ❡ ♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛
❆❈❈❛s❡ ✭❈♦rt❡③✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❚❛❧ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ♣♦r ♠✉t❛çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧
♦✉ ♣♦r ♠✉t❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛✳
Susceptí
Susceptível Resistent
Resistente
vel e
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✭s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡❧ ❡ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡✮✳ ❆ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ s❡ ❡♥❝❛✐①❛
♥♦ s✉❜str❛t♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♥❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ à
♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡♥❝❛✐①❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳
❆ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉t❛çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ é ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ✭✶✵−9 ✮✳

P❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦✱ ❛
♠✉t❛çã♦ t❡r✐❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱
♦ q✉❡ r❡❞✉③ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ s❛❜❡✲s❡
❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♠✉t❛çõ❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s é ❞❡❧❡tér✐❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ❛
❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣ê♥✐❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♣❡t✉❡♠ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳
❆ ♠✉t❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ♣♦r ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧✉③✱
r❛✐♦s ✉❧tr❛✈✐♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠
♦❝♦rr❡r ♠✉t❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦
❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♠✉t❛❣ê♥✐❝♦
é ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♠♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❧❡❣❛✐s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦✳
❆ ♠✉t❛çã♦ é✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ♦❝♦r✲
rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✳
3.2 Aumento na capacidade de metabolização do herbicida

◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ❜✐ót✐♣♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐③❛r ❛
♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❜✐ót✐♣♦s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✱
t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲❛ ✐♥❛t✐✈❛ ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ❞❛♥♦s ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆❈❈❛s❡✱ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛
❆▲❙✱ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦s ❢♦t♦ss✐st❡♠❛s ■ ❡ ■■✱ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❊P❙Ps✱ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s

❞❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❡ ♠✐♠❡t✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛✉①✐♥❛ ✭❱✐❞❛❧ ✫ ▼❡r♦tt♦ ❏r✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
3.3 Compartimentalização
❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ r❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛
❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ✐♥❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ✈❛❝ú♦❧♦s ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♦✉ t❡❝✐❞♦s
❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞✐st❛♥t❡s ❞♦s sít✐♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ r❡s✐s✲
tê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ sã♦ ♦s ❜✐♣✐r✐❞í❧✐✉♥s ❡ ♠✐♠❡t✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛
❛✉①✐♥❛✳
4. Identificação das Áreas de Resistência no Campo

❖ t❡r♠♦ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠
✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♦✉tr♦✭s✮✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦
❝♦♥❞✉③ ❛ ✉♠ rá♣✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✳
❙❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛
❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡①❡r❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ❞❡
✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s
r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ✫ ▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱
♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ à s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠
❜✐ót✐♣♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ♣ré✲❡①✐st❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦✱ ❡♥✲
❝♦♥tr❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▼❛①✇❡❧❧ ✫ ▼♦rt✐♠❡r ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s
✸✵✪ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♠♦str❛♠✲s❡ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✮✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ r❡✲
s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ♠❛♥❝❤❛s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ár❡❛ ✭❈❤r✐st♦❢✲
❢♦❧❡t✐ ✫ ▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❑✐ss♠❛♥♥ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✳
❆♥♦ ◆ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ◆ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✪ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
o o
❊✈♦❧✉çã♦
r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s
✵ ✶ ✶✳✵✵✵✳✵✵✵ ✾✾✱✾✾✾✾ ■♠♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧
✶ ✺ ✶✵✵✳✵✵✵ ✾✾✱✾✾✾ ■♠♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧
✷ ✶✵ ✶✵✳✵✵✵ ✾✾✱✾✾ ■♠♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧
✸ ✶✵✵ ✶✳✵✵✵ ✾✾✱✾ ■♠♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧
✹ ✶✳✵✵✵ ✶✵✵ ✾✾ ■♠♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧
✺ ✶✵✳✵✵✵ ✶✵ ✾✵ P♦✉❝♦ ♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧
✻ ✶✵✵✳✵✵✵ ✺ ✽✵ P❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧
✼ ✶✳✵✵✵✳✵✵✵ ✶ ✺✵ ❊✈✐❞❡♥t❡
5. Período de Tempo Para o Desenvolvimento da Resistência

❆ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❣❡♥♦♠❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡
❛❢❡t❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ✫ ▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦✱
✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❱✐❞❛❧ ✫ ❋❧❡❝❦ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧
❞♦ ❜✐ót✐♣♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡✱ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❛✉♠❡♥✲
t❛rá ❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛s ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦r✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦
❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✮✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡
❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❑✐ss♠❛♥♥ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✳
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♦✉ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ▲♦❝❛❧
♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛s♦
❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛
✷✱✹✲❉ ✶✾✹✽ ✶✾✺✼ ❊❯❆ ❡ ❈❛♥❛❞á
❚r✐❛③✐♥❛s ✶✾✺✾ ✶✾✼✵ ❊❯❆
Pr♦♣❛♥✐❧ ✶✾✻✷ ✶✾✾✶ ❊❯❆
P❛r❛q✉❛t ✶✾✻✻ ✶✾✽✵ ❏❛♣ã♦
■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❊P❙Ps ✶✾✼✹ ✶✾✾✻ ❆✉strá❧✐❛
■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆❈❈❛s❡ ✶✾✼✼ ✶✾✽✷ ❆✉strá❧✐❛
■♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ ✶✾✽✷ ✶✾✽✹ ❆✉strá❧✐❛
❆ss✐♠✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s

❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❡ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s
❝♦♠♦ ♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙✱ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆❈❈❛s❡ ❡ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦
❞❛s tr✐❛③✐♥❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ r❡❧❛t♦s ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s r❡✲
s✐st❡♥t❡s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ P❘❖❚❖❳✱ ❛♣❡s❛r
❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛ ♥❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦✉❝♦s r❡❧❛t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛✲
s♦s ♥❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✳ ❚❛❧ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ à ♠❡♥♦r ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦
❡①❡r❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧❛✱ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r
✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ♠❛✐s ❧❡♥t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡
❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳
6. Características dos Herbicidas que Podem Contribuir no Au-

mento da Pressão de Seleção
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✱ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ ❛t✉❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❧❡✲
✈❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s à ♠♦rt❡✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s
s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡♠ ❡ s❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ s❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✳
◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r❡s✲
sã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ sã♦ ❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❛çã♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✱
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ár❡❛s✱ ❡♠ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s ❞♦s❡s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦
❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ✫ ▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡r ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐tór✐❛✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r✲

❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛
❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦✳ ❊st❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡
♦✉ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s s❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐q✉❡♠ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉③❛♠ ❞❡s❝❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✳
7. Características das Plantas Daninhas que Favorecem o Sur-

gimento e a Disseminação da Resistência
❆ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦r s❡❧❡çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡
✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❛ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s✱ ❜✐♦❡❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s
❡ ❛❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s✳ ❆♣❡♥❛s ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞♦s
♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡stã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s
♥♦ ✐t❡♠ ✾ ❞❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ❡ ❜✐♦❡❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s sã♦
❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛
✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ✫ ▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❉♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠
❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r s✉❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦
❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦✳ ❚❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ q✉❡
✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❡st❡❥❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r
s✉❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦✳
❊♥tr❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡stá ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ é ♥✉❝❧❡❛r✱
♦s ❣❡♥❡s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦ ❜✐ót✐♣♦ s✉s❝❡♣✲
tí✈❡❧ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ s❡①✉❛❧✱ s❡✉s ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ♣♦✲
❞❡♠ ✈✐r ❛ s❡r t♦r♥❛r ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦
❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❱❛r❣❛s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ r❡❧❛t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛
♣♦r ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ é ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛
♣♦r ✉♠ ❣❡♥❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❡ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡
❤❡r❛♥ç❛ sã♦ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞❛s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✳
❖✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛
♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s sã♦ ❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❡❧♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝r✉✲
③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❢♦r❡♠
❡st❡s í♥❞✐❝❡s✱ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s r❡✲
s✐st❡♥t❡s✳
❆❧t❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡
♦ rá♣✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤á ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❡st❡❥❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✳ ▲❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♠
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❡♠ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✭❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s❛
é ❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ♣ó❧❡♥ ♥❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❡✱ ♦✉ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣á❣✉❧♦s✱
♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ ♣♦❞❡rá ♦❝♦rr❡r ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛❞♦
♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ r❡t❛r❞❛r ♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r✲
♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡

❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ♠❛✐♦r s❡rá ♦
t❡♠♣♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❣♦t❛r ♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❜✐ót✐♣♦ s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡❧
♥♦ s♦❧♦✳
8. Diagnóstico da Resistência a Campo

❆ s✉♣♦st❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡stá ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡
❤♦✉✈❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✲
t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡st❛
❝♦♥st❛t❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ♥ã♦ à s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❛s
s✐♠ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♦✉
❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧á✈❡✐s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦✉ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❛s ❝♦♥❞✐✲
çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✳
❈❛s♦ s❡❥❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦
❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞❡
❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ só ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❛✉s❛
♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s t✐✈❡r❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦s ✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ✫
▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❛
❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲
s❡ ❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡✱ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✱
✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❧❞❛✱ ❛❞❥✉✈❛♥t❡s ❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛
❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆ ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛s
✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❧❡✈❛ ❝♦♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ à ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✳
❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦s ✐t❡♥s r❡❧❛❝✐✲
♦♥❛❞♦s à t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r s❡ ❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡♠
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ár❡❛ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú✲
♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ár❡❛✱ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✳ ❯♠❛ ✐♥✲
❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❢♦rt❡ ❞❡ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❡r❞❡
❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❛ ár❡❛✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
✭♦✉✱ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✮ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦✲
❧❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦
❞❛ ár❡❛✳
❊♠ ár❡❛s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦
❞❡ ❛çã♦✱ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ❛♥♦s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈♦s é ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛✲
❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ár❡❛s ♦♥❞❡
s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛✱ é út✐❧ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r s❡ ❛
❡s♣é❝✐❡ s✉s♣❡✐t❛ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ✈✐♥❤❛ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦

♠❡s♠♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❡ s❡ ♦ ❞❡❝❧í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❢♦✐
❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ♦✉ sú❜✐t♦✳
❙❡ ❛♣ós ❡st❛s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s ❛ s✉♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡r♠❛✲
♥❡❝❡r ♥ã♦ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝✐❞❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦❧❤❡r s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s♣❡✐t❛s
❡ s❡♠❡á✲❧❛s ❡♠ ✈❛s♦s✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡ ❞♦s❡s ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s✉s♣❡✐t♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❜✐ó✲
t✐♣♦s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❤♦✉✈❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡st❡ ♣rát✐❝♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦
r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✜♥❛✐s✳
❯♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡ ♣rát✐❝❛
sã♦ ♦s t❡st❡s rá♣✐❞♦s✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s t❡st❡s✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼♦♥q✉❡r♦ ✫ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦✲
❧❡t✐ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❞❡t❡❝t❛ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ ❡♠ ❝❡r❝❛
❞❡ três ❞✐❛s✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ é ♦ ❙②♥❣❡♥t❛ ◗✉✐❝❦✲t❡st✱ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❛ q✉❛tr♦ s❡♠❛♥❛s
✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ✫ ▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
9. Estratégias Para Evitar o Surgimento e a Disseminação de

Resistência
■❞❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r
♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦s✳ ❆s ♣rát✐❝❛s
♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ♦✉ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞✉❛s
♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦s
✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ s❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉③❛♠✳ ❚❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❡st❡s
❞♦✐s ❝r✐tér✐♦s✱ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣rát✐❝❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛s sã♦✿
9.1 Rotação de culturas

❆ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s r❡❞✉③ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡
❡stã♦ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛ ❞❡
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝✉❧t✐✈♦s ♥❛s s❛❢r❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛♥✉❛✐s✱ ❢♦rr❛❣❡✐r❛s ❡ ♣❛s✲
t❛❣❡♥s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡
❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ t❡♠ ❣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ t❛♠❜é♠
♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛✲♣❡❝✉ár✐❛✳
9.2 Rotação de mecanismo de ação de herbicidas

◆❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦✱ é ❢✉♥✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛r ❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞✐✲
❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ é ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♦✉ ❡♠ r♦t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♠✐♥✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ➱ ✐♠✲
♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦
r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛❞♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❖✉tr♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r

❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦s r❡❢❡r❡♠✲s❡ à ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s✲
♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦✱ à ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡✱ ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❡ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛
♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛
❞❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛
r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✳
9.3 Métodos alternativos de controle

❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛❧t❡r✲
♥❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✳
❆s ✉t✐❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♥①❛❞❛s r♦t❛t✐✈❛s ❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦r❡s s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ♣rá✲
t✐❝❛s q✉❡ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❖ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐r ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♦✉ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐✲
③❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❡♥tr❡❧✐♥❤❛s ❡ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡r❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
◆♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r♥â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
sã♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ ❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡
❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣❛ss❛ ❛ t❡r ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ♦✉ ♠❛♥❡❥♦
❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❜❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦✲
❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ Pr❛t❡s ❡t ❛❧✳
✭✶✾✾✾❛✱❜✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❡ ▲❡✉❝❛❡♥❛ ❧❡✉❝♦❝❡♣❤❛❧❛✱ t❛♥t♦
❡♠ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛ ❛♦ s♦❧♦✱ r❡❞✉③✐✉ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✳
9.4 Práticas culturais

❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❢♦rt❛❧❡ç❛♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧✲
t✉r❛✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ s❡✉ rá♣✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ♣♦❞❡ t❛♠❜é♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐✲
❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦✳ ❊♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦
❞✐r❡t♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❛té ❛ ❛♣❧✐✲
❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❡ ❡♠❡r✲
❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❡ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛
❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦✳ ❆ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡✲
t✐t✐✈❛ ✐♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡
❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡
❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧ ❛ ❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦ é ♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣❛ss❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦
❡ ❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐s✲
t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✏ ❛♣❧✐q✉❡✲♣❧❛♥t❡✑ s❡❥❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛
✈❡❣❡t❛❧✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♠❡♥♦r ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❡ ❛
s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♦
q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ♥♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧
❡ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ✭❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀
❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
9.5 Monitoramento após a aplicação dos herbicidas

❖ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✭❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡✮ é ✉♠ ♣❛ss♦ ✐♠✲
♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
♠❛♥❝❤❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦❝♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✳ ■❞❡♥t✐✜✲
❝❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡✈✐t❛r q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉s♣❡✐t❛s
s❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉③❛♠✳
9.6 Prevenção da disseminação de propágulos de plantas daninhas

❚❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛❞♦t❛r ♣r♦✲
❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣r❡✈✐♥❛♠ ✐♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s é
✉♠❛ ❞❛s s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲
♣á❣✉❧♦s ♣♦❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦
❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ t❡r ❡♠ ♠❡♥t❡ ❛
♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡✲
rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ss❛❢r❛✳ ❯♠ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♣❡t✉❛çã♦ é ❛ t✐r✐r✐❝❛
✭❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s✮✱ q✉❡ s❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉③ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦s✱ r✐③♦♠❛s✱ t✉❜ér✲
❝✉❧♦s ❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳ ❊s♣é❝✐❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❤❛❧❡♣❡♥s❡ ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ ❛té ✽✵
♠✐❧ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❆rt❤❡♠✐s✐❛ ❜✐❡♥♥✐s ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠
♠✐❧❤ã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✭❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
10. Ocorrência de Resistência de Plantas Daninhas Segundo o

Mecanismo de Ação dos Herbicidas
10.1 Mimetizadores da auxina
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡
✹✵✱ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ tê♠ s✉r❣✐❞♦✳ ◆♦ t♦t❛❧✱ ✷✽
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❛s
q✉❛✐s ♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ r❡♣❡t✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ tr✐❣♦ ✭P❛♣❛✈❡r
r❤♦❡❛s ♥❛ ❊s♣❛♥❤❛✱ ❙✐♥❛♣s✐s ❛r✈❡♥s✐s ♥♦ ❈❛♥❛❞á ❡ ▼❛tr✐❝❛r✐❛ ♣❡r❢♦r❛t❛
♥❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛✮ ❡ ❛rr♦③ ✭❋✐♠❜r✐st②❧✐s ♠✐❧✐❛❝❡❛ ♥❛ ▼❛❧ás✐❛✱ ▲✐♠♥♦❝❤❛r✐s ✢❛✈❛
♥❛ ■♥❞♦♥és✐❛ ❡ ❙♣❤❡♥♦❝❧❡❛ ③❡②❧❛♥❞✐❝❛ ♥❛s ❋✐❧✐♣✐♥❛s ❡ ♥❛ ▼❛❧ás✐❛✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥✲
t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ❡ ❊✳ ❝r✉s✲♣❛✈♦♥✐s r❡s✐st❡♥✲
t❡s à q✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❞❡ ❛rr♦③ ♥♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡
❞♦ ❙✉❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾ ✭❊❜❡r❤❛r❞t ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ▼❡♥❡③❡s ✫ ❘❛♠✐r❡③✱
✷✵✵✵❀ ▼❡r♦tt♦ ❏r✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✾✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❞❡ ❊✳ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠✐♠❡t✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛✉①✐♥❛
❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ✭▼❛r✐♦t ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
10.2 Inibidores da fotossíntese
10.2.1 Inibidores do fotossistema II (inibidores da reação de Hill)

❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✻✼ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❥á ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ às tr✐❛③✐♥❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡
❡❧❛s ♥♦✈❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s✱ s❡✐s ❞❡ P♦❧②❣♦♥✉♠ ❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❈❤❡♥♦✲
♣♦❞✐✉♠✳ ❆s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ ❛❧❜✉♠
✭✷✵ ♣❛ís❡s✮✱ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ✭✶✸✮✱ ❙♦❧❛♥✉♠ ♥✐❣r✉♠ ✭✶✶✮ ❡ ❙❡♥❡❝✐♦
✈✉❧❣❛r✐s ✭✶✵✮✳ ❊st✐♠❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ três ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡❝t❛r❡s ✐♥✲
❢❡st❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s às tr✐❛③✐♥❛s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❞❡st❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡
♠❛✐♦r ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ às tr✐❛③✐♥❛s ✭♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ à ❛tr❛✲
③✐♥❡✮ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ r❡♣❡t✐❞♦
❞❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥❛s ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦✳ ◆♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s
r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❑♦❝❤✐❛ s❝♦♣❛r✐❛✱ ❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ ❛❧❜✉♠✱ ❙❡t❛r✐❛ s♣♣✳ ❡ P♦❧②❣♦✲
♥✉♠ s♣♣✳ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞❛s✳ ❈✉r✐♦s❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❣❡♥❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛
❥á ❢♦✐ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♥♦❧❛✱ ♣♦r
♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❣r✉♣♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦s ♥❡st❡
♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✱ ✶✽ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ às ✉ré✐❛s✱ ❞✉❛s
❛♦ ♣r♦♣❛♥✐❧ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❛♦ ❜r♦♠♦①②♥✐❧✱ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❛s ♥✐tr✐❧❛s
♥ã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❯♠❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛❞❛
❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦♣❛♥✐❧ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❛rr♦③✱
✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐
❡ ❊✳ ❝♦❧♦♥❛ ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛ís❡s✳
10.2.2 Inibidores do fotossistema I (formadores de radicais livres)

◗✉❛tr♦ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ❜✐♣✐r✐❞í❧✐✉♥s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣♦✲
♠❛r❡s ♥♦ ❏❛♣ã♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✵✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✷✸ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t ❡ ❞✉❛s ❡s✲
♣é❝✐❡s ❛♦ ❞✐q✉❛t✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ár❡❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s
r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ à ❡❢❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡st❛s ❡s✲
♣é❝✐❡s✱ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❛té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ é ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛✳ ❖
♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡st❛r ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❞❡st♦①✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❛❞✐✲
❝❛✐s s✉♣❡ró①✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❡♥③✐♠❛s s✉♣❡ró①✐❞♦✲❞❡s♠✉t❛s❡✱ ❝❛t❛❧❛s❡ ❡ ♣❡r♦①✐❞❛s❡
✭❉♦❞❣❡✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❆ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❖♥tár✐♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♥❛❞á
✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❧❛♥✉♠ ♣t②❝❛♥t❤✉♠ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✳
10.3 Inibidores da formação de microtúbulos e inibidores da mitose
10.3.1 Cloroacetamidas
❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ✉s♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❞❛s ❝❧♦r♦❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s
✹✵ ❛♥♦s ❡♠ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❤á r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❛ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✸✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦ ♦

❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦
❞❡ ❛rr♦③✱ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❜✉t❛❝❤❧♦r ❡ t❤✐♦❜❡♥❝❛r❜ ✭❍✉❛♥❣ ✫ ●r❡ss❡❧✱
✶✾✾✼✮✳ ◆♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✼✱ ❞❡t❡❝t♦✉✲s❡ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ tr✐❣♦ ♥❛
❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❡♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❆❧♦♣❡❝✉r✉s ♠②♦s✉r♦✐❞❡s
♣❛r❛ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝❤❧♦r♦t♦❧✉r♦♥✱ ❢❡♥♦①❛♣r♦♣✱ ✢✉❢❡♥❛❝❡t✱ ✐s♦♣r♦t✉r♦♥✱
♠❡s♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣✐♥♦①❛❞❡♥✳
10.3.2 Dinitroanilinas
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥✱ ♦r②③❛❧✐♥ ❡ ♣❡♥❞✐♠❡t❤❛❧✐♥ ✈❡♥❤❛♠
s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✹✵ ❛♥♦s ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♦ s♦❥❛✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ❡
❢❡✐❥ã♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✶✵ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ às ❞✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s✳ ❘❡✲
s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❝r✉③❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡
três ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ✭❆❧♦♣❡❝✉r✉s ♠②♦s✉r♦✐❞❡s✱ ▲♦❧✐✉♠ r✐❣✐❞✉♠ ❡ ❙❡t❛✲
r✐❛ ✈✐r✐❞✐s ✮✳ ❇✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❊❧❡✉s✐♥❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛✱ ❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❤❛❧❡♣❡♥s❡ ❡
❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s ♣❛❧♠❡r✐ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❛♣ós ✶✵ ♦✉ ✶✺ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr✐✢✉✲
r❛❧✐♥ ❡♠ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ♥♦ s✉❞❡st❡ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✳ P♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s
❞❡ ❙❡t❛r✐❛ ✈✐r✐❞✐s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞❛s ❛♣ós ✶✺ ❛ ✷✵ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡
tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ ♥♦ ♥♦rt❡ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❡ ❈❛♥❛❞á✳ ❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦t✐✲
✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❊✳ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r ❛
❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❱✐❞❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❊✳ ✐♥❞✐❝❛
♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞♦ ❞♦ ▼❛t♦ ●r♦ss♦ ❢♦✐ ✶✽ ✈❡③❡s ♠❡♥♦s s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❛♦ s❡t❤♦①②❞✐♠
❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❜✐ót✐♣♦ s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡❧✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♥st❛t❛r❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛
❝r✉③❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❢❡♥♦①❛♣r♦♣✱ ❝②❤❛❧♦❢♦♣✱ ♣r♦♣❛q✉✐③❛❢♦♣ ❡ ❜✉tr♦①②❞✐♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❜✐ót✐♣♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✳
10.3.3 Tiocarbamatos
❆✈❡♥❛ ❢❛t✉❛ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❝♦♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥✐❝✐✲
❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❛♥❛ ❡ ■❞❛❤♦✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✲
✈❡♥❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❞✐❢❡♥③♦✲
q✉❛t ❡ tr✐❛❧❛t❡✮✳ ❍á✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞♦s ❞❡ três ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s
❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ r❡♣❡t✐❞♦ ❞❡ t❤✐♦❜❡♥❝❛r❜ ❡♠ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❞❡
❛rr♦③✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❤á ♦✐t♦ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ✭❍❡❛♣✱
✷✵✶✶✮✳
10.4 Inibidores da PROTOX

❊♠ ✷✵✵✶✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❆♠❛✲
r❛♥t❤✉s r✉❞✐s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❆♠❜r♦s✐❛ ❛rt❡♠✐s✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❧❛t❛❞❛s
♥❡st❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛ís ❡♠ ✷✵✵✺ ✭❍❡❛♣✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ❝♦♠

r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ P❘❖❚❖❳ ❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛
❆▲❙ ✭❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥✱ ❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✱ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠✱ ✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠✱ ✢✉♠✐❝❧♦r❛❝✱ ❢♦✲
♠❡s❛❢❡♥✱ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✱ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✱ ♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡ ♥✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✮✳ ❊st❡s ❝❛s♦s
❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥st❛t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❡ s♦❥❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✹
✭❚r❡③③✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
10.5 Inibidores da síntese de carotenóides

❍á q✉❛tr♦ ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♥✜r♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❛♠✐tr♦❧❡ ✭❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦
q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞♦s tr✐❛③♦❧❡s✱ ♥ã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✮✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛s ❡s✲
♣é❝✐❡s P♦❧②❣♦♥✉♠ ❛✈✐❝✉❧❛r❡✱ P♦❛ ❛♥♥✉❛ ❡ ❆❣r♦st✐s st♦❧♦♥✐❢❡r❛ ❡♠ ♣♦♠❛r❡s
❞❛ ❇é❧❣✐❝❛ ❡ ▲♦❧✐✉♠ r✐❣✐❞✉♠ ❡♠ ❧❡✐t♦s ❞❡ r♦❞♦✈✐❛s ❞❛ ❆✉strá❧✐❛ ✭P♦✇❧❡s ✫
❍♦✇❛t✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳ ◆❛ ❆✉strá❧✐❛✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✵✵✻ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛
♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❝♦♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❘❛♣❤❛♥✉s r❛♣❤❛♥✐str✉♠✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙✱ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r♦t❡♥ó✐❞❡s ❡ ♠✐♠❡t✐③❛❞♦r❡s
❞❛ ❛✉①✐♥❛✳
10.6 Inibidores da ACCase

❚r✐♥t❛ ❡ ♥♦✈❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❥á ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦s ✐♥✐✲
❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆❈❈❛s❡✳ ❆s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❧❛t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡
❞✐❝❧♦❢♦♣✲♠❡t❤②❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❡♠ tr✐❣♦✳ ❊s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ▲♦❧✐✉♠
s♣♣✳ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❞✐❝❧♦❢♦♣ ❡ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆❈✲
❈❛s❡ ♥❛ ❆✉strá❧✐❛✱ ❈❤✐❧❡✱ ❋r❛♥ç❛✱ ❆rá❜✐❛ ❙❛✉❞✐t❛✱ ❊s♣❛♥❤❛✱ ❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦
❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✱ ❆✈❡♥❛ s♣♣✳ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛
❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❆✉strá❧✐❛✱ ❈❛♥❛❞á✱ ❈❤✐❧❡✱ ➪❢r✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ ❘❡✐♥♦
❯♥✐❞♦ ❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛
sã♦ ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ P❤❛❧❛r✐s s♣♣✳ ♥♦ ▼é①✐❝♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❙❡t❛r✐❛ s♣♣✳
♥❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡✳
❑✉❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r❛♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ▲♦❧✐✉♠ s♣♣✳ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛✈❛♠ ♥ã♦ só r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❝r✉③❛❞❛ ❛ ❛r✐❧♦①✐❢❡♥♦①✐♣r♦♣✐♦♥❛t♦s ❡ ❝✐❝❧♦❤❡①❛✲
♥♦❞✐♦♥❛s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❛ ❝❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ✭✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r ❞❛
❆▲❙✮✳
❉✐✈❡rs♦s ❝❛s♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s r❡✲
s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦✿ ❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ●❛③③✐❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ❝✐❧✐❛r✐s ✭▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✺✮ ❡ ❊❧❡✉s✐♥❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✭❱✐❞❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❊st❛s ❝♦♥st❛t❛çõ❡s ❛ss✉♠❡♠
❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
❞❛ s♦❥❛ ♥ã♦ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣ré✲
❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✳ ❆❧✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❡st❡ ❢❛t♦✱
❤á ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❣r❛♠✐♥✐❝✐❞❛s ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ♥❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ✫ ▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
10.7 Inibidores da ALS
10.7.1 Imidazolinonas
❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s às ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♦
sã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s✳ ❖s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s r❡❧❛t♦s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥✲
❝✐❛ ❝r✉③❛❞❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ♦❝♦rr❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛
❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✭✶✾✾✷✮ ❡ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ ✭✶✾✾✸✮ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s♦❥❛
✭❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡ ▼❛t♦ ●r♦ss♦
❞♦ ❙✉❧ ❡ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ✭P♦♥❝❤✐♦✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s
❞❡ ❇✐❞❡♥s s✉❜❛❧t❡r♥❛♥s ✭✶✾✾✻✮✱ ❙❛❣✐tt❛r✐❛ ♠♦♥t❡✈✐❞❡♥s✐s ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❘❛♣❤❛♥✉s
s❛t✐✈✉s ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ P❛rt❤❡♥✐✉♠ ❤②st❡r♦♣❤♦r✉s ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❡ ❖r②③❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ r❡✲
s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s
✭▼♦♥q✉❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ◆♦❧❞✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❚❤❡✐s❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ●❛③③✐❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✻❀ ❍❡❛♣✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
❖ ❝❛s♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦
❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ✭❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ✮ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ár❡❛s ✭❚r❡③③✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✺✮✳ ◆♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡st❛
❡s♣é❝✐❡ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ✐♠❛③❛♠♦①✱ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❡ ✐♠❛✲
③❡t❤❛♣②r✳
❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ❝♦♠ r❡s✐s✲
tê♥❝✐❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❛ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✱ ❜✐s♣②r✐❜❛❝✲◆❛✱ ♣❡♥♦①s✉❧❛♥ ❡ q✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝✱
❡♠ ár❡❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛rr♦③ ♥♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ✭▼❛r✐♦t ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
10.7.2 Sulfoniluréias
❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❥á ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❛❧✲
❣✉♠❛ s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛✳ ◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐s✲
tê♥❝✐❛ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆▲❙ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ às s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ✭❑♦❝❤✐❛ s♣♣✳✮ ❢♦✐ ❞♦✲
❝✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✽✱ ❛♣ós ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❝❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡♠ tr✐❣♦ ♣♦r s❡t❡ ❛♥♦s
❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈♦s ❡♠ s❡✐s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦
❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
❊st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s tê♠ ❣r❛✉s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❝r✉③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉✲
tr♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ✭❙✐✈❛❦✉♠❛r❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✱ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛✱
❇✐❞❡♥s s✉❜❛❧t❡r♥❛♥s✱ ❙❛❣✐tt❛r✐❛ ♠♦♥t❡✈✐❞❡♥s✐s✱ ❈②♣❡r✉s ❞✐✛♦r♠✐s✱ ❋✐♠✲
❜r✐st②❧✐s ♠✐❧✐❛❝❡❛✱ ❘❛♣❤❛♥✉s s❛t✐✈✉s ❡✱ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ P❛rt❤❡♥✐✉♠
❤②st❡r♦♣❤♦r✉s ❝♦♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❝r✉③❛❞❛ ❛ s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ❡ ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s✳
P❛r❛ ❡st❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✱ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s
❝✐♥❝♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✭●❛③③✐❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ◆♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ P❛r❛♥á✱
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✻ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❇✐❞❡♥s s✉❜❛❧t❡r♥❛♥s ❝♦♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛
♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❛ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡✱ ❢♦r❛♠s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡ ✐♦❞♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧✲s♦❞✐✉♠✳
10.7.3 Triazolopirimidas
❆❧❣✉♥s ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s às s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ❡ ✐♠✐✲
❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠
r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❝r✉③❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠ ❡ ✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠✳ ❊st❡s ❜✐ót✐♣♦s sã♦
r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆▲❙✳
10.8 Inibidores da EPSP sintase

❆♣ós ❧♦♥❣❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✱ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦✐ r❡❧❛t❛❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✻ ✭Pr❛t❧❡②
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s
❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉í❞♦
s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❤á
✷✶ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❣❧✐❝✐♥❛ ✭❍❡❛♣✱
✷✵✶✶✮✳
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭▲♦❧✐✉♠ ♠✉❧t✐✢♦✲
r✉♠✮ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❢♦✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✸✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ r❡♣❡t✐❞♦ ❞♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♣♦♠❛r❡s ❡ ✈✐♥❤❡❞♦s ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ✭❱❛r❣❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❖s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝❛s♦s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♥②③❛ ❜♦♥❛✲
r✐❡♥s✐s✱ ❈♦♥②③❛ ❝❛♥❛❞❡♥s✐s✱ ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ✐♥s✉❧❛r✐s ❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✱
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞♦ P❛r❛♥á✱ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱
♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❥á ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ❞♦
❙✉❧✳ ❊♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s
❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ❡ ♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s✉r❥❛ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦s
♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳
10.9 Outros mecanismos de ação

❍á ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♥✜r♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ▼❙▼❆ ♣❛r❛ ❳❛♥t❤✐✉♠ str✉♠❛r✐✉♠
❡♠ ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ❡♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s s❡t❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦s ✭◆✐♠❜❛❧
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
Referências
❆♥❞r❡s✱ ❆✳❀ ❈♦♥❝❡♥ç♦✱ ●✳❀ ▼❡❧♦✱ P✳❚✳❇✳❙✳❀ ❙❝❤♠✐❞t✱ ▼✳ ✫ ❘❡s❡♥❞❡✱ ❘✳●✳✱
❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❛rr♦③ ✭❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ s♣✳ ✮ ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
q✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♦r✐③í❝♦❧❛s ❞♦ s✉❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱
✷✺✿✷✷✶✕✷✷✻✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ■♥✿ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳ ✫
❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ s❡✉ ▼❛♥❡❥♦✳ ●✉❛í❜❛✱ ❘❙✿
❆❣r♦♣❡❝✉ár✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✕✺✼✳
❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳❀ ❈♦rt❡③✱ ▼✳●✳ ✫ ❱✐❝tór✐❛✲❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❘✳✱ ❘❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛❧❡✲
①❛♥❞❡r✇❡❡❞ ✭❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ✮ t♦ ❆❈❈❛s❡ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦r ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s
✐♥ s♦②❜❡❛♥ ❢r♦♠ P❛r❛♥á ❙t❛t❡ ✕ ❇r❛③✐❧✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ✸✽th
❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣✳ ❈❤❛♠♣❛✐❣♥✱ ❊❯❆✿

❲❙❙❆✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ♣✳ ✻✺✳
❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳ ✫ ▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦✱ ❘✳❋✳✱ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐s✲
tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ■♥✿
❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳❀ ▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦✱ ❘✳❋✳ ✫ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❙✳❏✳P✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳
❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❈❛♠♣✐✲
♥❛s✱ ❙P✿ ❆ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❆çã♦ ❛ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❛♦s
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✭❍❘❆❈✲❇❘✮✱ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ♣✳ ✸✕✷✷✳
❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳❀ ▼❡❞❡✐r♦s✱ ❉✳❀ ▼♦♥q✉❡✐r♦✱ P✳❆✳ ✫ P❛ss✐♥✐✱ ❚✳✱ P❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✿ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ■♥✿ ❈â♠❛r❛✱ ●✳▼✳❙✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❙♦❥❛✿ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ Pr♦❞✉çã♦✳
P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❙P✿ ❊❙❆▲◗✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ♣✳ ✶✼✾✕✷✵✷✳
❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳❀ P♦♥❝❤✐♦✱ ❏✳❆✳❘✳❀ ❇❡r❣✱ ❊✳❱✳❉✳ ✫ ❱✐❝tór✐❛✲❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❘✳✱
■♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❡ r❡s✐st❛♥t ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ ❜②♦t✐♣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ s♦②✲
❜❡❛♥ ❛r❡❛s✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ✸✻th ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛
❆♥♥✉❛❧ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣✳ ❈❤❛♠♣❛✐❣♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❲❙❙❆✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✳
❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳❀ ❱✐❝tór✐❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❘✳ ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❈✳❇✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✷✿✶✸✕✷✵✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❈♦♥❝❡♥ç♦✱ ●✳❀ ◆♦❧❞✐♥✱ ❏✳❆✳❀ ▲ó♣❡③✱ ◆✳❋✳ ✫ ❈♦♠✐♦tt♦✱ ❆✳✱ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛
r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❙❛❣✐tt❛r✐❛ ♠♦♥t❡✈✐❞❡♥s✐s ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣✐r❛③♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲
❡t❤②❧ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r ❞❛ ❆▲❙✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✺✿✶✽✼✕✶✾✹✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❈❛✈❛❧✐❡r✐✱ ❙✳❉✳❀ ❆r❛♥t❡s✱ ❏✳●✳❩✳❀ ❆❧♦♥s♦✱
❉✳●✳❀ ❘♦s♦✱ ❆✳❈✳ ✫ ❈♦st❛✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦
❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❢❡t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✺✿✺✶✸✕✺✷✵✱
✷✵✵✼✳
❈♦rt❡③✱ ▼✳●✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐✲
❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛❝❡t✐❧ ❝♦❡♥③✐♠❛ ❆ ❝❛r❜♦①✐❧❛s❡✳ ❚❡s❡ ✕ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠
❛❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ▲✉✐③ ❞❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲
s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❙P✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❉♦❞❣❡✱ ❆✳❉✳✱ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ♦❢ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡✳ ■♥✿ ❈❛s❡❧❡②✱ ❏✳❈✳❀ ❈✉s✲
s❛♥s✱ ●✳❲✳ ✫ ❆t❦✐♥✱ ❘✳❑✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❘❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❲❡❡❞s ❛♥❞
❈r♦♣s✳ ❖①❢♦r❞✱ ❯❑✿ ❇✉tt❡r✇♦rt❤✲❍❡✐♥❡♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✶✳ ♣✳ ✶✻✼✕✶✼✺✳
❊❜❡r❤❛r❞t✱ ❉✳❙✳❀ ◆♦❧❞✐♥✱ ❏✳❆✳❀ ●✉t✐❡r❡③✱ ▼✳ ✫ ❉✐ttr✐❝❤✱ ❘✳❈✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❛rr♦③ ✭❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ✮ ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝✳ ■♥✿
o
❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✷ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛s✳
▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ♣✳ ✺✶✷✳
●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳❀ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳❀ ▼❛❝✐❡❧✱ ❈✳❉✳●✳❀ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳❀
❆❞❡❣❛s✱ ❋✳❙✳ ✫ ❱♦❧❧✱ ❊✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❆▲❙✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✻✿✶✶✼✕✶✷✺✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳❀ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳ ✫ ❱♦❧❧✱ ❊✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❝r✉③❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❧♦s♥❛✲

❜r❛♥❝❛ ✭P❛rt❤❡♥✐✉♠ ❤②st❡r♦♣❤♦r✉s ✮ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❡♥✲
③✐♠❛ ❛❝❡t♦❧❛❝t❛t♦ s✐♥t❛s❡✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✹✿✶✺✼✕✶✻✷✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳❀ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳❀ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳❀ Pr❡t❡✱ ❈✳❊✳❈✳ ✫
❱♦❧❧✱ ❊✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛r♠❡❧❛❞❛ ✭❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛
♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ✮ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❆❈❈❛s❡ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✽✿✶✻✾✕✶✽✵✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❍❡❛♣✱ ■✳✱ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s✉r✈❡② ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ r❡s✐st❛♥t ✇❡❡❞s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳ ✇❡❡❞s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ♦r❣✴✳ ❆❝❡ss❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✷✼✴❥❛✲
♥❡✐r♦✴✷✵✶✶✱ ✷✵✶✶✳
❍✉❛♥❣✱ ❇✳ ✫ ●r❡ss❡❧✱ ❏✳✱ ❇❛r♥②❛r❞❣r❛ss ✭❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ✮ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡
t♦ ❜♦t❤ ❜✉t❛❝❤❧♦r ❛♥❞ t❤✐♦❜❡♥❝❛r❜ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛✳ ❘❡s✐st❛♥t P❡st ▼❛♥❛❣❡✲
♠❡♥t ◆❡✇s❧❡tt❡r✱ ✾✿✺✕✼✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
❑✐ss♠❛♥♥✱ ❑✳●✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ✻❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳
❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙P✿ ❇❛s❢ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❙✳ ❆✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ✸✸ ♣✳
❑✉❦✱ ❨✳■✳❀ ❇✉r❣♦s✱ ◆✳❘✳ ✫ ❚❛❧❜❡rt✱ ❘✳❊✳✱ ❈r♦ss✲ ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢
❞✐❝❧♦❢♦♣✲r❡s✐st❛♥t ▲♦❧✐✉♠ s♣♣✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✹✽✿✹✶✷✕✹✶✾✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
▲ó♣❡③✲❖✈❡❥❡r♦✱ ❘✳❋✳❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❙✳❏✳P✳❀ ◆✐❝♦❧❛✐✱ ▼✳ ✫ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳✱
❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❝♦❧❝❤ã♦ ✭❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ❝✐❧✐❛r✐s ✮ ❛♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛❝❡t✐❧ ❈♦✲❆ ❈❛r❜♦①✐❧❛s❡✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱
✷✸✿✺✹✸✕✺✹✾✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
▼❛r✐♦t✱ ❈✳❍✳P✳❀ ▼❡♥❡③❡s✱ ❱✳●✳ ✫ ❙♦✉③❛✱ P✳❆✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❡ ❝r✉✲
③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❛rr♦③ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛rr♦③ ✐rr✐❣❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❘✐♦
●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✼o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ♣✳ ✶✕✷✻✳
▼❛①✇❡❧❧✱ ❇✳❉✳ ✫ ▼♦rt✐♠❡r✱ ❆✳▼✳✱ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ r❡s✐st❡♥❝❡✳ ■♥✿
P♦✇❧❡s✱ ❙✳❇✳ ✫ ❍♦❧t✉r✱ ❏✳❆✳▼✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❘❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ P❧❛♥ts✿
❇✐♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠✐str②✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ▲❡✇✐s✱ ✶✾✾✹✳ ♣✳ ✶✕✷✻✳
▼❡♥❡③❡s✱ ❱✳●✳❀ ▼❛r✐♦t✱ ❈✳❍✳❘✳❀ ❑❛❧s✐♥❣✱ ❆✳ ✫ ●♦✉❧❛rt✱ ■✳❈✳●✳❘✳✱ ❆rr♦③✲
✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✭❖r②③❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ✮ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s✳
P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✼✿✶✵✹✼✕✶✵✺✷✱ ✷✵✵✾✳
▼❡♥❡③❡s✱ ❱✳●✳ ✫ ❘❛♠✐r❡③✱ ❍✳❱✳✱ ❘❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ✭▲✳ ✮
❇❡❛✉✈✳ t♦ q✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝ ✐♥ ✢♦♦❞❡❞ r✐❝❡ ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s
♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss✳ ❈♦r✈❛❧❧✐s✱ ❊❯❆✿
■❲❙❙✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✵✳
▼❡r♦tt♦ ❏r✳✱ ❆✳❀ ❋❧❡❝❦✱ ◆✳●✳❀ ❘❡✐❛✱ ❇✳ ✫ ❆♥❞r❡s✱ ❆✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❝❤✐✲
♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ s♣✳ à q✉✐♥❝❧♦r❛❝✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✷ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦
o
❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛

❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ♣✳ ✺✶✸✳
▼♦♥q✉❡r♦✱ P✳❆✳ ✫ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳✱ ❇✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦ rá♣✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦

❞❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛❝❡t❛❧❛❝t♦ s✐♥t❛s❡ ✭❆▲❙✮ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s✳
❙❝✐ ❆❣r✱ ✺✽✿✶✾✸✕✶✾✻✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
▼♦♥q✉❡r♦✱ P✳❆✳❀ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳ ✫ ❉✐❛s✱ ❈✳❚✳❙✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡
♠❛① ✮✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✽✿✹✶✾✕✹✷✺✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
▼♦r❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❙✳❀ ◆✐❝♦❧❛✐✱ ▼✳❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❙✳❏✳P✳ ✫ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳✱ ❘❡s✐s✲
tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥②③❛ ❝❛♥❛❞❡♥s✐s ❡ ❈✳ ❜♦♥❛r✐❡♥s✐s ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✺✿✶✺✼✕✶✻✹✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
◆✐♠❜❛❧✱ ❈✳■✳❀ ❙❤❛✇✱ ❉✳❘✳❀ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❆✳ ✫ ❇✐r❞ ❏r✳✱ ❏✳❉✳✱ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢
▼❙▼❆✲r❡s✐st❛♥t ❛♥❞ ✲s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝♦❝❦❧❡❜✉r ✭❳❛♥t❤✐✉♠ str✉✲
♠❛r✐✉♠✮ ❜✐♦t②♣❡s t♦ ❝♦tt♦♥ ✭●♦ss②♣✐✉♠ ❤✐rs✉t✉♠ ✮ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ❛♥❞
❝r♦ss✲r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ t♦ ❛rs❡♥✐❝❛❧s ❛♥❞ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❡ ❞✐sr✉♣t♦rs✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱
✾✿✹✹✵✕✹✹✺✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
◆♦❧❞✐♥✱ ❏✳❆✳❀ ❊❜❡r❤❛r❞t✱ ❉✳❙✳❀ ❈❤❡❤❛❞❡✱ ❆✳❚✳ ✫ ❉✐ttr✐❝❤✱ ❘✳❈✳✱ ❙❛❣✐tá✲
r✐❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✷o
❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿
❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ♣✳ ✺✶✹✳
◆♦❧❞✐♥✱ ❏✳❆✳❀ ❊❜❡r❤❛r❞t✱ ❉✳❙✳ ✫ ❘❛♠♣❡❧♦tt✐✱ ❋✳❚✳✱ ❈②♣❡r✉s ❞✐✛♦r♠✐s ✭▲✳ ✮
r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ ❡♠ ❙❛♥t❛ ❈❛t❛r✐♥❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡✲
s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✸o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱
✷✵✵✷❛✳ ♣✳ ✶✾✽✳
◆♦❧❞✐♥✱ ❏✳❆✳❀ ❊❜❡r❤❛r❞t✱ ❉✳❙✳ ✫ ❘❛♠♣❡❧♦tt✐✱ ❋✳❚✳✱ ❋✐♠❜r✐st②❧✐s ♠✐❧✐❛❝❡❛
✭▲✳ ✮ ❱❛❤❧ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ ❡♠ ❙❛♥t❛ ❈❛t❛✲
r✐♥❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✸o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s
❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s
❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✳ ♣✳ ✶✾✾✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳❀ ❈♦st❛✱ ❏✳▼✳❀ ❈❛✈❛❧✐❡r✐✱ ❙✳❉✳❀ ❆r❛♥t❡s✱
❏✳●✳❩✳❀ ❆❧♦♥s♦✱ ❉✳●✳❀ ❘♦s♦✱ ❆✳❈✳ ✫ ❇✐✛❡✱ ❉✳❋✳✱ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✐s✲
t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛
❛❢❡t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛✱ ✷✹✿✼✷✶✕✼✸✷✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
P♦♥❝❤✐♦✱ ❏✳❆✳❘✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛
❡♥③✐♠❛ ❛❝❡t♦❧❛❝t❛t♦✲s✐♥t❛s❡✳ ❚❡s❡ ✕ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❊s❝♦❧❛
❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ▲✉✐③ ❞❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱
P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❙P✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
P♦✇❧❡s✱ ❙✳❇✳ ✫ ❍♦✇❛t✱ P✳❉✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t ✇❡❡❞s ✐♥ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛✳ ❲❡❡❞
❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✹✿✶✼✽✕✶✽✺✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
Pr❛t❡s✱ ❍✳❚✳❀ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ■✳❆✳❀ P❛❡s✱ ❏✳▼✳❱✳ ✫ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s✱ ◆✳▼✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦
❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❛ ❧❡✉❝❡♥❛ ✭▲❡✉❝❛❡♥❛ ❧❡✉❝♦❝❡♣❤❛❧❛ ✭▲❛♠✮ ❉❡ ❲✐t✮ s♦❜r❡
♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❞♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✳ ❙❡t❡ ▲❛❣♦❛s✱ ▼●✿
❊▼❇❘❆P❆✲❈◆P▼❙✱ ✶✾✾✾❛✳ ✷ ♣✳
Pr❛t❡s✱ ❍✳❚✳❀ P✐r❡s✱ ◆✳▼✳❀ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ■✳❆✳ ✫ ❋❛r✐❛s✱ ❚✳❈✳▲✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢
❧❡✉❝❡♥❛ ✭▲❡✉❝❛❡♥❛ ❧❡✉❝♦❝❡♣❤❛❧❛ ✭▲❛♠✮ ❉❡ ❲✐t✮ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✇❡❡❞ ♣♦♣✉✲
❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ♠❛✐③❡ ✭❩❡❛ ♠❛②s ▲✳✮ ❝r♦♣✳ ■♥✿ ❆❜str❛❝ts ♦❢ ✷nd ■❯P❆❈ ■♥✲
t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❇✐♦❞✐✈❡rs✐t②✳ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧
❯♥✐♦♥ ♦❢ P✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❈❤❡♠✐str② ✭■❯P❆❈✮✱ ✶✾✾✾❜✳ ♣✳ ✷✶✻✳
Pr❛t❧❡②✱ ❏✳❀ ❇❛✐♥❡s✱ P✳❀ ❊❜❡r❜❛❝❤✱ P✳❀ ■♥❝❡rt✐✱ ▼✳ ✫ ❇r♦st❡r✱ ❏✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ r②❡❣r❛ss✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✶th ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❈♦♥✲
❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ●r❛ss❧❛♥❞ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ◆❡✇ ❙♦✉t❤ ❲❛❧❡s✳ ❲❛❣❣❛ ❲❛❣❣❛✱
❆✉str❛❧✐❛✿ ❚❤❡ ●r❛ss❧❛♥❞ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ◆❡✇ ❙♦✉t❤ ❲❛❧❡s✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✻✳
❘♦♠❛♥✱ ❊✳❙✳❀ ❱❛r❣❛s✱ ▲✳❀ ❘✐③③❛r❞✐✱ ▼✳❆✳ ✫ ▼❛tt❡✐✱ ❘✳❲✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
❛③❡✈é♠ ✭▲♦❧✐✉♠ ♠✉❧t✐✢♦r✉♠✮ ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛✱ ✷✷✿✸✵✶✕✸✵✻✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❙✐✈❛❦✉♠❛r❛♥✱ ❑✳❀ ▼✉❧✉❣❡t❛✱ ❉✳❀ ❋❛②✱ P✳❑✳ ✫ ❉②❡r✱ ❲✳❊✳✱ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ s✉❧❢♦♥②❧✉r❡❛✲r❡s✐st❛♥t ❑♦❝❤✐❛ s❝♦♣❛r✐❛ ▲✳ ❛❝✲
❝❡ss✐♦♥s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✹✶✿✶✺✾✕✶✻✺✱ ✶✾✾✸✳
❚❤❡✐s❡♥✱ ●✳✱ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛❜♦ ✭❘❛♣❤❛♥✉s s❛t✐✈✉s ✮ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✹o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦
❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙P✿ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛
❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ♣✳ ✷✻✷✳
❚r❡③③✐✱ ▼✳▼✳❀ ❋❡❧✐♣♣✐✱ ❈✳▲✳❀ ▼❛tt❡✐✱ ❍✳▲✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❆✳▲✳❀ ❉❡❜❛st✐❛♥✐✱ ❈✳❀ ❱✐✲
❞❛❧✱ ❘✳❆✳ ✫ ▼❛rq✉❡s✱ ❆✳✱ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛❝❡t♦❧❛❝t❛t❡ s②♥t❤❛s❡
❛♥❞ ♣r♦t♦♣♦r♣❤②r✐♥♦❣❡♥ ♦①✐❞❛s❡ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦rs ✐♥ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛
❜✐♦t②♣❡s✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ❙❝✐ ❍❡❛❧ ❇✱ ✹✵✿✶✵✶✕✶✵✾✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❱❛r❣❛s✱ ▲✳❀ ❇♦ré♠✱ ❆✳ ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❆✳❆✳✱ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ ❡♠ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛
❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✾✿✸✸✶✕✸✸✻✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❱❛r❣❛s✱ ▲✳❀ ▼♦r❛❡s✱ ❘✳▼✳❆✳ ✫ ❇❡rt♦✱ ❈✳▼✳✱ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
❛③❡✈é♠ ✭▲♦❧✐✉♠ ♠✉❧t✐✢♦r✉♠✮ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✺✿✺✻✼✕
✺✼✶✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
❱❛r❣❛s✱ ▲✳❀ ❘♦♠❛♥✱ ❊✳❙✳❀ ❘✐③③❛r❞✐✱ ▼✳❆✳ ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❱✳❈✳✱ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ó✲
t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❡✈é♠ ✭▲♦❧✐✉♠ ♠✉❧t✐✢♦r✉♠✮ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♣♦♠❛r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛çã✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✷✿✻✶✼✕✻✷✷✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❱✐❞❛❧✱ ❘✳❆✳ ✫ ❋❧❡❝❦✱ ◆✳●✳✱ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✺✿✶✺✷✕
✶✻✶✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
❱✐❞❛❧✱ ❘✳❆✳ ✫ ▼❡r♦tt♦ ❏r✳✱ ❆✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✲❜r❛✈♦ ❛♦s ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❛❝❡t♦❧❛❝t❛t♦ s✐♥t❛s❡✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱
✶✼✿✸✻✼✕✸✼✸✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
❱✐❞❛❧✱ ❘✳❆✳ ✫ ▼❡r♦tt♦ ❏r✳✱ ❆✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛s✳ ■♥✿ ❱✐❞❛❧✱ ❘✳❆✳ ✫ ▼❡r♦tt♦ ❏r✳✱ ❆✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ P♦rt♦
❆❧❡❣r❡✱ ❘❙✿ ❯❋❘●❙✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✽✕✶✹✽✳
❱✐❞❛❧✱ ❘✳❆✳❀ P♦rt❡s✱ ❊✳❙✳❀ ▲❛♠❡❣♦✱ ❋✳P✳ ✫ ❚r❡③③✐✱ ▼✳▼✳✱ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
❊❧❡✉s✐♥❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❆❈❈❛s❡✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✹✿✶✻✸✕
✶✼✶✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
✳
Capítulo 9
Absorção e Translocação de Herbicidas
Rubem Silvério de Oliveira Jr. e Marcos Antonio Bacarin
1. Absorção de Herbicidas Aplicados ao Solo
1.1 Absorção pelas partes aéreas entre a germinação e a emergência

❆ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ❥♦✈❡♥s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡
❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ é ✉♠ sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐t♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ s♦❧♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛t✐✈♦s ❡♠ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♣❡✲
q✉❡♥❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛
♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✱ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s♣r♦✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❡r❛✱
t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲❛ ♠❛✐s ♣❡r♠❡á✈❡❧ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r♦t❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r✲
t✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛
❊str✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛s♣❛r② ♥ã♦ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❡st❡s t❡❝✐❞♦s✳
❆❧t❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❛tr❛✲
✈és ❞❡st❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s tê♠ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛❜✲
s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❡st❛ ✈✐❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡
❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❡♠ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❊♠ ❣❡✲
r❛❧✱ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛♠ ❡♠ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❤✐♣♦❝ót✐❧♦ ❡ ❞❛
r❛❞í❝✉❧❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❛✉s❛♠ ✐♥❥úr✐❛s ♥❡st❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ●r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡s ❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡
♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❛ér❡❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❛
❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❉❛✇s♦♥ ✫ ❆♣♣❧❡❜② ✭✶✾✾✹✮ ❡ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s
✫ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳
❋❛♠í❧✐❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
❈❧♦r♦❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛s ❆❝❡t♦❝❤❧♦r✱ ❛❧❛❝❤❧♦r✱ ❜✉t❛❝❤❧♦r✱ ♠❡t♦❧❛❝❤❧♦r
❉✐❢❡♥✐❧ét❡r❡s ❖①②✢✉♦r❢❡♥
❉✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s ❚r✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥✱ ♣❡♥❞✐♠❡t❤❛❧✐♥
❚✐♦❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s ❊P❚❈✱ ❜✉t②❧❛t❡✱ ♠♦❧✐♥❛t❡
1.2 Movimento radial de herbicidas

❆s r❛í③❡s sã♦ ór❣ã♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ s✉st❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❜✲
s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠✲s❡ ♣♦r ❛♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛r ❡♣✐❞❡r♠❡ ❞❡s♣r♦✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♣♦ss❛
216 Oliveira Jr. & Bacarin
♦❝♦rr❡r ❛ ❝✉t✐♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❞♦ ❧❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛

❡♣✐❞❡r♠❡✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s r❛✲
❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ❧✐♣í❞✐❝❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❡♥❞♦❞❡r♠❡ ❞❛ r❛✐③✳
◆❡st❡s t❡❝✐❞♦s✱ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s r❛❞✐❛✐s ❝♦♥tê♠ ✉♠❛ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠✲
♣r❡❣♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ s✉❜❡r✐♥❛ ✭❊str✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛s♣❛r②✮✳ ❊st❛ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r
s❡r ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣❡r♠❡á✈❡❧ à á❣✉❛✳ ◆❛ ❡♥❞♦❞❡r♠❡✱ ❛ á❣✉❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦✈❡ ❡♠
❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛ ❞❡✈❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛r ♥♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦✳ ❖ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❧❛r♦✳ ❙❛❜❡✲s❡✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡
❛ ❊str✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛s♣❛r② ♥ã♦ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦s á♣✐❝❡s r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❡♥✲
❞♦❞ér♠✐❝❛s ❥♦✈❡♥s ❡ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❜❛s❛❧ ❞❡ r❛í③❡s ❧❛t❡r❛✐s ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
✭▲✉①♦✈á ✫ ❈❤❛♠♣♦r♦✈á✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡
r♦t❛ ❞❡ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦✳
❆ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s r❛í③❡s ♥ã♦ é tã♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛s
❢♦❧❤❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝❡r❛ ♦✉ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ ❡stá
♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✳ ❆ r♦t❛ ♠❛✐s
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ é ❛ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ á❣✉❛
❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♥❛s ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s r❛í③❡s✳ ■st♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ♥❛
♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♣❧❛s♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦ s✐♠✲
♣❧❛st♦ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✮✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛í✱ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛✱ ✈✐❛
❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❝✐t♦♣❧❛s♠át✐❝❛s ✭♣❧❛s♠♦❞❡s♠♦s✮✱ ❛té ♦ t❡❝✐❞♦ ✈❛s❝✉❧❛r✳ ◆♦ ❡♥✲
t❛♥t♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♦❝♦rr❛ ✈✐❛ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦✱
✐st♦ é✱ s❡♠ ❛ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♣❧❛s♠át✐❝❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ tr❛♥s✲
❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✈✐❛ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ✐♥t❡r❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱ ❛té ❛ ❊str✐❛ ❞❡
❈❛s♣❛r② ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✮✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ é r❡s✲
tr✐t❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❊str✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛s♣❛r②✱ ❡s♣❡❝✉❧❛✲s❡ q✉❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦✱ ❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s
tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛❞❛s ✈✐❛ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛r✲s❡ ❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ s❡❧❡✲
t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♣❧❛s♠át✐❝❛✳ ❆ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r✐❛ ❛
♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦rr❡t❛ ♣❛r❛
❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ s❡r✐❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣♦s✐♠♣❧ást✐❝♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ❈♦rt❡ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❛✐③✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦

♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡ ❞❛
❡♥❞♦❞❡r♠❡✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❊str✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛s♣❛r②✳ ❋♦♥t❡s✿ ❘♦❝❤❛ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ❡ ❋r❛♥s
✫ ❈♦❝❦s ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳
Absorção e translocação de herbicidas 217
1.3 Penetração no simplasto

P❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉ s❛✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦♣❧❛st♦ ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ♦✉ ♣❡♥❡tr❡
❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥❡❧❛ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱ ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛tr❛✈❡ss❛r ✉♠❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ♣❡❧♦
♠❡♥♦s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③✳ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞♦ s♦❧✉t♦✱ ❞✉❛s r♦t❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦✲
✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛
♣❛ss✐✈❛✱ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ à ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧✉t♦
❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ❢❛✈♦r ❞♦ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥✲
❝✐❛❧ ❡❧❡tr♦q✉í♠✐❝♦✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛t✐✈❛✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❝♦♠ ❣❛st♦ ❞❡
❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♥tr❛ ♦ ❣r❛❞✐✲
❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡❧❡tr♦q✉í♠✐❝♦✳ ❚❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛
❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ às ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s
❝❛s♦s✱ ❤á ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛tr❛✈❡ss❛r ❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♣❧❛s♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛♦
s✐♠♣❧❛st♦✳
1.3.1 Transporte passivo

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠❡♠✲
❜r❛♥❛s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s é ♣❛ss✐✈♦✱ ♣♦r ❞✐❢✉sã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❧✐♣í❞✐❝❛✱
❡♠❜♦r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♦❝✉♣❡♠ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✳
❆ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♣❧❛s♠át✐❝❛ é ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❧✐♣♦♣r♦té✐❝❛✱ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡
✜♥❛ ✭✽ ❛ ✶✵ ♥♠✮✱ q✉❡ s❡♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦t♦♣❧❛st♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❡①t❡r✐♦r✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐ ✉♠❛
❜❛rr❡✐r❛ à ❧✐✈r❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉t♦s✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡st❡s ♣❛r❛
❞❡♥tr♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✳ ❈♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❧✐♣í❞✐❝❛ ❝♦♠
♦ ❡①t❡r✐♦r ❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝♦ ❡ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝♦✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s
❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥t❡❣r❛✐s ♦✉ ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝❛s✳
❙❛❧✐s❜✉r② ✫ ❘♦ss ✭✶✾✾✵✮ ♣♦st✉❧❛r❛♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ r❡s✲
♣❡✐t♦ à ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ♣❛ss✐✈❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♣❧❛s♠át✐❝❛✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠
s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦✿
• ❆s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ❡♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥❝✐✲
♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s s♦❧✉t♦s✳
• ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❡ ❣❛s❡s ❞✐ss♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✭❖2 ✱ ❈❖2 ✱ ◆2 ✮ ♣❡♥❡tr❛♠ ❧✐✲
✈r❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✳
• ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝❛s ♣❡♥❡tr❛♠ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ♥✉♠❛ t❛①❛
✐♥✈❡rs❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ s❡✉ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✳
• ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝❛s ♣❡♥❡tr❛♠ ❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ♥✉♠❛ t❛①❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡
♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛ s✉❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝❛✱ ❡ ❡st❛ t❛①❛ é ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡
❞❡ s❡✉ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✳
1.3.1.1 Movimento de solutos através da membrana por difusão

❙❡ ✉♠ s♦❧✉t♦ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s♦❧ú✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❧✐♣í❞❡♦s✱ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦
❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❧✐♣í❞✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡
❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦❝♦rr❛✱ ✉♠ s♦❧✉t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛q✉♦s❛ ❞❡✈❡
♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞✐ss♦❧✈❡r✲s❡ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❤✐❞r♦❢ó❜✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✱ ♠♦✈❡r✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛
❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛✱ ❡ ❡♥tã♦ r❡❡♥tr❛r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛q✉♦s❛ ♥♦ ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✳

◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✐st♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♣♦r ❞✐❢✉sã♦✱ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠✲
❜r❛♥❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❝♦♥❝❡♥✲
tr❛çã♦ ♥✉♠❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♣♦r ❇r✐s❦✐♥ ✭✶✾✾✹✮ ❝♦♠♦✿
φ = Dj Kj (C 0 − C i )/∆x ✭✶✮
♦♥❞❡✿ φ é ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛❀ Co ❡ Ci sã♦✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✲

✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♠❡♠✲
❜r❛♥❛❀ Dj é ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧✉t♦ ♥❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛❀ Kj é ♦ ❝♦✲
❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ❡ x r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❧✐♣í❞✐❝❛✳ ❖
❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ r❡♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ✏t❛♠❛♥❤♦✑ ❞❛ ❢♦rç❛ ♠♦tr✐③ q✉❡ ♠♦✈❡ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és
❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✱ ♦✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛
❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ é ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✱
q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ s♦❧✉t♦✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝♦s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐r✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ❧✐✈r❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝♦s✳
❆s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝❛s✴❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s
♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ♦❝t❛♥♦❧✲á❣✉❛ ✭Kow ✮✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ Kow ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❧✐♣♦✜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳
❈r✐tér✐♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ s✉♣♦rt❛♠ ❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ♣❛ss✐✈❛ ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❛ s❛t✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❛♣ós ♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✲
çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛✴✐♥t❡r♥❛✱ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ às ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✱
♦ ❡✢✉①♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é rá♣✐❞♦✱ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✭◗10 ✮ é ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ✷ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ✐♥s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s
♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦s ✭❙t❡r❧✐♥❣✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳
▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❛✐③ ♣❛r❡❝❡♠ s❡ ♠♦✈❡r ♣❛r❛
❞❡♥tr♦ ♣♦r s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞✐❢✉sã♦✳ Pr✐❝❡ ✫ ❇❛❧❦❡ ✭✶✾✽✷✮ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠✲
❆❜✉t✐❧♦♥
♣❧♦✱ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ r❛í③❡s ❞❡st❛❝❛❞❛s ❞❡
t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ à ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ❡♠ ✸✵ ♠✐♥✉t♦s ❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦
sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❛ ❡①t❡r♥❛✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ◗10 ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ♥❡st❡ t❡❝✐❞♦
❢♦r❛♠ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✱✸ ❡ ✶✱✹✱ s✉❣❡r✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ♣❛ss✐✈❛✳
1.3.2 Transporte ativo

❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙t❡r❧✐♥❣ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ❛s ❞✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠
♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s ♥❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦
❝♦♥tr❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡❧❡tr♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❛ r❡✲
❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦s✳ P❛r❛ ♦s í♦♥s ❡
❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦❧❛r❡s✱ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝♦ ❞♦
✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❧✐♣í❞✐❝❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ♠♦✈✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✳ ❖ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ tr❛♥s♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ❞❡st❡s s♦❧✉t♦s
❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s q✉❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ s✐s✲

t❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✳ ❊st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s às ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r
❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✏❜♦♠❜❛s✑✱ ✏❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s✑ ♦✉ ✏❝❛♥❛✐s✑✳
1.3.2.1 Bombas iônicas

P❡❧♦ t❡r♠♦ ❜♦♠❜❛ ✐ô♥✐❝❛✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❧✐❣❛❞❛ à ♠❡♠✲
❜r❛♥❛✱ ✐♠❡rs❛ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❧✐♣í❞✐❝❛ ❡ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛r ✭✏❜♦♠❜❡❛r✑✮
í♦♥s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡①t❡r✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♦r❣❛♥❡❧❛s✳ ❯♠❛
♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❛s ❜♦♠❜❛s é ❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛r í♦♥s ❝♦♥tr❛
✉♠ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❡❧❡tr♦q✉í♠✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❣❛st♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛ ✭❑♦❧❡❦ ✫
❍♦❧♦❜r❛❞á✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ t❡♥❤❛♠ ❢✉♥çõ❡s
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ♦✉✲
tr❛s ❡stã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✳
+
❆ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s é ❛ ❍ ✕❆❚P❛s❡✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❡st❛❜❡✲
+
❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♥❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ í♦♥s ❍ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝✐t♦ss♦❧ ❡ ♦
♠❡✐♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦✳ ❆s ❜♦♠❜❛s sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ✏s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✲
♣♦rt❡ ♣r✐♠ár✐♦✑ ✭✉♥✐♣♦rt❡✮ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✮ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ q✉❡
✉♥❡♠ r❡❛çõ❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡
❞❡ ❆❚P✮ ❛♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ tr❛♥s♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡
q✉❡ ❛s ❜♦♠❜❛s ✐ô♥✐❝❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛r q✉❛❧q✉❡r í♦♥ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦
❡ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ♥❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✳
+
❆ ❡①tr✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❍ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❛s ❜♦♠❜❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❣❛st♦ ❞❡ ❆❚P✱ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠
❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❍ ❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❡❧étr✐❝❛s✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢♦rç❛
♠♦tr✐③ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❝át✐♦♥s✱ â♥✐♦♥s ❡ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s
❝♦♠♦ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ❡ s❛❝❛rí❞❡♦s ✭❑♦❧❡❦ ✫ ❍♦❧♦❜r❛❞á✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❢✉♥✲
❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❆❚P❛s❡✱ ✉♠ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❍ ❞❡ ✶✱✼ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ✭♦✉ ♠❛✐s✮ é
❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✭♦ ❧❛❞♦
❡①t❡r♥♦ à ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ t❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❍ ❡♥tr❡ ✺✱✵✕✺✱✺✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝✐t♦♣❧❛s♠❛
t❡♠ ♣❍ ✼✱✷✕✽✱✵✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❉❛♥ ❍❡ss ✭✶✾✾✹❛✮✱ ♦s ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡tr♦q✉í♠✐✲
❝♦s sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♥❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦
♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s✳
1.3.2.2 Carreadores
❖✉tr❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❡♠ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s sã♦ ♦s ✏❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s✑ ❡ ♦s
✏❝❛♥❛✐s✑✳ ❊st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡
❛ r❡❛çõ❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s✱ ❡ ❣❛st❛♠ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡✲
tr♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❛t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♠ár✐♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s
✏s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s✑✳
◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ tr❛♥s♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ❢❛❝❡
❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s à ❧✐✲
❣❛çã♦✱ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛✳ ❖s
❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛r s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐ô♥✐❝❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ ✐ô♥✐❝❛s ❛tr❛✈és
❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✳ ❙❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ♠♦✈❡✲s❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✱
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❡ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝❛♥❛✐s ❡

❜♦♠❜❛s✳ ❙✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛♣♦❧❛r❡s ✭❈❖2 ✮ ♣❡r♠❡✐❛♠ ❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ❧✐✈r❡♠❡♥t❡✳
❈♦♠♦ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ tr❛♥s♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱
❝át✐♦♥s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❑+ ✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝❛♥❛✐s✱ ♠❛s ♦s â♥✐♦♥s
✭❝♦♠♦ ♦ ◆❖− 3 ✮ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❖ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡
❝♦♠ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❜♦♠❜❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠
❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣rót♦♥s✳ ❉♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ❝át✐♦♥s ✭❝♦♠♦ ♦ ◆❛+ ✮
❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❛st♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣❡❧♦s
❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❚❛✐③ ✫ ❩❡✐❣❡r ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛♣✉❞ ❙❛♥t♦s ✫
❙♦✉③❛ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳
é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r ✉♥✐♣♦rt❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✮✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡

✉♠❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ s✉❜stâ♥✲
+
❝✐❛ ✭✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ í♦♥s ❍ ✮✱ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✳ ❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à
❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✱ s❡ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛
❞✐r❡çã♦ ♦ ❝♦tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ s✐♠♣♦rt❡ ♦✉✱ s❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çõ❡s
♦♣♦st❛s✱ ❞❡ ❛♥t✐♣♦rt❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✮✳
❆té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ s❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s três ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠♦✈❡♠✲s❡ ❛tr❛✈és
❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♣❧❛s♠át✐❝❛ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝❛rr❡✲
❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❙ã♦ ❡❧❡s ♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✱ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❡ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
❆❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉✿ ❉♦♥❛❧❞s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✼✸✮ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❛ ❞❡✲

♠♦♥str❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ❡♠ r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ❝❡✈❛❞❛✱ ❡r❛ ❞❡♣❡♥✲
❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ s✉♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❘✉❜❡r②
✭✶✾✼✼✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✉ q✉❡ ❤❛✈✐❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ s❛t✉rá✈❡❧ ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦ ♣♦r
❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s ♥❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ♣❛ss✐✈❛ ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦
♥ã♦ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞♦✳ ❊st❛s ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s s✉♣♦rt❛♠✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡✱
❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛ ✉♠ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡

♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s✳
❆❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✿ ❊♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛q✉♦s❛✱ ♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t ❡①✐st❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛
❞❡ ❝át✐♦♥ ❞✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛ ❡ t♦r♥❛ ✐♠♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦
❞✐❢✉♥❞❛✲s❡ ♣❛ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❧✐♣í❞✐❝❛ ❞❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛✲
♥❛s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❆té r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦✉❝❛s ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s t✐✲
♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ♠♦str❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t
❡♠ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s✳ ❊✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s s✉❣❡r❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❛r❛✲
q✉❛t é ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛ ❡♣✐❞❡r♠❡ ❡ ❞♦ ❝órt❡① r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡
r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ✈✐❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ q✉❡ ❢✉♥❝✐✲
♦♥❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❛♠✐♥❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛
✭❍❛rt ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣✉tr❡s✲
❝✐♥❛ ✭s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s✮ ❡ ♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t
❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥❛ ♣❧❛s♠❛❧❡♠❛✳ ❆
❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❛♦ s✉❜str❛t♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡st❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ à ❞✐s✲
tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛♠✐♥❛✳ ❆s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s
❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❞♦s ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦❧✐❛♠✐♥❛s ♥❛ ♣✉tr❡s❝✐♥❛ ❡ ♥❛ ❝❛❞❛✈❡✲
r✐♥❛ sã♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s à ❞♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t ❡ ❛♠❜❛s ✐♥✐❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛
❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❛r❛✲
q✉❛t ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥✐❜✐r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ s❛t✉rá✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❛ ♣✉tr❡s❝✐♥❛
❡ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❛✈❡r✐♥❛✳ ❆ ❢♦rç❛ ♠♦tr✐③ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r ❛
❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♣❧❛s♠át✐❝❛ ✭❉✐✲
❚♦♠❛s♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✱ q✉❡ ❡stá ❡♥tr❡ ✲✶✷✵ ❡ ✲✷✵✵ ♠❱✳ ❊st❡s ♠❡s♠♦s
❡st✉❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♣♦❧✐❛♠✐♥❛s ♥ã♦ é ♦
♠❡s♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝át✐♦♥s ❞✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s ✐♥♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s
✭❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✐♦ ❡ ♦ ♠❛❣♥és✐♦✮✳ ❆ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t ♣♦r ✉♠ s✐s✲
t❡♠❛ q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ♥♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❛ ♣✉tr❡s❝✐♥❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛
❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
❆❜s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✿ ❖ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐♥✐❜❡ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦s❢❛t♦ ❡♠
❱✐❝✐❛ ❢❛❜❛✳ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡①✐❜❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ s❛t✉rá✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭✵✱✺ ❛ ✸ µ▼✮✱ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s
♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛s ✭♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ✶✵✵ µ▼✮✳ ❆ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ é ✐♥✐✲
❜✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ ♣ ✲❝❧♦r♦♠❡r❝✉r✐❜❡♥③❡♥♦
s✉❧❢ô♥✐❝♦✱ ❛ ❛③✐❞❛ só❞✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❝❛r❜♦♥✐❧✲❝✐❛♥❡t♦✲♠ ✲❝❧♦r♦❢❡♥✐❧❤✐❞r❛③♦♥❛✱
s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞♦ q✉❡
❡♠ ❛❧t❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✳ ❆ ❝✐♥ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛
q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ s❛t✉rá✈❡❧ ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ é ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✲
✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❢♦s❢❛t♦✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❢♦s❢❛t♦ é
❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛r✲s❡ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rtá✲❧♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ✭❉❡✐s
✫ ❉❡❧r♦t✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
1.3.2.3 Canais iônicos

❖s ❝❛♥❛✐s sã♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❛♦s ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s ✉♥✐♣♦rt❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ♠❡❞✐✲
❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ s♦❧✉t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✱ ♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♠
❞❡st❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ tr❛♥s♠❡♠✲
❜r❛♥❛ ♦❝♦rr❡✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦r♦ ♣r♦t❡✐✲
♥á❝❡♦ ❝✉❥❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❡ ❢❡❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ✐♥t✐♠❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ s✐♥❛✐s
q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♦✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ✭❍❡❞r✐❝❤ ✫ ❙❝❤r♦❡❞❡r✱ ✶✾✽✾✮ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦✲
✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ í♦♥s ❛ ❢❛✈♦r ❞❡ s❡✉s ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡tr♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳ ❊st❛
❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ♥♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❝❛♥❛✐s ✐ô♥✐❝♦s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦
tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ s♦❧✉t♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❝❛♥❛✐s é ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❝❛r✲
r❡❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡
❞❡ í♦♥s ♦✉ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s✱ ♦s ❝❛♥❛✐s sã♦ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s
❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ í♦♥s✳
2. Absorção Foliar
❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♠ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ à
♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ às ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛s
❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ q✉❡ r❡❝♦❜r❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ P♦r ✐st♦✱ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s
❜r❡✈❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❡str✉✲
t✉r❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r✿ ❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ ❡ ♦s
❡stô♠❛t♦s✳
2.1 Cutícula
❆ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ✜♥❛ ✭❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✵✱✶ ❛ ✶✵ µ♠✮
q✉❡ r❡❝♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❛ér❡❛s ♥ã♦ s✉❜❡r✐③❛❞❛s ❞♦s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✮✳ ❆
❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ❝✉t✐♥❛✱ ❝❡r❛ ❡♣✐❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❝❡r❛ ❡♠❜❡❜✐❞❛
❡ ♣❡❝t✐♥❛✳ ❆ ❝✉t✐♥❛✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣r✐♠❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s
❣r❛①♦s ♣♦❧✐♠❡r✐③❛❞♦s ❤✐❞r♦①✐❧❛❞♦s✳ ◆❛ ❝✉t✐♥❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❝❛r❜♦①✐❧
❡ ❤✐❞r♦①✐❧ ❧✐✈r❡s✱ ❡①✐st✐♥❞♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❧✐♣♦✴❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳ ❖
❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❝❛r❜ô♥✐❝❛ ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❣r❛①♦s ♥❛ ❝✉t✐♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✶✻ ❛
✶✽ át♦♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦✳ ❆s ❝❡r❛s ❡♠❜❡❜✐❞❛s ❡ ❡♣✐❝✉t✐❧❛r sã♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❛❧❝❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❧♦♥❣❛ ✭❈12 ❛ ❈35 ✮✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ✭✶✵✲
✷✵✪✮ ❞❡ á❧❝♦♦✐s ❣r❛①♦s✱ ❛❧❞❡í❞♦s ❣r❛①♦s ❡ ❝❡t♦♥❛s ❣r❛①❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❛s ❝❡r❛s✱
q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛ ♦✉ ❛♠♦r❢❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❝❛r❜ô♥✐❝❛ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✶✼ ❛ ✸✺ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦s✳ ❆ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✱
t❡♠ ❝❛r❣❛ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ♣❍ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❖ ♣❍ ✐s♦❡❧étr✐❝♦ ✭♣❍ ♦♥❞❡ ❛
❝❛r❣❛ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ é ③❡r♦✮ é ♣♦r ✈♦❧t❛ ❞❡ ✸ ✭❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✹❛✮✳
2.2 Estômatos
❖ ❡stô♠❛t♦ é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ❞✉❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❝♦♠ ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞❡❧❣❛❞❛s✱ ❧ú♠❡♥
❛♠♣❧♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ r❡♥✐❢♦r♠❡✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ✭❝é❧✉❧❛s✲❣✉❛r❞❛✮ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳ ❆❝✐♠❛✿ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡ ❞❛ ❡♣✐❞❡r♠❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❞❡ ❈✉r❛t❡❧❧❛ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛ ✱

❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛✳ ❋♦t♦✿ ❈❛str♦✱ ◆✳▼✳ ❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ▲✳❆✳✱ ❋♦♥t❡✿
❈❛str♦ ✭✷✵✶✶❛✮✳ ❆❜❛✐①♦✿ r❡s✉♠♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦rt❡
tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ ❡♠ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❢❛❝❡s ❞❛ ❢♦❧❤❛✳
❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼❝❑❡♥♥❛ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳
❆s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✲❣✉❛r❞❛ sã♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❞✉❛s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s✱

❞❡s♣r♦✈✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❝é❧✉❧❛s s✉❜s✐❞✐ár✐❛s✳ ❖
♦r✐❢í❝✐♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝✉r✈❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✲❣✉❛r❞❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♣♦r♦
❡st♦♠át✐❝♦ ♦✉ ♦stí♦❧♦✳ ❖ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞♦ ❡stô♠❛t♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❝â✲
♠❛r❛ s✉❜✲❡st♦♠át✐❝❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✮✳ ❆s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✲❣✉❛r❞❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♠✲s❡ às ❝é❧✉❧❛s
s✉❜s✐❞✐ár✐❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦s ♣❧❛s♠♦❞❡s♠♦s✳ ❙ã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s s✉❜s✐❞✐ár✐❛s
q✉❡ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✲❣✉❛r❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠ ❛s tr♦❝❛s ✐ô♥✐❝❛s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦
♥♦ s❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♦s♠ót✐❝♦✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♦✉ s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ á❣✉❛
❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥tr❡ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛✴❢❡❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♦stí♦❧♦✳ ❆ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦s ❡stô♠❛t♦s
❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦
❞❡ ❈❖2 ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♥❛s r❛í③❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡
❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❛❜s❝ís✐❝♦✳
❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♦s ❡stô♠❛t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠✱ ♣♦t❡♥✲
❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❛r ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳ ❆❝✐♠❛✿ ❙❡çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ◆❡r✐✉♠ ♦❧❡❛♥❞❡r ✭❧✐♠❜♦✮

♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡♣✐❞❡r♠❡ ❛❞❛①✐❛❧ ✭✈❡♥tr❛❧✮ ❡ ❛❜❛①✐❛❧ ✭❞♦rs❛❧✮✱ ♣❛rê♥q✉✐♠❛
♣❛❧✐çá❞✐❝♦ ✭✈❡♥tr❛❧ ❡ ❞♦rs❛❧✮✱ ♣❛rê♥q✉✐♠❛ ❡s♣♦♥❥♦s♦✱ ❞r✉s❛s✱ ❢❡✐①❡s
✈❛s❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❜❛✐♥❤❛ ❞♦ ❢❡✐①❡ ✈❛s❝✉❧❛r✱ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐♥❤❛✱ ✢♦❡♠❛✱ ①✐❧❡♠❛✱
❝r✐♣t❛s ❡st♦♠át✐❝❛s✱ ❡stô♠❛t♦s✱ tr✐❝♦♠❛s t❡❝t♦r❡s ❡ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ ❡s♣❡ss❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿
❇✐tt❡♥❝♦✉rt ❏ú♥✐♦r ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❆❜❛✐①♦ à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✿ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡stô♠❛t♦ ❞❛
❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❈✉r❛t❡❧❧❛ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛ ✈✐st♦ ❡♠ ❝♦rt❡ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧✳ ❋♦t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛str♦✱
◆✳▼✳ ❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ▲✳❆✳✱ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈❛str♦ ✭✷✵✶✶❛✮✳ ❆❜❛✐①♦ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛✿ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦
❞❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❡st♦♠át✐❝❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈❛str♦ ✭✷✵✶✶❜✮✳
❝é❧✉❧❛s✲❣✉❛r❞❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ♠❛✐s ✜♥❛ ❡ ♠❛✐s ♣❡r♠❡á✈❡❧ ❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛

❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❡♣✐❞ér♠✐❝❛s✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛✱ ❡♠ t❡s❡✱ ♠♦✈❡r✲s❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♣♦r♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡stô♠❛t♦
❛❜❡rt♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝â♠❛r❛ ❡st♦♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡ ❞❛í ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝✐t♦♣❧❛s♠❛ ❞❛s
❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦ ♣❛rê♥q✉✐♠❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ s❡❥❛♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ✉♠❛
❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡st♦♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧
q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✲❣✉❛r❞❛ s❡❥❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r
✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♣❡❧❛

♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❡stô♠❛t♦s✳
❆ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡st♦♠át✐❝❛ é ♠❛✐s ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❡♠ ♠❛ss❛ ❞♦ q✉❡
✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦✳ P♦♥t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s
❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❛❜s♦rçã♦ sã♦✿ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦✱ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡
❝♦♥t❛t♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❡ ❛ ♠♦r❢♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡
❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❞♦ ♣♦r♦ ❡st♦♠át✐❝♦✳ ❆ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦s
♣♦r♦s ❡st♦♠át✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r s❡ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣✉❧✈❡✲
r✐③❛❞❛ é t❛❧ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡
s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦ é ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ❢♦❧❤❛✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✱ ❛ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣♦r♦ ❡st♦♠át✐❝♦ só ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r
s❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❣♦t❛ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛
é ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❞♦ ♣♦r♦ ❡st♦♠át✐❝♦✳
❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❛ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡st♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣♦t❛s
♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛q✉♦s❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡
s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡s✱ é ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐✲
❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✳
❆ ✐♥✜❧tr❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❡stô♠❛t♦s✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ❛
t❡♥sã♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞❛ s❡❥❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛
♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♥♦ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞♦ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞♦r✳ ❆
♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉s♦ ❛t✉❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦
❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ t❡♥sã♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛
♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ✐♥✜❧tr❛çã♦ ❡st♦♠át✐❝❛✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡s à ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥♦s✐❧✐❝♦♥❡s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ✉♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦
♥❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ t❡♥sã♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❛♦
♣♦♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✜❧tr❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡stô♠❛t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡r✳
❉♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✲
❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡s ❛t✐✈♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ♠♦str❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡s à ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥♦✲
s✐❧✐❝♦♥❡s✳ ❊♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❡❧❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥❞✉③✐r ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ ❡♠ ♠❛ss❛ ❞❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♣♦r♦ ❡st♦♠❛t❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠✱ ❞✐✲
r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s
tê♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛
tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✭❑♥♦❝❤❡✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳
▼❡s♠♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ✐♥✜❧tr❛çã♦ ❡st♦♠át✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ t❡♠ q✉❡ ♣❡♥❡✲
tr❛r ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ✜♥❛ ❞❡ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛
❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ s✉❜❡st♦♠át✐❝❛✳
2.3 Absorção de formulações de herbicidas com características lipo-

fílicas
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s♦❧ú✈❡✐s ❡♠ ó❧❡♦ ♦✉ ❡♠✉❧s✐✜✲
❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ á❣✉❛ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛r ♥❛ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r ♣♦r s✐♠♣❧❡s
❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝♦s ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s✳ ❆ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ✭s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
♦✉ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛✮ ❡ ❞❛ ❢♦rç❛ ♠♦tr✐③ ✭❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲

❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✮✳ ❆ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❡♣✐❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r ♦❝♦rr❡
♣r✐♠❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛q✉❡❧❛s ❝❡r❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛♠♦r❢♦✳ ❙❛❜❡✲
s❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ q✉❡ ❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ é ♠❛✐s ✜♥❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r
✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❡♣✐❞ér♠✐❝♦s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✲
❣✉❛r❞❛✮✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛s ár❡❛s ❝♦♠♦ sít✐♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s
♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❧✐♣♦ss♦❧ú✈❡✐s ✭❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✹❛✮✳
2.4 Absorção de formulações de herbicidas com características hidro-

fílicas
❆s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❝❛rát❡r ♠❛✐s ❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝♦ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡✲
tr❛r ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛
❜❛✐①❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛✱ s✉❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ é s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛✲
t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝♦s✳ ❊st❛ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛
❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❛❜s♦rçã♦ t♦t❛❧✳ ❆s ❝❡r❛s ❡♣✐❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r❡s
❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛✱ ❛ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ✈✐❛
❢♦❧✐❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❛rát❡r ❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡
❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝❡r❛ ❡♣✐❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣♦✲
❧❛r❡s ✭❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝♦s✮ ♥❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦✳ ❖s
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝✉✲
t✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❧✐✈r❡s ❤✐❞r♦①✐❧✴❝❛r❜♦①✐❧ ❡ ♥❛s ❢❛✐①❛s ❞❡ ♣❡❝t✐♥❛✳
❆ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ é ❤✐❞r❛t❛❞❛✱ ❡ ❡st❛ á❣✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ t❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡
✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s♦❧ú✲
✈❡✐s ❡♠ á❣✉❛✳ ❙♦♠❛❞♦ à ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♣♦r ❞✐❢✉sã♦✱ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ♥❛
❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r ❝❛✉s❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝❤✉✈❛s✱ ✐♥s❡t♦s✱ ✈❡♥t♦s ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s
q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s♦❧ú✈❡✐s ❡♠ á❣✉❛✳
2.5 Fatores que afetam a absorção foliar

❆❧é♠ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❧✐♣♦✜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦✲
❧✉çã♦✱ ❥á ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣♦♥t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦
❢♦❧✐❛r ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ❧✐st❛❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
2.5.1 Retenção
❆ ♠♦❧❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡
♣❡❧❛ ❝❡r♦s✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛✱ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣✐✲
❧♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ✭♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ tr✐❝♦♠❛s✮ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❛❢❡t❛ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦✲
❞✉t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r✳ ❉❡✈❡r s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦
❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛s ❛♣ós ❛
♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çã♦✳
2.5.2 Concentração da gota pulverizada

❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❣♦t❛s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❡ ❜❛✐①♦s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❣♦t❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✲
❞❛s✮ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❛s ❣♦t❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✈♦❧✉♠❡
❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❣♦t❛s ❞✐❧✉í❞❛s✮✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ s❡r✐❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r
❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❝♦❜❡rt❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦

✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❢♦rç❛ ♠♦tr✐③ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛✳
2.5.3 Fatores ambientais

❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❡str❡ss❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ✐♥❞✉③ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦
❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛✱ ❡ ❡st❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ❛ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦
❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♥t❡s ♦✉ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆✉✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s❛ ❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ✐♥❞✉③✐r
❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛rát❡r ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝♦
❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r✳ ❆ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❛r t❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✐♠✲
♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❤✐❞r❛t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉tí❝✉❧❛ ❡ ♥❛ r❡❞✐ss♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❛✐s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♦ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♥♦
s♦❧♦ ❡ ❛ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦s
❡stô♠❛t♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r✳
3. Absorção Pelo Caule

❖ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡ ✈❛r✐❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥✲
❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳
❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ♣r♦♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s ❥♦✈❡♥s ♥ã♦ ❞✐✲
❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✳ ◆♦
❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ às ❢♦❧❤❛s✱ ♦ ❝❛✉❧❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛
❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✳
❖ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝❛s❝❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❧❡♥❤♦s❛s é ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳
❆ ♣❡r✐❞❡r♠❡✱ t❡❝✐❞♦ ♣r♦t❡t♦r q✉❡ t♦♠❛ ♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❛ ❡♣✐❞❡r♠❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s q✉❡ ❡❧❛
♠♦rr❡✱ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❢❡❧♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ sú❜❡r ❡ ❢❡❧♦❞❡r♠❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✮✳ ❖ sú❜❡r é
❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛❞❛s ❞❡st✐t✉í❞❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ✐♥t❡r✲
❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❛❞✉r❛s✱ ❞❡s♣r♦✈✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦♣❧❛s♠❛✳ ❊st❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s
❝♦♥tê♠ t❛♥✐♥♦ ❡ tê♠ ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉❜❡r✐✜❝❛❞❛s✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥✲
t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❡r✐❞❡r♠❡ sã♦ á❝✐❞♦s ❣r❛①♦s✱ ❧✐❣♥✐♥❛✱
❝❡❧✉❧♦s❡ ❡ t❡r♣❡♥♦s✳ ❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ❛ ♣❡r✐✲
❞❡r♠❡ ❡①✐❜❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛✐①❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ à á❣✉❛ ❡ às s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ♣♦❧❛r✳
◗✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❡ ❛ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝❛s❝❛ ♣♦❞❡
s❡r ✉♠❛ r♦t❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦✳ ❆s ❧❡♥t✐❝❡❧❛s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✮✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱
sã♦ ❝❛♥❛✐s r❛❞✐❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛tr❛✈❡ss❛r ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♦✉ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛
❞❡ sú❜❡r✱ ❡ sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❝❛✉❧❡s ✈❡❧❤♦s ❡ s✉❜❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s✳ ❙ã♦ ♣❡q✉❡✲
♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ r✉♣t✉r❛ ❞♦ t❡❝✐❞♦ s✉❜❡r♦s♦✱ q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♠ ❛♣ós ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦✱ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦r✐❢í❝✐♦s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡ ❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ❝♦♥✲
t❛t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦s ♣❛rê♥q✉✐♠❛s ✐♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ❆s ❧❡♥t✐❝❡❧❛s
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦s ❡stô♠❛t♦s ❞❛ ❡♣✐❞❡r♠❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛r
♥❛ tr♦❝❛ ❣❛s♦s❛ ♦✉ ♥❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ✈✐❛ ❝❛✉❧❡✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳ ❆❝✐♠❛ à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✿ r❡s✉♠♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❡♥t✐❝❡❧❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿

❙❛♥t♦s ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✿ tr♦♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❈❡r❡❥❡✐r❛✲❞♦✲❏❛♣ã♦ ❝♦♠ ❧❡♥t✐❝❡❧❛s✳
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘❡✐s ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❆❜❛✐①♦ à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✿ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡ ❞❡ ❧❡♥t✐❝❡❧❛ ❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡ ❞❡
❙t❡r❝✉❧✐❛ s♣✳ ❋♦t♦✿ ❈❛str♦✱ ◆✳▼✳✱ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈❛str♦ ✭✷✵✶✶❝✮✳
❆❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r✲

❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛✉❧❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❧❡♥❤♦s❛s sã♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛r❜✉st✐✈❛s ♦✉ ❛r❜ór❡❛s ❡♠ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❛
❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡s ❛❞✉❧t❛s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s✳ ◆❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢♦❧✐❛r❡s
sã♦ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ✐♥❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ♦✉ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦rt❡
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳ ▼❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣♦rt❡ ♥ã♦ é ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡✱ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛
❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦ ❞♦ss❡❧ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ♥❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦
s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❝❛❜❛ ♣♦r r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❡♠
r❡❜r♦t❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✈✐❛ ❝❛✉❧❡
sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
3.1 Aplicação basal sobre a casca

❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s♦❧ú✈❡❧ ❡♠ ó❧❡♦ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ tr♦♥❝♦ ♦✉ ❝❛✉❧❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❛❧
é ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛r❜ór❡❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❛s❝❛ ✜♥❛ ❡ ár✈♦r❡s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ✐♥❞❡✲
s❡❥❛❞❛s✳ ❚♦❞❛ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ tr♦♥❝♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♦✉ ♣✐♥❝❡❧❛❞❛
❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❛té ✉♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✸✵ ❝♠✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ s❛t✉r❛r t♦❞❛ ❛ ❝✐r✉r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❡ tr❛t❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s r❛♠♦s ♦✉ ❝❛✉❧❡s q✉❡ ❡♠❡r❣❡♠ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ➱ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡❢❡✲
t✐✈♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ár❡❛s
í♥❣r❡♠❡s✳ ❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r é♣♦❝❛ ❞♦ ❛♥♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛s❝❛ ♥ã♦ ❡st❡❥❛ ♠♦❧❤❛❞❛
♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r♦ss❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ó❧❡♦ ♣❡♥❡tr❛r ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝❛s❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ó❧❡♦ ❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳

❋♦t♦✿ ❇❆❙❋✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❋❡rr❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳
3.2 Injeção no caule

❆ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ♥♦ ❝❛✉❧❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ♣❡r❢✉r❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♦ ❝♦rt❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝❛s❝❛ ❛té ♦
❛❧❜✉r♥♦ ❞♦s tr♦♥❝♦s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ❧❡♥❤♦s❛s ♦✉ ár✈♦r❡s✳ ❖ ❛❧❜✉r♥♦
❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✱ tr❛t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♠❛✐s
❥♦✈❡♠ ❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❡①✐st❡ ①✐❧❡♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡ s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❡r♥❡ ✭r❡❣✐ã♦
♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ①✐❧❡♠❛ ✐♥❛t✐✈♦✱ ❡ ♠❡♥♦s ♣❡♥❡trá✈❡❧
♣♦r ❧íq✉✐❞♦s✮✳
➱ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦
❢✉r♦ ♦✉ ❝♦rt❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦
❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s❡ tr❛♥s❧♦q✉❡ ♣❛r❛
❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦
❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❆ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ♥♦ tr♦♥❝♦ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡s ♦✉ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❧❡✲
♥❤♦s❛s ❝♦♠ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ✺ ❝♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱
❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉r❛❞❡✐r❛ ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦r ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✮✳ ❆
❢✉r❛❞❡✐r❛ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ♣❡r❢✉r❛çõ❡s ❛♥❣✉❧❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥♦ ❝❛✉❧❡
s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✺ ❝♠✳ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
é ❢❡✐t❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ♦r✐❢í❝✐♦ é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢❡✐t❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ❝♦s✲
t❛❧ ❡ ✉♠❛ s❡r✐♥❣❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
❖✉tr❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ✉s❛r ✉♠ ♠❛❝❤❛❞♦ ❡ ❝♦rt❛r ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝❛s❝❛ ❛té
♦ ❛❧❜✉r♥♦ ❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❝♦rt❡✳ ❖s ❝♦rt❡s ♣♦❞❡♠
s❡r ❢❡✐t♦s ❡♠ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡✱ ♠❛✐s ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦s ♥❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❛

❝✐♥t✉r❛ ✭✵✱✾ ✕ ✶✱✵ ♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✮✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ♥♦ ❝♦rt❡✱ ♦ ♠❛❝❤❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❛
❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦rt❡ é ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r
✉♠ ✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❖s ❝♦rt❡s ❞❡✈❡♠
s❡r ❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✸ ❝♠ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦r✲
t❛♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♥❡❧❛r ✐♥t❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ tr♦♥❝♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ✐st♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r❢✉r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❝❛✉❧❡ ❞❡

♣❧❛♥t❛s ❧❡♥❤♦s❛s ✭à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮ ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✏❝♦rt❡ ❡ ❡s❣✉✐❝❤♦✑ ♥♦ ❝❛✉❧❡ ✭à
❞✐r❡✐t❛✮✳ ❋♦t♦s✿ ❙✐❞❡✇✐♥❞❡r ✭❆✉strá❧✐❛✮ ❡ ▼✐❧❧❡r✱ ❏✳✱ ❯✳❙✳ ❉❡♣t✳ ♦❢
❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✱ ❋♦r❡st ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ✭❊❯❆✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡s✿ ❙✐❞❡✇✐♥❞❡r Pt② ▲t❞ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ❡
❋❡rr❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳
3.3 Aplicação no toco

◆❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ é ❝♦rt❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❜❛s❡
✭♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❛ ✶✺ ❝♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✮✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠❛❝❤❛❞♦✱ ♠♦t♦ss❡rr❛✱ ♦✉
❢❛❝ã♦ ✭❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡✮✱ r❛❝❤❛♥❞♦ ♦ t♦❝♦ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♣♦s✲
sí✈❡❧✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ❡♥❝♦st❛r ♦ ❜✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞♦r r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ t♦❝♦ ❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡ssã♦
♠í♥✐♠❛✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ❝❛❧❞❛ ❛té ♦ ❡s❝♦rr✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♠✐st✉r❛❞♦
❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ á❣✉❛✱ s❡♠ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ó❧❡♦ ♦✉ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛❞❡s✐✈♦✳ ❖ ❝♦rt❡ ❞♦s
t♦❝♦s ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ ❥á s♦❢r❡r❛♠ r♦ç❛❞❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❞❡✈❡rá s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❛❜❛✐①♦
❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❜r♦t❛çã♦✳ ➱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❡ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❛♣❧✐✲
❝❛❞❛s ❧♦❣♦ q✉❡ ♦ tr♦♥❝♦ ♦✉ ❝❛✉❧❡ é ❝♦rt❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦
❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s r❛í③❡s é ✐♥✈❡rs❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦
❝♦rt❡ ❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♦✉ ♦ ♣✐♥❝❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦
é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ♦ ❝♦rt❡ ❤á ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ❞❡ r❡❜r♦t❛s ❡✱
♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ r❡q✉❡r ♣❡❧♦
♠❡♥♦s ❞♦✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥♦ t♦❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❛✲
❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞♦r ❝♦st❛❧ ♦✉ ♣✐♥❝❡❧✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛♠✲s❡ ❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦r❛♥t❡s
q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s t♦❝♦s q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ tr❛t❛❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ ár✈♦r❡s
❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ t♦r♥♦
❞❛ ❜♦r❞❛ ❞♦ t♦❝♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝â♠❜✐♦
❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝❛s❝❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽✮✳ ❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ t❡♠ ❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡♠♦✈❡r ❛

♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ár✈♦r❡s ❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❧❡♥❤♦s❛s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ t♦❝♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡

s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦❜r✐♥❞♦ t♦❞❛ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡①♣♦st❛ ✭❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ❡♠
t♦❝♦s ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✭❞✐r❡✐t❛✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦
❛♥❡❧ ❡①t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡ ✭❞✐r❡✐t❛✮✳ ❋♦t♦s✿ ▼✐❧❧❡r✱ ❏✳ ❯✳❙✳ ❉❡♣t✳ ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✱
❋♦r❡st ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✱ ❊❯❆✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❋❡rr❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛✱ ♦ t♦❝♦
♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣❡r❢✉r❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♣❛rt✐❞♦✱ r❡❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭❛❜❛✐①♦✮✳ ❋♦t♦✿ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳
4. Translocação de Herbicidas
4.1 Translocação a curta distância (da epiderme ao estelo) de herbici-

das aplicados ao solo
❈♦♠♣♦st♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛
♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ♠♦✈❡r✲s❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣♦✉❝❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛♦ s❡✉
sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ s✐♠✲
♣❧❛st♦✳ ❖ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣♦r
❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛✱ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✈✐❛
s✐♠♣❧❛st♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❝✐t♦♣❧❛s✲
♠át✐❝❛s ✭♣❧❛s♠♦❞❡s♠♦s✮✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ♣❧❛s♠♦❞❡s♠♦s
♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❥á ❢♦✐
♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s s♦❧✉t♦s s❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛♠ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✭❙❛❧✐s❜✉r②
✫ ❘♦ss✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳
➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r tr❛♥s✲

❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛ ❡ ✢♦❡♠❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣❡♥❡tr❛♠
♣❡❧❛s ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ r❛í③❡s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣❡❧♦s r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦
❤♦✉✈❡ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❞♦❞❡r♠❡✳
4.2 Translocação a longa distância, das raízes para a parte aérea (xi-
lema)
❆ss✉♠✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥ã♦ é ✐♠♦❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ♦✉ r❛✐③✱ ❡❧❡ ❡st❛rá
❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s s✐s✲
t❡♠❛s ✈❛s❝✉❧❛r❡s ✭①✐❧❡♠❛ ❡ ✢♦❡♠❛✮✳ ❊♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
❞✐ss♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♠♦✈❡♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❡♠ ♠❛ss❛ ❞❛ á❣✉❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱
♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✳
❆ ❢♦rç❛ ♠♦tr✐③ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♥♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛ é ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ♥❛
♣r❡ssã♦ ❤✐❞r♦stát✐❝❛✱ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ✏s✉❝çã♦✑ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❛rê♥q✉✐♠❛
❢♦❧✐❛r ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡♥♦r ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♥♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ às ♣❛rt❡s
❛ér❡❛s✱ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ tr❛♥s♣✐r❛çã♦✳ ❆ tr❛♥s♣✐r❛çã♦ é ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞❡✲
t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❛ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛✱ q✉❡
❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❛t✉r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❡ ♦ ♣r♦✲
❝❡ss♦✳ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♣♦rt❡✱ s♦❜ ❛❧t❛ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ à s❛t✉r❛çã♦✱ ❛ á❣✉❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ♠♦✈❡r ❝♦♠♦
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ✭❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✹❜✮✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡rá ❝❛✉s❛r ♦
✢✉①♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✈✐❛ ①✐❧❡♠❛✳
4.3 Translocação a longa distância, da parte aérea para o sistema ra-

dicular (floema)
❆ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ✈✐❛ ✢♦❡♠❛ é ✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❆q✉❡❧❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s às ❢♦❧❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❛s r❛í③❡s✱ r✐③♦♠❛s
♦✉ t✉❜ér❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s ❛♣❡♥❛s s❡ ❢♦r❡♠ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦✲
❡♠❛✳ ❙❡ ❛ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ r❡s✉❧t❛r ♥❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛
❞♦ ❞♦ss❡❧✱ ❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s tr❛t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛rt❡s
❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ✭❝♦♠♦ ♠❡r✐st❡♠❛s ❛♣✐❝❛✐s ♦✉ ❛①✐❧❛r❡s✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ✭❉❡✈✐♥❡ ✫ ❍❛❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳
❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛ é ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ▼ü♥❝❤✱
❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♦s♠ót✐❝❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✾✮✳ ❈♦♥s✐st❡ ❜❛s✐✲
❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ✭♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❤í❞r✐❝♦✮✱
❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉t♦s ♥❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ✭♣♦r sí♥t❡s❡ ♦✉
❛❜s♦rçã♦✮ ❡ ❞❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉t♦s ♥♦ ❞r❡♥♦ ✭♣♦r ❡✢✉①♦
s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐♠❡♥t❛❧✐③❛çã♦✮✳ ❆ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦
❞❡ s♦❧✉t♦s ✭❞♦s q✉❛✐s ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✾✵✪ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐✲s❡ ❞❡ s❛❝❛r♦s❡✮ ♥❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❝❛✉s❛
✉♠ ✐♥✢✉①♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♥✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛
♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ t✉r❣♦r ✭r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❤í❞r✐❝♦✮✳ ❆ á❣✉❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s s♦❧✉✲
t♦s ♥❡❧❛ ❞✐ss♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ é ✏❡♠♣✉rr❛❞❛✑ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✢♦❡♠❛ ♣♦r ❡st❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉t♦s ♥♦ ✐♥í✲
❝✐♦ ❞❛ r♦t❛ ✭❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s

❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛s✴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝r✐✈❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❞r❡♥♦ ✕ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✵✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✾✳ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❡♠ ♠❛ss❛ ❝♦♠♦

❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ✈✐❛ ✢♦❡♠❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❘♦❝❤❛ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✵✳ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✿ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ♦ ✢♦❡♠❛ ❡ ❝♦rt❡

❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥❣✐♦s♣❡r♠❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❝②❝❧♦♣æ❞✐❛
❇r✐t❛♥♥✐❝❛ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✿ ❢♦t♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦s
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s t✉❜♦s ❝r✐✈♦s♦s ❡ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦
❞❡ ❘♦❝❤❛ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳
4.4 Características químicas das moléculas herbicidas que influen-

ciam a translocação pelo floema
4.4.1 Lipofilicidade (Kow )
▲✐♣♦✜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝♦ ♦✉ ♣♦r s♦❧✈❡♥t❡s
♥ã♦ ♣♦❧❛r❡s✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♥♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝❛s✱ ♦✉
s❡❥❛✱ á❣✉❛ ❡ í♦♥s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❞✐ss♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ✢♦❡♠❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♠ s✉❜s✲
tâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❝❛rát❡r ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝♦✱ ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛
s✉❛ ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✳
❆ ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ á❣✉❛ é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ♣❡❧❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠
á❣✉❛✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝❛s é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛
❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦✲❧íq✉✐❞♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ♦❝t❛♥♦❧✲á❣✉❛
✭❑ow ✮✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❑ow é ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❧t♦✱ é
♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡♥❝♦♥trá✲❧♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❝♦♠♦ log ❑ow ✳
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝♦s sã♦ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦
❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s✱ ❝❛✉❧❡ ❡ r❛í③❡s
P❛r❛ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❧❛r❡s✱ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛❞♦s ✈✐❛ ①✐❧❡♠❛✱ ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s✲
♣✐r❛tór✐❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡st❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❛
♣❧❛♥t❛✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛
❞❛ r❛✐③ ✭s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✮ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✭❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦s✮✳
❆❧t❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ✐rr❛❞✐â♥❝✐❛✱ ❜❛✐①❛ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❛r✱ ❛❧t❛ t❡♠♣❡✲
r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❛❧t♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♠
❛ tr❛♥s♣✐r❛çã♦ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s
4.4.2 Presença de grupos ionizáveis/potencial de ionização (pKa)

❆❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♠♦✈❡r✲s❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ♣❧❛s♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♥✲
tr❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
t❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ✐♦♥✐③á✈❡❧ ✭❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦
❈❖❖❍✮ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡①✐st❛♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡s ❢r❛❝❛s ✭❛tr❛③✐♥❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡
❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ á❝✐❞♦s ❢r❛❝♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r✲
♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❍✱ ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❧íq✉✐❞❛
③❡r♦✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡st❡ ♣❍ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥✐ô♥✐❝❛✳ ❖ ♣❍ ♥♦
q✉❛❧ ❛ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ é ♠á①✐♠❛ ✭✐st♦ é✱ ✺✵✪ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❡stá ♥✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛
❡ ✺✵✪ ♥❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛✮ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❑❛✳ ❖ ♣❑❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦
q✉í♠✐❝♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛ ♥❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❢r❛❝♦ é ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉✳
❖ ❧❛❞♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❛q✉♦s♦ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s t❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❍ ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦
❧❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦✳ ❊st❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❍ é ❝r✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜♦♠❜❛ ❞❡ í♦♥s
❞❡ ❍+ ✴❆❚P❛s❡✳ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♣❑❛ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ✐♦♥✐③á✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ✉♠
❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ s❡rá ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♦♥✐③❛❞❛ ✭♠❛✐s s♦❧ú✈❡❧ ❡♠ á❣✉❛✮

❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣r♦t♦♥❛❞❛ ✭♠❛✐s ❧✐♣♦ss♦❧ú✈❡❧✮ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛✳
P♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❍ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❧❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❡ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛✱ ❛
❢♦r♠❛ ♣r♦t♦♥❛❞❛ s❡rá ♠❛✐s ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦✳ ❆ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣r♦t♦♥❛❞❛
♣r♦♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♦♥✐③❛❞❛
✭s♦❧ú✈❡❧ ❡♠ á❣✉❛✮ t❡♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐r ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛✳
❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ á❝✐❞❛ sã♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦
✢♦❡♠❛✱ ❡ ❢♦✐ s✉❣❡r✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ♣❡♥❡tr❛r ♥♦ ✢♦❡♠❛
♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ q✉❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦
á❝✐❞♦ ❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦ ✭❇r♦♠✐❧♦✇ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉tr❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s
❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❡♥❡tr❛r r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦ ✭P❡t❡r✲
s♦♥ ✫ ❊❞❣✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ✶✾✼✻✮✱ ♠❛s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞✐st♦✱ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❞❡❧❡s sã♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡
tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦s ♥♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✳
❚②r❡❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✼✾✮ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♠✉✐✲
t♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛r ♥♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦✱ ♠❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛q✉❡❧❡s
q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ t❛①❛s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r r❡t✐❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡
t❡♠♣♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ à ❧♦♥❣❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ✈✐❛ ✢♦❡♠❛ ♣✉❞❡ss❡
♦❝♦rr❡r✳ ❆q✉❡❧❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦✈❡♠ ❧✐✈r❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛✲
♥❛s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r✐❛♠ ✉♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ①✐❧❡♠❛ ❡ ✢♦❡♠❛✱ ❡ ❞❡st❛
❢♦r♠❛ ♠♦✈❡r✲s❡✲✐❛♠ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ tr❛♥s♣✐r❛tór✐♦✱
❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✶✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✶✳ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝♦s✱ ♥ã♦

✐♦♥✐③á✈❡✐s✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛r ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦♥❣❡ ❞❛
❢♦❧❤❛✲❢♦♥t❡✳ ❆ss✉♠✐r q✉❡ ❛ ❜❛✐♥❤❛ ✈❛s❝✉❧❛r ❡stá ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣❡❝í♦❧♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r
❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ♥♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛✱ ✢♦❡♠❛ ❡ ♣❛rê♥q✉✐♠❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ♣♦r
❞♦✐s ♠✐♥✉t♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❉❛♥ ❍❡ss ✭✶✾✽✺✮✳
4.4.3 Balanço entre ionização e lipofilicidade

❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛
❝❡❧✉❧❛r sã♦ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♥ã♦ ✐♦♥✐③á✈❡✐s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ log ❑ow ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✸
✭tr✐❛③✐♥❛s ❡ ✉ré✐❛s s✉❜st✐t✉í❞❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ ♠♦✈❡♠ ♣r✐♥❝✐✲
♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♠♣♦st♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❧✐♣♦✜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥✱
♥ã♦ sã♦ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❢♦rt❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ q✉❡ s♦❢r❡♠ ♥♦ t❡❝✐❞♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✳
❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦✲
❡♠❛ sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ á❝✐❞♦s ❢r❛❝♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛♠ ✈✐❛
①✐❧❡♠❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ✈❛s❝✉❧❛r❡s é ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✲
t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦✳ ❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛q✉❛t ❡ ❞✐q✉❛t✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱
♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✱ ♠❛s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ rá♣✐❞♦ ❞❛♥♦ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛♠
❛♦ t❡❝✐❞♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✱ s❡✉ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ✭❑♦❣❛♥ ✫ Pér❡③✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦✈❡♠ ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠
❛ á❝✐❞♦s ❢r❛❝♦s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ log ❑ow ❡♥tr❡ ✶ ❡ ✸✱ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡
♣❑❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✷ ❡ ✹ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♥ã♦ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠
♦✉tr♦s á❝✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❛r✐❧♦①✐❢❡♥♦①✐♣r♦♣✐♦♥❛t♦s✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡
log ❑ow ❡♥tr❡ ✸ ❡ ✹✱✺✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❧✐♣♦❢í❧✐❝♦s ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠
♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠
❛❧t❛ ♣♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✭log ❑ow ❁✵✮ ❡ ❢♦rt❡ ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ✭♣❑❛❁✷✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
✭log ❑ow ❂ ✲✷✱✼✼ ❛ ✲✸✱✷✷✮✱ sã♦ ♠ó✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s s❡ ♠♦✈❛♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ ✭①✐❧❡♠❛✮✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡
♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠
❝♦♥t❛ s✉❛ ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ✭♣❑❛✮ ❡ ♣♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✭log ❑ow ✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✳ ❘❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❧✐♣♦✜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛

❛❣r✉♣❛r ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❇r♦♠✐❧♦✇ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✳
4.5 Padrões gerais de translocação de herbicidas

❖ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❡♥tr❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦
❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
❈♦♠♣♦st♦s ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐❛ q✉❛t❡r♥ár✐❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✱
♠❛s ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡st❛ ❝❧❛ss❡✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✱ ❝❛✉s❛♠ ✉♠ ❞❛♥♦ tã♦
rá♣✐❞♦ às ❢♦❧❤❛s tr❛t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ q✉❡ ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ é ❞❡s♣r❡③í✈❡❧✳
❊♠ r❡s✉♠♦ ♣♦❞❡r✲s❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r✿
✶✳ ❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♠ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s s❡✉s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦
✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✮✳ ❊st❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❢ís✐❝♦✲
q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♦✉ ❛♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s✳
✷✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠ó✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦✲
❡♠❛ ❡①✐❜❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✸✮✳
✸✳ ❆ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s ✐st♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥♦
♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❝♦♠
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ t❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s
s❡❥❛♠ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❛♥❛tô♠✐❝❛s ♦✉ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱
♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳ P❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦

❞❡ ❉❛♥ ❍❡ss ✭✶✾✾✹❝✮✳
❆✮ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s
▼ó✈❡✐s ♥♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛ ❡ ▼ó✈❡✐s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ P♦✉❝♦ ♠ó✈❡✐s ♦✉
✢♦❡♠❛ ①✐❧❡♠❛ ✐♠ó✈❡✐s
✷✱✹ ❉ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❞✐❝❧♦❢♦♣✲♠❡t❤②❧
❛♠✐tr♦❧❡ ❞✐✉r♦♥ ❞✐q✉❛t
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♠❡tr✐❜✉③✐♥ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥
✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ♥♦r✢✉r❛③♦♥ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t
♣✐❝❧♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣❛♥✐❧
s✉❧❢♦♠❡t✉r♦♥
❇✮ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦

▼ó✈❡✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ①✐❧❡♠❛ P♦✉❝♦ ♠ó✈❡✐s ♦✉ ✐♠ó✈❡✐s ♥♦ ①✐✲
❧❡♠❛
❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❉❈P❆
❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ♦r✐③❛❧✐♥
❞✐✉r♦♥ ♦①②✢✉r♦❢❡♥
✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ♣❡♥❞✐♠❡t❤❛❧✐♥
♠❡tr✐❜✉③✐♥ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥
♣✐❝❧♦r❛♠
s✐♠❛③✐♥❡
t❡r❜❛❝✐❧
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✸✳ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡

s❛❝❛r♦s❡ ❞♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ ❛té ♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s
❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛s✴❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝r✐✈❛❞♦s ✭❈❈✲❊❈✮✳ ▼♦str❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ s❛❝❛r♦s❡ s❡
❞✐❢✉♥❞❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ♠❡só✜❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ♠❛s ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s❛❝❛r♦s❡ ♥❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ❞♦
❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❈❈✲❊❈ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r✐❛ ❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ s❛❝❛r♦s❡ ♥♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✳
❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣♦♣❧ást✐❝♦ ❞❡ s❛❝❛r♦s❡✱ ♠❛s
♠❛✐♦r tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❛♣♦♣❧ást✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❉❡✈✐♥❡
✫ ❍❛❧❧ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✳
Referências
❇✐tt❡♥❝♦✉rt ❏ú♥✐♦r✱ ◆✳✱ ▼♦r❢♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✳ ▼♦r❢♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❛♥❛✲
t♦♠✐❛ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❡♠ ❣✐♠♥♦s♣❡r♠❛s ❡ ❛♥❣✐♦s♣❡r♠❛s✳ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲
s✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❛♥❛t♦♠✐❛✈❡❣❡t❛❧✳✐❜✐❧❝❡✳✉♥❡s♣✳❜r✴❝✉rs♦s✴♠♦r❢♦❧♦❣✐❛✈❡❣❡t❛❧✴
❛✉❧❛s✴❢♦❧❤❛✶✳♣❤♣✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✻✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✶✳
❇r✐s❦✐♥✱ ❉✳P✳✱ ▼❡♠❜r❛♥❡s ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s♣♦rt s②st❡♠s ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥ts✿ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇✳
❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✹✷✿✷✺✺✕✷✻✷✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❇r♦♠✐❧♦✇✱ ❘✳❇✳❀ ❈❤❛♠❜❡r❧❛✐♥✱ ❑✳ ✫ ❊✈❛♥s✱ ❆✳❆✳✱ P❤②s✐❝♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❛s♣❡❝ts
♦❢ ♣❤❧♦❡♠ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✽✿✸✵✺✕✸✶✹✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❈❛str♦✱ ◆✳✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✕ ❊♣✐❞❡r♠❡✳ ❯♥✐✲
✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✳ ✷✵✶✶❛✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✲
✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❛♥❛t♦♠✐❛✈❡❣❡t❛❧✳✐❜✳✉❢✉✳❜r✴❡①❡r❝✐❝✐♦s✲
❤t♠❧✴❊♣✐❞❡r♠❡✳❤t♠✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✻✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✶✳
❈❛str♦✱ ◆✳✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✕ ❊♣✐❞❡r♠❡✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✳ ✷✵✶✶❜✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❛♥❛t♦♠✐❛✈❡❣❡t❛❧✳✐❜✳✉❢✉✳❜r✴❛t❧❛s✴❊♣✐❞❡r♠✳✜❣✻✳❤t♠✳
❈♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✻✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✶✳
❈❛str♦✱ ◆✳✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✕ P❡r✐❞❡r♠❡✳ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲
s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✳ ✷✵✶✶❝✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❛♥❛t♦♠✐❛✈❡❣❡t❛❧✳✐❜✳✉❢✉✳❜r✴❛t❧❛s✴P❡r✐❞✳✐❧✉st✳❤t♠✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧✲
t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✻✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✶✳
❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ❋✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣
t♦ ♣❧❛♥t t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐t②✳ ■♥✿ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡
♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣②✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✈✳ ■■✱ ✶✾✽✺✳ ♣✳ ✶✾✶✕✷✶✹✳
❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ❋✳✱ ❆❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❆❝t✐♦♥ ❈♦✉rs❡✳ ❲❡st ▲❛❢❛②❡tt❡✱
❊❯❆✿ P✉r❞✉❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✶✾✾✹❛✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✕✷✸✳
❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ❋✳✱ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦rs ♦❢ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞ ❜✐♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s✳
■♥✿ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❆❝t✐♦♥ ❈♦✉rs❡✳ ❲❡st ▲❛❢❛②❡tt❡✱ ❊❯❆✿ P✉r❞✉❡ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲
s✐t②✱ ✶✾✾✹❜✳ ♣✳ ✸✹✹✕✸✻✺✳
❉❛♥ ❍❡ss✱ ❋✳✱ ❚r❛♥s❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❆❝t✐♦♥ ❈♦✉rs❡✳ ❲❡st ▲❛❢❛②❡tt❡✱
❊❯❆✿ P✉r❞✉❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✶✾✾✹❝✳ ♣✳ ✹✶✕✺✷✳
❉❛✇s♦♥✱ ❏✳❍✳ ✫ ❆♣♣❧❡❜②✱ ❆✳P✳✱ ❯♣t❛❦❡ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ❢r♦♠ s♦✐❧s ❜② s❤♦♦ts✳
■♥✿ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❆❝t✐♦♥ ❈♦✉rs❡✳ ❲❡st ▲❛❢❛②❡tt❡✱ ❊❯❆✿ P✉r❞✉❡ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲
s✐t②✱ ✶✾✾✹✳ ♣✳ ✷✹✾✕✷✺✾✳
❉❡✐s✱ ▼✳❍✳ ✫ ❉❡❧r♦t✱ ❙✳✱ ❈❛rr✐❡r✲♠❡❞✐❛t❡❞ ✉♣t❛❦❡ ♦❢ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐♥ ❜r♦❛❞
❜❡❛♥ ✭❱✐❝✐❛ ❢❛❜❛ ✮ ✈✐❛ ❛ ♣❤♦s♣❤❛t❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡r✳ P❤②s✐♦❧ P❧❛♥t❛r✉♠✱
✽✼✿✺✻✾✕✺✼✺✱ ✶✾✾✸✳
❉❡✈✐♥❡✱ ▼✳❉✳ ✫ ❍❛❧❧✱ ▲✳▼✳✱ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ s✉❝r♦s❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt ✐♥ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❡s
❢♦r t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✽✿✷✾✾✕✸✵✹✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❉✐❚♦♠❛s♦✱ ❏✳▼✳❀ ❍❛rt✱ ❏✳❏✳❀ ▲✐♥s❝♦tt✱ ❉✳▲✳ ✫ ❑♦❝❤✐❛♥✱ ▲✳❱✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢
✐♥♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐❝ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦rs ♦♥ ♣✉tr❡s❝✐♥❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt ✐♥
r♦♦ts ♦❢ ✐♥t❛❝t ♠❛✐③❡ s❡❡❞❧✐♥❣s✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✾✾✿✺✵✽✕✺✶✹✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❉♦♥❛❧❞s♦♥✱ ❚✳❲✳❀ ❇❛②❡r✱ ❉✳❊✳ ✫ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞✱ ❖✳❆✳✱ ❆❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✷✱✹✲
❞✐❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤❡♥♦①②❛❝❡t✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ❛♥❞ ✸✲✭♣ ✲❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤❡♥②❧✮✲✶✲✶✲❞✐♠❡t❤②❧✉r❡❛
✭♠♦♥✉r♦♥✮ ❜② ❜❛r❧❡② r♦♦ts✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✺✷✿✻✸✽✕✻✹✺✱ ✶✾✼✸✳
❊♥❝②❝❧♦♣æ❞✐❛ ❇r✐t❛♥♥✐❝❛✱ ✱ ❆♥❣✐♦s♣❡r♠✿ ①②❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ ♣❤❧♦❡♠✳ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s✲
♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜r✐t❛♥♥✐❝❛✳❝♦♠✴❊❇❝❤❡❝❦❡❞✴♠❡❞✐❛✴✸✼✾✴❈❡❧❧s✲
♦❢✲t❤❡✲①②❧❡♠✲❛♥❞✲♣❤❧♦❡♠✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✻✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✶✳
❋❡rr❡❧✱ ❏✳❆✳❀ ▲❛♥❣❡❧❛♥❞✱ ❑✳ ✫ ❙❡❧❧❡rs✱ ❇✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛✲
t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r ✇♦♦❞② ♣❧❛♥t ❝♦♥tr♦❧✳ ■❋❆❙ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥
❙❙✲❆●❘✲✷✻✵✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❋❧♦r✐❞❛✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣✿✴✴❡❞✐s✳✐❢❛s✳✉✢✳❡❞✉✴♣❞✣❧❡s✴❆●✴❆●✷✹✺✵✵✳♣❞❢✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠
✷✶✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✶✳
❋r❛♥s✱ ❘✳ ✫ ❈♦❝❦s✱ ▼✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❡❝♦tr❡❡✳ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
❡♠ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜♦t❛♥②✳✉✇❝✳❛❝✳③❛✴❡❝♦tr❡❡✴r♦♦t✴r♦♦t❛✳❤t♠✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧✲
t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✵✺✴✵✽✴✷✵✶✶✳
❍❛rt✱ ❏✳❏✳❀ ❉✐❚♦♠❛s♦✱ ❏✳▼✳❀ ▲✐♥s❝♦tt✱ ❉✳▲✳ ✫ ❑♦❝❤✐❛♥✱ ▲✳❱✳✱ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt

✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧②❛♠✐♥❡s ✐♥ r♦♦ts ♦❢ ✐♥t❛❝t ♠❛✐③❡
s❡❡❞❧✐♥❣s✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✾✾✿✶✹✵✵✕✶✹✵✺✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❍❡❞r✐❝❤✱ ❘✳ ✫ ❙❝❤r♦❡❞❡r✱ ❏✳■✳✱ ❚❤❡ ♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ❛♥❞ ❡❧❡❝✲
tr♦❣❡♥✐❝ ♣✉♠♣s ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ❆♥♥ ❘❡✈ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✹✵✿✺✸✾✕✺✻✾✱
✶✾✽✾✳
❑♥♦❝❤❡✱ ▼✳✱ ❖r❣❛♥♦s✐❧✐❝♦♥❡ s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ s♣r❛②

❲❡❡❞ ❘❡s✱ ✸✹✿✷✷✶✕✷✸✾✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✿ ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇✳
❑♦❣❛♥✱ ▼✳ ✫ Pér❡③✱ ❆✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ② ❜✐♦q✉í♠✐✲

❝♦s ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❝✐ó♥✳ ❙❛♥t✐❛❣♦✿ ❊❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❈❛tó❧✐❝❛ ❞❡
❈❤✐❧❡✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ✸✸✸ ♣✳
❑♦❧❡❦✱ ❏✳ ✫ ❍♦❧♦❜r❛❞á✱ ▼✳✱ ■♦♥ ✉♣t❛❦❡ ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s♣♦rt✳ ■♥✿ ❑♦❧❡❦✱ ❑✳ ✫

❑♦③✐♥❦❛✱ ❱✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ t❤❡ P❧❛♥t ❘♦♦t ❙②st❡♠✳ ❉♦r❞r❡❝❤t✱
◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞s✿ ❑❧✉✇❡r ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ♣✳ ✷✵✹✕✷✽✺✳
▲✉①♦✈á✱ ▼✳ ✫ ❈❤❛♠♣♦r♦✈á✱ ▼✳✱ ❘♦♦t str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ■♥✿ ❑♦❧❡❦✱ ❑✳ ✫ ❑♦✲

③✐♥❦❛✱ ❱✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ t❤❡ P❧❛♥t ❘♦♦t ❙②st❡♠✳ ❉♦♦r❞r❡❝❤t✱
◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞s✿ ❑❧✉✇❡r ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ♣✳ ✸✶✕✽✶✳
▼❝❑❡♥♥❛✱ ❍✳✱ ❆♥❛t♦♠✐❛ ❞❛ ❢♦❧❤❛✳ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠

❤tt♣✿✴✴♣t✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴❋✐❝❤❡✐r♦✿❆♥❛t♦♠✐❛❴❞❛❴❢♦❧❤❛✳s✈❣✳ ❈♦♥✲
s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✵✺✴✵✽✴✷✵✶✶✳
P❡t❡rs♦♥✱ ❈✳❆✳ ✫ ❊❞❣✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ▲✳❱✳✱ ❊♥tr② ♦❢ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥t s②♠✲
♣❧❛st ❛s ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡✐r ❧♦ss ❢r♦♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ P❡st✐❝ ❙❝✐✱
✼✿✹✽✸✕✹✾✶✱ ✶✾✼✻✳
Pr✐❝❡✱ ❚✳P✳ ✫ ❇❛❧❦❡✱ ◆✳❊✳✱ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❛♣✐❞ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❜②

❡①❝✐s❡❞ ✈❡❧✈❡t❧❡❛❢ ✭ ❆❜✉t✐❧♦♥ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐ ✮ r♦♦ts✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✵✿✻✸✸✕✻✸✾✱
✶✾✽✷✳
❘❡✐s✱ ❋✳✱ P❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❝❤❛✈❡s✳ ❈❡r❡❥❡✐r❛✲❞♦✲❏❛♣ã♦ ✭ Pr✉♥✉s

s❡rr✉❧❛t❛ ✏❦✇❛♥③❛♥✑ ▲■◆❉▲✮✳ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠
❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❧❛♥t❛s❞❡❝❤❛✈❡s✳❜❧♦❣s♣♦t✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✶✴✵✹✴❝❡r❡❥❡✐r❛✲❞♦✲❥❛♣❛♦✲
♣r✉♥✉s✲①✲s❡rr✉❧❛t❛✳❤t♠❧✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✻✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✶✳
❘♦❝❤❛✱ ❙✳✱ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❡♠ ❛♥❣✐♦s♣ér♠✐❝❛s✳ ❘❡❞❡ ❙✐♠❜✐ót✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❇✐✲

♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❈♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛✳ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠
❤tt♣✿✴✴❝✉r❧②❣✐r❧✳♥♦✳s❛♣♦✳♣t✴tr❛♥s♣❧✳❤t♠✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✶✳
❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❇✳◆✳ ✫ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ❋✳❙✳✱ ●✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ✺❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱

P❘✿ ❊❞✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ✺✾✶ ♣✳
❘✉❜❡r②✱ P✳❍✳✱ ❚❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐t② ♦❢ ❝❛rr✐❡r✲♠❡❞✐❛t❡❞ ❛✉①✐♥ tr❛♥s♣♦rt ❜②

s✉s♣❡♥s✐♦♥✲❝✉❧t✉r❡❞ ❣r♦✇♥ ❣❛❧❧ ❝❡❧❧s✳ P❧❛♥t❛✱ ✶✸✺✿✷✼✺✱ ✶✾✼✼✳
❙❛❧✐s❜✉r②✱ ❋✳❇✳ ✫ ❘♦ss✱ ❈✳❲✳✱ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣②✳ ❇❡❧♠♦♥t✱ ❊❯❆✿
❲❛❞s✇♦rt❤ P✉❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❆✳❘✳ ✫ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ●✳❙✳✱ ◆✉tr✐çã♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲

s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘❡❝ô♥❝❛✈♦ ❞❛ ❇❛❤✐❛✳ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✉❢r❜✳❡❞✉✳❜r✴♥✉tr✐❝❛♦♠✐♥❡r❛❧✴✴✐♥❞❡①✳♣❤♣❄♦♣t✐♦♥❂❝♦♠❴
❝♦♥t❡♥t✫t❛s❦❂✈✐❡✇✫✐❞❂✷✼✫■t❡♠✐❞❂✸✸✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✶✳
❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❉✳✱ Ór❣ã♦s ❞❡ ❛r❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦✲
♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞❥❛❧♠❛s❛♥t♦s✳✇♦r❞♣r❡ss✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✵✴✵✾✴✶✶✴♦r❣❛♦s✲❞❡✲
❛r❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✲✈❡❣❡t❛❧✲✹✴✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✷✴✵✸✴✷✵✶✶✳
❙✐❞❡✇✐♥❞❡r Pt② ▲t❞✱ ✱ ❙✐❞❡✇✐♥❞❡r ♣❛t❡♥t❡❞ ❞r✐❧❧✴✐♥❥❡❝t♦r✳ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✲
✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳tr❡❡✐♥❥❡❝t♦rs✳❝♦♠✴❤t♠❧✴❞r✐❧❧✐♥❥❡❝t♦r✳❤t♠❧✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧✲
t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✷✶✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✶✳
❙t❡r❧✐♥❣✱ ❚✳▼✳✱ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❛❝r♦ss ♣❧❛♥t ♠❡♠❜r❛✲
♥❡s ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝✉♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥t ❝❡❧❧s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✹✷✿✷✻✸✕✷✼✻✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❚❛✐③✱ ▲✳ ✫ ❩❡✐❣❡r✱ ❊✳✱ ❋✐s✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✳ ✸❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ P♦rt♦ ❆❧❡❣r❡✱ ❘❙✿
❆rt♠❡❞✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❚②r❡❡✱ ▼✳❚✳❀ P❡t❡rs♦♥✱ ❈✳❆✳ ✫ ❊❞❣✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ▲✳❱✳✱ ❆ s✐♠♣❧❡ t❤❡♦r② r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣
❛♠❜♦♠♦❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ①❡♥♦❜✐♦t✐❝s ✇✐t❤ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♥❡♠❛t✐❝✐❞❡
♦①❛♠②✳ P❧❛♥t P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✻✸✿✸✻✼✕✸✼✹✱ ✶✾✼✾✳
✳
Capítulo 10
Seletividade de Herbicidas
para Culturas e Plantas Daninhas
Rubem Silvério de Oliveira Jr. e Miriam Hiroko Inoue
1. Introdução
❆ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s é ❛ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛
♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡✲
t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
é ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛
✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tr❛t❛✲s❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r
r❡❧❛t✐✈♦✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
❆❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❢❡♥♦①✐❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❞✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s✳
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s✱
♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s✳ ❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
é✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✱
♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✳
❯♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ é ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s tó①✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡✿ ❛✮ ✉♠❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛
❞❡ ❞♦s❡s❀ ❜✮ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝✮ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡♠
❡ s✉❝❡❞❡♠ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊rr♦s ❝♦♠❡t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛
✐♠♣ró♣r✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❞♦s❡ ♦✉ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠
❛♥✉❧❛r ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❡ s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s ❡ ❛♠❜❛s ♣♦❞❡♠
s❡r ✐♥❥✉r✐❛❞❛s✱ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧
❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ s❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ✈❛r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✲
♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❡ é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ t❛❧✈❡③ ♦
♠❛✐s ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❢♦ss❡ ❥✉❧❣❛r s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ é s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ P♦r tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡❧❡✲
t✐✈♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ✭♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✮
s❡♠ ❛❢❡t❛r s❡r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ✭❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✮✳ ❆ ❡s♣é❝✐❡
q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s♦❢r❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛s é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡ ❡ ❛ ✐♥❥✉r✐❛❞❛ s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡❧✳
244 Oliveira Jr. & Inoue
2. Fatores que Determinam a Seletividade

❊♠❜♦r❛ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s
♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ três ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
2.1 Fatores relacionados às características do herbicida ou ao método

de aplicação
2.1.1 Dose
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞♦s❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ❡♠
✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ár❡❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡
❛♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❛t✐✈♦✱ é✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡♥çã♦✱ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ❡♠ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ♣♦r
✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ár❡❛✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❧íq✉✐❞❛ ♦✉ só❧✐❞❛✮✳
❆ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r t❛❧ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
s❡❥❛♠ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞❛♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛s tr✐❛③✐♥❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦
❡st❡r✐❧✐③❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s✱ ✉s❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ✷✵ ❛ ✹✵ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✳
▼❛✐s t❛r❞❡✱ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛s s❡❧❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠
❝❡rt❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❢❛❢❛ ❡ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞♦s❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✶
❡ ✷ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞♦s❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s❡❧❡t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡
❡ ❧❡t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ s♦❥❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛
✉♠❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✷✵ ✈❡③❡s s✉♣❡r✐♦r à ❞♦ ♠✐❧❤♦ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✮✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡
✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❡ ♠✐❧❤♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❙❤❛♥❡r ✫ ▼❛❧❧✐♣✉❞✐
✭✶✾✾✶✮✳
❊s♣é❝✐❡ ❉♦s❡ s❡❣✉r❛✯ ✭❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ▼❡✐❛✲✈✐❞❛ ✭❤♦r❛s✮
❙♦❥❛ >✺✵✵ ✸✶
▼✐❧❤♦ ✷✹ ✷✶
✯ ❉♦s❡ s❡❣✉r❛ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛ ❞♦s❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛
❡♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✺✪ ❞❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛ à ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
2.1.2 Formulação
❆ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ❡st❡ é
♦✉ ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✳ ❚❛❧✈❡③ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r♦
❞✐st♦ s❡❥❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s só❧✐❞❛s ✭❣r❛♥✉❧❛❞❛s ♦✉ ♣❡❧❡t✐③❛❞❛s✮✱ ❛s
q✉❛✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡✱ ❛♣ós ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥ã♦ ✜q✉❡
r❡t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦✳
❖✉tr❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠
♣❛st❛❣❡♥s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✈✐s❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛r❜✉st✐✈❛s ♦✉ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s
❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❜♦❧❡✐r❛s✱ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❛st❛❣❡♠ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞❛✳
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❙✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❞❥✉✈❛♥t❡s sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s

♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❧íq✉✐❞❛s❀ ❡st❡s ❛❞✐t✐✈♦s ♣♦✲
❞❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦✉ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ❛ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳ ❆ ❛❞✐çã♦
❞❡ ♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s às ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ t♦✲
❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳
2.1.3 Localização espacial ou temporal do herbicida em relação a

planta
• ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦✮✿
❆ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ é ❞✐s✲
❝✉t✐❞❛ ❛q✉✐ ❡♠ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❢❛t♦r q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❡ ♥❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦
❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ t❡❝✐❞♦s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❞♦s❡s tó①✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐✲
❞❛s✳ ❆ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛ é ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦
tó①✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✜❝❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♠❛s
❡✈✐t❛✲s❡ t❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳
❖ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛t✉❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r
❞❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦
❡♥tr❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❛rt❡s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ❛❜s♦r✈❡r
♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✳ ■st♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛
s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦s✱ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ r❛s❛
♦✉ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳
❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s ♥ã♦ s♦❢r❡♠ ❞❛♥♦s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠ r❛í③❡s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡✈✐t❛
♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
❱ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡ ❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♦✉ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛
♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦✲
r❛çã♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛✱ ✐rr✐❣❛çõ❡s✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s
q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❘❡str✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s r❡✲
❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ❡st❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦s
rót✉❧♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s✳ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥✲
t❡r❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❛❢❡t❛♥❞♦ ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❡
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ✭♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛çã♦✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✮ q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❡♠ ♦ ♠♦✈✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♦✉ ❛❧t❡r❡♠ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
♣♦❞❡♠ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❛s ❞✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s✳ ❊st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ❛❜s♦r✈✐✲
❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s ❞❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥✲
❝✐❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡
♥♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝❡♥tí♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ t❛✐s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐✲
❞❛s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠ó✈❡✐s ♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧✱ ❛❝❛❜❛♠ ♣♦r ❛❢❡t❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
• ❙❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✿

❈♦♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡
❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ❡✈✐t❛r✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦
❝♦♠ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ t❛✐s
❝♦♠♦ ❢♦❧❤❛s ♦✉ ❣❡♠❛s✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦✲♦ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦
❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❥á ❡♠❡r❣✐❞❛s✳ ■st♦ é✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦
❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♦✉ ❛tr❛✈és
❞❡ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞♦s ❛ ❜❛rr❛
❞❡ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çã♦✳
❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s sã♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢❡✐t❛s ❞❡♣♦✐s q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❥á ❛t✐♥❣✐r❛♠ ✉♠ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ t❛❧ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♣✉❧✈❡✲
r✐③❛çã♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞♦ ❞♦ss❡❧ ❢♦❧✐❛r✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❝♦♠
❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡ ❣❡♠❛s ❛①✐❧❛r❡s✳ ◆❡st❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡✈❡♠
❡st❛r ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ✐♥t❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦❜❡rt❛s ♣❡❧♦
❥❛t♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s
r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣✐♥❣❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣♦♥t❛s ❞❡ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s✳ ❆
♠❛✐♦r ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ é q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ✭q✉❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝✉st♦ ❡♠ r❡✲
❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s✮ ♥❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ♣♦❞❡
s❡r ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❛ s❡r ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛
ár❡❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s r❡❝❡❜❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s
q✉❛✐s ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♥ã♦ é ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛✳
❯♠❛ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱
é ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦t❡❣❡r ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ◆♦
❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ t❛♠❜é♠
♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r ❜❛✐①❛s ♣r❡ssõ❡s ❡ ♣♦♥t❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❡♠
❣♦t❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çã♦✳
❉✐q✉❛t ❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✱ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r
✉s❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈❛✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦✲s❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠
❥❛t♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❡♥tr❡❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✳ ❆❧é♠
❞❡st❡s✱ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ❡ ▼❙▼❆
sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛s às ❡♥tr❡❧✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧✲
t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✮✳
2.2 Fatores relacionados às características das plantas

❆ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ✜s✐♦❧ó✲
❣✐❝❛s ❡ ♠♦r❢♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❚❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛✲
❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ s❡✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡
❛♣ós ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✳ ❖s ❢❛t♦r❡s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ s❡✲
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ P✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çõ❡s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❥❛t♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦ às ❡♥tr❡❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❛

❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛♠ ❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛♠ ❛ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛r ♥♦ ✉s♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥ã♦
s❡❧❡t✐✈♦✳ ❋♦t♦✿ ▲✳❍✳ ❑❛s✉②❛ ✕ ❑❛s✉②❛ ❈♦♥s✉❧t♦r✐❛ ❆❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝❛✳
❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦✱ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦✱ ❡

♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
2.2.1 Seletividade associada à retenção e absorção diferencial

❆s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♥❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ ❜❛s✐❝❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣✉❧✲
✈❡r✐③❛❞♦ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r✱ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡
❛rr❛♥❥♦ ❞♦ ❞♦ss❡❧✳ ▲â♠✐♥❛s ❢♦❧✐❛r❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ✹✺o ♦✉ ♠❛✐♦r❡s
❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ r❡tê♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❝❛❧❞❛ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡
sã♦ ♠❛✐s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❛ ❡st❡ ♣❧❛♥♦✳
❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡ ♦ s❡✉ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛❢❡t❛ ❛ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦
❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❞♦ss❡❧ ❢♦❧✐❛r✳ ❉♦ssé✐s ❛❜❡rt♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✉♠❛
♠❛✐♦r ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♠♦❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳ ❉♦ssé✐s ❢♦❧✐❛r❡s ♠❛✐s ❞❡♥s♦s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛r ♦ ❥❛t♦ ❞❡
♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çã♦✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐♥❞♦ ♥❛ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦✳
❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
♠♦r❢♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♠ ♦✉ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛çã♦✱ ❛❜✲
s♦rçã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♣♦✉❝❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ s❡❥❛♠ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡s✲
t❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❊st❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s sã♦✿
• ❆s ❢♦❧❤❛s ♥❛s❝❡♠ ❡♠ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❣✉❞♦s ❡ ❛s ❣♦tí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛s tê♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛r ❡ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ r❡t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❞♦ss❡❧✳ ❖
❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❢♦❧✐❛r s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡
❢♦❧✐❛r t❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝❡r❛s ❡♣✐❝✉t✐❧❛r❡s✳
• ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s sã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛s

♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛❜❛✐①♦
❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ➱✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♠❛t❛r ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❝♦♠ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛t✐♥❣❡♠ ❡st❡s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
• Pr❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♠❡r✐st❡♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❛❧❛r ✭✐♥t❡r♥ós✮✱ s✐st❡♠❛ ✈❛s❝✉❧❛r ❞✐❢✉s♦✱

♣♦✉❝♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❢❛s❝✐❝✉❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ❛ ❝❛♣❛✲
❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ s❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛r❡♠ ❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r❡♠ ♦s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s
❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦✳
❆❧❣✉♥s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❛❜s♦r✲

çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
2.2.1.1 Idade das plantas

❆ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❛❢❡t❛ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ s✉❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛t✐✲
✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ P❧❛♥t❛s ❥♦✈❡♥s sã♦ ♠❛✐s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦
q✉❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♠❛✐s ✈❡❧❤❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❥♦✈❡♥s ♣♦ss✉❡♠
♠❛✐s t❡❝✐❞♦s ♠❡r✐st❡♠át✐❝♦s✳ ❖s t❡❝✐❞♦s ♠❡r✐st❡♠át✐❝♦s sã♦ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛
❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦s s❡❥❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ tó①✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡❝✐❞♦s ♠❡r✐st❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡ t❡♥❤❛♠
♣♦✉❝❛ ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♠❛✐s ✈❡❧❤❛s✱ ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ♣❛ss❛♠ ❛
♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛r t❡❝✐❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s✳
2.2.1.2 Cultivar
❈✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝❡❜♦❧❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♠
❡♥tr❡ s✐ ♥❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❆ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r ❇❛✐❛ P❡r✐❢♦r♠❡ é ♠❛✐s t♦✲
❧❡r❛♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ●r❛♥❡① ❡ ❚❡①❛s ●r❛♥♦✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r
❝❡r♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✮✳ ❆ ❝❡r♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❛ r❡t❡♥✲
çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❧❞❛ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♦
❡❢❡✐t♦ tó①✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳ ▼❛tér✐❛ s❡❝❛ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❝❡❜♦❧❛ ✭❣ ✭✵✱✺ ♠✮−1 ✮

♦❜t✐❞❛ ✻✷ ❞✐❛s ❛♣ós ❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛✱ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦①②✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ✸✵ ❞✐❛s
❛♣ós ❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✳
❉♦s❡ ❖①②✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ❈✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s
✭❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❇❛✐❛ ♣❡r✐❢♦r♠❡ ●r❛♥❡① ❚❡①❛s ●r❛♥♦
✵✱✵✾✻ ✶✱✶✽ ✵✱✼✾✯ ✵✱✷✹
✵✱✶✾✷ ✵✱✼✼ ✵✱✺✷✯ ✵✱✵✽✯
✵✱✷✽✽ ✶✱✵✾ ✵✱✹✵✯ ✵✱✵✸✯
❙❡♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✶✱✵✾ ✶✱✶✼ ✵✱✹✼
▼é❞✐❛s s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ♣♦r ✯ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡st❛t✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s às r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s
t❡st❡♠✉♥❤❛s s❡♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❉✉♥♥❡t ✭p ≤✵✱✵✺✮✳
◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦❞♦❡✐r♦✱ ❤á ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♠❛r❝❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s

❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❡str❡ss❡ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞✐✉r♦♥✳
❆ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às t❛①❛s ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s✲
❧♦❝❛çã♦✳ ●♦ss✐♣✐✉♠ ❤✐rs✉t✉♠✱ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❆❝❛❧❛ ✹✴✹✷✱ ❇❛r❛❝✱ ■❆❈✲✶✼ ❡ ❇❘✲✶
sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ●♦ss✐♣✐✉♠ ❜❛r❜❛❞❡♥s❡✱ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❇❆❘✲
❳▲■✲✶✱ ❇❛r❛❦❛t ❡ ❘✐♠✲❞❡✲❜♦✐ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s ✭❇❡❧trã♦ ✫ ❆③❡✈ê❞♦✱
✶✾✾✹✮✳
❯♠ ❜♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦
♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♥✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❝✐♥❝♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✮✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡
❛♦s ✼✱ ✶✹ ❡ ✷✶ ❉❆❆ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ ❇ ✼✻✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ í♥❞✐❝❡s q✉❡ ✈❛r✐❛✲
r❛♠ ❞❡ ✸ ❛ ✺ ✭♠é❞✐♦ ❛ s❡✈❡r♦✮ ♥❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ✸✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✳ ◆❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ✻✵ ❣ ❤❛−1
♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❢♦✐ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡
✸ ❛ ✺ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ❖❈ ✼✵✺✱ ❇ ✼✻✶ ❡ ❆● ✼✵✵✵ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳ ◆♦
q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛♦s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s P❡♥t❛ ❡ ❇ ✺✺✶✱ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✱
♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠✲ s❡ í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❛ ✸ ✭♠é❞✐♦✮✳
❆♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✱
♥❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ✸✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✱ ♦s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ❇ ✺✺✶✱ ❖❝❡♣❛r ✼✵✺ ❡ ❆● ✼✵✵✵ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲
r❛♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛♦s ✶✹ ❡ ✷✶ ❉❆❆✱ ❡♠
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ✼ ❉❆❆✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ P❡♥t❛✱ ♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❢♦r❛♠
♥✉❧♦s ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✱ ❡ ♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ ❇ ✼✻✶ ❢♦✐ ♦ ú♥✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str♦✉
❛✈❛♥ç♦ ♥❛ ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s
❤í❜r✐❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s à ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ✻✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ❇ ✺✺✶✱
❖❝❡♣❛r ✼✵✺ ❡ ❆● ✼✵✵✵✱ ♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s
❛♦s ✶✹ ❡ ✷✶ ❉❆❆ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱
♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✉ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ P❡♥t❛✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♠♦str♦✉ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ à q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡
✸✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✱ ♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ ❇ ✼✻✶✱ ♥❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ✻✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ s✐♥t♦♠❛s
♠❛✐s ♠❛r❝❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✱ s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s
à ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✮✳
❊st❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s
s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♠❛✐♦r
♦✉ ♠❡♥♦r ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s às ❞♦s❡s ❡st✉✲
❞❛❞❛s✳ ❚❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣rã♦s ❞❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✮✳ ❚❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s tê♠ s✉s❝✐t❛❞♦ r❡str✐çõ❡s ♥❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s
q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♠♣♦st♦s à ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
2.2.1.3 Tamanho da semente ou estrutura de propagação vegetativa

❈❛♥t❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❤♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❜✉❧❜✐❧❤♦s ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ t♦✲
❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦
❛♠❡tr②♥ ❡ ♦①②✢✉♦r❢❡♥✱ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♠❡s♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❜✉❧✲
❜✐❧❤♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳ ❖ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡st❛r ❧✐❣❛❞❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳ ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❊❲❘❈ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛✱ ❡♠

três é♣♦❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈❛✈❛❧✐❡r✐ ❡t ❛❧✳
✭✷✵✵✽✮✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳ Pr♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣rã♦s ✭❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛

❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ❤í❜r✐❞♦s s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡♠
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈❛✈❛❧✐❡r✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳
❍í❜r✐❞♦ ❉♦s❡ ♥✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ✭❣ ❤❛−1 ✮
✵ ✸✵ ✻✵
❇ ✺✺✶ ✺✾✷✽ ❛ ✺✺✽✼ ❛ ✺✽✶✼ ❛
❖❝❡♣❛r ✼✵✺ ✺✶✺✻ ❛ ✺✸✵✷ ❛ ✺✷✸✵ ❛
P❡♥t❛ ✻✺✶✸ ❛ ✻✼✻✺ ❛ ✻✹✽✺ ❛
❇ ✼✻✶ ✻✸✶✾ ❛ ✺✺✸✵ ❛❜ ✺✷✶✼ ❜
❆●✼✵✵✵ ✻✹✷✵ ❛ ✻✹✵✷ ❛ ✻✵✻✹ ❛
❈❱ ✭✪✮ ❂ ✶✶✱✵✺
❉▼❙ ❂ ✾✵✹
▼é❞✐❛s s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❧❡tr❛✱ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♠
❡♥tr❡ s✐ ♣❡❧♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❚✉❦❡② ❛ ✺✪ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
à ♠❡♥♦r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s❡r✈❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛✲

♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ às ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥á❧♦❣❛✱ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛s
s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❡❧❛s sã♦ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❧❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦
t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s
❛♥✉❛✐s✳
2.2.2 Seletividade associada à translocação diferencial

❚r❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ é ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞✐ss♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❞❡
✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❆♣ós ❛tr❛✈❡ss❛r ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❝✉t✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛
♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣r❡❝✐s❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛r✲s❡ ♥♦ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ ♦✉ ♥♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦
❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛♦ s❡✉ sít✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦✳
▼✉✐t♦ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s❡❥❛ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥✜♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ s✐♠✲
♣❧❛st♦ ♦✉ ❛♦ ❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ ✭❉❡✈✐♥❡✱ ✶✾✽✾❀ ❉❡✈✐♥❡ ✫ ❱❛♥❞❡♥ ❇♦r♥✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✱ ❛
tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ à ❧♦♥❣❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❆ r♦t❛ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r✲
♥❛s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❉❡✈✐♥❡✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠
s♦❢r❡r ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❡♥tr❛r ♥♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♥✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥✐ô♥✐❝❛
q✉❡ é ✐♥❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✈♦❧t❛r ❛ ❛tr❛✈❡ss❛r ❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳ ❖ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥❛
❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥✐ô♥✐❝❛ é ✏ ❛♣r✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦✑ ♥♦ ❝✐t♦♣❧❛s♠❛ ❡ ✜❝❛ ❝♦♥✜♥❛❞♦ à tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛✲
çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥á❧♦❣❛✱ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ ✐ô♥✐❝♦s q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦✈❡♠
❧✐✈r❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ♣♦❞❡♠ s♦❢r❡r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥♦
❛♣♦♣❧❛st♦ ✭❍❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✺❀ ❉❡✈✐♥❡ ✫ ❱❛♥❞❡♥ ❇♦r♥✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡
❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ t♦t❛❧ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛❞❛ às ✈❡③❡s ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐✲
♥❛♥t❡ ♥❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
❆ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❛♣♦♣❧ást✐❝❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛♣ós ❛❜s♦rçã♦ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r é ✉♠
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢❛t♦r ♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱
❝♦♠♦ ♦ s✐♠❛③✐♥❡ ✭❙❤♦♥❡ ✫ ❲♦♦❞✱ ✶✾✼✷✮ ❡ ♦ ❧✐♥✉r♦♥ ✭❲❛❧❦❡r ✫ ❋❡❛t❤❡rs✲

t♦♥❡✱ ✶✾✼✸✮✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s♦❢r❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐♠❡♥t❛❧✐✲
③❛çã♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ sã♦ ✐♠♦❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❛❞í❝✉❧❛s ♦✉ ✈❛s♦s ❝❛♣✐❧❛r❡s
❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❛♥♦ é ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦✳
◆♦ s✐♠♣❧❛st♦✱ ❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❜✐❞✐✲
r❡❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ár❡❛s
❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳ ❆ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡ ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛
❞❡ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦s é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉✲
çã♦ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦s ✭✏ ❢♦♥t❡s✑ ✮ ❡ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦s
✭✏ ❞r❡♥♦s✑ ✮✳ ❆ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❢♦♥t❡✲❞r❡♥♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦✱ t❛①❛✱ ❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦
❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ♠ó✈❡✐s ♥♦ ✢♦❡♠❛ ❡ ✈❛r✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛
♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✳
❆ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ t❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦
❞❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠ó✈❡✐s ♥♦ ✢♦❡♠❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞✐❝❛♠❜❛
✭◗✉✐♠❜② ✫ ◆❛❧❡✇❛❥❛✱ ✶✾✼✶✮✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭●♦ttr✉♣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✼✻✮✱ ❝❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉✲
r♦♥ ✭❉❡✈✐♥❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✵✮ ❡ ✐♠❛③❛♠❡t❤❛❜❡♥③ ✭❙❤❛♥❡r ✫ ▼❛❧❧✐♣✉❞✐✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳
❆ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛♣♦♣❧ást✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♦s ♠❡✲
❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐♠❡♥t❛❧✐③❛♠ ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛s ♠ó✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛ ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝✐❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧
♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ ❡①✐❜❡♠ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠ó✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦ ✢♦❡♠❛ ♣♦r ♥ã♦
tr❛♥s♣♦rtá✲❧♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐③❛r ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❛t✐✈❛✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❍❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✺❀
❙❤✐♠❛❜✉❦✉r♦✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
2.2.3 Seletividade associada ao metabolismo diferencial (destoxifica-

ção)
❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❜✐♦q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛❢❡t❛ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❛❜s♦r✲
✈✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣❛ ❛♦ s✐t✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡
❛ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ s❡❥❛ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛❞❛✳
❖ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ é ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛✲
♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❯♠❛
♣❧❛♥t❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ t♦❧❡r❛r ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ é ❝❛♣❛③
❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r ♦✉ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❛✲
çõ❡s q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛s ♥ã♦ tó①✐❝❛s✳ P❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛
❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡st♦①✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ sã♦ ♠♦rt❛s ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦
❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡st❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s❝❛♣❛♠ ✭❆❦♦❜✉♥❞✉✱
✶✾✽✼✮✳
❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s q✉❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐③❛♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦s✲
s✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❢❛✐①❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛
✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐③❛r ❡ ❞❡st♦①✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡✲
r❡♥t❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✭❍❛t③✐♦s ✫ P❡♥♥❡r✱ ✶✾✽✷✮✳
❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s✲
t♦①✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❧❛♥t❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♦✉ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞❡st♦①✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛

r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❡①❡r❝❡r s❡✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ tó①✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳
❆❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❡♠ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛r ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ sã♦ ❛s tr✐❛③✐♥❛s ❡♠
♠✐❧❤♦✱ s♦r❣♦ ❡ ❝❛♥❛✲❞❡✲❛çú❝❛r❀ ♣r♦♣❛♥✐❧✱ t❤✐♦❜❡♥❝❛r❜✱ ♠♦❧✐♥❛t❡ ❡ ♦①❛❞✐❛③♦♥
❡♠ ❛rr♦③❀ ❞✐♣❤❡♥❛♠✐❞ ❡♠ t♦♠❛t❡ ❡ ✈❡r♥♦❧❛t❡ ❡♠ ❛♠❡♥❞♦✐♠✳
▼❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐❝❧♦❢♦♣✲♠❡t✐❧ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥✲
❝♦rr❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ tr✐❣♦ ✭t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡✮ ❡ ❛✈❡✐❛ ✭s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡❧✮✳ ❆♣ós
❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ♦ tr✐❣♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐③❛r ♦
❞✐❝❧♦❢♦♣✲♠❡t✐❧ ❛ s✉❜♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♥ã♦ tó①✐❝♦s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❛çã♦ ✐rr❡✈❡r✲
sí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛r✐❧✲❤✐❞r♦①✐❧❛çã♦✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛✈❡✐❛ é ✐♥❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❡st♦①✐✜❝❛r ♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭❆♥❞❡rs♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳
❍❛t③✐♦s ✭✶✾✾✶✮ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ s♦❢r❡r ❜✐♦tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡♠ três ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿
✶✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡stá✈❡✐s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s♦❢r❡♠ ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛çã♦ ♥❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s❀
✷✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛❞♦s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♣♦✲
❞❡♠ s♦❢r❡r r❡❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦✱ ♦①✐❞❛çã♦✱ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ ❡ ♦✉ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛çã♦✱
❛s q✉❛✐s r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♥ã♦ tó①✐❝♦s✳
✸✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈❛❞♦s sã♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡✱ ✉♠❛
✈❡③ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s✱ s♦❢r❡♠ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♠❡t❛✲
❜ó❧✐❝❛s q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ♥♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳
❖ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ♦ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡stá✈❡✐s q✉❡ ♥ã♦
sã♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s❀ ❡st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ é s✉r♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛♠❜♦s sã♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ✭❙❤✐♠❛❜✉❦✉r♦✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ♣♦r s♦❢r❡r❡♠
❞❡s❛t✐✈❛çã♦ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛ sã♦ ❛s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ✭❈❛r❡② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼✮ ❡ ❛s ✐♠✐✲
❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ✭❙❤❛♥❡r ✫ ❘♦❜s♦♥✱ ✶✾✽✺❀ ❙❤❛♥❡r ✫ ▼❛❧❧✐♣✉❞✐✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s
q✉❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❡ s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ♣♦❞❡
s❡r ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ✈❡③❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s✱ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s
✐♥❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❧❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♥t❡♥s✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ✭◆❡✐❣❤❜♦rs ✫ Pr✐✈❛❧❧❡✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ ❖❜r✐❣❛✇✐t❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✾✵✮✳ P❛r❛ ❛s ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐t♦s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♥❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦s tó①✐❝♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✮✳
❖ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉❡ s♦❢r❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ✭❛t✐✈❛çã♦
♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛✮ é ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉❇✳ P❧❛♥t❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s ❛ ❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝❛✲
r✉r✉ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡♠ ❡♥③✐♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉❇ ✭r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ tó①✐❝♦✮ ❛
✷✱✹✲❉ ✭♠✉✐t♦ ✜t♦tó①✐❝♦✮ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❜❡t❛✲
♦①✐❞❛çã♦✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ q✉❡ ❝❛t❛❧✐s❛ ❡st❛
r❡❛çã♦ sã♦ ♠♦rt❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭❆❦♦❜✉♥❞✉✱ ✶✾✽✼✮✳ ❆
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞♦ ✐♠❛③❛♣②r ❡ ❞❡ s❡✉

♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐t♦ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❙❤❛♥❡r ✫ ▼❛❧❧✐♣✉❞✐ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✳
❈♦♠♣♦st♦ ❉♦s❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ✭❣ ❤❛ ✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ✽✺✪ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡✿
−1
♠✐❧❤♦ s♦❥❛
■♠❛③❛♣②r ✽ ✹✵
❆❈ ✷✹✼✱✵✽✼ ✭♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐t♦✮ ✻✸ ✶✵✵✵
t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❧❡❣✉♠✐♥♦s❛s ❛♦ ✷✱✹✲❉❇ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡

❞❡ ❞❡s❛t✐✈❛çã♦ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❧❡t❛✐s ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉
♣♦ss❛♠ s❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛r ✭❙♠✐t❤✱ ✶✾✼✾✮✳
❆s r❡❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡st♦①✐✜✲
❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s sã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✳ ❘❡❛çõ❡s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s
q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❛❢❡t❛❞♦s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❩✐♠❞❤❛❧ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✳
❘❡❛çã♦ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ●r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞♦
❍✐❞r♦①✐❧❛çã♦ tr✐❛③✐♥❛s✱ á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó①✐❝♦s
❖①✐❞❛çã♦ á❝✐❞♦s ❢❡♥ó①✐❝♦s
❉❡s❝❛r❜♦①✐❧❛çã♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦ ❡ ❛❝✐❞♦ ♣✐❝♦❧í♥✐❝♦
❉❡✭s✮❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ✉ré✐❛s✱ ❞✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s
❉❡s✉❧❢♦♥❛çã♦ t✐♦❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s
❉❡s❛❧q✉✐❧❛çã♦ ❞✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s✱ tr✐❛③✐♥❛s
❍✐❞ró❧✐s❡ ❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s✱ s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s
❈♦♥❥✉❣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❜❡♥③ó✐❝♦
❆ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❡rt❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲

t❛s sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♠ s❡❧❡t✐✲
✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❝❡rt♦s ❝❛s♦s✳ ❆ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛çú❝❛r❡s✱ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ❡ ♣r♦✲
t❡í♥❛s ♣♦❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❧❡ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✳
❖ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐♠❡♥t❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♠❛③✐♥❡
❛♣ós ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♣♦r ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦❞♦❡✐r♦✳ ❖ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❡♠
❣❧â♥❞✉❧❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❛✉❧❡ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦❞♦❡✐r♦✳
3. Protetores ou “Safeners”
❆ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦
❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦t❡❣❡♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛ ❛çã♦ tó①✐❝❛ ❞♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
❊st❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✏ ❛♥tí❞♦t♦s✑ ♣♦r

❍♦✛♠❛♥ ✭✶✾✻✷✮✱ ❡♠ ❛♥❛❧♦❣✐❛ à ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❢❛r♠❛❝♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦
✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛♥tí❞♦t♦s ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥✈❡♥❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦s é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛
❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦✱ ♦ t❡r♠♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦✳ ❊st❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣♦✲
❞❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐st❛s✱ ✏ s❛❢❡♥❡rs✑ ✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ♦✉
❝♦♥tr❛✲t♦①✐❝❛♥t❡s✳ P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t❡t♦r q✉í♠✐❝♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡
♦✉tr♦r❛ s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱
s❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛çã♦ tó①✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s❡❥❛ ♣r❡✲
❥✉❞✐❝❛❞❛✳ ❖s ♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s q✉í♠✐❝♦s sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s
♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✳
❖s ♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s ♣r❡✈✐♥❡♠✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ r❡✈❡rt❡♠✱ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❞❛♥♦s q✉❡ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛ ♣♦ss❛ ❝❛✉s❛r à ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦t❡t♦✲
r❡s é r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦✈❛❀ ❛té ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✱ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s
❝♦♥tr❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s t❡♠ s❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❛ três ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❛s
❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s✿ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ s♦r❣♦ ❡ ❛rr♦③ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✮✳
❖s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❡①❛t♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ❡st❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣r♦✲
t❡❣❡♠ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s ❛s ❤✐♣ó✲
t❡s❡s ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s ✐♥❞✉③❡♠ ✉♠❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❡ ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣♦st✉❧❛❞❛s
❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s ♣❛r❛
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
Pr♦t❡t♦r ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛

❡♠ q✉❡ sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s
❈●❆✲✶✸✸✷✵✺ ❯s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡
s♦r❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ❞❛♥♦s ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❧❛❝❤❧♦r
❉✐❝❤❧♦r♠✐❞ ✭❘✲✷✺✼✽✽✮ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s
❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ❊r❛❞✐❝❛♥❡
✭❊P❚❈✰❞✐❝❤❧♦r♠✐❞✮✱ ❙✉t❛♠ ✭❜✉t②✲
❧❛t❡✰❞✐❝❤❧♦r♠✐❞✮ ❡ ❱❡r♥❛♠ ✭✈❡r♥♦✲
❧❛t❡✰❞✐❝❤❧♦r♠✐❞✮
❋❡♥❝❧♦r✐♠ ✭❈●❆✲✶✷✸✹✵✼✮ ❯s❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❏❛♣ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦t❡❣❡r ♦ ❛rr♦③ ❞❡
♣r❡t✐❧❛❝❤❧♦r✳
❋❧✉r❛③♦❧❡ ❯s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦t❡❣❡r s♦r❣♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❛❝❤❧♦r ❡
❛❝❡t♦❝❤❧♦r✳
▼●✲✶✾✶ ❡ PP●✲✶✷✾✷ ❯s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦t❡❣❡r ♠✐❧❤♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ♦s ❞✐t✐✲
♦❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s ❡ ❝❧♦r♦❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛s ✭❊P❚❈ ❡
❜✉t②❧❛t❡✮
4. Engenharia Genética Versus Seletividade nas Culturas: Cul-

turas Transgênicas
❆s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐✲
t❛s ❡♠ ✶✾✽✻✱ ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❡ ♥❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛✳ ❆té ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡
✾✵✱ ✺✻ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❢♦r❛♠ t❡st❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✸✹ ♣❛ís❡s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✸✺✵✵
❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✺ ♠✐❧ ár❡❛s✳ ❆s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ♠❛✐s
t❡st❡s ❢♦r❛♠ s♦❥❛✱ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ t♦♠❛t❡✱ ❜❛t❛t❛✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ❡ ❝❛♥♦❧❛✳ ❆s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐✲
❝❛s ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦
♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛s ❛ ✈ír✉s ❡ ✐♥s❡t♦s✳
❆ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛
✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱
r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❥á ❢♦✐ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s
✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✼✮✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✼✳ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❇r♦♠♠♦♥s❝❤❡♥❦❡❧ ✫ ▼♦r❡✐r❛ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✳
●r✉♣♦ ♦✉ ●❡♥❡ ❋♦♥t❡ P❧❛♥t❛s

❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ❣❡♥❡ ▼❘✯ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛s
❙✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ❛❝❡t♦❧❛❝t❛t♦ s✐♥t❛s❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✶ ❝❛♥♦❧❛✱ ❛rr♦③✱ ❧✐♥❤♦✱
❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ t♦♠❛t❡✱ ❜❡✲
t❡rr❛❜❛ ❛ç✉❝❛r❡✐r❛✱
♠❡❧ã♦✳
■♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ❛❝❡t♦❧❛❝t❛t♦ s✐♥t❛s❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✶ ❢✉♠♦
●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♥♦❧♣②r✉✈♦②❧ s❤✐❦✐✲ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s✱ ✶ t♦♠❛t❡✱ ❝❛♥♦❧❛✱ s♦❥❛
♠❛t❡ ✺✲♣❤♦s♣❤❛t❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
s②♥t❤❛s❡
❆s✉❧❛♠ ❞✐❤②❞r♦♣t❡r❛t❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ✶ ❢✉♠♦
s②♥t❤❛s❡
❆tr❛③✐♥❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ✏❉✶✑ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✶ s♦❥❛
●❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ ◆✲❛❝❡t②❧ tr❛♥s❢❡r❛s❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ✷ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ tr✐❣♦✱ ❛rr♦③✱
❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❝❛♥♦❧❛✱ ❜❛✲
t❛t❛✱ t♦♠❛t❡✱ ❜❡t❡r✲
r❛❜❛ ❛ç✉❝❛r❡✐r❛
●❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ ❣❧✉t❛♠✐♥❛ s✐♥t❡t❛s❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✸ ❢✉♠♦
❇r♦♠♦①②♥✐❧ ♥✐tr✐❧❛s❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ✷ ❝❛♥♦❧❛✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❜❛✲
t❛t❛✱ t♦♠❛t❡
✯▼❘❂ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✿ ✶ ❂ ❛❧✈♦ ❜✐♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♠✉t❛❞♦❀

✷ ❂ ❞❡st♦①✐✜❝❛çã♦❀ ✸ ❂ s✉♣❡r♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✈♦✳
❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥✲

tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❡♥❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♥ã♦ ❝❛✉s❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♦✉tr♦
t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ♥❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ♠❛s ♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♠ ♠✉✐t❛ ♣♦❧ê♠✐❝❛✳ ◆♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❡
♥♦ ❈❛♥❛❞á✱ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❡ s♦❥❛ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝♦s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❞❡s❞❡ ✶✾✾✺ ❡ ❢♦r❛♠
❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦s s❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ r❡❛çã♦ ❜❡♠

❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ é ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❯♥✐ã♦ ❊✉r♦♣é✐❛ ❡ ♥♦ ❏❛♣ã♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s
tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝♦s sã♦ r❡❥❡✐t❛❞♦s✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✲
❣ê♥✐❝♦s ❢♦✐ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✐ssã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❈â♠❛r❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❡♠ ♠❛rç♦
❞❡ ✷✵✵✷✳ P❡❧❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ✜❝❛ ❛ ❝❛r❣♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠✐ssã♦
❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❇✐♦ss❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭❈◆❚❇✐♦✮✱ ❡ ♦s ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥✲
s✉♠♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♦✉ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ❞❡✈❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ s❡✉s rót✉❧♦s
s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦s ✭❖●▼s✮✳
❖ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r três ❢❛t♦r❡s ✭❘❛❞♦s❡✈✐❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✾✼✮✿ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♣❡❧♦s
❝✉st♦s ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❜✐♦t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛
❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s✳
❖s ✈ár✐♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❞✈✐r ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❍❛rr✐s♦♥ ❏r✳
✭✶✾✾✷✮ ❡ ❉②❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✿
• ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ♠❛r❣❡♠ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛s ♣❡r✲
❞❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ✐♥❥úr✐❛s❀
• ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛♥♦ às ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐✲
❞❛s ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❀
• ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡
s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✳
❖s r✐s❝♦s ♦✉ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡s ❝✉❧✲
t✐✈❛r❡s t❛♠❜é♠ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ✭❍❛rr✐s♦♥ ❏r✳✱ ✶✾✾✷❀ ❉❛❧❡✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ❉❛r✲
♠❡♥❝②✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✱ ❡✱ r❡s✉♠✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛♠ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✿
• Pr❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛✲
♥✐s♠♦s ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡❀
• P♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s❀
• ▼❛❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ à ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❛♥❝✐❛✐s ❛q✉á✲
t✐❝♦s ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s❀
• ❊①t✐♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❣❡♥❡s ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧❀
• Pr❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡ t♦r✲
♥❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♦✉ q✉❡ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r
tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❣ê♥✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s❀
• ❉❡s❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❛♣ós ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ r❡✲

s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ é ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲
✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧♦♥❡s tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛✲❞❡✲❛çú❝❛r r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❡ ❛♦ ❛t❛q✉❡ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡t♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❇t ✭❇❛❝✐❧❧✉s t❤✉r✐♥❣✐❡♥s✐s✮✳
◆♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳
◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❥á sã♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝❡♥tr♦✲♦❡st❡ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❤í✲
❜r✐❞♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t♦✱ ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ❡ s❡t❤♦①②❞✐♠✳
P❛r❛ ❛ s♦❥❛✱ ❥á sã♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡
❛ s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ✭❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ❡ t❤✐❢❡♥s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✮✳ ❊♠ ❜r❡✈❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✲
✈❡rã♦ ❡st❛r ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t♦ ❡
❛♦ ❞✐❝❛♠❜❛✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ✶✾✾✼✱ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♥♦❧❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t♦
❡ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❥á sã♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❊❯❆ ❡ ❈❛♥❛❞á✳ ◆♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦✱
t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♥♦❧❛ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s às tr✐❛③✐♥❛s✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ s❡✉ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❜❡♠ ❛❝❡✐t♦ ♣♦r ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ✷✵✪ ❛ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❛s
❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ✭▼♦♥q✉❡r♦✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ sã♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠
❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❜r♦♠♦①②♥✐❧✱ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ✭❏❛♠❡s✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❡ ❛♦ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t♦✳ ❖ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❜r♦♠♦①②♥✐❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞✐❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❛♥✉❛❧✱ q✉❡
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✳ ❏á ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞✐❝♦t✐❧❡❞ô♥❡❛s ❡ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❛♥✉❛❧✱
❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♣❡r❡♥❡s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ s❡❥❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡♠ ❞♦s❡s ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ ❛rr♦③ q✉❡
❝♦♥té♠ ♦ ❣❡♥❡ ❜❛r q✉❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦✱ ❝♦♠
❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♦ ❛rr♦③ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦
✭▲✐❧❣❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆ s♦❥❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❝✉❥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r
♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❛r❡❛ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s tr❛♥s❣ê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ♦❝✉♣❛♥❞♦
❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✻✺✱✽ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡❝t❛r❡s ♦✉ ✺✸✪ ❞❛ ár❡❛ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s tr❛♥s✲
❣ê♥✐❝❛s✱ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠✐❧❤♦ ✭✸✼✱✸ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡❝t❛r❡s ♦✉ ✸✵✪✮✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦
✭✶✺✱✺ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡❝t❛r❡s ♦✉ ✶✷✪✮ ❡ ❝❛♥♦❧❛ ✭✺✱✾ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡❝t❛r❡s ♦✉ ✺✪
ár❡❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝♦s✮ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✽✮✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s tr❛♥s✲
❣ê♥✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❡♠ ✶✾✾✻✱ ❡st❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦
❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♥♦s tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝♦s✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✽✱ ❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s r❡✲
s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛✱ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❝❛♥♦❧❛ ❡ ❛❧❢❛❢❛ ♦❝✉♣❛✈❛♠
✻✸✪ ❞❛ ár❡❛ t♦t❛❧ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✱ ♦✉ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✼✾ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s
❞❡ ❤❡❝t❛r❡s ✭❏❛♠❡s✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❯♠❛ ❢♦rt❡ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦❜✲
s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✷✵✵✼✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❛✐s
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✳
◆♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛✱ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❡ ❛❧❣♦✲
❞ã♦ ❞✐s♣♦rã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✭tr❛❞❡s ✮ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✐♥s❡t♦s ❡ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ❞✐❝❛♠❜❛✱ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛
❆▲❙ ❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ PP❖✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛✲
rã♦ ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❛❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ à

s❡❝❛✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✽✳ ➪r❡❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ❜✐♦t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣♦r ♣❛ís ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳

➪r❡❛
❈♦❧♦❝❛çã♦ P❛ís ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s
✭✶✵6 ❤❛✮ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛s
✶♦ ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ✻✷✱✺ ❙♦❥❛✱ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱
❝❛♥♦❧❛✱ ♠❛♠ã♦✱ ❛❧❢❛❢❛✱
❜❡t❡rr❛❜❛ ❛ç✉❝❛r❡✐r❛
✷♦ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛ ✷✶✱✵ ❙♦❥❛✱ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦
✸♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✶✺✱✽ ❙♦❥❛✱ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦
✹♦ ❮♥❞✐❛ ✼✱✻ ❆❧❣♦❞ã♦
✺♦ ❈❛♥❛❞á ✼✱✻ ❈❛♥♦❧❛✱ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ s♦❥❛✱
❜❡t❡rr❛❜❛ ❛ç✉❝❛r❡✐r❛
✻♦ ❈❤✐♥❛ ✸✱✽ ❆❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ t♦♠❛t❡✱
á❧❛♠♦✱ ♣❡tú♥✐❛✱
♠❛♠ã♦✱ ♣✐♠❡♥tã♦
✼♦ P❛r❛❣✉❛✐ ✷✱✼ ❙♦❥❛
✽♦ ➪❢r✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ✶✱✽ ▼✐❧❤♦✱ s♦❥❛✱ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦
✾♦ ❯r✉❣✉❛✐ ✵✱✼ ❙♦❥❛✱ ♠✐❧❤♦
✶✵♦ ❇♦❧í✈✐❛ ✵✱✻ ❙♦❥❛
Referências
❆❦♦❜✉♥❞✉✱ ■✳❖✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❚r♦♣✐❝s✿ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s✳
◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✶✾✽✼✳ ✺✷✷ ♣✳
❆♥❞❡rs♦♥✱ ❲✳P✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ✸❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❙t✳ P❛✉❧✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❲❡st P✉❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣
❈♦✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ✸✼✸ ♣✳
❇❡❧trã♦✱ ◆✳❊✳▼✳ ✫ ❆③❡✈ê❞♦✱ ❉✳▼✳P✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧✲
t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦❞♦❡✐r♦✳ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛ ●r❛♥❞❡✱ P❇✿ ❊▼❇❘❆P❆✲❈◆P❆❧❣♦❞ã♦✱
✶✾✾✹✳ ✶✺✹ ♣✳
❇r♦♠♠♦♥s❝❤❡♥❦❡❧✱ ❙✳▼✳ ✫ ▼♦r❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❆✳✱ ❇✐♦ss❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
tr❛♥s❣ê♥❝✐❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ■♥✿ P❛❧❡str❛s ❞♦ ✷✶o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦
❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❈❛①❛♠❜✉✱ ▼●✿ ❙❇❈P❉✱
✶✾✾✼✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✕✶✻✳
❈❛r❡②✱ ❏✳❇✳❀ P❡♥♥❡r✱ ❉✳ ✫ ❑❡❧❧s✱ ❏✳❏✳✱ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❜❛s✐s ❢♦r ♥✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥
❛♥❞ ♣r✐♠✐s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ s❡❧❡❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ ✜✈❡ ♣❧❛♥t s♣❡❝✐❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✹✺✿✷✷✕✸✵✱
✶✾✾✼✳
❈❛✈❛❧✐❡r✐✱ ❙✳❉✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳❀ ❇✐✛❡✱ ❉✳❋✳❀ ❘✐♦s✱ ❋✳❆✳
✫ ❋r❛♥❝❤✐♥✐✱ ▲✳❍✳▼✳✱ ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
♥✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✻✿✷✵✸✕✷✶✹✱ ✷✵✵✽✳
❉❛❧❡✱ P✳❏✳✱ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✫ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t r❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ tr✐❛❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❢
tr❛♥s❣❡♥✐❝ ❝r♦♣s✳ ❚r❡♥❞s ❇✐♦t❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✸✿✸✾✽✕✹✵✸✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
❉❛r♠❡♥❝②✱ ❍✳✱ ▼♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❛♠♦♥❣ ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ■♥✿ ❇r♦✇♥✱
❚✳▼✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❣❡♥❡t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❡ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡✳
❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✈✳ ✻✹✺ ❞❡ ❆❈❙ ❙②♠✲
♣♦s✐✉♠ ❙❡r✐❡s✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ♣✳ ✷✵✵✾✕✷✷✷✵✳
❉❡✈✐♥❡✱ ▼✳❉✳✱ P❤❧♦❡♠ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❘❡✈ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✹✿✶✾✶✕

✷✶✸✱ ✶✾✽✾✳
❉❡✈✐♥❡✱ ▼✳❉✳❀ ❇❡st♠❛♥✱ ❍✳❉✳ ✫ ❱❛♥❞❡♥ ❇♦r♥✱ ❲✳❍✳✱ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❜❛✲
s✐s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❤❧♦❡♠ ♠♦❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ♦❢ ❝❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❧♦♣②r❛❧✐❞✳
❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✽✿✶✕✾✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❉❡✈✐♥❡✱ ▼✳❉✳ ✫ ❱❛♥❞❡♥ ❇♦r♥✱ ❲✳❍✳✱ ❆❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s♣♦rt ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥ts✳

■♥✿ ●r♦✈❡r✱ ❘✳ ✫ ❈❡ss♥❛✱ ❆✳❏✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈❤❡♠✐str② ♦❢
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✶✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✾✕✶✹✵✳
❉②❡r✱ ❲✳❊✳❀ ❍❡ss✱ ❋✳❉✳❀ ❍♦❧t✱ ❏✳❙✳ ✫ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳✱ P♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❜❡♥❡✜ts ❛♥❞
r✐s❦s ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t ❝r♦♣s ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❜✐♦t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ■♥✿ ❏❛✲
♥✐❝❦✱ ❏✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❍♦rt✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❘❡✈✐❡✇s✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫
❙♦♥s✱ ✈✳ ✶✺✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ♣✳ ✸✻✺✕✹✵✽✳
●♦ttr✉♣✱ ❖✳❀ ❖✬❙✉❧❧✐✈❛♥✱ P✳❆✳❀ ❙❝❤r❛❛✱ ❘✳❏✳ ✫ ❱❛♥❞❡♥ ❇♦r♥✱ ❲✳❍✳✱ ❯♣✲
t❛❦❡✱ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠ ❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐♥ ❈❛✲
♥❛❞❛ t❤✐st❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛❢② s♣✉r❣❡✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❘❡s✱ ✶✻✿✶✾✼✕✷✵✶✱ ✶✾✼✻✳
❍❛rr✐s♦♥ ❏r✳✱ ❍✳❋✳✱ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t ❝r♦♣ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛rs✿ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✲
t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✻✿✻✶✸✕✻✶✹✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❍❛t③✐♦s✱ ❑✳❑✳✱ ❇✐♦tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♣❧❛♥ts✳ ■♥✿ ●r♦✲
✈❡r✱ ❘✳ ✫ ❈❡ss♥❛✱ ❆✳❏✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈❤❡♠✐str② ♦❢ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐✲
❞❡s✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✶✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✶✕✶✽✺✳
❍❛t③✐♦s✱ ❑✳❑✳ ✫ P❡♥♥❡r✱ ❉✳✱ ▼❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♣❧❛♥ts✳

▼✐♥♥❡❛♣♦❧✐s✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❇✉r❣❡ss P✉❜✳ ❈♦✳✱ ✶✾✽✷✳ ✶✹✷ ♣✳
❍❡ss✱ ❋✳❉✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣
t♦ ♣❧❛♥t t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐t②✳ ■♥✿ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳ ❲❡❡❞
P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣②✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✈✳ ✷✱ ✶✾✽✺✳ ♣✳ ✶✾✶✕✷✶✹✳
❍♦✛♠❛♥✱ ❖✳▲✳✱ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ s❡❡❞ tr❡❛t♠❡♥ts ❛s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❛♥t✐❞♦t❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱

✶✵✿✸✷✷✕✸✷✸✱ ✶✾✻✷✳
❏❛♠❡s✱ ❈✳❆✳✱ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❙t❛t✉s ♦❢ ❈♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❡❞ ❇✐♦t❡❝❤✴●▼ ❈r♦♣s✿ ✷✵✵✽✳
❚❤❡ ❋✐rst ❚❤✐rt❡❡♥ ❨❡❛rs✱ ✶✾✾✻ t♦ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❘❡❧❛tór✐♦ ❚é❝♥✐❝♦✱ ■♥t❡r♥❛✲
t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❆❝q✉✐s✐t♦♥ ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❜✐♦t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱
■t❤❛❝❛✱ ❊❯❆✱ ✷✵✶✶✳
▲✐❧❣❡✱ ❈✳●✳❀ ❚✐❧❧♠❛♥♥✱ ▼✳❆✳ ✫ ❱✐❧❧❡❧❛✱ ❋✳❆✳✱ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s

❞❡ ❛rr♦③ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦✳ ❘❡✈ ❇r❛s
❙❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ✷✺✿✽✼✕✾✹✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
▼♦♥q✉❡r♦✱ P✳❆✳✱ P❧❛♥t❛s tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✿ s✐t✉❛çã♦

❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✳ ❇r❛❣❛♥t✐❛✱ ✻✹✿✺✶✼✕✺✸✶✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
◆❡✐❣❤❜♦rs✱ ❙✳ ✫ Pr✐✈❛❧❧❡✱ ▲✳❙✳✱ ▼❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠ ♦❢ ♣r✐♠✐s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❜② ❜❛r♥②❛r❞
❣r❛ss✳ P❡st✐❝ ❇✐♦❝❤❡♠ P❤②s✐♦❧✱ ✸✼✿✶✹✺✕✶✺✸✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❖❜r✐❣❛✇✐t❝❤✱ ❚✳❚✳❀ ❑❡♥②♦♥✱ ❲✳❍✳ ✫ ❑✉r❛t❧❡✱ ❍✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t✐✲
♠✐♥❣ ♦♥ r❤✐③♦♠❡ ❥♦❤♥s♦♥❣r❛ss ✭❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❤❛❧❡♣❡♥s❡ ✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✇✐t❤ ❉P❳✲
❱✾✸✻✵✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✽✿✹✺✕✹✾✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❏✳❋✳❀ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ▲✳❘✳ ✫ ❘❡✐s✱ ❋✳P✳✱ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝❡❜♦❧❛ ✭❆❧❧✐✉♠ ❝❡♣❛ ▲✳✮ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐✲
r❡t❛ ❛♦ ♦①②✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡stá❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❈❡r❡s✱ ✹✹✿✶✕✶✻✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
◗✉✐♠❜②✱ P✳❈✳ ✫ ◆❛❧❡✇❛❥❛✱ ❏✳❉✳✱ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ❞✐❝❛♠❜❛ ✐♥ ✇❤❡❛t ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❞
❜✉❝❦✇❤❡❛t✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✶✾✿✺✾✽✕✻✵✶✱ ✶✾✼✶✳
❘❛❞♦s❡✈✐❝❤✱ ❙✳❀ ❍♦❧t✱ ❈✳ ✫ ●❤❡rs❛✱ ❈✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❡❝♦❧♦❣②✿ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ✇❡❡❞
♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ✺✽✾ ♣✳
❙❤❛♥❡r✱ ❉✳▲✳ ✫ ▼❛❧❧✐♣✉❞✐✱ ◆✳▼✳✱ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ♦❢ s❡❧❡❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠✐❞❛③♦✲

❧✐♥♦♥❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❙❤❛♥❡r✱ ❉✳▲✳ ✫ ❖✬❈♦♥♥♦r✱ ❙✳▲✳✱ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✶✳ ♣✳ ✾✶✕✶✵✷✳
❙❤❛♥❡r✱ ❉✳▲✳ ✫ ❘♦❜s♦♥✱ P✳❆✳✱ ❆❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥✱ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❛❜♦✲

❧✐s♠ ♦❢ ❆❈ ✷✺✷✱✷✶✹ ✐♥ s♦②❜❡❛♥ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮✱ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝♦❝❦❧❡❜✉r
✭❳❛♥t❤✐✉♠ str✉♠❛r✐✉♠ ✮ ❛♥❞ ✈❡❧✈❡t❧❡❛❢ ✭❆❜✉t✐❧♦♥ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐ ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞
❙❝✐✱ ✸✸✿✹✻✾✕✹✼✶✱ ✶✾✽✺✳
❙❤✐♠❛❜✉❦✉r♦✱ ❘✳❍✳✱ ❉❡t♦①✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳✱ ✭❊❞✳✮✳

❲❡❡❞ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣②✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✺✳ ♣✳ ✷✶✺✕✷✹✵✳
❙❤♦♥❡✱ ▼✳●✳❚✳ ✫ ❲♦♦❞✱ ❆✳❱✳✱ ❋❛❝t♦rs r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢

❜❧❛❝❦❝✉rr❛♥ts t♦ s✐♠❛③✐♥❡✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✶✷✿✸✸✼✕✸✹✼✱ ✶✾✼✷✳
❙♠✐t❤✱ ❆✳❊✳✱ ▼❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠ ♦❢ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❜② ✇❤✐t❡ ❝❧♦✈❡r ✭❚r✐❢♦❧✐✉♠ r❡♣❡♥s ✮ ❝❡❧❧
s✉s♣❡♥s✐♦♥ ❝✉❧t✉r❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✷✼✿✸✾✷✕✸✾✻✱ ✶✾✼✾✳
❲❛❧❦❡r✱ ❆✳ ✫ ❋❡❛t❤❡rst♦♥❡✱ ❘✳▼✳✱ ❆❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡
❛♥❞ ❧✐♥✉r♦♥ ❜② ♣❧❛♥ts ✇✐t❤ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ ❧✐♥✉r♦♥ s❡❧❡❝t✐✈✐t②✳
❏ ❊①♣ ❇♦t✱ ✷✹✿✹✺✵✕✹✺✽✱ ✶✾✼✸✳
❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s♦♥✱ ▼✳❑✳✱ ❈❛♥ t❤❡ r✐s❦ ❢r♦♠ tr❛♥s❣❡♥✐❝ ❝r♦♣s ❜❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞❄

❚r❡♥❞s ❇✐♦t❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✹✿✹✹✾✕✹✺✵✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❩✐♠❞❤❛❧✱ ❘✳▲✳✱ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧s ♦❢ ✇❡❡❞ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❙❛♥ ❉✐❡❣♦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝

Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ✹✺✵ ♣✳
✳
Capítulo 11
Comportamento dos Herbicidas no Ambiente
Maurílio Fernandes de Oliveira e Alexandre Magno Brighenti
1. Introdução
◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ t❡♠ ❢♦rç❛❞♦ ♦ ❛✉✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s
❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s
❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛♥t❡s✱ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♠❡❧❤♦r❛❞❛s✱ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦s ❛❞❡♥s❛✲
❞♦s✱ ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡✱ r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛s✱
❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳
❯♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s
❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❝♦♥t❡r ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱
❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s✳ ■st♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ à ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ár❡❛s
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❡ à ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❡ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛ ♠ã♦✲❞❡✲♦❜r❛ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ r✉r❛❧✳
❖ s♦❧♦ é ♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✱
s❡❥❛♠ ❡❧❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❆♦
❡♥tr❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s
❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝♦s q✉❡ r❡❣✉❧❛♠ s❡✉ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡st❡s
♣r♦❝❡ss♦s sã♦ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦✱ ❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦✱ ❛ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❢♦t♦❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✱
❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❡s❝♦rr✐♠❡♥t♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❛
❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❇❛✐❧❡② ✫ ❲❤✐t❡✱ ✶✾✼✵✮ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✮✳
❖ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❡ r❡t❡♥çã♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦
❡ ❞❡ss♦rçã♦✱ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦s
♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♣r✐♠❛r✐✲
❛♠❡♥t❡ à ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ✜s✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s s♦❧♦s ❡ s✉❛s ✐♥t❡rr❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠
♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦s ❡ ❛q✉át✐❝♦s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦
❜ás✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ r❡t❡♥çã♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦
s♦❧♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦✱ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❜✐ót✐❝♦s ❡ ❛❜✐ót✐❝♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r
♥❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡s ❢❛✲
t♦r❡s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦
s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛✱ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r✱ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ♦❝t❛♥♦❧✲
á❣✉❛ ✭❑ow ✮✱ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦ ✭♣❑a ✮ ♦✉ ❞❛
❜❛s❡ ✭♣❑b ✮ ❡ ❞❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ❍❡♥r② ✭❍✮ ❡ ♠❡✐❛✲✈✐❞❛ ✭t1/2 ✮✱ ♣♦❞❡rá ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❛s
264 Oliveira & Brighenti
❛çõ❡s ❞♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❡s ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r q✉❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s

r❡❞✉③❛♠ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳
◆♦s tó♣✐❝♦s q✉❡ s❡ s❡❣✉❡♠✱ s❡rã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❡❞❛❢♦❝❧✐♠á✲
t✐❝♦s✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦
❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s t❛♠✲
❜é♠ s❡rã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r ♥❛ s✉❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐✲
❡♥t❡✳ ❆♣ós ❡st❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✱ s❡rã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡
♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❡❞❛❢♦❝❧✐♠át✐❝♦s ❡ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡st❡s ♥❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ❉❡st✐♥♦ ❞♦s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦

❞❡ ❆♣♣❧❡❜② ✫ ❉❛✇s♦♥ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✳
2. Fatores Ambientais
❖ s✐st❡♠❛ s♦❧♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❢❛s❡s só❧✐❞❛✱ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ ❡ ❣❛s♦s❛✳ ❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ sã♦✿ á❣✉❛✱ ❛r✱ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❡ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦✳ ❆ ♣r♦✲
♣♦rçã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❛❢❡t❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❇r❛❞②
Comportamento dos herbicidas no ambiente 265
✫ ❲❡✐❧✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✱ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ♥❛s

♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛s ❞♦s
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s só❧✐❞♦✱ ❧íq✉✐❞♦ ❡ ❣❛s♦s♦✱ ♥✉♠ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ t❡①t✉r❛ ❢r❛♥❝❛✱ sã♦ ❞❡
✹✺✪ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧✱ ✺✪ ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✱ ✷✺✪ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ t♦t❛❧
❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❡ ✷✺✪ ❞❡ ❛r✳
◆♦ t❡rr✐tór✐♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ♥❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ▲❛t✐♥❛✱ sã♦ ♣r❡✲
❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ♦s s♦❧♦s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡♠♣❡r✐③❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦s ▲❛✲
t♦ss♦❧♦s ❡ ♦s ❆r❣✐ss♦❧♦s✳ ❊❧❡s ♦❝✉♣❛♠ ❡①t❡♥s❛s ár❡❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❡ sã♦✱
❛✐♥❞❛✱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ r❡s❡r✈❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♣r♦❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡ ♥❛
r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ à ♣r♦t❡çã♦
❛♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ P❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧♦❣✐❛✱
♦s s♦❧♦s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡♠♣❡r✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❣❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣r♦✲
♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❛❣r♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❜♦❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛
❡stá✈❡❧✱ ❜♦❛ ♣♦r♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛❧t❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❡❧❡s t❛♠❜é♠
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧t❛ t♦①✐❞❡③
❞❡ ❆❧✱ ❜❛✐①❛ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❞❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❜❛✐①❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❝❛t✐ô♥✐❝❛✱
❛❧t❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❛♥✐ô♥✐❝❛ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦s❢❛t♦✮ ❡ ❛❧t♦ ✈❛✲
❧♦r ❞❡ ♣❍P CZ ✭♣❍ ♥♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❣❛ ❩❡r♦✮✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡st❛s
♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡stá ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♦
❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❡❧étr✐❝❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ s❡✉s
s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦❧♦✐❞❛✐s ✭❋♦♥t❡s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
❆ ❢❛s❡ só❧✐❞❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛tér✐❛
♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✳ ❆ ❢r❛çã♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡✲
r❡♥t❡s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞❛s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♠♣❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠✳ ❆
♣❛rt❡ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ r❡st♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ❡♠ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐✲
çã♦ ♦✉ ❥á ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦st♦s✳ ❆s ❢r❛çõ❡s ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s sã♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦
♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡♥♦✈❛çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s
s✐st❡♠❛s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s✳
❆ ❢❛s❡ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ s❛✐s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❡
♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♣❡s♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s✱ ♣❡♣tí❞✐♦s✱ ❛çú❝❛r❡s
❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❤ú♠✐❝❛s ♥❡❧❛ ❞✐ss♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳ ❆ ❡st❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞á✲s❡ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡
s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ➱ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❛s ♠♦❧é✲
❝✉❧❛s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t❛s ❛ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s r❡❛çõ❡s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛s
♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❤✐❞r♦❣❡♥✐ô♥✐❝♦ ✭♣❍✮✱ ❢♦rç❛ ✐ô♥✐❝❛
❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ r❡❞♦① ✭❊❤✮✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ s❡ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s
❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡✐♦ ✭s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✮✱ ❝♦♠♦✱
♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❣r✉♣♦s ✐♦♥✐③á✈❡✐s✱ s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ s❡✉ ❞❡s✲
t✐♥♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡st❛rã♦ ♥❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞♦s
s♦❧♦s✳
❆ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r♦❝❤❛✱ ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ♣r✐♠ár✐♦s ❡
♠✐♥❡r❛✐s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s✱ t♦❞♦s ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛s ❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❛r✐á✲
✈❡✐s✳ ❖ ❡①❛♠❡ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦s s♦❧♦s ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ♥♦
t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✮✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ ár❡❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿

❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊▼❇❘❆P❆ ✕ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❆❣r♦♣❡❝✉ár✐❛
✭✶✾✽✾✮✳
❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❉✐â♠❡tr♦ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ➪r❡❛ ❙✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧
P❛rtí❝✉❧❛ ✭♠♠✮ ✭❣✮ ✭❝♠2 ❣−1 ✮
❈❛s❝❛❧❤♦ > ✷✱✵ ✾✵ ✶✶
❆r❡✐❛ ❣r♦ss❛ ✷ ✕ ✵✱✷ ✸✳✷✵✵ ✸✹
❆r❡✐❛ ✜♥❛ ✵✱✷ ✕ ✵✱✵✺ ✸✽✹✳✵✵✵ ✶✺✾
❙✐❧t❡ ✵✱✵✺ ✕ ✵✱✵✵✷ ✺✳✼✽✵✳✵✵✵ ✹✺✹
10 6
❆r❣✐❧❛ < ✵✱✵✵✷ ✾ ① ✶✵ ✽ ① ✶✵
❆ ❢r❛çã♦ ❝❛s❝❛❧❤♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r♦❝❤❛✱ é ❝♦♥st✐✲

t✉í❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❡❞❛ç♦s ❣r♦ss❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲
♠❛♥❡s❝❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♠♣❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ r♦❝❤❛ ♠❛❝✐ç❛✱ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ◆❛s
❢r❛çõ❡s ❣r♦ss❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛ ✭❛r❡✐❛ ❡ s✐❧t❡✮ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s
q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ♣r♦✈ê♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ r♦❝❤❛ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ✐♥❛❧t❡✲
r❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ q✉❛rt③♦✱ ❢❡❧❞s♣❛t♦s✱ ♠✐❝❛s✱
♣✐r♦①ê♥✐♦s ❡ ❛♥✜❜ó❧✐t♦s✳ ❖s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ❞♦s s♦❧♦s sã♦✱
♥❛ s✉❛ q✉❛s❡ t♦t❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s✱ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s✲
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡s✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ♣r✐♠ár✐♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦
❞♦ ✐♥t❡♠♣❡r✐s♠♦✳ ◆♦s s♦❧♦s ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s✱ ♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s sã♦ ♦s ❞❡ ❛r❣✐❧❛ s✐❧✐❝❛t❛❞♦s
❡ ♦s ♦①✐❞ró①✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❢❡rr♦ ❡ ❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦✱ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡✱ ❞❛q✉í ♣♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡✱
❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✏ ó①✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❋❡ ❡ ❆❧✑ ✳
❖s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❞❡ ❛r❣✐❧❛ s✐❧✐❝❛t❛❞♦s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s
❞❡ ❛r❣✐❧❛✑ ✱ sã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s✐❧✐❝❛t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦ ❤✐❞r❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ▼❣ ♦✉
❋❡✱ s✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ♦✉ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❆❧✱ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥✲
t♦s ❛❧❝❛❧✐♥♦s ♦✉ ❛❧❝❛❧✐♥♦✲❢❡rr♦s♦s ♥❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✳ ❖s ó①✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❋❡ ❡
❆❧ sã♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝♦♠♦
♦①✐❞ró①✐❞♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛✳
❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❞❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❛r❣✐❧❛ sã♦ ♦s s✐❧✐❝❛t❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛♠ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ s✐❧í❝✐♦ ✭❙✐✮ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❛
❝❛✉❧✐♥✐t❛✿ sã♦ ♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✶✿✶✳ ❈❛✉❧✐♥✐t❛ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡ ✈✐r✲
t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ s✐❧✐❝❛t❛❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❛s ✭❋♦♥t❡s
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❆ ár❡❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ tr♦❝❛s ❞❡st❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ ✜❝❛ r❡s✲
tr✐t❛ às s✉❛s ❢❛❝❡s ❡①t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s t✐♣♦ ✶✿✶
sã♦ ❛ ❝❛✉❧✐♥✐t❛ ❡ ❛ ❤❛❧♦s✐t❛✳
❆ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ♥♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ✶✿✶ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦
✐s♦♠ór✜❝❛ ♦✉ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❍✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♥❛s ❜♦r❞❛s
q✉❡❜r❛❞❛s ❞♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s ♦✉ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s✳ ◆❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✱
sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s à ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❡ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡s♣❡✲
❝í✜❝❛ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❞♦s s♦❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦✳
❆♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛✉❧✐♥✐t❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❜❛✐①❛ s✉♣❡r✲

❢í❝✐❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❝❛t✐ô♥✐❝❛ ✭❈❚❈✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛✱
♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
❉❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s t❡♠♣❡r❛❞❛s ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛s✲
s✉♠✐♥❞♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♥❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ♥♦s s♦❧♦s ❞❡st❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s✱ ♦s
♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✷✿✶ sã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❧â♠✐♥❛ ♦❝t❛é❞r✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❛❧❛❞❛
❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s t❡tr❛é❞r✐❝❛s✳ ◆❡ss❡s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s✱ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ✐ô♥✐❝❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛
❡str✉t✉r❛ ♠❛♥tê♠ ❛s três ❧â♠✐♥❛s ❥✉♥t❛s✳ ❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞♦s ♠✐♥❡✲
r❛✐s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦s ✷✿✶ sã♦✿ ❡s♠❡❝t✐t❛ ✭♠♦♥t♠♦r✐❧♦♥✐t❛✱ ❜❡✐❞❡❧✐t❛✱ ♠♦♥tr♦♥✐t❛✱
❤❡❝t♦r✐t❛ ❡ s❛♣♦♥✐t❛✮ ❡ ✈❡r♠✐❝✉❧✐t❛✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡

❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❇❛✐❧❡② ✫ ❲❤✐t❡ ✭✶✾✼✵✮✳
❈♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❙✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛
❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝át✐♦♥s ✭❝♠♦❧c ❦❣−1 ✮ ✭♠2 ❣−1 ✮
▼❛tér✐❛ ❖r❣â♥✐❝❛ ✷✵✵ ✕ ✹✵✵ ✺✵✵ ✕ ✽✵✵
❱❡r♠✐❝✉❧✐t❛ ✶✵✵ ✕ ✶✺✵ ✻✵✵ ✕ ✽✵✵
▼♦♥t♠♦r✐❧♦♥✐t❛ ✽✵ ✕ ✶✺✵ ✻✵✵ ✕ ✽✵✵
■❧✐t❛ ✶✵ ✕ ✹✵ ✻✺ ✕ ✶✵✵
❈❧♦r✐t❛ ✶✵ ✕ ✹✵ ✷✺ ✕ ✹✵
❈❛✉❧✐♥✐t❛ ✸ ✕ ✶✺ ✼ ✕ ✸✵
Ó①✐❞♦s ❡ ❍✐❞ró①✐❞♦s ✷✕✻ ✶✵✵ ✕ ✽✵✵
❆ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ✷✿✶ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ❢♦rç❛s ❞❡ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❲❛❛❧s✱
❝❛s♦ ♥ã♦ ❤❛❥❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✐s♦♠ór✜❝❛✳ ❙❡ ❤♦✉✈❡r s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✐s♦♠ór✜❝❛✱ ❛s
❢♦rç❛s ❡❧❡tr♦stát✐❝❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝át✐♦♥✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛
✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛♥tê♠ ❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ✷✿✶ ❥✉♥t❛s✳ ❆s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ✷✿✶ sã♦ ❡①♣❛♥sí✈❡✐s✱
♣♦✐s ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ♣♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✳
❆ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ♥♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ✷✿✶ s❡ ❞á ♣❡❧❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✐s♦♠ór✲
✜❝❛ ♥❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s t❡tr❛é❞r✐❝❛s ♦✉ ♦❝t❛é❞r✐❝❛s✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛r q✉❡
t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❝❛r❣❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❍✱ ♠❛s ❡st❛s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠
♠❡♥♦r❡s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s às ❝❛r❣❛s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ s✉❜s✲
t✐t✉✐çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳
❆ ♠♦♥t♠♦r✐❧♦♥✐t❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡s♠❡❝t✐t❛✱ t❡♠ s✉❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s
❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✐s♦♠ór✜❝❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❧â♠✐♥❛ ♦❝t❛é❞r✐❝❛✳
❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❢r❛❝❛ ❛tr❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝át✐♦♥s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❡①♣❛♥sí✈❡✐s ❡ ♣❡r✲
♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❛ á❣✉❛✱ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣❡♥❡tr❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❧❛♥♦s
❜❛s❛✐s ❡ ♣r♦✈♦q✉❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✳ ❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❛❧t❛
❡①♣❛♥sã♦✱ ❡ss❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧t❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡✲
✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s✳ ❆ ❈❚❈ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çõ❡s
✐s♦♠ór✜❝❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆ ✈❡r♠✐❝✉❧✐t❛ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐ ♣❡❧♦
❆❧ ♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ t❡tr❛é❞r✐❝❛✳ ■st♦ é ❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞♦ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥t❡ s❛❧❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❡✲
❣❛t✐✈❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❝❤❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ ❡ss❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧✳ ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦
í♦♥s ❞❡ ▼❣✱ sã♦ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❝r✐st❛❧♦❣rá✜❝❛s✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t❡s✱ ♠❛✐s ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ❥✉♥t❛s ❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s
❞♦ q✉❡ s❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦✲❛s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡
♠❡♥♦r✳ ❆ ✈❡r♠✐❝✉❧✐t❛ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❛r❣✐❧❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❈❚❈ ♠❛✐♦r
q✉❡ ❞❛ ♠♦♥t♠♦r✐❧♦♥✐t❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛
s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ à ❞❛ ♠♦♥t♠♦r✐❧♦♥✐t❛✳
❆ ❝❛✉❧✐♥✐t❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦r ♣♦♥t❡s ❤✐❞r♦❣❡♥✐ô♥✐❝❛s✱
♦ q✉❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ❛♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐r✲s❡ ❡ ❡①♣♦r s✉❛s s✉♣❡r✲
❢í❝✐❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s✳ ❈♦♠ ✐st♦✱ ♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ t❡♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❣✐r ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r
❝❛r❣❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛s ❢❛❝❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ❡ ♥❛s ❜♦r❞❛s q✉❡❜r❛❞❛s ✭❋♦♥t❡s ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ q✉❡ ✺✵✪ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❞❛s
❝❛r❣❛s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ❝❛✉❧✐♥✐t❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♣r♦t♦♥❛çã♦ ❞❡
♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ❡ ❤✐❞r♦①✐❧❛s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ❛ ❛❧t♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ✭♣❍ ≈ ✼✱✵✮✳ ❙❡ ♥ã♦
❡①✐st❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✐s♦♠ór✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❝át✐♦♥s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❞é✜❝✐t ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛
♣♦s✐t✐✈❛✱ ❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ s✐❧♦①❛♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❢r❛❝♦ ❞♦❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s✱
q✉❡ ❛tr❛✐ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞✐♣♦❧❛r❡s ♥❡✉tr❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ á❣✉❛✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ s❡ ❡①✐st❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✐s♦♠ór✜❝❛ ❡ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❡❣❛✲
t✐✈❛✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❝át✐♦♥s tr♦❝á✈❡✐s
q✉❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞✐♣♦❧❛r❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡
♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ t❡tr❛❡❞r❛❧✳
❖s ó①✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❢❡rr♦ ❡ ❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦s ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡♠✲
♣❡r✐③❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s✱ sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ❞♦s s♦❧♦s
❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡st❡s
s♦❧♦s✳ ❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ó①✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❢❡rr♦ sã♦ ❛ ❤❡♠❛t✐t❛ ✭♥ã♦ ❤✐❞r❛t❛❞♦✮ ❡ ❛
❣♦❡t❤✐t❛ ✭❤✐❞r❛t❛❞♦✮✳ ❆ ❣✐❜❜s✐t❛ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ó①✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦✳
❖s ó①✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❋❡ ❡ ❆❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛r❣❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ♦✉ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❞❡
❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❍ ✭❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❍✮✳ ❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡
❝❛r❣❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦s ó①✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❋❡ ❡ ❆❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦t♦♥❛✲
çã♦ ♦✉ ❞❡s♣r♦t♦♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s s✐t✉❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♠❛✐s s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧
❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦
❡①❝❡ss♦ ♦✉ ❞é✜❝✐t ❞❡ ♣rót♦♥s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦❧ó✐❞❡✱ s❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♠ ❝♦♠
♦ ♣❍✳ ❊①✐st❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♣❍ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣rót♦♥s ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦s
❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦①✐❞r✐❧❛s ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❝❛r❣❛s ♥❡❣❛✲
t✐✈❛s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛r❣❛ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ③❡r♦✳ ❊ss❡ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♣❍
r❡❝❡❜❡ ❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❣❛ ❩❡r♦ ✭♣❍P CZ ✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦
♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ó①✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❋❡ ❡ ❆❧ ✭❋♦♥t❡s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱
❛❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✭❆❧✈❡s ✫ ▲❛✈♦r❡♥t✐✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✮ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦
P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❙❛❧✐♥♦ ◆✉❧♦ ✭P❊❙◆✮✱ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♣❍ ❡♠
q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ s❛❧✐♥❛ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♥✉♠❛ s✉s♣❡♥sã♦ s♦❧♦✿s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♥ã♦
t❡♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♥❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳
❖ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r
❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦ ✭❈❖✮✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ❜✐♦♠❛ss❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥❛✱ ❢r❡s❝❛ ❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡stá❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❝♦♠✲

♣♦s✐çã♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡
❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ✺ ❛ ✺✵✪ ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦✐❞r❛t♦s✱ ✶✵ ❛ ✸✵✪ ❞❡ ❧✐❣♥✐♥❛✱
✶✵ ❛ ✷✵✪ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❡ ♣❡♣tí❞❡♦s ❡ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✺✪ ❞❡ ❢r❛çã♦ s♦❧ú✈❡❧ ❡♠ á❧❝♦♦❧
♦✉ ét❡r ✭❣♦r❞✉r❛s✱ ó❧❡♦s✱ ❣r❛①❛s ❡ ♣✐❣♠❡♥t♦s✮ ✭❙❛♥t♦s ✫ ❈❛♠❛r❣♦✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳
❆ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ r❡st❛♥t❡ é ❡str✉t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s
✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❤ú♠✉s✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡✱ ❛ss✐♠✱
✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠
❡ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❖ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❤✉♠✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✭❤ú♠✉s✮ é ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦
♠❛✐s ❡stá✈❡❧ ❞❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡
❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦❧✐❢❡♥ó❧✐✲
❝♦s ✭❢❡♥♦❧ é ✉♠ ❛♥❡❧ ❜❡♥③❡♥♦ ❝♦♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ✲❖❍ ♥♦ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ✶✮✳ ❊♠ ♣♦♥t♦s
❞♦ ❛♥❡❧ ❜❡♥③❡♥♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ✲ ❈❖❖❍✱ ✲ ❖❈❍3 ✱ ✲ ❈❍❖✱ ✲
❖❍✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❣r✉♣♦s ❛♠✐♥❛s ❡ ❛♠✐❞❛s✳ ❙ã♦ ♥❡ss❡s ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s
q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s r❡❛çõ❡s ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ♥♦s s♦❧♦s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✮✳
❆s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s à ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ sã♦ ♠✉✐✲
t❛s✳ ❆ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ t❡♠ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡ ✐♥❞✐r❡t♦ ♥❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❊♠ s♦❧♦s r✐❝♦s ❡♠ ♠❛tér✐❛
♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ❤á
♠❛✐♦r ♠✐♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ◆✱ P ❡ ❙✳ ❆ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡
s✉❜str❛t♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ♦①✐❞á✈❡✐s ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✜①❛çã♦
❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦✳ ❆ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝❛♣❛✲
❝✐❞❛❞❡ t❛♠♣♦♥❛♥t❡ ❡ ❛ ❈❚❈ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ❜❛✐①❛ ❈❚❈ ❞♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❞❡
❛r❣✐❧❛ ❞♦s s♦❧♦s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s✱ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠
♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✜s✐❝♦✲
q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ✫ ❈❛♠❛r❣♦ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s
❡ s✉❜tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s✱ ❛ ❈❚❈ ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡
♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❛ ❈❚❈ t♦t❛❧ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❛❢❡t❛ ❛
❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s tó①✐❝♦s ❡ ♠✐❝r♦♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡♠ s♦❧♦s
tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s✱ ♥❛ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡♠♣❡r✐③❛❞♦s ❡ á❝✐❞♦s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ é ❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦✳ ❆
♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ s❡✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s
❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ♣♦r♦s✐❞❛❞❡✱
❛ ❛❡r❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♥✜❧tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✱
q✉❡ sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s à ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳
❆s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❤ú♠✐❝❛s sã♦ ♠❛❝r♦♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✱ ❞❡✲
✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱
❝♦♠♦✿ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝♦s ✭✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✮✱
♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳
❖ ❤ú♠✉s é ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♠♦r❢♦✱ q✉❡ ❛ss❡♠❡❧❤❛✲s❡ à ❧✐❣♥✐♥❛ ✭❝♦♠✲
♣❧❡①♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❛r♦♠át✐❝♦s✮✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛❧t❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❡
❛❧t❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❍ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✮✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦
❝♦♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡①♣♦st♦s ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝❛s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠
❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❛♥❡❧ ❛r♦♠át✐❝♦✱ q✉❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❤✐❞r♦❢ó❜✐❝❛s✳
❊st✉❞♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❤ú♠✐❝♦s tê♠

❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ✈❛③✐♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡
♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ❛❧♦❥❛r✲s❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱ ❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝♦s ♦✉ ❤✐❞r♦❢ó❜✐✲
❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛r❜♦✐❞r❛t♦s ❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♣r♦t❡✐♥á❝❡♦s✱ ❧✐♣í❞✐♦s✱ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ♦✉✲
tr♦s ♣♦❧✉❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❡s♣❛ç♦s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s
✐♥♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛r❣✐❧❛s ❡ ó①✐❞♦s ✭❙❛♥t♦s ✫ ❈❛♠❛r❣♦✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❖s tr❛✲
❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ▼❛rt✐♥✲◆❡t♦✱ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ▲❛✈♦r❡♥t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠
❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❤ú♠✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦
♣❍✳ P❛r❛ ❡ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍✱ ❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❤ú♠✐❝❛s
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ❣❧♦❜✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ sít✐♦s ❤✐❞r♦❢ó✲
❜✐❝♦s ❡✱ ❝♦♠ ✐st♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r s✉❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛
s✉❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❛❧t♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦
❡♥tr❡ ♦s t❡♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ♥♦s s♦❧♦s ❡ ❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s
♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s ✭❡①✳✱ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♥ã♦✲✐ô♥✐❝♦s✮✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦
t❡♦r ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❢❛t♦r ❛ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐✲
❞❡r❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛✲s❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❉♦♥
❲❛✉❝❤♦♣❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❍á ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s♦❧♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s t❡♦✲
r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s s♦❧♦s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ t❡♦r
❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✶ ❛ ✹ ✪✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ s♦❧♦s
♠✐♥❡r❛✐s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦ t❡♦r ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦✱ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❛♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✜s✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦s s♦❧♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦
❛♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❞❡ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ♥♦s s♦❧♦s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s s❡r❡♠ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛
❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖s s♦❧♦s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❜❛✐①❛❞❛s ♦✉ ✈ár③❡❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛r ❛❧t♦s t❡♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❛ ✷✵✪✱ s❡♥❞♦
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✳
◆♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❛q✉♦s♦✱ ❛s ❛r❣✐❧❛s✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✱ t❡♥❞❡♠
❛ ❢♦r♠❛r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝♦❧♦✐❞❛✐s✱ ❝✉❥❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s sã♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ s✉♣❡r✲
❢í❝✐❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡t❡♥çã♦
❡ tr♦❝❛s ✐ô♥✐❝❛s✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝❛t❛❧ít✐❝♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥✲
③✐♠át✐❝♦s✱ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦✉ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❛çõ❡s✳
❆s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❡ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s ✉♥❡♠✲s❡ ❡♥tr❡ sí✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❛❣r❡✲
❣❛❞♦s ❡ t♦rrõ❡s✳ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s sã♦ ❛rr❛♥❥❛❞♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐✲
❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❛❞q✉✐r❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✳ ❯♠ s♦❧♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦
❜❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ r❡t❡r á❣✉❛ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ❞❡✲
✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s s❡❝♦s ❡✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ✉♠ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ s✉✜✲
❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ❛❧❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱
❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❡str❡✐t❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ ♣♦r♦s✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ q✉❛❧
❞❡✈❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ✉♠❛ tr♦❝❛ ❣❛s♦s❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛ ❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛s ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ❞❡
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ sít✐♦s ❛♥❛❡ró❜✐♦s✳
❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ t❡rr✐t♦r✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡
s♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❡♠ s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s
❢ís✐❝❛s ❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛s✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦s s♦❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❇ ❧❛t♦ssó❧✐❝♦ ♦✉ ▲❛t♦ss♦❧♦s sã♦
♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦s ❡ ♣♦r♦s♦s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ à ❡r♦sã♦✱ ♠❛✐♦r

❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦✱ ♠❡♥♦r ❢❡rt✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s
s♦❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❇ ✐♥❝✐♣✐❡♥t❡ ✭▲✐t♦ss♦❧♦s ❡ ❆❧✉✈✐❛✐s✮✳ ❖s s♦❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❇ t❡①t✉r❛❧
✭P♦❞③ó❧✐❝♦s ❡ ◆✐t♦ss♦❧♦ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐á✲
r✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❛❝✐♠❛ ✭❘❡s❡♥❞❡✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s
❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦s s♦❧♦s✱ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t❛s t❛♥t♦ à ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧
q✉❛♥t♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❝♦♠ s♦❧♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧
❡ ❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ s♦❧♦s✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s✱ q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❜✐♦❧ó✲
❣✐❝❛s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s
❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛✲
❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳
❆ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❢❡t❛ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦
❡ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ q✉❡✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ♥♦
♣❡r✜❧✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❡ ✢❛✲
③❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ▲❛t♦ss♦❧♦ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦✲❊s❝✉r♦✱ t❡①t✉r❛ ❛r❣✐❧❛✱ ❛té
✶✱✷✵ ♠✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♠❛③❛✲
q✉✐♥ ❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ✢❛③❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡
❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡ ❞♦ ♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲♠❡t✐❧ r❡❞✉③✐✉✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦✲
❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❲❛❧❦❡r✱ ✶✾✽✼✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ❛✉t♦r✱ ❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦s
♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠❡♥♦r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡
♣❍ q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s✳
3. Propriedades Físico-Químicas dos Herbicidas

❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s sã♦ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♦r✲
❣â♥✐❝❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣♦r r♦t❛s s✐♥tét✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♥❛✲
t✉r❡③❛✳
❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❝♦♠ ♥♦✈❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❜✉s❝❛♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♠❡♥♦r r✐s❝♦ ❞❡
❞❛♥♦s ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊st❛s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ♦❜t✐❞♦s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦s ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ♣❡♣tí❞❡♦s✳
❆♦ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r❡♠ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ♦✉ ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛✱ ♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❜ás✐❝❛✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ s✉❜st✐✲
t✉✐çõ❡s ♥♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❛t✐✈♦
s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❉❡✈✐♥❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ P♦r ✐st♦✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✈ár✐♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛
❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡
❛çã♦✱ ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✱ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛✱ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞♦s át♦♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠✱ s❡✉ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ❞❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛
❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s sã♦ ❛rr❛♥❥❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✲
✜❝❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❛s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❤✐♣♦tét✐❝❛ ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❤ú♠✐❝♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❙❛♥t♦s ✫

❈❛♠❛r❣♦ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✳
s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ♦✉ ❞❛s ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ sít✐♦

❞❡ ❛çã♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡s✲
tr✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦s✱
❡s♣❡❝✐❛çã♦✱ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳
❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♠♦✲
❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s é ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦
♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉s♦ ♠❛✐s r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳ ❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s
♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣♦r✲
t❛♠❡♥t♦ sã♦✿ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ✭❙✮✱ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ✭P✮✱ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡
❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ♦❝t❛♥♦❧✲á❣✉❛ ✭❑ow ✮✱ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦ á❝✐❞♦
✭♣❑a ✮ ♦✉ ❜❛s❡ ✭♣❑b ✮✱ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ❍❡♥r② ✭❍✮ ❡ ♠❡✐❛✲✈✐❞❛ ✭t1/2 ✮✳
3.1 Constante de equilíbrio de ionização do ácido ou da base

❊st❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s
❡♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍✳ ❆s ❢♦r♠❛s ✐♦♥✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ♥ã♦✲✐♦♥✐③❛❞❛s ✭♥❡✉tr❛s✮✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛
❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s
❡♠✿
• ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s á❝✐❞♦s✿ sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❝✉❥❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ✭♥❡✉tr❛s✮
sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❛r ✉♠ ♣rót♦♥ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛r í♦♥s ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛✲
♠❡♥t❡✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❢♦r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ♣❑a ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❢r❛❝❛ é
❛ s✉❛ ❢♦rç❛ á❝✐❞❛❀ ❧♦❣♦✱ ♠❡♥♦r ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✜❝❛r ❛♥✐ô♥✐❝♦✳

P❛r❛ ❡ss❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ s❡ ♦ ♣❍ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❢♦r ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ♣❑a ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ♥ã♦✲❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ✭♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✮ ❡
❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ✭✐♦♥✐③❛❞❛✱ ♥❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛♥✐ô♥✐❝❛✮ sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✳ ❙❡ ♦ ♣❍ ❞❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❢♦r ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ♦ ♣❑a ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦
❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥ã♦✲❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ s❡rá ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ♦✉
❛♥✐ô♥✐❝❛✳ ❖ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✭♥❡✉tr❛✮✱ t❡rá ❝♦♠✲
♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ às s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♥ã♦✲✐ô♥✐❝❛s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱
s❡ ♦ ♣❍ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❢♦r ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♦ ♣❑a ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ❛ ❝♦♥✲
❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥ã♦✲❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ✭♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✮ s❡rá ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❛ ❞❛
❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥✐ô♥✐❝❛✳ ■st♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ✉♥✐❞❛✲
❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ♣❑a ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ á❝✐❞♦✳ ❖ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱
✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥✐ô♥✐❝❛✱ t❡rá ♠❛✐s ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ❞❡ s❡r tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦ ❧✐✲
✈r❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛ ♥ã♦ s❡r q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❢♦r♠❡ r❡❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛çã♦✳ ❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❛s ✐♠✐❞❛✲
③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ❡ ❞❛s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ á❝✐❞♦s ❢r❛❝♦s ❡♠
s♦❧✉çã♦✳
• ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❜ás✐❝♦s ✿ sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❝✉❥❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ♥❡✉tr❛s ✭♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛✲
r❡s✮ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r ♣rót♦♥s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛r í♦♥s ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛✲
♠❡♥t❡✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❑a ✐♥❞✐st✐♥✲
t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s á❝✐❞♦s ♦✉ ❜ás✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r q✉❡ ❛
❡s♣é❝✐❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ♣r♦t♦♥❛❞❛ é ✉♠ á❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❜ás✐❝♦✳
P♦r ✐st♦✱ s❡rá ✉s❛❞❛ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ✭♣❑a ✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❜ás✐✲
❝♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❢♦r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♣❑b ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭♦✉
♠❡♥♦r ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♣❑a ✮ ♠❛✐s ❢r❛❝❛ é ❛ s✉❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❜ás✐❝❛✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ♠❡♥♦r ❛
❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✜❝❛r ❝❛t✐ô♥✐❝♦✳ ❙❡ ♦ ♣❍ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❢♦r ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦
♣❑a ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ♥ã♦✲❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ✭♠♦✲
❧❡❝✉❧❛r ♦✉ ♥❡✉tr❛✮ ❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ✭❝❛t✐ô♥✐❝❛ ♦✉ ♣r♦t♦♥❛❞❛✮ sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ s❡ ♦ ♣❍ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❢♦r ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ♦ ♣❑a
❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝❛t✐ô♥✐❝❛ ✭♣r♦t♦♥❛❞❛✮ s❡rá
♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❡✉tr❛✳ ■st♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠
✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ♣❑a ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❜ás✐❝♦✳ ◆❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✱ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ t❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s
❞❡ ✜❝❛r ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦
♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ▼❛s✱ s❡ ♦ ♣❍ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❢♦r ♠❛✐♦r
q✉❡ ♦ ♣❑a ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❜ás✐❝♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❡✉tr❛ s❡rá
♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣r♦t♦♥❛❞❛ ♦✉ ❝❛t✐ô♥✐❝❛✳ ❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛✲
r❛q✉❛t ❡ ❞✐q✉❛t ✭❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♠ô♥✐❛ q✉❛rt❡♥ár✐❛✮ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✲s❡
❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❢♦rt❡ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❡♠
s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❙ã♦ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦✱
❝♦♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❡ss♦rçã♦✳ ❏á ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦
❞❛s tr✐❛③✐♥❛s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❢r❛❝❛ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✳
• ❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❞♦❛♠ ❡ ♥❡♠ r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ♣rót♦♥s ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ sã♦

❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♥ã♦✲✐ô♥✐❝♦s✱ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❡♠
s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ▼❡t♦❧❛❝❤❧♦r✱ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥✱ ❡ ❊P❚❈ sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
♥ã♦✲✐ô♥✐❝♦s✳
3.2 Coeficiente de partição octanol-água (Kow )

❊st❡ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛
♣❡❧❛ ❢❛s❡ ♣♦❧❛r ✭r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ á❣✉❛✮ ❡ ❛♣♦❧❛r ✭r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✶✲
♦❝t❛♥♦❧✮✳ ➱ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♣♦✜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛✳ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❑ow
sã♦ ❛❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡①♣r❡ss♦s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❧♦❣❛rít♠✐❝❛ ✭❧♦❣
❑ow ✮ ❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛✱ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳
3.3 Solubilidade em água

❊st❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ q✉❡ s❡
❞✐ss♦❧✈❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ♣✉r❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❆ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❡♠ á❣✉❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛
♠❡s♠❛ ❡ ❛ á❣✉❛✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❤✐❞r♦❢í❧✐❝♦s q✉❡
♣♦ss✉✐❛ ❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ✭♠❛✐s ♣♦❧❛r✮✱ ♠❛✐♦r s❡rá s✉❛ ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❧❛ á❣✉❛✱ ❧♦❣♦✱
♠❛✐♦r s✉❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❙❡✉ ✈❛❧♦r é ❡①♣r❡ss♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❧✐❣r❛♠❛s ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
♣♦r ❧✐tr♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ✭♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✷✺o ❈✮✳
❆❧❣✉♥s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ❡ ❛s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❍ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳
■st♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✐♦♥✐③á✈❡✐s ❡♠ s✉❛
❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉❡✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❍ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ♣r♦t♦✲
♥❛❞♦s ✭❢♦r♠❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✮ ♦✉ ❞❡s♣r♦t♦♥❛❞♦s ✭❢♦r♠❛ ✐♦♥✐③❛❞❛✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡♠
✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦ s❡✉ ♣❑a ✱ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ✐♦♥✐③❛❞❛s✱
♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s♦❧✈❡♥t❡s ♣♦❧❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ á❣✉❛✳ ❆♦
❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ❡♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦ s❡✉ ♣❑a ✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛
♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r s♦❧✈❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❛♣♦✲
❧❛r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♦❝t❛♥♦❧✳ ▲❡❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✱ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s♦❧✈❡♥t❡
❡ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♥t❛❝❧♦r♦❢❡♥♦❧ ♥♦s s✐st❡✲
♠❛s ♦❝t❛♥♦❧✲á❣✉❛ ❡ s♦❧♦✲á❣✉❛✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡st✐♠❛r
❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❡✉tr❛✱ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♣❍ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❡ ❞❛
❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛✱ ♦✉ ♦ ♣❑a. ❊ss❡s ❡st✉❞♦s t❛♠✲
❜é♠ r❡❢♦rç❛♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ♦❝t❛♥♦❧✲á❣✉❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦
❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❍✳ ◆❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣❑a ❡ ❞❡ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠
á❣✉❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❛ ♣❍ ✺ ❡ ✼✳
3.4 Pressão de vapor

❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❡st❛❞♦ ♥♦r✲
♠❛❧ ♣✉r♦ ✭só❧✐❞♦ ♦✉ ❧íq✉✐❞♦✮✳ ❆ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r é ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❛
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡♠ q✉❛❧ t❛①❛ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛rá✳ ❆ ♣r❡s✲
sã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s✉❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦
♦✉ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ➱ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❛ s❡r

✉s❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r❡✈ê s❡ ❡stá ❡♥tr❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛
❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❡s✳ ❆ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ✈❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛s
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐✲
❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❡ ❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ á❣✉❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦✱ ❛❢❡t❛rã♦ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡
✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❈♦♠♣♦st♦s ❝♦♠ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r < ✶✵−8 ♠♠ ❍❣ ❡st❛rã♦ ♣r✐✲
♠❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛❞♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❝♦♠
♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r > ✶✵−4 ♠♠ ❍❣ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛rã♦ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ✈❛♣♦r✳ ❈♦♠♣♦st♦s
❝♦♠ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♥❛s
❞✉❛s ❢❛s❡s✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♣❍ s♦❜r❡ ❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s
s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ❡ ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❛s ✭❇❡②❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✼❀ ❆❤r❡♥s✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❍❛t③✐♦s✱
✶✾✾✽✮✳
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❙♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ➪❣✉❛
✭♣❑a ✮ ✭♠❣ ▲−1 ❛ ✷✺o ❈✮
♣❍ ✺ ♣❍ ✼
❈❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ❡t❤②❧ ✹✱✷ ✺✽✼ ✸✶✳✽✵✵
❈❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ✸✱✻ ✺✹✽ ✷✳✼✾✵
■♠❛③❛♣②r ✶✱✾ ❡ ✸✱✻ ✶✶✳✷✼✷
■♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ✸✱✽ ✻✵
■♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ✸✱✾ ✶✳✹✵✵
▼❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ♠❡t❤②❧ ✸✱✸ ✶✳✶✵✵ ✾✳✺✵✵
▼❖◆ ✸✼✺✵✵ ✸✱✺✶ ✶✽ ✶✳✻✷✼
◆✐❝♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ✹✱✸ ✸✻✵ ✶✷✳✷✵✵
❙✉❧❢♦♠❡t✉r♦♥ ♠❡t❤②❧ ✺✱✷ ✶✵ ✸✵✵
3.5 Fotodegradação ou degradação fotoquímica

❖❝♦rr❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♣❡❧♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉❧tr❛✲
✈✐♦❧❡t❛ q✉❡ é ♠❛✐s ❞❡str✉t✐✈❛ ✭❘❛❞♦s❡✈✐❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❡①❝✐✲
t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡❧étr♦♥s ❡✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥♦ r♦♠♣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s
❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ♥❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❢♦t♦q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐✲
♥❛❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♦❝♦rr❡rá s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❤♦✉✈❡r ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❡①❝✐t❛r s❡✉s ❡❧étr♦♥s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
3.6 Constante da Lei de Henry (H)

❊st❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❧❡✈❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♦ ♣❡s♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦
❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r✱ ❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛
s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ➱ ✉♠ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ❛r✲❧íq✉✐❞♦ ♦✉ ✈❛♣♦r✲❧íq✉✐❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦
❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦✿
H = Pi /Ci ✭✶✮
❡♠ q✉❡ Pi ❂ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❛r✲á❣✉❛ ❡ Ci ❂ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ♥❛
✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❛r✲á❣✉❛✳ ❱❛❧♦r ❞❡ H ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♦s s♦❧✉t♦s sã♦ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡
✈♦❧át❡✐s ❡✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ s❡✉ ✈❛❧♦r ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ i✳ ❯♠ ❛❧t♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛♥t❡
q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s✉❣❡r✐r q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❛❧❛çã♦ s❡r✐❛ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✈✐❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦
✭●r❛✈❡❡❧ ✫ ❚✉r❝♦✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦
❣❛s♦s♦✱ ❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛
❛q✉❡❧❡s ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ ❡ só❧✐❞❛✳ ❆ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❛s❡s é ♠❡❞✐❞❛✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❣ás ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛✱
s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡st❛ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❯♠
♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛s❡s é ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ❍❡♥r②✱
❛ q✉❛❧ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ ♣r❡ssõ❡s ♣❛r❝✐❛✐s ❜❛✐①❛s✳
4. Interações entre Fatores Ambientais e os Herbicidas e suas

Consequências Agronômicas e Ambientais
4.1 Retenção
❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ♣ré q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ♣ós✲
❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐✲
❧♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦❧ó✐❞❡s ♦✉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆ r❡t❡♥çã♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ à ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ r❡t❡r ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♦r❣â✲
♥✐❝❛✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ s❡ ♠♦✈❛ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③
❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆ r❡t❡♥çã♦ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ♣r✐♠❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦✱
♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♣❡✲
❧♦s ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ❡ é ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s
q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛✱ á❣✉❛s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s ❡ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ r❡t❡♥✲
çã♦ é ♦ ❢❛t♦r q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦
✭❑♦s❦✐♥❡♥ ✫ ❍❛r♣❡r✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳
❆ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞♦s ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❑♦s❦✐♥❡♥ ✫ ❍❛r♣❡r ✭✶✾✾✵✮
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢❛s❡s✱ ❞♦ t✐♣♦
s♦❧♦✲á❣✉❛ ♦✉ s♦❧♦✲❛r✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s r❡✈❡rsí✈❡✐s✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✲
✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❛tr❛çã♦ ❞❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣❡❧❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡
s✉❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ♣♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❊ss❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛
❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♣❡❧❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳
❉♦♥ ❲❛✉❝❤♦♣❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❛♣ós r❡✈✐s❛r❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ❡ ❘❡✲
❣✐t❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ s♦rçã♦ ❡ ❞❡ss♦rçã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦
s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦♠ ❝✐♥ét✐❝❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡ ❧❡♥t❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ ❡s✲
❝❛❧❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ♣♦r três ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❤á rá♣✐❞❛ ❡ r❡✈❡rsí✈❡❧ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞♦

s♦❧✉t♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ s♦❧♦✴á❣✉❛✳ ❊st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ♠✐✲
♥✉t♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ❤♦r❛s✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❧❡♥t♦
❞♦ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❢❛s❡s só❧✐❞❛ ❡ ❛q✉♦s❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡♠♦r❛r ❤♦r❛s✱ ✉♠ ❞✐❛
♦✉ ❛té ❞♦✐s ❞✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦✳ ❊st❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r r❡✈❡rsí✲
✈❡❧✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡❛çã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❧❡♥t❛✱ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❡♥✈❡❧❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱
é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐rr❡✈❡rs✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡♠♦r❛r ❞❡ s❡♠❛♥❛s ❛ ❛♥♦s ❡
♣♦❞❡rá ♥ã♦ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♦✉ ❞♦✐s
❞✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✏ ❜❛t❝❤ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥✑ ♦✉ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦✳
❊♥✈❡❧❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❛❝t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦
q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡s✳ ❖ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❡r✲
s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ r❡❞✉③ s✉❛ ❜✐♦❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊ss❡ ❢❛t♦ é
❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡❝rés❝✐♠♦ ♥❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❜✐♦❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❞❡ ❡♥✈❡❧❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡sí❞✉♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛
q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ s♦r✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ à ❞❡❣r❛❞❛✲
çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s✱ s♦rçã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ r❡❞✉③ s✉❛ t❛①❛
❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❜✐♦❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✳ ❘❡❣✐t❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✈❡✲
r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ❛❧t❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✵✱✵✶ ▼ ❈❛❈❧2 ❡ ♠❡t❛♥♦❧ ❛q✉♦s♦ ♥❛
❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❞❡ s✐♠❛③✐♥❛✱ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s♦❧♦s✱ s❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♥✲
tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡ss♦rçã♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡
❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❊ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♥❝❧✉❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❛ s✐✲
♠❛③✐♥❛ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❡♥✈❡❧❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❛s ❞✉❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱
❝♦♠♦ ❜♦♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛r s✉❛ ❜✐♦❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
P❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ s♦rçã♦✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛s
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❞❛ r❡❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦
❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s♦r✈✐❞♦ ❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛s
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦rçã♦✱ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦
❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ à ♠❛tr✐③ ❞♦
s♦❧♦ ✭❑♦s❦✐♥❡♥ ✫ ❍❛r♣❡r✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡ ❞á
♣❡❧♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞♦
❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s♦rçã♦✱ q✉❡ s❡rá ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ à ❢r❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❧✐✈r❡✱
❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐r ❛ ❢♦rç❛ q✉❡ ❣✉✐❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ r❡❛çã♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉ã♦
❞✐st❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡stá ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❞♦
♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s s♦r✈✐❞❛s ❞♦ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡stá✈❡✐s
❞♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡
♦❝♦rr❡r ❛ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♦✉ s✉❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❝♦✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❛r✲
tí❝✉❧❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r t❛✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦
♣❡❧❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✳ ◆❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❛ q✉❛♥✲
t✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞❛ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ s♦✲
❧✉çã♦❀ ♣♦r ✐st♦✱ ❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ é ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ t❡r♠♦ ♠❛✐s
❣❡r❛❧✱ s♦rçã♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ s♦rçã♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ s❡♠
❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❞s♦rçã♦✱ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ ♣r❡❝✐✲

♣✐t❛çã♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ à s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ ❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛
s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ s♦r✈✐❞❛ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ss♦rçã♦✳ ◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦s ♣r♦✲
❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❡ ❞❡ss♦rçã♦ ❡stã♦ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❡ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ✭❍❛ss❡tt
✫ ❇❛♥✇❛rt✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳
❙♦rçã♦✲❞❡ss♦rçã♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥✲
t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❢♦rç❛s ✐♥t❡r♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛tr❛✐r ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡✱
s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡tê✲❧❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ sã♦ ❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❤✐❞r♦❢ó❜✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦♥✲
t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ ❢♦rç❛s ❞❡ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❲❛❛❧s✱ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ✐ô♥✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦✈❛❧❡♥t❡s✱
❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧ó✐❞❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❇❛✐❧❡② ✫ ❲❤✐t❡✱ ✶✾✼✵❀
❍❛ss❡tt ✫ ❇❛♥✇❛rt✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳ ❆s r❡❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦rçã♦✲❞❡ss♦rçã♦ sã♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s
♣❡❧❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦s s♦❧♦s ❡ ❞♦s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡
✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❞♦ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣❡❧♦
❡♥✈❡❧❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❘❡❣✐t❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧
❡ss❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♦✉ s❡q✉❡str❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ sã♦✱ ❡♠
❣❡r❛❧✱ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❧❡♥t❛ ❞❡♥✲
tr♦ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ♣♦r♦s ❞♦s ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❞♦s s♦❧♦s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ❤✐❞r♦❢ó❜✐❝❛ ❞❡♥✲
tr♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❤ú♠✐❝♦s✱ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ♥❛s s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ♣♦r♦s
❤✐❞r♦❢ó❜✐❝♦s ❡ ❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ sít✐♦s ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡ss♦rçã♦ sã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♠❡✲
❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥✈❡❧❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s♦rçã♦ ❞♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✲❝♦❧ó✐❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦
q✉❡ ❡stá ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❏♦❤♥st♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳
✭✷✵✵✶✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❞✐♥♦s❡❜ ❡♠ ❛r❣✐❧❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ r❡t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❛r❣✐❧❛s✱
✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝r♦♠❛t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛❝❡ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❞❡
✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✱ ❡st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❛s r❡❛çõ❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡♥tr❡
♦s sít✐♦s ❛❞s♦rt✐✈♦s ❞❛s ❛r❣✐❧❛s ❡ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❖s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛
❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞❛ ❛tr❛③✐♥❛ ♣♦r ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣♦r ▼❛rt✐♥✲◆❡t♦
❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞❛ ❛tr❛③✐♥❛ ❢♦✐ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ❤✐❞r♦❢ó❜✐❝❛ ❢♦✐
♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ s♦rçã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦✳
❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✐st♦✱ ♦✉tr♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦✱ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ♣♦r ▲❛✈♦r❡♥t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮
❡ P❡✐①♦t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❞❡✜♥❡ r❡sí❞✉♦ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
q✉í♠✐❝❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞❛s ❞❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✲
tr✐③ ✭s♦❧♦✱ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ♦✉ ❛♥✐♠❛❧✮✱ ♥ã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♠ét♦❞♦s
q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❧t❡r❡♠ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❡ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ●❛♠❜❧❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❞✉❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✿ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ rá♣✐❞❛ ✭❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✷✹ ❤✮✱
♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✱ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❢❛s❡ ❧❡♥t❛✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦r ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❛
♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❤ú♠✐❝❛s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ t❡r♠♦
r❡♠♦❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r q✉❛❧q✉❡r r❛③ã♦✱ ♦ r❡sí❞✉♦ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❞❡

♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛ é s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛ ❢✉t✉r❛ ♠♦❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛✲
çã♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❝♦♠❡ç❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ s✉❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♠✉✐t♦
❧❡♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡♠ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ♠í♥✐♠❛✳ ❊ss❡ ❢❛t♦ é ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛
❞❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❧❡♥t❛ r❡❝✐❝❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛
♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ sít✐♦ ❞❡ s♦rçã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s✳
❆s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❜❛✐①❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ à ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦
❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❡ sã♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛❞❛s✱ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱
♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞❛s ♣♦r r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♦✉ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s
s✉❜s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧✳ ❚✉❞♦ ✐st♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛✲
❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ❞♦
s♦❧♦ ❡ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝♦s ✭▲❛✈♦r❡♥t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ P❡✐①♦t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣r✉✲
♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❝♦♠ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❧✐❜❡r❛r r❡sí❞✉♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ r❡t✐❞♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡✲
❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛✲♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦
♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡✲
♥♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦✳
❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛✲s♦❧♦✱ s❡❥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡
s♦rçã♦✲❞❡ss♦rçã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❋r❡✉♥❞❧✐❝❤✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r ❡♥s❛✐♦s
❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈❛✲
r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡st❛s
✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♥ã♦
❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♠❛s ❛s
♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♥✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ❛s
♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ sã♦ ✐♥t❡r❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳
❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s♦rçã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐r❡t♦s ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t♦s✳ ❆♠✲
❜♦s r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛q✉♦s❛s ❞♦ ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥✲
tr❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞✐r❡t♦
❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦✲
❧ó✐❞❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆♣ós ♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦✱ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ s♦r✈✐❞❛ é r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦
♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✈❡♥t❡s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ P♦r
♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✐♥❞✐r❡t♦✱ ♠❡❞❡✲s❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ s♦✲
❧✉çã♦✳ ❆ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞❛ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛
❡♥tr❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ r❡♠❛♥❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✭●r❡❡♥ ✫ ❑❛r✐❝❦❤♦✛✱
✶✾✾✵✮✳ ❖✉tr♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦rçã♦
❞♦s s♦❧♦s é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❡♠ ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞❡ ✈✐❞r♦ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ s♦❧♦✱
t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✐s❝í✈❡❧✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉✲
çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❞♦ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛ é ♣❡r❝♦❧❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛
❝♦❧✉♥❛✳ ❖ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ✭t♦♣♦ ❞❛
❝♦❧✉♥❛✮ ❛té à s❛í❞❛ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛✱ q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡❞❡ ✵✱✷ ♠✱ ♣♦❞❡
s❡r ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ✏ ❜r❡❛❦t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❝✉r✈❡✑ ✭❇❚❈✮✳ ❊st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦
❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣r♦tó①✐❝♦s
♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❢ís✐❝❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✲

✈✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❣r♦tó①✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ♥ã♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦
q✉í♠✐❝♦✴❢ís✐❝♦ ✭❇❛r✐③♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✐♥❞✐r❡t♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦rçã♦ é ♦
✏ ❜❛t❝❤ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐❛t✐♦♥✑ ♦✉ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐st❡
❡♠ s❡ ❛❣✐t❛r ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ s♦❧♦✴s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ♣♦r t❡♠♣♦
s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❆s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡①✲
♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦
s♦❧♦✴s♦❧✉çã♦✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡
♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❛ ❛❣✐t❛çã♦✳ ❊st❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r
❡❢❡✐t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♠❛✐♦r r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❣r♦q✉í✲
♠✐❝♦s ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ s♦❧♦✿s♦❧✉çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡str❡✐t❛ ❡ t❡♠♣❡✲
r❛t✉r❛s ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①❛s ✭●r❡❡♥ ✫ ❑❛r✐❝❦❤♦✛✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳
❱ár✐♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✭❍❛ss❡tt ✫ ❇❛♥✇❛rt✱ ✶✾✽✾❀ ❑♦s❦✐♥❡♥ ✫ ❍❛r♣❡r✱ ✶✾✾✵✮
tê♠ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞♦s ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐s♦t❡r♠❛
❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡✉♥❞❧✐❝❤✿
X = Kf C n ✭✷✮
❡♠ q✉❡ ❳ é ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦ ✭µ❣ ❣ s♦❧♦✮✱ ❈ ❛

−1
❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞♦ ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✭µ❣ ♠▲ ✮ ❡ ❑f ❡ ♥

−1
sã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❖ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❑f ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❛✜♥✐✲

❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦
♣❡❧♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❖ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♥✱ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ r❡❢❡r✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✶✴♥ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦
❝♦♠ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❙❝❤✇❛r③❡♥❜❛❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡
♥<✶✱ r❡✢❡t❡♠ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞❛ ❞♦
❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ t♦r♥❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❞✐✜❝✐❧ ❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❊ss❡
❝❛s♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s sít✐♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ sã♦ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞♦s
❡ ♦s sít✐♦s r❡st❛♥t❡s sã♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❛tr❛t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s r❡st❛♥t❡s✳ ❆♦
❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♥>✶ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s
♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❛❞s♦r✈❡♥t❡✱ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❢✉t✉r❛s ❛❞s♦rçõ❡s✳ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡
♥❂✶ r❡✢❡t❡♠ ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡
❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞❛ ✭❙❝❤✇❛r③❡♥❜❛❝❤
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❆ss✉♠✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ s♦❧♦✲s♦❧✉çã♦ ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛ é ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡♠ ❜❛t❡❧❛❞❛✱
❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡✉♥❞❧✐❝❤ é
♦ ❞❡❝rés❝✐♠♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ♥♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❑d ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥✲
❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ✐s♦t❡r♠❛ ♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠ ❝✉r✈❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ 1/n ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✼ ❡ ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡
✶✱✵ ✭❉♦♥ ❲❛✉❝❤♦♣❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ✐s♦t❡r♠❛s
♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r❡s sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❤✐❞r♦❢♦❜✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✱
❛❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s ♣♦r s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❛✐①❛s✳
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s♦rçã♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❡
❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❞♦❜r♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠✉✐t♦

❜❛✐①♦s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛rá ❢♦r♠❛ ♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r✱ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦
❜❛✐①♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ sít✐♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♥ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✶✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛✲
t❡st❡ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞❛ é ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ à s✉❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✱
✉♠ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❑d ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦✳ ❊ss❡ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❢♦r✲
♥❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❛❞s♦r✈❡♥t❡
✭❛r❣✐❧❛✱ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✮ ❡ ♦ s♦❧✈❡♥t❡ ✭✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ á❣✉❛✮✿
Kd = X/C ✭✸✮
❡♠ q✉❡ X é ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦ ✭µ❣ ❣−1 s♦❧♦✮ ❡ ❈ ❛
❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞♦ ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✭µ❣ ♠▲−1 ✮✳
❆ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s
q✉í♠✐❝❛s✱ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ s✉✲
♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❝❛t✐ô♥✐❝❛ ✭❈❚❈✮ ❞♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s
❞❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❛r❣✐❧❛✱ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♥✲
❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s✳ P♦r ✐st♦✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s✱
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❝❧✐♠❛ ❡ s♦❧♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ❛♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ✭❇❧❛♥❝♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✸✮✳
❆ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à s✉❛ ❛❧t❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝át✐♦♥s
❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✱ t❡♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ✷✿✶ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r♠✐❝✉❧✐t❛
❡ ♠♦♥t♠♦r✐❧♦♥✐t❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♠❛tér✐❛
♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✭❇❛✐❧❡② ✫ ❲❤✐t❡✱ ✶✾✼✵❀ ❙t❡✈❡♥s♦♥✱
✶✾✽✷✮✳
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❙✉♥ ❡ ❇♦②❞✱ ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❲❡r❦❤❡✐s❡r ✫ ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✱
❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡s ❝❛✉s❛♠ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s
❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ❡ ❛❧t♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦rçã♦✱ ♠❛s ❝❛✉s❛♠
❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ❡ ❜❛✐①♦s
❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦rçã♦✳ ❖ s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡ ❚r✐t♦♥ ❳✲✼✼✱ ✵✱✷✺✪ ✈✈−1 ❝❛✉s♦✉
❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠✐s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①♦s t❡♦r❡s ❞❡ ❈❖✱
❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ q✉❡❞❛ ♥❛ s♦rçã♦ ♥♦s s♦❧♦s ❝♦♠ ✶✱✼✪ ❞❡ ❈❖✳
❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s tê♠ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞♦s ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ t❛✐s
❝♦♠♦ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ❡ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ♦❝t❛♥♦❧✲á❣✉❛✳ P❛r❛
s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♥ã♦ ✐♦♥✐③á✈❡✐s✱ ❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r tã♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s❛ q✉❛♥t♦
♠❡♥♦r ❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡
♣❛rt✐çã♦ ✭❍❛ss❡tt ✫ ❇❛♥✇❛rt✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠
s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♦♥✐③á✈❡✐s✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♠♦str❛r✲s❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐tó✲
r✐♦s✱ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦
❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡
❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✭❇❛✐❧❡② ✫ ❲❤✐t❡✱ ✶✾✼✵✮✳ P❛r❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣♦✲

❧❛r❡s ✐♦♥✐③á✈❡✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡s ❢r❛❝❛s ✭❛tr❛③✐♥❡✮✱ ❢❛t♦r❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ s♦❧♦✱
❝♦♠♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ❡ ♣❍✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ s♦rçã♦ ✭❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✾✾✮✳
❆ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ s✉❛ ❛❧t❛ ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛tér✐❛
♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ t♦r♥❛♠ ♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦
✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❤✐❞r♦❢ó✲
❜✐❝❛s✱ ♥ã♦✲✐ô♥✐❝❛s ✭❑❛r✐❝❦❤♦✛✱ ✶✾✽✶✮✳ ❖ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ✭❑d ✮ ♣❛r❛
✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ♦r✲
❣â♥✐❝♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ s❡r✐❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ✭❲❛❣❡♥❡t
✫ ❘❛♦✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳ ■st♦ ❧❡✈♦✉ à ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦
♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦✱ ❑oc ✿
Koc = Kd /%CO ✭✹✮

❖ ❑oc r❡✢❡t❡ ❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ♦r❣â✲
♥✐❝♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❤✐❞r♦❢ó❜✐❝❛ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛✱ ♠❛✐♦r s✉❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❤✐❞r♦❢ó❜✐❝❛ é
❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✱
♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❑oc s❡rã♦ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s♦❧♦s✳ ❖ ❑oc t❡♠
s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛
❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ♦❝t❛♥♦❧✲á❣✉❛ ✭❑ow ✮✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♦❝t❛♥♦❧ s❡r✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦
❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❧✐♣♦✜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛ ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ▼❖ ❞♦ s♦❧♦
✭❙❝❤✇❛r③❡♥❜❛❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s ✭✶✾✾✷✮✱ ♦ ❑ow t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✲
❞✐❝❛❞♦r ❞♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❜✐♦❛❝✉♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✈✐✈♦s✳ ❖ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧
❞❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦❀ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✱ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦
♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❜✐♦❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és
❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛r✳
❖ ❑oc é ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛
tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊♠
❣❡r❛❧✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡
❞❡ s♦rçã♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❑oc ✮ sã♦ ✐♥✈❡rs❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦
♥❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ❛❞s♦rçã♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡st❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥ã♦
♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♦♥✐③á✈❡✐s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
❝♦♥tr❛❞✐tór✐♦s✳
❖s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦rçã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ í♥✲
❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❢❡r✐r s♦❜r❡ ♦
s❡✉ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s tê♠ ❜✉s❝❛❞♦ ♥♦✈♦s
♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r r✐s❝♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧✳ ◆❡ss❡
s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♥♦✈❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✱ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲

✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♥❛ s✉❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❡✱
♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❛❝❤❧♦r ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡❝❧✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ✭❑❤❛❦✉r❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✹✮
❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❍ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾✮ sã♦
❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s tê♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦
s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦
❞♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭●❡rst❧✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ▼❛❞❡ ❆♥♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ é r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛✐①❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛
❢♦rt❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ t❡①t✉r❛ ❡ ❞❛ r✉❣♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❞♦s t❡♦r❡s ❞❡ ó①✐❞♦
❞❡ ❢❡rr♦ ❡ ❞❛ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊ss❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s tê♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥♦
❝❛♠♣♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s✱ ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛
♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ é ❜❛✐①♦ ❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❢❡rr♦ é ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥t❡✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦rçã♦ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s
❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦s s♦❧♦s ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✈❛r✐❛♠ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦✳
❱❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ sã♦ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱
❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✱ ♣❍ ❡ t❡♦r ❞❡ ❈❖✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❞♦
♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❘❛♦ ✫ ❲❛❣❡♥❡t✱ ✶✾✽✺✮ ♦✉ ❞♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❛❞♦✲
t❛❞♦✳ ❆ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❛❢❡t❛ ♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❞♦s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛❢❡t❛
❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s♦rçã♦ ❡ ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ✭❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❖
❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❣❡r❛r s✉❜sí❞✐♦s út❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦
❞❡ ❞♦s❡s ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥✲
❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛ á❣✉❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦rr✐♠❡♥t♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛
❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❝♦♠
❛❧t♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛s ♣♦r ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧❡♥ç♦❧ ❛q✉át✐❝♦ s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡♦✳
◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦
♣❍ ❡ ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ♥✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✸✽ ❤❛ ❞❡ ▲❛t♦ss♦❧♦ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❞✐s✲
tró✜❝♦✱ t❡①t✉r❛ ❛r❣✐❧♦s❛✱ s♦❜ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠❛♥❡❥♦s✱ ♥❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r❡s
✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ❡ ❛❧t♦s t❡♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ♦♥❞❡
♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❧♦♥❣♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❊ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♣r♦❞✉③✐r❛♠
♠❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❑d ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛s
♥❛ ár❡❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✮✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧
❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❛ s♦rçã♦ ❡ ♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❞♦ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❞❡✲
♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✜s✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♣❍ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳
❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✜s✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♥❛ r❡✲
t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜✲
❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡✉♥❞❧✐❝❤✱ ❑f ✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ s♦❧♦✱ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳ ▼❛♣❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❑d ✭▲ ❦❣−1 ✮ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s

s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❑r✐❣✐♥❣✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡
✸✽ ❤❛ ✭❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳ ■st♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡✲

ríst✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♥✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ é ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❛❣✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞♦ ♣❍✱ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥✲
tr❛çã♦ s❛❧✐♥❛ ♦✉ ❢♦rç❛ ✐ô♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ó①✐❞♦✲r❡❞✉çã♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦✱ ♥❛
r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ❡ ♠❛✲
tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❛♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❑f
❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❥✉st❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ✭■♥♦✉❡
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✱ ❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❡♠
❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ ▲❛t♦ss♦❧♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ❡ ▼❖ é ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❡♠
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✳ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍
❛❝❛rr❡t❛r❛♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❑d ❡♠ ❜❛✐①♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â✲
♥✐❝❛✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❛♠♦str❛s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✱
❛✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ r❡❞✉③✐r❛♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❑d ✳ ❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❛✉✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①♦s ❡ ❛❧t♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ❛❢❡t♦✉
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❑d ✳ ❖ t❡♦r ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡✉ ❛✉✲
♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♣❍✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦s
✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍✱ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ r❡❞✉③✐✉ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦
❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✳
❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✐st♦✱ ❡st✉❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✭●♦♥❡s❡ ✫ ❲❡❜❡r✱ ✶✾✾✽✮ ❞❡s✲
❝r❡✈❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❞♦s❡s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ sã♦ ❡s♣❡✲
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❑d ♣❛r❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❡♠ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠♦

s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ✭❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❝✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛

t❡①t✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❍
❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛♥t❡s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛ é ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛
♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❊ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s
❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦
s♦❧♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❝r❡s✲
❝❡♥t❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧✱ t❛♥t♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às q✉❡stõ❡s r❡s✐❞✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s
s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡s q✉❛♥t♦ à ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐♦s ❡ ❧❛❣♦s✳ ❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐✲
❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ▲❛t♦ss♦❧♦s ♥❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞♦s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s á❝✐❞♦s ❢r❛❝♦s✿ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥✱
♣r♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡ ♣❡♥t❛❝❧♦r♦❢❡♥♦❧ é ❜❡♠ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮❀
❍②✉♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮❀ ❍②✉♥ ✫ ▲❡❡ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊st❡ ❛✉t♦r❡s
❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✜s✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦
❡ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❞❡ ❛r❣✐❧❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ tr♦❝❛ ❛♥✐ô♥✐❝❛✱ tr♦❝❛ ❝❛t✐ô♥✐❝❛✱
♣❍✱ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s❛❧✐♥♦ ♥❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞❡st❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✳
4.2 Lixiviação
❖ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ á❣✉❛ ❞♦
s♦❧♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♣❡r❝♦❧❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ s❡r ❧✐①✐✈✐❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❧✐✈r❡ ♦✉ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✱
❝♦♠♦ ❛r❣✐❧❛s✱ á❝✐❞♦s ❢ú❧✈✐❝♦s ❡ ❤ú♠✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♣❡s♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛♠✐♥♦á✲
❝✐❞♦s✱ ♣❡♣tí❞❡♦s ❡ ❛çú❝❛r❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❆ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛s s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡✲
ríst✐❝❛s ✜s✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❝❧✐♠❛✳
❖s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ sã♦ s✉❛ r❡✲
t❡♥çã♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦❧ó✐❞❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦ ♣❍ ❡ ♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦
s♦❧♦ ❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ r❡♠♦❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛ t♦♣♦❣r❛✜❛ ♦✉ ❞❡❝❧✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ár❡❛✱ ❛ ✐♥✲
t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝❤✉✈❛ ♦✉ ✐rr✐❣❛çã♦ ❛♣ós ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦
♠❛✐♦r ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦❧ó✐❞❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱
♠❡♥♦r s✉❛ ❞❡ss♦rçã♦✱ ♠❡♥♦r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦♣❡♥s❛
à ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♥ã♦✲✐ô♥✐❝♦s✱
♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ é ♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s s❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛
❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ♣❍ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡✲
♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❛s
tr✐❛③✐♥❛s tê♠ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♠❡♥♦r ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s á❝✐❞♦s ❞♦ q✉❡
❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❞♦ ♥❡✉tr♦ ♦✉ ❛❧❝❛❧✐♥♦s ✭❋r✉❤st♦r❢❡r
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❑♦s❦✐♥❡♥ ✫ ❈❧❛②✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❆s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❛❧❝❛❧✐♥♦s ✭❇❧❛✐r ✫ ▼❛rt✐♥✱ ✶✾✽✽❀
❙♠✐t❤✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❆ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡❢❡✐t♦
❞✐r❡t♦ ♥❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ♣♦✐s r❡❞✉③ ❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✳ ❖
t❡♦r ❞❡ á❣✉❛ é ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠
s♦❧♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ❡✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❢♦rt❡ ❝❤✉✈❛ ♦✉ ✐rr✐❣❛çã♦✳
❖ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ ár❡❛s ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛❞❛s✱
❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♠❛✐s
♣❧❛♥❛s✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝❤✉✈❛ é ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ t❡rr❛s ❞❡ ❜❛✐✲
①❛❞❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦❞❡ ❤❛✈❡r ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❝❤✉✈❛s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s
❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡♥s❛s✱ q✉❡ s✉♣❡r❛♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✜❧tr❛çã♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱
♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛r ♠❛✐s ♣❡r❞❛s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ s✉✲
♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ✭r✉♥♦✛ ✮✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ✐♥✜❧tr❛çã♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❧♦❣♦✱ s✉❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦✳
❖s ❢❛t♦r❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ s❡✉ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦
s♦❧♦ sã♦✿ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✜s✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠
á❣✉❛✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦s✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧❡ ❡st❛rá ❞✐ss♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r
♠❛✐s ❛rr❛st❛❞♦✳ ❆ r❡❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❡stá ❧✐❣❛❞❛ às s✉❛s ❝❛r❣❛s
✐ô♥✐❝❛s ♦✉ r❡s✐❞✉❛✐s✳ ❯♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❣❛ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧
♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❝♦❧ó✐❞❡s
❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡stá ♠❡♥♦s s✉❥❡✐t♦ à ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦✳ P❡q✉❡♥❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛
❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦✉ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r s✉❛ ♠♦❜✐❧✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣r♦♠❡tr②♥❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ q✉✐♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡
à ♣r♦♣❛③✐♥❛✱ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♣r♦♣❡♥s♦ à ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ✭❆❜❡r✲

♥❛t❤②✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❆s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ést❡r ❞♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❡ ❞♦ ❝❤❧♦r❛♠❜❡♥ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠
♠❡♥♦r ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ s❛❧✳
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠❛✐♦r
r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s✳ ■st♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦s ♠❛✐s ♣❡rs✐s✲
t❡♥t❡s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦s ❡ ♠❡♥♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛✲
❞❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ❧❡♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦
s♦❧♦✳
❖ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ t❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ s✉❛ ♣❡r✲
❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ P❡q✉❡♥❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ é ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦❞❡ t♦r♥❛r ♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ♠♦✈❡♥❞♦✲♦ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❡stã♦
❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱
❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛✲
çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ár❡❛ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♥♦s ✺ ❝♠ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳
❊st❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ é ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❛❣❡♠
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♦✉ s♦❜r❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛
♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛✳ ❖ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✱ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✹ ♠❣
▲−1 ❛ ✷✺o ❈✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦✱ ♥ã♦
✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✺ ❝♠ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ s♦❧♦ s❡❝♦
♦✉ ú♠✐❞♦✳ ❖ ♠❡tr✐❜✉③✐♥✱ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✶✳✶✵✵ ♠❣ ▲−1 ❛ ✷✺o ❈✱ q✉❛♥❞♦
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ P♦❞③ó❧✐❝♦ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦✲❆♠❛r❡❧♦ ❝â♠❜✐❝♦✱ ❢❛s❡ t❡rr❛ç♦✱ ✉❧tr❛✲
♣❛ss♦✉ ♦s ✺ ❝♠ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ❛♣ós s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛ ❞❡ ✹✺ ❡
✾✵ ♠♠✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡tr✐❜✉③✐♥ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ❛❢❡t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ t❡♦r
❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛ ❛♣ós
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡st❛r❡♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
❝♦♠ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❝♦❧ó✐❞❡s sã♦
❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✢✉①♦ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✳
❆ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ ❡stá ❧♦❝❛❧✐✲
③❛❞❛ ❛ s❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♦✉ ♣❛rt❡s ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦
♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ❝❛s♦s
❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♥ã♦ é t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡✳ ❆ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t❤❛✲
❧✐♥ ❡♠ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ à s✉❛ ❜❛✐①❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱
❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❛té ♣ró①✐♠♦ às s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡♠
❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♦✉ às r❛í③❡s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❥úr✐❛s✳ ❈♦♥tr❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡
❛♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛s✲
❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✢✉①♦ ❝❛♣✐❧❛r✱
❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s q✉❡♥t❡s✱ s♦❜ ✐rr✐❣❛çã♦ ✭▼❛♥✲
❣❡❧s✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳
❆ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡✲
s❡❥á✈❡❧ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ r❡sí❞✉♦ ❢♦r ♣r♦♣❡♥s♦ ❛ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ✐♥❥úr✐❛ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ é ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲

çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✈✐s❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛
❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s❡r ❛rr❛st❛❞♦ ❛té ♦
❧❡♥ç♦❧ ❢r❡át✐❝♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛r ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s✳ ◆♦s ❊st❛✲
❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❡ ♥❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛✱ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s ❡♠
❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❞♦ s✉❜s♦❧♦ sã♦ ❛tr❛③✐♥❛ ❡ ❛❧❛❝❤❧♦r ✭❇✉s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ ❘✐tt❡r✱
✶✾✾✵❀ ❑✐❧❧❡❡♥✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❑♦❧♣✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝❛✱ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦
❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛
♣r❡❞✐③❡r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✳ ❖ ✐♥t❡♥s♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐✲
❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❣rã♦s ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rr❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ t❡♠ s✐❞♦
❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣♦❧✉✐❞♦r ❞❡ á❣✉❛s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s✳ ◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❡s✲
t✉❞♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ▲❛❛❜s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❡
❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❧❛r❡s ❡♠ s✉❜s♦❧♦s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s✱ ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s
❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❝✉rt♦ ❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣r❛③♦s✳ ❊st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛
❞❡ ❛❧❛❝❤❧♦r✱ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡✱ ♠❡t♦❧❛❝❤❧♦r✱ s✐♠❛③✐♥❡ ❡ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ ♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡
♥♦ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛❞♦✱ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❧✐sí♠❡tr♦s ❝♦♠ ✾✺ ❝♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❡s tr❛✲
❜❛❧❤♦s s✉❣❡r❡♠ q✉❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s
❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s ❞♦
❇r❛s✐❧ ✭▲❛❛❜s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❆ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❛♠♦str❛✲
❣❡♠ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ ❡st✉❞♦s
❝♦♠ ❧✐s✐♠❡tr♦s✳ ❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦
❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❞♦s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦
❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦✳ ❊st❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s
❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♠♦str❛❞❛✳ P❛r❛ s♦❧♦s
❝♦♠ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝♦❧❛çã♦✱ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦s ❡♠ á❣✉❛
♣❡r❝♦❧❛❞❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❧✐sí♠❡tr♦s✳
❆ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❡ s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♠ ▲❛t♦ss♦❧♦ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✲❞✐stró✜❝♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦
❝♦♠ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❢♦✐
❡st✉❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❈❛♠✐❧♦ ❞❡ ▲❡❧✐s ❚✳ ❞❡ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡ ✭✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✮ ❡♠ ❙❡t❡
▲❛❣♦❛s✱ ▼●✱ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✸✳ ◆❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ✷ µ❣ ▲−1 ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s é♣♦❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠
❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ✐rr✐❣❛çã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♦✉ ❝♦♠
❞é✜❝✐t✳ ❖s ♣✐q✉❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥❛ á❣✉❛ ❢♦r❛♠
❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛♦ ✢✉①♦ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣♦r♦s
❣r❛♥❞❡s ♦✉ ❞❡ ♦r✐❢í❝✐♦s ❞❡✐①❛❞♦s ♣♦r r❛í③❡s ❡ ♠❡s♦❢❛✉♥❛✱ ❝♦♠✉♥s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦s ♣✐q✉❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✱ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❛tr❛③✐♥❡ r❡♠♦✈✐❞❛✱ ✈✐❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❝❤❡❣♦✉ ❛ ✶✪ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✱
✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐
❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝r♦♠❛tó❣r❛❢♦✱ ♦✉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡✉ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦✳
4.3 Degradação
❈♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
✐❞❡❛❧ é ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦r t❡♠♣♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♣♦ré♠
♥ã♦ tã♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛ às ❝✉❧t✉r❛s s✉s❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s q✉❡ ✈❡♥❤❛♠ ❡♠
r♦t❛çã♦✴s✉❝❡ssã♦✳
❆ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛
❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♣♦r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ✭❢♦t♦❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦✮✱ q✉í♠✐❝♦s ✭♦①✐❞❛çã♦✲
r❡❞✉çã♦✱ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡✱ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❛✐s ✐♥s♦❧ú✈❡✐s ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s q✉í✲
♠✐❝♦s✮ ♦✉ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✭❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✮✳ ❆ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦
❣❡r❛❧✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣♦r r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦ ❞♦s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳
❆s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s sã♦ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s
♥❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳
❆ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ à ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡✲
t❡r♠✐♥❛rá✱ ❡♠ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦
♠❡✐♦✳ ❆ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛
❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ t❡♠ ♣❛r❛ r❡t❡r ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛
❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s✱ q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥♦
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳
❋♦t♦❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ♦✉ ❢♦tó❧✐s❡ é ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♣❡❧❛
r❛❞✐❛çã♦ s♦❧❛r✳ ❆s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❜s♦r✈❡r ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r
❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧✉③✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞❛ é ❞✐ss✐♣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛
q✉❡❜r❛ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ♥❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠
s❡r r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦t♦❞❡❝♦♠♣♦st♦s sã♦ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥✱ ♥❛♣r♦♣❛♠✐❞ ❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t✱
❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ❢❡♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s♦❢r❡r ❢♦t♦❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐✲
❞❛s ❛ ❧♦♥❣♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❧✉③✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ q✉❡ sã♦
r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦t♦❞❡❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠
❡❢❡t✐✈♦s✳
❆ ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
♦♥❞❛ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ✸✵✵ ♥♠ é ❞❡s♣r❡③í✈❡❧ ✭❘❡✐❝❤❛r❞t✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡
❛❜s♦r✈❡♠ ❧✉③ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ♠❡♥♦r❡s q✉❡ ✸✵✵ ♥♠ ♥ã♦ sã♦✱ ♣♦r✲
t❛♥t♦✱ ❢♦t♦❞❡❝♦♠♣♦st♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✱ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛
q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦t♦❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡
❛❜s♦r✈❡♠ ❧✉③ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✸✵✵ ♥♠✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠✲
♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❢♦t♦❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ q✉❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❜s♦r✈❡r ❧✉③
❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❛ ✸✵✵ ♥♠✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♣♦✉❝❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❡♠
á❣✉❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛ ❡♠ r✐♦✳ ❊st❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ à ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❛ ❧✉③ ♣♦r
♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ á❣✉❛✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s
❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ r❡❛t✐✈♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛r ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
❙❡✱ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ ❢♦t♦❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❜❡♥é✜❝❛✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛
♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥✲
❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦❝♦rr❡r r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
P❛r❛ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s❡r ❞❡❣r❛❞❛❞♦✱ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ss❡ ❞❡✈❡

❡st❛r ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦✉ ❢r❛❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞✲
s♦r✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦❧ó✐❞❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦s
♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ r❡❛çõ❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s✳ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲
❞♦s à r❡♠♦❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡
❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✳
❈♦♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❞á✜❝♦✱
sã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♦s ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s s✉✲
♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ t❛♥t♦ ❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ♥ã♦✲❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s✳
❖ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s✱
❢✉♥❣♦s ❡ ❛❝t✐♥♦♠✐❝❡t♦s✱ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛r ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♦r❣â✲
♥✐❝♦s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛♠ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s
♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ é ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✱
❝♦♠♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛✱ ♣❍✱ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❢❡rt✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♥í✲
✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❞♦✐s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ár❡❛
t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ s♦❧♦ q✉❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡ ❛❧t♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦✲
❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❆ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦
♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❞✐st✐♥✲
t♦s✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛ ❡✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱
❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧✳
❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s r❡♣❡t✐❞❛s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❛t✐✈♦ ♥✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ár❡❛ ♣♦✲
❞❡♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡
❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ às ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s✱ ♠✉✐✲
t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛ é ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❞❛✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ rá♣✐❞♦
❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ s♦❜r❡♣♦♥❞♦ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ rá♣✐❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛
♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❤á ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛✲
çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ r❡❝❡❜❡ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛✳
◆❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❛çã♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♣r❡✲
s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s❡r✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡stí♠✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛
✐♥❞✉③❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛r ❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦
❛t✐✈♦✳ ❆ ✐♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ rá♣✐❞♦✱ ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛
❞❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❡♠ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❞✐❛s✳ ❖ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ❞❛ ✐♥❞✉çã♦ ❡♥③✐♠át✐❝❛ ❛té ❛
♣r♦❧✐❢❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ❧❛❣✳ ❆ ❞✉r❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❢❛s❡ ❧❛❣ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ♠❛s
t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s s❡♠❛♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
❢❡♥ó①✐❝♦s✳ ❆ ❢❛s❡ ❧❛❣ t❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱
❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s ❡ ❛❝❡t❛♥✐❧✐❞❛s ✭❆♣♣❧❡❜② ✫ ❉❛✇s♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳
❖ rá♣✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛r r❛✲
♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✑ ✳ ❊ss❡
❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❞✉r❛r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r✱
✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡✱ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ❖ ✏ ❡♥r✐q✉❡✲
❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✑ é ❢❛t♦r ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠
♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ t❡r ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣rát✐❝♦ ♦✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s

♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✭▲❡✐str❛ ✫ ●r❡❡♥✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ ❘❛❞♦s❡✈✐❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✾✼✮ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ r❡✲
♣❡t✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ár❡❛✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛
♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❞✐s❝♦r❞❛♥t❡s✳ ❆ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛
❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉❛♥t♦
♣❛r❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉í♠✐❝♦✳
❖✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛ é ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛
❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧✳ ❈♦♥tr❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ à ❛çã♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛✱
❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛
♠❛✐♦r ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ r❡❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♥✐st♦✳ ◆❡ss❡
❝❛s♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛✱ ❡ ♦s ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡✲
❣r❛❞❛♠ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡ ❡ss❡s ❡st✐✈❡r❡♠ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á
❢❛s❡ ❧❛❣✱ ♥❡♠ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ é ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s tr✐❛③✐♥❛s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ✉r❛❝✐❧❛s✱ ✉ré✐❛s s✉❜st✐t✉í❞❛s
❡✱ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡✲
❣r❛❞❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛ sã♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t❡s q✉❡
♦s ❞❡❣r❛❞❛❞♦s ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳
P❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s
❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞á✲❧♦s é ❡①t❡♥s❛❀ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✷✵ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛✲
♥✐s♠♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛r ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ✭❉❡✈✐♥❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ▼❡❧♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮
❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ q✉❡ ❢✉♥❣♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝❡r ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛
❛tr❛③✐♥❛ ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❛t❛t❛✲❞❡①tr♦s❡✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦✳ ❊ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠
q✉❡ ♦s ❣ê♥❡r♦s P❡♥✐❝✐❧❧✐✉♠ s♣✳✱ ❊✉♣❡♥✐❝✐❧❧✐✉♠ s♣✳✱ ❉❡r♠❛t✐❛❝✐✉♠ s♣✳ ❢♦r❛♠
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr❛③✐♥❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❝r❡s❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❜✐♦♠❛ss❛✳
❆ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ s❡❥❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♦✉ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ é ✉♠ ✐♠✲
♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛
♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛ ♥♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s
♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡✱ é ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛✱ s❡♥❞♦
✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❝❧✐♠❛✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛
❧♦❝❛❧ ❡ ❞❡ ❛♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ é ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❢❡t❛r t❛♥t♦ ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦r✲
❣❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ s❡✉ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❜✐♦❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✳ P♦r ✐st♦✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡
❞♦ ❛♥♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❱✐❝❛r✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✹✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡✐❛✲✈✐❞❛ ❞♦
❝❤❧♦rs✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ✸✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✱ ✈❛r✐♦✉ ❞❡ ✺✶ ❛ ✶✹✾ ❞✐❛s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦
❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦
♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ r❡♣❡t✐❞❛ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ às ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐✲
♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛❧✲
❣✉♥s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞♦s s♦❧♦s ❡ ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡
s❡r ❝❛✉t❡❧♦s♦✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s✱ ♣♦✐s

❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✭❲❛❧❦❡r✱ ✶✾✽✼✮✳
❖ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞♦s s♦❧♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦
❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♠í♥✐♠♦✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ Prát✐❝❛s
❝♦♠♦ s❡❝❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❛♦ ❛r✱ ❝♦♥❣❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥❣❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❛r♠❛③❡✲
♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❧♦♥❣♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡✈✐t❛❞❛s✳ ❊ss❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s
❛❧t❡r❛♠ ❞r❛st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❜✐♦q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s s♦❧♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✐♥❛t✐✈❛✲
çã♦ ❞❛s ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❡①tr❛❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣♦✲
s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s
♣♦r ❲❛❧❦❡r ✭✶✾✽✼✮ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❞❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛ ❡ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦
♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❢♦✐ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛♠♦str❛s ❢r❡s❝❛s ❞♦
q✉❡ ♥❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ s♦❧♦ q✉❡ t✐♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ s❡❝❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❛r ❡ r❡✉♠❡❞❡✲
❝✐❞❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦s s♦❧♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛
❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❡♠ ♣❡♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ♠❛❧❤❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ✜♥❛✳ ❊ss❡
♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡str✉✐r ♦s ♠✐❝r♦❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛
♠❛❧❤❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❡①❝❧✉✐r ❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❛r❡✐❛ ❣r♦ss❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆ ✐♥❝✉❜❛çã♦
❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó✲
❣✐❝❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❖2 ❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ♥♦s
r❡❝✐♣✐❡♥t❡s ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ s✉❣❡r❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦t❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛
✐♥❝✉❜❛çã♦✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s é
♣r❡❞✐③❡r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s❡✉ r❡sí❞✉♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ P❛r❛ ❛❣r✉♣❛r ❛s
❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛✲
tór✐♦✱ tê♠✲s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝✐♥ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦
❛ s✉❛ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝✐♥ét✐❝❛ ❞❡
♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♦r❞❡♠✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ é ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧
à ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿
dC/dt = −kC ✭✺✮

♦♥❞❡ ❈ é ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❛♣ós ♦ t❡♠♣♦ t ❡ ❦ é ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✳ ❯♠
❣rá✜❝♦ ❞♦ ❧♦❣❛r✐t♠♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ✈❡rs✉s ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ ❝♦♠
❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ à t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✿
lnC = lnCo − kt ✭✻✮

♦♥❞❡ ❈o é ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ t1/2 ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛
❞❡❣r❛❞❛r ✺✵ ✪ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ s✉❛ ♠❡✐❛✲✈✐❞❛✱ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦
❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❢♦r♥❡❝❡✿
t1/2 = 0, 693/k ✭✼✮

❖ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✐❛✲✈✐❞❛ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r t❛①❛s ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛✲
❞❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s❀ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦
✉♠❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡
❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆ ♠❡✐❛✲✈✐❞❛ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡
q✉❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛çõ❡s ❝✐♥ét✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛
♦r❞❡♠✱ r❡str✐♥❣✐♥❞♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✳ ❊ss❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦
é t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥✲
t❛✐s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦
❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♥❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡
❞✐ss✐♣❛çã♦ ♥❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✳
❙✐❧✈❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞♦ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❡ tr✐✢✉✲
r❛❧✐♥ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦s ❝♦♠ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉ q✉❡ ♦s r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❡
✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r❛♠ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❜✐♦♠❛ss❛ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞♦
♠✐❧❤♦✱ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❞♦s❡s✱ ❛té ✻✵ ❞✐❛s ❛♣ós ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❉❆❆✮✳
P❛r❛ ❛s ❞♦s❡s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✶✽✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ✜t♦tó①✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❛té ✾✵
❉❆❆✳ P❛r❛ ❛s r❛í③❡s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❢♦✐ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛❞♦ ❡✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛
♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✶✷✵ ❉❆❆✱ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ♣❡s♦ ❞❡✐①♦✉ ❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦
❡ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦s r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❡ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦
♠❛♥✐❢❡st♦✉✲s❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛s r❛í③❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡
❛ér❡❛✱ ❝♦♠ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧ ❛té ♦s ✶✺✵ ❉❆❆✳
❍á ❡♥♦r♠❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❛çõ❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❛♠❜✐✲
❡♥t❡ s♦❧♦✳ ❆ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s r❡❛çõ❡s✱
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦①✐❞❛çã♦✱ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡❧❡✲
✈❛❞❛s ❡ ❜♦❛ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛s r❡❛çõ❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱
✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡①tr❡♠♦s ❞❡ ♣❍ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛r ♥♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛ s❡❥❛
♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s tr✐❛③✐♥❛s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❡❧✐✲
♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ át♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ tr✐❛③✐♥❛✳ ❆ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s s✉❧❢♦♥✐❧✉ré✐❛s ✭❙♠✐t❤✱
✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❆ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✢❛③❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍
❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♠♦str♦✉✲s❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♣❍✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ✭❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱
❛ ♠❡✐❛✲✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛q✉♦s❛ ✈❛r✐♦✉ ❞❡ ✵✱✻✼ ❤♦r❛ ❛ ✸✺o ❈ ❡
♣❍ ✸ ❛ ✶✻✼✱✹ ❤♦r❛s ❛ ✷✺o ❈ ❡ ♣❍ ✺✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐✲
③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ♦s
r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♣❧❛♥t❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✱
♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ♦✉ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡
❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❣❧✐❝♦sí❞❡♦s ❡ ♣❡♣tí❞❡♦s ✭❙❤❡❛✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳ ❊ss❡ é ♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦
q✉❡ ❛s ❝❧♦r♦tr✐❛③✐♥❛s s♦❢r❡♠ ❡♠ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❝❛♥❛✲❞❡✲❛çú❝❛r ✭❙❛❝❝❤❛r✉♠ ♦✣❝✐✲
♥❛r✉♠ ▲✳✮✱ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛ss❛♠❜❛rá ✭❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❤❛❧❡♣❡♥s❡ ▲✳ P❡rs✳✮ ❡ ❣r❛♠❛✲s❡❞❛
✭❈②♥♦❞♦♥ ❞❛❝t②❧♦♥ ▲✳ P❡rs✳✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✲

t✐t✉✐r ❝♦♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s
♣♦❞❡♠ q✉❡❜r❛r ❤✐❞r♦❧✐t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞✐❣❡stã♦ ♦✉
❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❙❤❡❛✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
♥♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❡♠ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛♥t❡s✱
♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❍ ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛r❛çã♦ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❡
❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦s ✭❜✐♦r❡♠❡❞✐❛çã♦✮✳
❆ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛♥t❡s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❜✐✲
♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦s s♦❧♦s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❆ ♠❛tér✐❛
♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❛t❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♥ã♦✲❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦
❛s ❝❧♦r♦tr✐❛③✐♥❛s✱ ♣♦r ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡ó✜❧♦s ❡ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s á❝✐❞❛s
♣❛r❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❤✐❞r♦❧ít✐❝❛✳ ❆ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦
❞❡ ♣❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❛rr♦③ ❡ ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛♥t❡ ◆✲P✲❑ r❡❞✉③ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❧❛❣ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦
✷✱✹✲❉✱ ▼❈P❆ ❡ t✐♦❜❡♥❝❛r❜✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s q✉❛♥✲
t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦✱ s❡❥❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧t❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦
❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦ ♦✉ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥t❡ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r✲
❜♦♥♦✱ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦
r❡sí❞✉♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✭❙❤❡❛✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ é r❡❣✉❧❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❧♦✱ ♣❛rt✐✲
❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♣❍✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s
r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ót✐♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ s❡r❡♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ♣❛r❛
t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s é ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♦r
❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ é ✺✵ ❛ ✼✺✪ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠
t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✺ ❛ ✸✺o ❈ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❞♦ ♥❡✉tr♦ ✭❙❤❡❛✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦
❞♦ ♣❍ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♥ã♦✲❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱
♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞❛s ❝❧♦r♦tr✐❛③✐♥❛s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛❞❛s ♣r✐♠❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛
❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❍ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉❡♠ ❛
❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛ ❛❞s♦rçã♦
❞❛s ❝❧♦r♦tr✐❛③✐♥❛s ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❍✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠ s✉❛
❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐♦r
✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛
❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ á❝✐❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❢❡rr♦s♦✱ ❣❡ss♦✱ ♥✐tr❛t♦
❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦ ❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ á❝✐❞❛ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s
❝❧♦r♦tr✐❛③✐♥❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❙❤❡❛✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳
❆ ❛r❛çã♦ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ é ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛ r❡♠♦✈❡r ♦ r❡sí❞✉♦ ❛t✐✈♦
❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❞❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❛❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❖ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ t❡♠ ♦
❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❧✉✐r ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ r❡sí❞✉♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝❛ ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❈✉❧t✐✈♦s s✉❝❡ss✐✈♦s
♣♦❞❡♠ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦
♥❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♥ã♦✲❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦t♦❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❆
❛r❛çã♦ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ é ♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❛❣❡♠
♥❛ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s r❛í③❡s ❡ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ér❡❛

❞❡ ♣❧â♥t✉❧❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s t✐♦❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s✱ ❛❝❡t❛♥✐❧✐♥✐❞❛s ❡ ❞✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐♥❛s ✭❙❤❡❛✱
✶✾✽✺✮✳ ❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦
s♦❧✉çã♦ t❡♠♣♦rár✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❛
♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳
4.4 Volatilização
❱♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ é ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛ss❛♠ ❞♦
❡st❛❞♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡ ♣❡r❞❡r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛✳
❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ♦✉tr❛ ❢♦♥t❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ❡ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦
❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ♣❡s♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✳ P❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣♦❞❡
s❡r tã♦ ✐♥t❡♥s♦ q✉❡✱ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❤á ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛
✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣❡r❝❛♠ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛
❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ✶✵−4 ♠♠❍❣ ♣♦✲
❞❡♠ ❡st❛r s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛ ♣❡r❞❛s ♣♦r ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ✭❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ✫ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
❙♦♠❛❞♦ ❛ ✐st♦✱ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦
❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r✳ ❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣♦❞❡
s❡r ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♦✉ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛♠❜✐✲
❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ✈❡♥t♦s ❡ ❞♦ t❡♦r ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ às
✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♥❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❛①❛s ❞❡
✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ ■st♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s
♣❡r❞❛s ♣♦r ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❧✐♠❛ tr♦♣✐❝❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦
❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✳
❆ ❡❧❡✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❝❛ ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ♣♦r
✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛
✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛
s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ❛ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛rr❛st❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✈❛♣♦r❡s
q✉❡ s❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ♠❛✐s
♣ró①✐♠❛s ❛♦ s♦❧♦✳
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✈♦❧át❡✐s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ♣❡rs✐st✐r ♠❡♥♦s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r✲
t❛♥t♦✱ ♠❡♥♦r ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♥♦ s♦❧♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦
s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❡s❝❛♣❡ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛ ❡✱ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s✉❛ tr❛♥s❢❡✲
rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦ ♠❡✐♦✳ ❉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠
❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ❡stá ♠❡♥♦s s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❛ ❝❛✉s❛r ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦
❞♦ q✉❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r✳ ❯♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✈♦❧át✐❧✱ q✉❛♥❞♦
✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡rs✐st✐r ♣♦r ♠❛✐s t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡✐①❛❞♦
♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳
❆ ♠❛✐♦r ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❧✐♣♦ss♦❧ú✈❡✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ s♦❧♦
ú♠✐❞♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ à ♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s sít✐♦s ❞❡ ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦❧ó✐❞❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ♣❡❧❛s
♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ á❣✉❛✳ ■st♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r❞❛s ♣♦r ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✳
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ t✐♦❝❛r❜❛♠❛t♦s✱ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞✐♥✐tr♦❛♥✐❧✐✲

♥❛s ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦s à ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ❡ss❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛
s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉♠❛ ❧✐❣❡✐r❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ r❡❞✉③ ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ❡
❛✉♠❡♥t❛ s✉❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
4.5 Escoamento superficial (runoff )

❖ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❞❡ ár❡❛s tr❛t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛
ár❡❛s ♥ã♦ tr❛t❛❞❛s✱ ❛♣ós ❝❤✉✈❛s ♣❡s❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡♥①✉rr❛❞❛✱ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡
r✉♥♦✛✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❛❢❡t❛ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s
❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡ss❡s sã♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ s♦❧♦
❡①♣♦st♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ às ✐♥t❡♠♣ér✐❡s✱ ❛♥t❡s ♦✉ ❧♦❣♦ ❛♣ós ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
✭P✐r❡s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
❖ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ r❡♠♦✈✐❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♦✉ ❛❞s♦r✈✐❞♦ às ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s
❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♠ ❛ ❡r♦sã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛
✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ✐♥❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛♠ ♣❡r❞❛s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
♣♦r ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡st❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❛s
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ r❡♠♦✈✐❞♦✳
❆ ❡r♦sã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❝❛✉s❛ sér✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s à ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❛❣r♦♣❡❝✉ár✐❛✱ ♥ã♦
só ♣❡❧❛ ❡❧❡✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛
♣♦❧✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❤í❞r✐❝♦s ❡ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ à r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦
❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✱ à ❡❧❡✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦
❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ❞r❡♥❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❡ r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ✭❙✐❧✈❛
✫ Pr✉s❦✐✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❇❡rt♦♥✐ ✫ ◆❡t♦ ✭✶✾✾✵✮ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ q✉❡✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦
❇r❛s✐❧✱ sã♦ ♣❡r❞✐❞♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❡r♦sã♦✱ ✻✵✵ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ t♦♥❡❧❛❞❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦
❛❣rí❝♦❧❛ ♣♦r ❛♥♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠
❞❡ ✶✱✺ ❜✐❧❤ã♦ ❞❡ ❞ó❧❛r❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❡st✉❞♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s
✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ✽✵✪ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❛tr❛③✐♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s
é r❡♠♦✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡♥①✉rr❛❞❛ ✭❇❛❝❦❡r ✫ ▼✐❝❦❡❧s♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❊ss❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦
✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦
❛❜❛st❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♥♦s ♠❡✐♦s r✉r❛❧ ❡ ✉r❜❛♥♦✱ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ á❣✉❛s
s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s✳
❯♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s s♦❧♦ ❡
á❣✉❛ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛
❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ✈✐✈❛✮ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ r❡sí❞✉♦s ✭❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠♦rt❛✮
❛t✉❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛s ❣♦t❛s
❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛✳ ❖ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦
r❡❞✉③ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡♥①✉rr❛❞❛ ✭❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✵✮ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❡r♦sã♦✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦
❡ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ✭❆♠❛❞♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳
❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ é ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❢❡t❛
❛ s✉❛ ❞❡s❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ♦✉ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡st♦s ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s
♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ✭❈❛str♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ♦ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦
❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛❞❛s✱ q✉❡✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥✜❧tr❛çã♦✱
❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❡♥①✉rr❛❞❛ ❡✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ♣♦r ❡r♦sã♦✱

❛❧é♠ ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s r❛í③❡s ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ♦r✐✉♥❞♦s ❞❛ ❛❣r✐✲
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❡r♦sã♦✱ ✈ár✐❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s
❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❝✐♦♥✐st❛s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✳ ❖ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛
s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♦✉ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ✜♠✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛❞❛s✱
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❛✳ ❊ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❛♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s
q✉❛✐s ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❡r♦sã♦ ✭❈❛❜❡③❛s✱ ✶✾✾✽❀
❉❡r♣s❝❤✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡♥♦r r❡✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳
❖s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥✜❧tr❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦
s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ❡ ❞❡ s♦❧✉t♦s ❡ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛✲
❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ sã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦
s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✭P♦tt❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ❉❡r♣s❝❤✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❙❝❛♣✐♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱
♦ q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r ♦ s❡✉ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦
❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ t❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❜❡♥é✜❝♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s
q✉❛✐s ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ✭❉❡r♣s❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✱ ❞❛ ✐♥✜❧tr❛çã♦
✭P♦tt❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ●❡r❛r❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✽❀ ❈❛ss❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✱ ❞❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ✭❉❡r♣s❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✶✮ ❡ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠♦rt❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦
✭▲❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❉❡r♣s❝❤✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❆ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞✐st♦ é ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦
❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❞❛ ❡r♦sã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳
❆ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❤✐❞rá✉❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ s❛t✉r❛❞♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ♠❛✐♦r ♥♦ s✐s✲
t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡ ❛ ✐♥✜❧tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ③♦♥❛
❞❛s r❛í③❡s✱ ♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ s♦✲
❜r❡t✉❞♦ ✈✐❛ ✢✉①♦ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣♦r ♠❛❝r♦♣♦r♦s ❡ ♣♦r ♦r✐❢í❝✐♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s ♣❡❧❛
♠❡s♦❢❛✉♥❛ ✭❉❡r♣s❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ❙✐♥❣❤ ✫ ❑❛♥✇❛r✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ P♦r ✐st♦✱ ❛ ♣r❡✲
♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✭❋❛✇❝❡tt✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ▲✉❝❤✐❛r✐ ❏r✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼✮ ❝♦♠
♦ ♠❛✐♦r r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s á❣✉❛s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❝✐♦♥✐st❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ♦s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ sã♦ ❛♠❜í❣✉♦s✳ ❋❛✇❝❡tt ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡✱ ♥♦ s✐s✲
t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ ❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s é ♠❡♥♦r✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♠❛✐♦r
❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛♥t❡ ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ à ♠❛✐♦r ❛❞s♦rçã♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛tér✐❛
♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❛♦ ✢✉①♦ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✐①❛
♣❛ss❛r á❣✉❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝❛rr❡✐❛ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ▲✉❝❤✐❛r✐ ❏r✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❛✜r♠❛♠
q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ ❛ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❛s r❛í③❡s ♦❝♦rr❡
❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❝✐♦♥✐st❛s ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦
▲❛❧ ✭✶✾✾✸✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡♣❡♥✲
❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛❣r♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳ ❉❡r♣s❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✶✮
❛✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s t❡♥❞❡ ❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ q✉❡
❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s é ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧
✭❉❡r♣s❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ❋❛✇❝❡tt✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
❱❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s q✉❡ ❛❢❡✲

t❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡
♦❜t❡r ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲
t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧✳
Referências
❆❜❡r♥❛t❤②✱ ❏✳❘✳✱ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ♦❢ s♦✐❧ ♠♦❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦✲♣❡rs✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❡s t♦ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ ■♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦♥
t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✱ s❡❧❡❝t✐✈✐t②✱ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ❛♥❞ ❢❛t❡ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥ts ❛♥❞
s♦✐❧s✳ ❲❡st ▲❛❢❛②❡tt❡✱ ❯❙❆✿ P✉r❞✉❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❍♦r✲
t✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✱ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠②✱ ❇♦t❛♥② ❛♥❞ P❧❛♥t P❛t❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛♥❞ ❋♦r❡st② ❛♥❞
◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡s✱ ♣✳ ✺✵✽✕✺✸✶✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❆❤r❡♥s✱ ❲✳❍✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦✳ ✼❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❈❤❛♠♣❛✐❣♥✱ ❊❯❆✿
❲❙❙❆✱ ✶✾✾✹✳ ✸✺✷ ♣✳
❆❧✈❡s✱ ▼✳❊✳ ✫ ▲❛✈♦r❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳✱ P♦✐♥t ♦❢ ③❡r♦ s❛❧t ❡✛❡❝t✿ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ✇✐t❤
❝❧❛② ♠✐♥❡r❛❧♦❣② ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ s♦✐❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❙t❛t❡✳ P❡✲
❞♦s♣❤❡r❡✱ ✶✺✿✺✹✺✕✺✺✸✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❆♠❛❞♦✱ ❚✳❏✳❈✳❀ ❈♦❣♦✱ ◆✳P✳ ✫ ▲❡✈✐❡♥✱ ❘✳✱ ❊✜❝á❝✐❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡
r❡sí❞✉♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ♥❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ♣♦r ❡r♦sã♦
❤í❞r✐❝❛✳ ❘❡✈ ❇r❛s ❈✐❡♥❝ ❙♦❧♦✱ ✶✸✿✶✺✶✕✶✺✼✱ ✶✾✽✾✳
❆♣♣❧❡❜②✱ ❆✳P✳ ✫ ❉❛✇s♦♥✱ ❏✳❍✳✱ ▼✐❝r♦❜✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛❧ ❜r❡❛❦❞♦✇♥ ♦❢
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ s♦✐❧✳ ■♥✿ ■♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✱ s❡❧❡❝t✐✈✐t②✱ ❜❡❤❛✲
✈✐♦r✱ ❛♥❞ ❢❛t❡ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s♦✐❧s✳ ❲❡st ▲❛❢❛②❡tt❡✱ ❯❙❆✿
P✉r❞✉❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❍♦rt✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✱ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠②✱ ❇♦t❛♥②
❛♥❞ P❧❛♥t P❛t❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛♥❞ ❋♦r❡st② ❛♥❞ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡s✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✻✕✹✻✷✱
✶✾✾✹✳
❇❛❝❦❡r✱ ❏✳▲✳ ✫ ▼✐❝❦❡❧s♦♥✱ ❙✳❑✳✱ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❜❡st ♠❛♥❛❣❡✲
♠❡♥t ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s ❢♦r ♠✐♥✐♠✐③✐♥❣ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ r✉♥♦✛✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✽✿✽✻✷✕
✽✻✾✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❇❛✐❧❡②✱ ●✳❲✳ ✫ ❲❤✐t❡✱ ❏✳▲✳✱ ❋❛❝t♦rs ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❞s♦r♣t✐♦♥✱ ❞❡s♦r♣t✐♦♥
❛♥❞ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ s♦✐❧✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✐❞✉❡ ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ❚❤❡ ❚r✐❛③✐♥❡s
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❯❙❆✿ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r ❱❡r❧❛❣✱ ✈✳ ✸✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✕✾✷✱ ✶✾✼✵✳
❇❛r✐③♦♥✱ ❘✳❘✳▼✳❀ ▲❛✈♦r❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳❀ ❘❡❣✐t❛♥♦✱ ❏✳❇✳❀ Pr❛t❛✱ ❋✳ ✫ ❚♦r♥✐s✐❡❧♦✱
❱✳▲✳✱ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❡ ❞❛ s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❡♠ ❝♦❧✉♥❛s
❞❡ s♦❧♦✳ ❘❡✈ ❇r❛s ❈✐ ❙♦❧♦✱ ✸✵✿✻✶✺✕✻✷✸✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
❇❡rt♦♥✐✱ ❏✳ ✫ ◆❡t♦✱ ❋✳▲✳✱ ❈♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙P✿ ❮❝♦♥❡✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
✸✸✺ ♣✳
❇❡②❡r✱ ❊✳▼✳❀ ❇r♦✇♥✱ ❍✳▼✳ ✫ ❉✉✛②✱ ▼✳❏✳✱ ❙✉❧❢♦♥②❧✉r❡❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ s♦✐❧ r❡❛❝✲
t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❇r✐t✐s❤ ❈r♦♣ Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✕ ❲❡❡❞s✳
P✉❧❜♦r♦✉❣❤✱ ❯❑✿ ❇r✐t✐s❤ ❈r♦♣ Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧✱ ✈✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✺✸✶✕✺✹✵✱
✶✾✽✼✳
❇❧❛✐r✱ ❆✳▼✳ ✫ ▼❛rt✐♥✱ ❚✳❉✳✱ ❆ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❢❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡ ♦❢
❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❧❢♦♥②❧✉r❡❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ P❡st✐❝ ❙❝✐✱ ✷✷✿✶✾✺✕✷✶✾✱ ✶✾✽✽✳
❇❧❛♥❝♦✱ ❍✳●✳❀ ◆♦✈♦✱ ▼✳❈✳❙✳❀ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❈✳❆✳▲✳ ✫ ❈❤✐❜❛✱ ❙✳✱ P❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♠❡tr✐❜✉③✐♥ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ s♦❥❛✳ P❡sq ❆❣r♦♣❡❝ ❇r❛s✱
✶✽✿✶✵✼✸✕✶✵✽✹✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
❇r❛❞②✱ ◆✳❈✳ ✫ ❲❡✐❧✱ ❘✳❘✳✱ ❚❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ s♦✐❧s✳ ✶✶❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳
❯♣♣❡r ❙❛❞❞❧❡ ❘✐✈❡r✱ ❊❯❆✿ Pr❡♥t✐❝❡ ❍❛❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ✼✹✵ ♣✳
❇✉s❡r✱ ❍✳❘✳✱ ❆tr❛③✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r s✲tr✐❛③✐♥❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ ❧❛❦❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥ r❛✐♥
✐♥ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞✳ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ❙❝✐ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✷✹✿✶✵✹✾✕✶✵✺✽✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❈❛❜❡③❛s✱ ❲✳❆✳❘✳▲✳✱ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❞✉❜♦s ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❧✐♠❛ ❡
s♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rr❛❞♦✳ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❧❛♥t✐♦ ❉✐r❡t♦✱ ✹✺✿✺✷✕✻✵✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❋✳▲✳❈✳❀ ❈♦❣♦✱ ◆✳P✳ ✫ ▲❡✈✐❡♥✱ ❘✳✱ ❊✜❝á❝✐❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s ❡
❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ tr✐❣♦ ♥❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❡r♦sã♦
❤í❞r✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❘ ❇r❛s ❈✐ ❙♦❧♦✱ ✶✹✿✷✷✼✕✷✸✹✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❈❛ss❡❧✱ ❉✳❑✳❀ ❘❛❝③❦♦✇s❦✐✱ ❈✳❲✳ ✫ ❉❡♥t♦♥✱ ❍✳P✳✱ ❚✐❧❧❛❣❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦♥ ❝♦r♥
♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s♦✐❧ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❙♦✐❧ ❙❝✐ ❙♦❝ ❆♠ ❏✱ ✺✾✿✹✸✻✕
✶✹✹✸✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
❈❛str♦✱ ❖✳▼✳❀ ▲♦♠❜❛r❞✐ ◆❡t♦✱ ❋✳❀ ❉❡ ▼❛r✐❛✱ ■✳❈✳ ✫ ❉❡❝❤❡♥✱ ❙✳❈✳❋✳✱ ❊✈♦✲
❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❡ á❣✉❛ ❡♠ ❧❛t♦ss♦❧♦ r♦①♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♠✐❧❤♦
❡ s♦❥❛ s♦❜ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡ ❘❡s✉♠♦s
❞♦ ✷✹ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦✳ ●♦✐â♥✐❛✱ ●❖✿ ❙❇❈❙✱
o
♣✳ ✽✾✕✾✵✱ ✶✾✾✸✳
❉❡r♣s❝❤✱ ❘✳✱ ❖ ♠❡✐♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✳ ■♥✿ ❙❛t✉r♥✐♥♦✱
❍✳▼✳ ✫ ▲❛♥❞❡rs✱ ❏✳◆✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✱ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ s✉st❡♥tá✈❡❧✳ ●♦✐â♥✐❛✱ ●❖✿
❊▼❇❘❆P❆✲❙P■✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✕✹✽✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
❉❡r♣s❝❤✱ ❘✳❀ ❘♦t❤✱ ❈✳❍✳❀ ❙✐❞✐r❛s✱ ◆✳ ✫ ❑♦♣❦❡✱ ❯✳✱ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐✲
❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ■♥✿ ❉❡r♣s❝❤✱ ❘✳❀ ❘♦t❤✱ ❈✳❍✳❀
❙✐❞✐r❛s✱ ◆✳ ✫ ❑♦♣❦❡✱ ❯✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❡r♦sã♦ ♥♦ P❛r❛♥á✱ ❇r❛s✐❧✿
❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛s✐♦♥✐st❛
✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ■❆P❆❘✴❉❡✉ts❝❤❡ ●❡s❡❧❧s❝❤❛❢t ❢ür ❚❡❝❤♥✐s❝❤❡
❞♦ s♦❧♦
❩✉s❛♠♠❡♥❛r❜❡✐t✱ ♣✳ ✼✶✕✶✶✻✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
❉❡✈✐♥❡✱ ▼✳❉✳❀ ❉✉❦❡✱ ❙✳❖✳ ✫ ❋❡❞t❦❡✱ ❈✳✱ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❆❝t✐♦♥✳
❊♥❣❧❡✇♦♦❞ ❈❧✐✛s✱ ❊❯❆✿ Pr❡♥t✐❝❡✲❍❛❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ✹✹✶ ♣✳
❉♦♥ ❲❛✉❝❤♦♣❡✱ ❉✳❀ ❨❡❤✱ ❙✳❀ ▲✐♥❞❡rs✱ ❏✳❇✳❍✳❏✳❀ ❑❧♦s❦♦✇s❦✐✱ ❘✳❀ ❚❛♥❛❦❛✱
❑✳❀ ❘✉❜✐♥✱ ❇✳❀ ❑❛t❛②❛♠❛✱ ❆✳❀ ❑♦r❞❡❧✱ ❲✳❀ ●❡rst❧✱ ❩✳❀ ▲❛♥❡✱ ▼✳
✫ ❯♥s✇♦t❤✱ ❏✳❇✳✱ ❘❡✈✐❡✇✿ P❡st✐❝✐❞❡ s♦✐❧ s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✿ t❤❡✲
♦r②✱ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t✱ ✉s❡s✱ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ r❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ P❡st ▼❛♥❛❣ ❙❝✐✱
✺✽✿✹✶✾✕✹✹✺✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❊▼❇❘❆P❆ ✕ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❆❣r♦♣❡❝✉ár✐❛✱ ✱ ◆♦r♠❛s ❡
❈r✐tér✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ▲❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s P❡❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✱ ❘❏✿ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦
◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▲❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❈♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❧♦s✱ ✶✾✽✾✳ ✾✹ ♣✳
❋❛✇❝❡tt✱ ❘✳❙✳✱ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦✲t✐❧❧ s②st❡♠ ♦♥ ❞r✐♥❦❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r❀ ❝♦♥✲

s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦♥ ✇❛t❡r tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r✳ ■♥✿ ❆♥❛✐s ❞♦
✷ ❙❡♠✐♥ár✐♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ P❧❛♥t✐♦ ❉✐r❡t♦✳ P❛ss♦ ❋✉♥❞♦✱
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❘❙✱ ♣✳ ✸✕✶✵✱ ✶✾✾✼✳

❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ❏✳❆✳❀ ▼❛rt✐♥✲◆❡t♦✱ ▲✳❀ ❱❛③✱ ❈✳▼✳P✳ ✫ ❘❡❣✐t❛♥♦✱ ❏✳❇✳✱ ❙♦r♣t✐♦♥
✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❤✉♠✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛
t②♣✐❝❛❧ ❜r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ♦①✐s♦❧✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ◗✉❛❧✱ ✸✶✿✶✻✻✺✕✶✻✼✵✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❋♦♥t❡s✱ ▼✳P✳❋✳❀ ❈❛♠❛r❣♦✱ ❖✳❆✳ ✫ ❙♣♦s✐t♦✱ ●✳✱ ❊❧❡tr♦q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞❛s ♣❛rtí✲
❝✉❧❛s ❝♦❧♦✐❞❛✐s ❡ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡
✐♥t❡♠♣❡r✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❙❝✐ ❆❣r✱ ✺✽✿✻✷✼✕✻✹✻✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❋r✉❤st♦r❢❡r✱ P✳❀ ❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r✱ ❘✳❏✳❀ ❲❡✐❧✱ ▲✳ ✫ ◆✐❡ss❡♥❡r✱ ❘✳✱ ❋❛❝t♦rs ✐♥✢✉✲
❡♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❞s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ♦♥ ♠♦♥t♠♦r✐❧❧♦♥✐t✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❦❛♦❧✐♥✐t✐❝
❝❧❛②s✳ ❙❝✐ ❚♦t❛❧ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥✱ ✶✸✽✿✸✶✼✕✸✷✽✱ ✶✾✾✸✳
●❛♠❜❧❡✱ ❉✳❙✳❀ ❇r✉❝❝♦❧❡r✐✱ ❆✳●✳❀ ▲✐♥❞s❛②✱ ❊✳❀ ▲❛♥❣❢♦r❞✱ ❈✳❍✳ ✫ ▲❡②s✱ ●✳❆✳✱
❈❤❧♦r♦t❤❛❧♦♥②❧ ✐♥ ❛ q✉❛rt③ s❛♥❞ s♦✐❧✿ s♣❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❡t✐❝s✳ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥
❙❝✐ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✸✹✿✶✷✵✕✶✷✹✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
●❡r❛r❞✱ ❈✳❏✳❯✳P✳❀ ❇♦r❞♦✈s❦②✱ ❉✳❀ ●❡r✐❦✱ ❚✳❀ ❍♦♥s✱ ❋✳ ✫ ▼❛t♦❝❤❛✱ ❏✳✱ ❈♦♥✲
s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ t✐❧❧❛❣❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦♥ s♦✐❧ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❍♦♥s✱ ❋✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱
❈♦♥s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ❚✐❧❧❛❣❡ ✐♥ ❚❡①❛s✳ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❙t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❚❡①❛s ❆❣r✐❝✉❧✲
t✉r❛❧ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❙t❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣✳ ✽✹✱ ✶✾✽✽✳
●❡rst❧✱ ❩✳✱ ❆♥ ✉♣❞❛t❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❑oc ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ✐♥ r❡❣❛r❞ t♦ r❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ s❝❛❧❡ ♠❛✲
♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ❈r♦♣ Pr♦t✱ ✶✾✿✻✹✸✕✻✹✽✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
●♦♥❡s❡✱ ❏✳❯✳ ✫ ❲❡❜❡r✱ ❏✳❇✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ r❛t❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s✿ s♦✐❧ ♣❛r❛✲
♠❡t❡r ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✈s✳ r❡❣✐st❡r❡❞ r❛t❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱
✶✷✿✷✸✺✕✷✹✷✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
●r❛✈❡❡❧✱ ❏✳●✳ ✫ ❚✉r❝♦✱ ❘✳❋✳✱ ❋❛❝t♦rs ❛✛❡❝t✐♥❣ ♠♦❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥
s♦✐❧✳ ■♥✿ ■♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✱ s❡❧❡❝t✐✈✐t②✱ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ❛♥❞
❢❛t❡ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s♦✐❧s✳ ❲❡st ▲❛❢❛②❡tt❡✱ ❊❯❆✿ P✉r❞✉❡
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❍♦rt✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✱ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠②✱ ❇♦t❛♥② ❛♥❞ P❧❛♥t
P❛t❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛♥❞ ❋♦r❡st② ❛♥❞ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡s✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✹✕✺✵✼✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
●r❡❡♥✱ ❘✳❊✳ ✫ ❑❛r✐❝❦❤♦✛✱ ❙✳❲✳✱ ❙♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ❢♦r ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✳ ■♥✿
❈❤❡♥❣✱ ❍✳❍✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ P❡st✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✐❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✿ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ ✐♠✲
♣❛❝ts✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✳ ▼❛❞✐s♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❙♦✐❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✱
♣✳ ✼✾✕✶✵✶✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
●✉✐♠❛rã❡s✱ ●✳▲✳✱ ■♠♣❛❝t♦s ❡❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ■♥✿ ❆♥❛✐s
❞♦ ❙✐♠♣ós✐♦✿ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❍♦rt❛❧✐ç❛s✳
❇♦t✉❝❛t✉✱ ❙P✿ ❯◆❊❙P✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✶✕✶✹✶✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❍❛ss❡tt✱ ❏✳❏✳ ✫ ❇❛♥✇❛rt✱ ❲✳▲✳✱ ❚❤❡ s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥♦♥♣♦❧❛r ♦r❣❛♥✐❝s ❜② s♦✐❧s
❛♥❞ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts✳ ■♥✿ ❙❛✇❤♥❡②✱ ❇✳▲✳ ✫ ❇r♦✇♥✱ ❑✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✱ ❘❡❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞
♠♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧s ✐♥ s♦✐❧s✳ ▼❛❞✐s♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❙♦✐❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡
❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✱ ✈✳ ✷✷ ❞❡ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ P✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✕✹✹✱ ✶✾✽✾✳
❍❛t③✐♦s✱ ❑✳❑✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦✳ ✼❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ▲❛✇r❡♥❝❡✱ ❊❯❆✿

❲❙❙❆✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ P✳ ✶✵✷ ✲ s✉♣♣❧❡♠❡♥t✳
❍②✉♥✱ ❙✳ ✫ ▲❡❡✱ ▲✳❙✳✱ ❋❛❝t♦rs ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧✐♥❣ s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❜②
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✲❝❤❛r❣❡ s♦✐❧s ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ s♦r❜❡♥ts✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ◗✉❛❧✱ ✸✸✿✶✸✺✹✕
✶✸✻✶✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❍②✉♥✱ ❙✳❀ ▲❡❡✱ ▲✳❙✳ ✫ ❘❛♦✱ P✳❙✳❈✳✱ ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥✐♦♥ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ ♣❡♥t❛✲
❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤❡♥♦❧ s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❜② ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✲❝❤❛r❣❡ s♦✐❧s✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ◗✉❛❧✱ ✸✷✿✾✻✻✕
✾✼✻✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
■♥♦✉❡✱ ▼✳❍✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❘❡❣✐t❛♥♦✱ ❏✳❇✳❀ ❚♦r♠❡♥t❛✱ ❈✳❆✳❀ ❈♦♥st❛♥✲
t✐♥✱ ❏✳ ✫ ❚♦r♥✐s✐❡❧♦✱ ❱✳▲✳✱ ❙♦r♣t✐♦♥✲❞❡s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐✉r♦♥
✐♥ s♦✐❧s ❢r♦♠ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ❙❝✐ ❍❡❛❧ ❇✱ ✹✶✿✻✵✺✕✻✷✶✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
❏♦❤♥st♦♥✱ ❈✳❚✳❀ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❋✳❀ ❚❡♣♣❡♥✱ ❇✳❏✳❀ ❙❤❡♥❣✱ ●✳ ✫ ❇♦②❞✱ ❙✳❆✳✱
❙♣❡❝tr♦s❝♦♣✐❝ st✉❞② ♦❢ ♥✐tr♦❛r♦♠❛t✐❝✲s♠❡❝t✐t❡ s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s✳
❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ❙❝✐ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✸✺✿✹✼✻✼✕✹✼✼✷✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❏♦❤♥st♦♥✱ ❈✳❚✳❀ ❙❤❡♥❣✱ ●✳❀ ❚❡♣♣❡♥✱ ❇✳❏✳❀ ❇♦②❞✱ ❙✳❆✳ ✫ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❋✳✱
❙♣❡❝tr♦s❝♦♣✐❝ st✉❞② ♦❢ ❞✐♥✐tr♦♣❤❡♥♦❧ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ♦♥ s♠❡❝t✐t❡✳
❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ❙❝✐ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✸✻✿✺✵✻✼✕✺✵✼✹✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❑❛r✐❝❦❤♦✛✱ ❙✳❲✳✱ ❙❡♠✐✲❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤②❞r♦♣❤♦❜✐❝ ♣♦❧❧✉t❛♥ts ♦♥

♥❛t✉r❛❧ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ s♦✐❧s✳ ❈❤❡♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✱ ✶✵✿✽✸✸✕✽✹✻✱ ✶✾✽✶✳
❑❤❛❦✉r❛❧✱ ❇✳❘✳❀ ❘♦❜❡rt✱ P✳❈✳ ✫ ❑♦s❦✐♥❡♥✱ ❲✳❈✳✱ ❘✉♥♦✛ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♦❢
❛❧❛❝❤❧♦r ✉♥❞❡r ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ s♦✐❧✲s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ❙♦✐❧ ❯s❡
▼❛♥❛❣❡✱ ✶✵✿✶✺✽✕✶✻✹✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❑✐❧❧❡❡♥✱ ❙✳✱ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❛❧✐t② st❛♥❞❛r❞s

✭❊◗❙s✮ ❢♦r ♣r✐♦r✐t② ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❡s✳ P❡st✐❝ ❙❝✐✱ ✹✾✿✶✾✶✕✶✾✺✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
❑♦❧♣✐♥✱ ❉✳❲✳❀ ❑❛❧❦❤♦✛✱ ❙✳❏✳❀ ●♦♦❧s❜②✱ ❉✳❆✳❀ ❙♥❡❝❦✲❋❛❤r❡r✱ ❉✳❆✳ ✫ ❚❤✉r✲
♠❛♥✱ ❊✳▼✳✱ ❖❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ❛♥❞ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛✲
t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✐♥ ■♦✇❛✬s ❣r♦✉♥❞ ✇❛t❡r✳ ●r♦✉♥❞ ❲❛t❡r✱ ✸✺✿✻✼✾✕✻✽✽✱
✶✾✾✼✳
❑♦s❦✐♥❡♥✱ ❲✳❈✳ ✫ ❈❧❛②✱ ❙✳❆✳✱ ❋❛❝t♦rs ❛✛❡❝t✐♥❣ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❢❛t❡ ✐♥ ◆♦rt❤
❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❯✳ ❙✳ s♦✐❧s✳ ❘❡✈ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ❈♦♥t❛♠ ❚♦①✐❝♦❧✱ ✶✺✶✿✶✶✼✕✶✻✺✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
❑♦s❦✐♥❡♥✱ ❲✳❈✳ ✫ ❍❛r♣❡r✱ ❙✳❙✳✱ ❚❤❡ r❡t❡♥t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✿ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s✳ ■♥✿
❈❤❡♥❣✱ ❍✳❍✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ P❡st✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✐❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✿ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ ✐♠✲
♣❛❝ts✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✳ ▼❛❞✐s♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❙♦✐❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✱
♣✳ ✺✶✕✼✼✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
▲❛❛❜s✱ ❱✳❀ ❆♠❡❧✉♥❣✱ ❲✳❀ P✐♥t♦✱ ❆✳ ✫ ❩❡❝❤✱ ❲✳✱ ❋❛t❡ ♦❢ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥
tr♦♣✐❝❛❧ s♦✐❧s ♦❢ ❇r❛③✐❧ ✉♥❞❡r ✜❡❧❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ◗✉❛❧✱ ✸✶✿✷✺✻✕
✷✻✽✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
▲❛❧✱ ❘✳✱ ❘♦❧❡ ♦❢ ♥♦✲t✐❧❧ ❢❛r♠✐♥❣ ✐♥ s✉st❛✐♥❛❜❧❡ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ tr♦♣✐❝s✳ ■♥✿
❆♥❛✐s ❞♦ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ▲❛t✐♥♦ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ s♦❜r❡ P❧❛♥t✐♦ ❉✐r❡t♦ ♥❛ P❡q✉❡♥❛
Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✳ P♦♥t❛ ●r♦ss❛✱ P❘✿ ■❆P❆❘✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✕✻✷✱ ✶✾✾✸✳
▲❛✈♦r❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳❀ ❘♦❝❤❛✱ ❆✳❆✳❀ Pr❛t❛✱ ❋✳❀ ❘❡❣✐t❛♥♦✱ ❏✳❇✳❀ ❚♦r♥✐s✐❡❧♦✱ ❱✳▲✳
✫ P✐♥t♦✱ ❖✳❇✳✱ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ❡♠ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ ✉♠
❧❛t♦ss♦❧♦ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❞✐str♦❢érr✐❝♦ s♦❜ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❘❡✈
❇r❛s ❈✐❡♥❝ ❙♦❧♦✱ ✷✼✿✶✽✸✕✶✾✵✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
▲❡❡✱ ▲✳❙✳❀ ❘❛♦✱ P✳❙✳❈✳❀ ◆❦❡❞✐✲❑✐③③❛✱ P✳ ✫ ❉❡❧✜♥♦✱ ❏✳❏✳✱ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s♦❧✲
✈❡♥t ❛♥❞ s♦r❜❡♥t ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❡♥t❛❝❤❧♦r♦♣❤❡♥♦❧
✐♥ ♦❝t❛♥♦❧✲✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ s♦✐❧✲✇❛t❡r s②st❡♠s✳ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ❙❝✐ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✷✹✿✻✺✹✕
✻✻✶✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
▲❡✐str❛✱ ▼✳ ✫ ●r❡❡♥✱ ❘✳❊✳✱ ❊✣❝❛❝② ♦❢ s♦✐❧✲❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❈❤❡♥❣✱
❍✳❍✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ P❡st✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✐❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✿ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ ✐♠♣❛❝ts✱ ❛♥❞
♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✳ ▼❛❞✐s♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❙♦✐❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✶✕✹✷✽✱
✶✾✾✵✳
▲✉❝❤✐❛r✐ ❏r✳✱ ❆✳❀ ❚♦❧❡❞♦✱ ▲✳●✳❉✳ ✫ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ❈✳❏✳❆✳✱ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛✲
❞❡s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s á❣✉❛s s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s ❡ s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s✳ ■♥✿
❆♥❛✐s ❞♦ ✷o ❙❡♠✐♥ár✐♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ P❧❛♥t✐♦ ❉✐r❡t♦✳ P❛ss♦
❋✉♥❞♦✱ ❘❙✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✕✷✸✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
▼❛❞❡ ❆♥♦♥✱ ❲✳❙✳■✳❀ ❙❤✐✉s❛✇❛✱ ❙✳❀ ❙❛s❛♦✱ ❆✳❀ ❙❛❦❛✐✱ ❑✳ ✫ ❙❛t♦✱ ❍✳✱ ❙♦✐❧
♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♠❛♣s ✉s✐♥❣ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ s♦✐❧ s♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡r✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s
♦❢ ✺th ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ Pr❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✳ ▼❛❞✐s♦♥✱
❊❯❆✿ ❆❙❆✲❈❙❙❆✲❙♦✐❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
▼❛♥❣❡❧s✱ ●✳✱ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠✐❞❛③♦❧✐♥♦♥❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ s♦✐❧ ✕ ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢
❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳ ■♥✿ ❙❤❛♥♥❡r✱ ❉✳▲✳ ✫ ❖✬❈♦♥♥♦r✱ ❙✳▲✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✱ ❚❤❡ ✐♠✐❞❛③♦✲
❧✐♥♦♥❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❇♦❝❛ ❘❛t♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❈❘❈ P❘❡ss✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✶✕✷✵✾✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
▼❛rt✐♥✲◆❡t♦✱ ▲✳❀ ❚r❛❣❤❡tt❛✱ ❉✳●✳❀ ❱❛③✱ ❈✳▼✳P✳❀ ❈r❡st❛♥❛✱ ❙✳ ✫ ❙♣♦s✐t♦✱
●✳✱ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ♦❢ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❤②❞r♦①②❛tr❛③✐♥❡
✇✐t❤ ❤✉♠✐❝ s✉❜st❛♥❝❡s✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ◗✉❛❧✱ ✸✵✿✺✷✵✕✺✷✺✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
▼❡❧♦✱ ■✳❙✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❈✳▼✳▼✳❙✳❀ ❋❛②✱ ❊✳❋✳❀ ▼♦♥t❡✐r♦✱ ❘✳❘✳ ✫ ❘♦s❛♠✐❣❧✐❛✱ ❆✳❈✳✱
❉❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr❛③✐♥❛ ♣♦r ❢✉♥❣♦s ✜❧❛♠❡♥t♦s♦s✳ ❇♦❧❡t✐♠ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛✱
❊▼❇❘❆P❆ ▼❡✐♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❏❛❣✉❛r✐ú♥❛✱ ❙P✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ✷✹ ♣✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❋✳✱ ❆❞s♦rçã♦✱ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❡ ♠❡✲
tr✐❜✉③✐♥ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s♦❧♦s✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✕ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✜t♦t❡❝♥✐❛✱
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱
▼●✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❋✳✱ ❘❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✢❛③❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s
❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ✢❛③❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s
❞❡ ♣❍ ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❚❡s❡ ✕ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✱ ❉❡♣❛r✲
t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❋❧✉♠✐♥❡♥s❡✱
❈❛♠♣♦s ❞♦s ●♦②t❛❝❛③❡s✱ ❘❏✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❋✳❀ ❈♦❧♦♥♥❛✱ ■✳❀ Pr❛t❡s✱ ❍✳❚✳❀ ▼❛♥t♦✈❛♥✐✱ ❊✳❈✳❀ ●♦♠✐❞❡✱ ❘✳▲✳
✫ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳✱ ❙♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❡♠ ❧❛t♦ss♦❧♦ s♦❜
♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ P❡sq ❆❣r♦♣❡❝ ❇r❛s✱ ✸✾✿✼✽✼✕✼✾✸✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❋✳❀ Pr❛t❡s✱ ❍✳❚✳ ✫ ❙❛♥s✱ ▲✳▼✳❆✳✱ ❙♦rçã♦ ❡ ❤✐❞ró❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐✲

❝✐❞❛ ✢❛③❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✸✿✶✵✶✕✶✶✸✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳✱ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❢ís✐❝❛s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡
s♦rçã♦✱ ❞❡ss♦rçã♦ ❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❧✐①✐✈✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❚❡s❡ ✕ ❞♦✉✲
t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✜t♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ✭♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✮✱ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛✱
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ▼●✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❑♦s❦✐♥❡♥✱ ❲✳❈✳❀ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ❋✳❆✳❀ ❑❤❛❦✉r❛❧✱ ❇✳❘✳❀ ▼✉❧❧❛✱
❉✳❏✳ ✫ ❘♦❜❡rt✱ P✳❈✳✱ ❙♣❛t✐❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥
s♦✐❧✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✹✼✿✷✹✸✕✷✹✽✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
P❡✐①♦t♦✱ ▼✳❋✳❙✳P✳❀ ▲❛✈♦r❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳❀ ❘❡❣✐t❛♥♦✱ ❏✳❇✳❀ ❚♦r♥✐s✐❡❧♦✱ ❱✳▲✳❀ P❡✐①♦t♦✱
❈✳P✳❀ ❙❛♠♣❛✐♦✱ ▲✳❙✳❱✳ ✫ P❡✐①♦t♦✱ ❍✳❙✳❱✳❘✳✱ ❘❡♠♦❜✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ 14 ❈✲
❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❜♦✉♥❞ r❡s✐❞✉❡s ✐♥ ❢✉❧✈✐❝ ❛❝✐❞s✳ ❈✐❡♥❝ ❘✉r❛❧✱ ✸✺✿✸✹✵✕✸✹✻✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
P✐r❡s✱ ◆✳▼✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ P❛❡s✱ ❏✳▼✳❱✳ ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❊✳✱ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦
✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❇♦❧❡t✐♠ ❚é❝♥✐❝♦
❙■❋✱ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s ❋❧♦r❡st❛✐s✱ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ▼●✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ✷✷ ♣✳
P♦tt❡r✱ ❑✳◆✳❀ ❚♦r❜❡rt✱ ❍✳❆✳ ✫ ▼♦rr✐s♦♥ ❏r✳✱ ❏✳❊✳✱ ❚✐❧❧❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ r❡s✐❞✉❡ ❡✛❡❝ts
♦♥ ✐♥✜❧tr❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t ❧♦ss❡s ♦♥ ✈❡rt✐s♦❧s✳ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡
❆❙❆❊✱ ✸✽✿✶✹✶✹✕✶✹✶✾✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
❘❛❞♦s❡✈✐❝❤✱ ❙✳❀ ❍♦❧t✱ ❏✳ ✫ ●❤❡rs❛✱ ❈✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❊❝♦❧♦❣②✿ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r

♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
✺✽✾ ♣✳
❘❛♦✱ P✳❙✳❈✳ ✫ ❲❛❣❡♥❡t✱ ❘✳❏✳✱ ❙♣❛t✐❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ ✜❡❧❞ s♦✐❧s✿
♠❡t❤♦❞s ❢♦r ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✸✿✶✽✕✷✹✱ ✶✾✽✺✳
❘❡❣✐t❛♥♦✱ ❏✳❇✳❀ ❑♦s❦✐♥❡♥✱ ❲✳❈✳ ✫ ❙❛❞♦✇s❦②✱ ▼✳❏✳✱ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s♦✐❧ ❛❣✐♥❣
♦♥ s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ s✐♠❛③✐♥❡✳ ❏ ❆❣r✐❝ ❋♦♦❞ ❈❤❡♠✱
✺✹✿✶✸✼✸✕✶✸✼✾✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
❘❡✐❝❤❛r❞t✱ ❑✳✱ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡♠ ❡❝♦ss✐st❡♠❛s✳
✷❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱ ❙P✿ ❯❙P✴❊❙❆▲◗✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ✺✵✺ ♣✳
❘❡s❡♥❞❡✱ ▼✳✱ P❡❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ✻❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ▼●✿ ■♠♣r❡♥s❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐❛
❞❛ ❯❋❱✱ ✶✾✾✵✳ ✶✵✵ ♣✳
❘✐tt❡r✱ ❲✳❋✳✱ P❡st✐❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯♥✐t❡❞ ❙t❛t❡s
✕ ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ❙❝✐ ❍❡❛❧ ❇✱ ✷✺✿✶✕✷✾✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❇✳◆✳ ✫ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ❋✳❙✳✱ ●✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ✹❛ ❡❞✐çã♦✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱
P❘✿ ❊❞✳ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ✻✹✼ ♣✳
❙❛♥t♦s✱ ●✳❆✳ ✫ ❈❛♠❛r❣♦✱ ❋✳❆✳❖✳✱ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦
s♦❧♦✿ ❡❝♦ss✐st❡♠❛s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s ❡ s✉❜tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s✳ P♦rt♦ ❆❧❡❣r❡✱ ❘❙✿ ●❡♥❡s✐s✱
✶✾✾✾✳ ✺✵✽ ♣✳
❙❝❛♣✐♥✐✱ ❈✳❆✳❀ ❘❡✐♥❡rt✱ ❉✳❏✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❱✳❘✳ ✫ ❩❛♥❡tt❡✱ ❆✳✱ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❡st❛❜✐✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐✲
♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦✳ ■♥✿ ❆♥❛✐s ❞❛ ✶✷a ❘❡✉♥✐ã♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡
▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❡ ❈♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❡ ❞❛ ➪❣✉❛✳ ❋♦rt❛❧❡③❛✱ ❈❊✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✼✕✶✼✽✱
✶✾✾✽✳
❙❝❤✇❛r③❡♥❜❛❝❤✱ ❘✳P✳❀ ●s❝❤✇❡♥❞✱ P✳▼✳ ✫ ■♠❜♦❞❡♥✱ ❉✳▼✳✱ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧

♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❝❤❡♠✐str②✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ✻✺✼ ♣✳
❙❤❡❛✱ P✳❏✳✱ ❉❡t♦①✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❡s ✐♥ s♦✐❧✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✸✿✸✸✕✹✶✱

✶✾✽✺✳
❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❆✳❆✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳ ✫ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❏✳❊✳❈✳✱ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡✲
s✐❞✉❛❧ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❡ tr✐✢✉r❛❧✐♥ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❜✐♦❡♥s❛✐♦s ❝♦♠
♠✐❧❤♦✳ ❆❝t❛ ❙❝✐❡♥t❛r✉♠✱ ✷✵✿✷✾✶✕✷✾✺✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❉✳❉✳ ✫ Pr✉s❦✐✱ ❋✳❋✳✱ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ❤í❞r✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s✉st❡♥tá✲
✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ▼●✿ ▼▼❆✱ ❙❘❍✱ ❆❇❊❆❙✱ ❯❋❱✱ ❉❡♣❛rt❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❆❣rí❝♦❧❛✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ✷✺✷ ♣✳
❙✐❧✈❛✱ ▼✳▲✳◆✳❀ ❈✉r✐✱ ◆✳❀ ▼❛rq✉❡s✱ ❏✳❏✳●✳❙✳▼✳❀ ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡✱ ▲✳❘✳●✳ ✫ ▲✐♠❛✱
❏✳▼✳✱ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s❛❧✐♥♦ ♥✉❧♦ ❡ s✉❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s
♠✐♥❡r❛❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❧❛t♦ss♦❧♦s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s✳ P❡sq ❆❣r♦♣❡❝ ❇r❛s✱
✸✶✿✻✻✸✕✻✼✶✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❙✐♥❣❤✱ P✳ ✫ ❑❛♥✇❛r✱ ❘✳❙✳✱ Pr❡❢❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ s♦❧✉t❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♠❛❝r♦♣♦✲
r❡s ✐♥ ❧❛r❣❡ ✉♥❞✐st✉r❜❡❞ s❛t✉r❡❞ s♦✐❧ ❝♦❧✉♠♥s✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ◗✉❛❧✱ ✷✵✿✷✾✺✕
✸✵✵✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
❙♠✐t❤✱ ❆✳❊✳✱ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❢♦r s✉❧❢♦♥②❧✉r❡❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥
s♦✐❧✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ❆♥❛❧ ❈❤❡♠✱ ✺✾✿✾✼✕✶✵✻✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
❙t❡✈❡♥s♦♥✱ ❋✳❏✳✱ ❍✉♠✉s ❝❤❡♠✐str②✿ ❣❡♥❡s✐s✱ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✱ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥s✳ ◆❡✇
❨♦r❦✱ ❊❯❆✿ ■♥t❡rs❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✶✾✽✷✳ ✹✶✽ ♣✳
❱✐❝❛r✐✱ ❆✳❀ ❈❛t✐③♦♥❡✱ P✳ ✫ ❩✐♠❞❛❤❧✱ ❘✳▲✳✱ P❡rs✐st❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❝❤❧♦r✲
s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s♦✐❧ ❛♥❞ ❝❧✐♠❛t✐❝ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳
❲❡❡❞ ❘❡s✱ ✸✹✿✶✹✼✕✶✺✺✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❲❛❣❡♥❡t✱ ❘✳❏✳ ✫ ❘❛♦✱ P✳❙✳❈✳✱ ▼♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❡ ❢❛t❡ ✐♥ s♦✐❧s✳ ■♥✿ ❈❤❡♥❣✱
❍✳❍✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✱ P❡st✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✐❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✿ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ ✐♠♣❛❝ts✱ ❛♥❞
♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✳ ▼❛❞✐s♦♥✱ ❊❯❆✿ ❙♦✐❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✱ ♣✳ ✸✺✶✕✸✾✾✱
✶✾✾✵✳
❲❛❧❦❡r✱ ❆✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ s♦✐❧✳ ❘❡✈ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✸✿✶✕✶✼✱ ✶✾✽✼✳
❲❡r❦❤❡✐s❡r✱ ❲✳❖✳ ✫ ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥✱ ❙✳❏✳✱ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♦✐❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❛♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t
♦♥ ♣r✐♠✐s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ s♦r♣t✐♦♥✳ ❏ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥ ◗✉❛❧✱ ✷✺✿✽✵✾✕✽✶✹✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
Capítulo 12
Misturas de Herbicidas Contendo Glyphosate:

Situação Atual, Perspectivas e Possibilidades
Jamil Constantin e Rubem Silvério de Oliveira Jr.
1. Introdução
❖ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ é ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦
♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✈❛st❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛
❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛✱
s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ é ❛♠♣❧❛ ❡ ✐♥❞✐s❝✉tí✈❡❧✳
❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
♥❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣❛ís✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ár❡❛s
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛s s♦❜ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡
ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❛st❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s
❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱
♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦
♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐✲
❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s é q✉❛s❡ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✳
❉❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈❡r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s
♠✐st✉r❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❜✉s❝♦✉ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛r ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s r❡✲
❝❡♥t❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ss❡♠
r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✳ ❙ã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s r❡❧❛✲
❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ só ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ à s❡❧❡t✐✈✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ê♥❢❛s❡ à s♦❥❛✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s
❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s q✉❡✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ r❡♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ sã♦ s✉❜s✐❞✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦r♣♦
❞♦ t❡①t♦✳
❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡ rá♣✐❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ s♦❥❛ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡
♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ à ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❈✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s
❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ ❛♦s ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t♦r❡s ❛ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ✉♠
❛♠♣❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❥❛✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦s
❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s✱ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐♠✐♥✉í❞♦s ✭❍❡❛t❤❡r❧② ✫ ❙♣✉r❧♦❝❦✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
➱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦
♣♦r ❈✉❧♣❡♣♣❡r ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❱ár✐♦s ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛✲
306 Constantin & Oliveira Jr.
♥✐♥❤❛s ❢♦r❛♠ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s

❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❘❘✳ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✷✵✵✸✿ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦
♠✐❧❤♦ ❘❘✱ ❡st❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✶✺✪ ❞❛ ár❡❛ t♦t❛❧ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❀ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ é ❝❡r❝❛
❞❡ ✾✵✪ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❥❛ é ❞❡ ✽✽✪✳ ❖s ❞♦✐s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ár❡❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❛
t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ é ❞❡ rá♣✐❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦
♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛ ✢♦r❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❘❘✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✲
♥♦r t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡st❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❡st❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s
♣❛r❛ ❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❡ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✳
◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ❘❘✱ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s✱ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛✱ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❡ ❈②♣❡r✉s✱
❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❡stã♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❉❡
❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♦ ❛❧❣♦❞ã♦✱ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❡ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❡stã♦ s❡ t♦r✲
♥❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❘❘✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❡♠ s♦❥❛ ❘❘✱
✈ár✐❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r✉❞✐s ❡ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s
t✉❜❡r❝✉❧❛t✉s✱ ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ tê♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✲
❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s✳
❈✐❡♥t✐st❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r❛♠ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦
❞❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✿ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s
❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡❀ r♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡❀ r♦t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭♥ã♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡✮ ❡ ♠❛✐♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ s♦❧♦✳
2. Misturas de Herbicidas Contendo Glyphosate Visando a

Dessecação
▼♦♥q✉❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ sã♦ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♦ ♠❡✲
t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✳ ❊♠ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛✱ ❛
t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♠❡♥♦r tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦
❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✳
❊st❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s r❛t✐✜❝❛♠ ❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛
♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s tát✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝♦♠
❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠❛♥❡❥♦✳ ■st♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐✲
♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞♦✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s✿ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧
✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥♦s q✉✐♥③❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s
❞✐❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✭P❡r❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮❀ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ à ❝♦♥✲
❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r à ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ✈❛r✐❛
❡♥tr❡ ✶✶ ❡ ✶✼ ❞✐❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✭▼❡s❝❤❡❞❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♦ q✉❡
❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❡st❡
♣❡rí♦❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
Misturas de herbicidas contendo glyphosate 307
●❛③③✐❡r♦ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✉ q✉❡ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉✲

❧❛♠ ♦✉ ❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠ sã♦ ✈✐á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✱ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡✲
r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✳ ◆♦ ♠❡s♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♥st❛t♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❝♦♠ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ❡♠ s♦❥❛ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✜♥❛✐s
♣❡r♠✐t✐r❛♠ ✐♥❢❡r✐r q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ s♦❥❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱
q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡ r❡✲
♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t♦r ♥❛ s♦❥❛ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡st❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡
♣♦ss❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s✳
2.1 Misturas envolvendo 2,4-D

❙✉✇✉♥♥❛♠❡❦ ✫ P❛r❦❡r ✭✶✾✼✺✮ ❡st✉❞❛r❛♠ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉
❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ t✐r✐r✐❝❛✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r
❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❢♦✲
t♦ssí♥t❡s❡✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❡ ♦s ❛♠✐♥♦tr✐❛③♦❧❡s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s
❛❞✐t✐✈♦s ❡ às ✈❡③❡s s✐♥❡r❣íst✐❝♦s✳ ▼❛✐♦r ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝❤♦q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❝♦♠
♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠ s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦ ❡♠ ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ✶✱✷✺ ❛ ✶✵ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✳ ❖✉tr♦s
❝♦♠♣♦st♦s q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛r❛♠ ❛t✐✈❛çã♦ q✉❛s❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢♦s❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐❛✱
❢♦s❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❜✉t✐❧✲❛♠ô♥✐❛ ❡ ✉ré✐❛✳
▼✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❝❛♠❜❛✱ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❡ ❜r♦♠♦①②♥✐❧
r❡❞✉③✐r❛♠ ❛ ✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ três ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✭❚✳ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ✕ tr✐❣♦✱ ❍♦r❞❡✉♠ ✈✉❧❣❛r❡ ✕ ❝❡✈❛❞❛ ❡ ❆✈❡♥❛
❢❛t✉❛ ✕ ❛✈❡✐❛ s✐❧✈❡str❡✮✳ ❈♦♠ ❞♦s❡s ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ✭❋▲✮ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❞♦s❡ ✜①❛ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦✳ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦s
❞❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞♦s❡ ✜①❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
♣❛r❛ ❋▲ s✉♣❡r❛r❛♠ ♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦✳ ◆ã♦ ❤♦✉✈❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ ✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ♦✉ ❜r♦♠♦①②♥✐❧ ❢♦r❛♠
❛s♣❡r❣✐❞♦s s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ✈ár✐♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❣♦tí❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❜r♦♠♦①②♥✐❧ ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛s ❧❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛❞♦
♥❛ ❢♦❧❤❛✱ ❛ ✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡
q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞♦✐s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♠✐st✉r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❣♦tí❝✉❧❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐✲
❞❡rá✈❡❧ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉✳ ❊st❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
s✉❣❡r❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ ✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐s✲
t✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ❜r♦♠♦①②♥✐❧ ❡ ❞✐❝❛♠❜❛ ♣♦❞❡
♦❝♦rr❡r ❞❡✈✐❞♦ t❛♥t♦ à ✐♥❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢ís✐❝❛ q✉❛♥t♦ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛
♠✐st✉r❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✭❖✬❙✉❧❧✐✈❛♥
✫ ❖✬❉♦♥♦✈❛♥✱ ✶✾✽✵✮✳
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❋❧✐♥t ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✽✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡
❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦
❡ ❛ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❤❛❧❡♣❡♥s❡✳
❆ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✰ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❞♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐✲

❡♥t❡s ✭❃✾✺✪✮ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥♦ s✉❧ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❇r♦♠✉s t❡❝t♦r✉♠✱ ❆❡❣✐❧♦♣s
❝②❧✐♥❞r✐❝❛ ❡ ❈♦♥②③❛ ❝❛♥❛❞❡♥s✐s ✭❲✐❡s❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙t♦♥❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ✭❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛✮ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✷✱✹✲
❉ ❢♦✐ ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈♦❧✈✉❧✉s ❛r✈❡♥✲
s✐s ❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ tr✐❣♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦
q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛✱ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s t❛♠❜é♠ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦
♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✷✱✹✲❉✳
❆ ❧♦s♥❛ ✭❆rt❡♠✐s✐❛ ✈❡r❧♦t♦r✉♠ ✮ é ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛ ❝❛✲
♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❜r♦t❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s r✐③♦♠❛s ❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡ à ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦✳ ➪r❡❛s ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛
❢♦r❛♠ tr❛t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦s❡s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛s
❡♥tr❡ s✐✱ ♣♦r ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❖ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦✐ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡
♦ ✷✱✹✲❉✳ ❖ ✷✱✹✲❉ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❧♦s♥❛ ❛♦s ✾✵ ❞✐❛s ❛♣ós s✉❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉✱
r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✈✐✈❛s ❛té ♦s ✾✵ ❞✐❛s ❛♣ós s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛s
❞♦s❡s ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❧♦s♥❛
❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s✳ ❖s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠á①✐♠♦s ❛❧❝❛♥✲
ç❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ tr✐❣♦ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞✐r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛s✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❛ ❧♦s♥❛✳ ▼❛✐♦r r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr✐❣♦ ✭✸✼✽✼ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❢♦✐ ♦❜t✐❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡
❡❢❡t✉♦✉ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ✵✱✼✷✶ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ✶✱✶✺✷
❦❣ ❤❛−1 ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s ♣♦♠❛r❡s ❝ítr✐❝♦s ♣❛✉❧✐st❛s é ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ◆♦
❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♥❛s ❞♦s❡s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛s✱
t❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ✈✐r❣✐♥✐❝❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❣r❛♥❞❡ t♦✲
❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✱ s♦♠❛❞❛ à ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛
❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡✳ P❡sq✉✐s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❘❛♠♦s ✫ ❉✉r✐❣❛♥ ✭✶✾✾✻✮
❡♠ ♣♦♠❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝✐tr♦s ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛t❛♥❞✉✈❛✱ ❙P✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str♦✉ q✉❡ ❡st❡
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ♣r♦♥t❛s ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✷✱✹✲❉✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♠♦str♦✉ q✉❡
❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣r♦♥t❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✰ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❛
tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦
❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦s❡s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❛ ✵✱✻✵ ✰ ✵✱✽✵ ❦❣
✐✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s r❡❢♦rç❛♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s
♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳ ❊♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s
❞❡ ✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❧❛r❛♥❥❡✐r❛s✳
P❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❞♦s❡s ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♠✐st✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ♥❛
❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♥❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❡✐❛✱ ❋❡rr✐ ✫ ❊❧t③
✭✶✾✾✽✮ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r❛♠✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✻✱ ✉♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❙❛♥t❛ ▼❛✲

r✐❛✱ ❘❙✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✿ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛ ✼✷✵✱ ✶✵✽✵✱
✶✹✹✵ ❡ ✶✽✵✵ ❣ ❤❛ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ á❝✐❞♦✱ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♠✐st✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✸✷✵ ❣
−1
❤❛ ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉ ést❡r✱ ❛s♣❡r❣✐❞♦s ♥♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❧❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ▲ ❤❛ ✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡

−1 −1
t❡st❡♠✉♥❤❛ s❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲

s❛t❡ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝♦✉ ♥❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ P❛s♣❛❧✉♠ ♠❛❝✉❧♦s✉♠✱
P❛s♣❛❧✉♠ ♣❧✐❝❛t✉❧✉♠✱ P❛s♣❛❧✉♠ ♥✐❝♦r❛❡✱ P❛s♣❛❧✉♠ ♥♦t❛t✉♠ ✈❛r✳ ♥♦t❛t✉♠
❜✐ót✐♣♦ ✏❆✑✱ P❛s♣❛❧✉♠ ♣✉♠✐❧✉♠ ❡ ❱❡r♥♦♥✐❛ ♥✉❞✐✢♦r❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
❘❛♠♦s ✫ ❉✉r✐❣❛♥ ✭✶✾✾✽✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉
❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❢❡t♦✉ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❝♦♥st❛t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♦✉ ❞✐✉r♦♥
❛ ❞♦s❡s ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s
❡ ❚r✐♣♦❣❛♥❞r❛ ❞✐✉r❡t✐❝❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥ã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✉ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛
❡r❡❝t❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ✶✵✵✪ ❞❡ ♠♦rt❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
❙❛♥t♦s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r❛♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ✷✱✹✲❉✱
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❛
❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s s❡❥❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡
❛♠❜♦s é s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❊♠ ❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s
✱ ✷✱✹✲❉ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ✭❃✾✶✪✮ ❛ ♣❛r✲
t✐r ❞❡ ✶✻✼✱✺ ❣ ❤❛ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✸✸✺ ❣ ❤❛
−1 −1
♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❊♠ ❈✳ ❞✐✛✉s❛

✱ ✷✱✹✲❉ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✻✼✵ ❣ ❤❛ ✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
−1
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛ ✶✵✵✺ ✰

✼✷✵ ❣ ❤❛ ♣r♦✈♦❝♦✉ ✶✵✵✪ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ r❡❜r♦t❛
−1
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♥♦s ♦✉tr♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ◆❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❈✳

❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ♠♦str♦✉✲s❡ ♠❛✐s s✉s❝❡tí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❈✳ ❞✐✛✉s❛ ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✷✱✹✲❉
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❇✉❡♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❞❡s✲
s❡❝❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❘❘ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❝♦♠ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❢♦✐ s✉♣❡r✐♦r às ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥
♦✉ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✳ ❆❧✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✱ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ♥♦
♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♣ré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦✳
❊♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣♦r ◆♦♥✐♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉✲
s❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✷✱✹✲❉✰❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ s♣♣✳✱
❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✱ ❚r✐❞❛① ♣r♦❝✉♠❜❡♥s✱ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s✱ ❘❤②♥✲
❝❤❡❧✐tr✉♠ r❡♣❡♥s✱ ❇♦❡r❤❛❛✈✐❛ ❞✐❢✉s❛ ❡ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡❧❤♦✲
r❛❞♦s✳
❆ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✷✱✹✲❉ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛
♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❞❡
❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳
2.2 Misturas envolvendo metsufuron e imazapyr

❑✉❞s❦ ✫ ▼❛t❤✐❛ss❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❡st✉❞❛r❛♠ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✼✸ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✲
✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡✱ ♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡ ✐♠❛③❛♣②r✱ s♦✲
❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❙✐♥❛♣s✐s ❛r✈❡♥s✐s ❡ ❙✳ ❛❧❜❛✳ ❆s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡✰✐♠❛③❛♣②r ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✐✲
♥❡r❣✐s♠♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦✳ ❖ s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦ ❢♦✐ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠
♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ té❝♥✐❝♦✱ s✉❣❡r✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r❡✲
s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s❡r✐❛♠ ♦s
r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s s✐♥❡r❣íst✐❝♦s✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛ ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛ ✭✷✵✵✷✮
❝♦♥st❛t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r❛♠
♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠
❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✳
2.3 Misturas envolvendo carfentrazone, flumioxazin e butafenacil

❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣❛r❛
♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❛s
♥♦ss❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛✱ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ s♣♣✳✱ ❆❧t❡r♥❛♥t❤❡r❛
t❡♥❡❧❧❛✱ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s✱ ❚r✐❞❛① ♣r♦❝✉♠❜❡♥s ❡ ❙♣❡r♠❛❝♦❝❡ ❧❛t✐❢♦❧✐❛✳
❘♦♥❝❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷❛✮ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ t❡✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦
❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧✱ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦
❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣♦táss✐❝♦✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛✿ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❞✐✛✉s❛ ❡ ❈♦♠✲
♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❈✳ ❞✐❢✉s❛ ❢♦✐ ♠❛✐s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡
❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ❛♦ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧ ❡ às s✉❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣♦táss✐❝♦✳ ❆s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡✲
r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ r✉✐♠ ✭✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛ ✸✵✪✮ ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛✱
t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛❞♦
s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡st❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s✳
❖✉tr♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❘♦♥❝❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✮ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡✲
t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛✱ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❞✐✛✉s❛ ❡ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✳ ❖s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❛s tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ✷✶ ❞✐❛s✱
❞❡ ✭♣❛r❛q✉❛t ✰ ❞✐✉r♦♥✮ ✴ ✭❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✮ ❡ ❞❡ ✭♣❛r❛✲
q✉❛t✰❞✐✉r♦♥✮ ✴ ✭♣❛r❛q✉❛t✰❞✐✉r♦♥✮✱ s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ❞❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡
✷✱✹✲❉ ✰ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧ ✰ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡✴♦✉ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
♣♦táss✐❝♦✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ ▼❛t❛❧❧♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡✰✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❢♦✐ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥✲
s✐s✱ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛✱ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s ❡ ❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢♦r❛♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❧❤❛✲

♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛çõ❡s ♦❝♦rr✐❞❛s
❛té q✉❛tr♦ ❤♦r❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❛r❛♠
❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠
✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✱ ❝❤✉✈❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❤♦r❛ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❛❢❡t❛r❛♠ ❛
❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❈♦st❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛✲
❧❡♥s✐s✱ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✱ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛✱ P❛♥✐❝✉♠ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠✱
❘✐❝❤❛r❞✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s ❡ ❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛
♣❡❧♦ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❞♦s❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❖
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦✉ ❝♦♠
❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡✱ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱
q✉❡ ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r♦✉ ♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♥❞♦ í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s s ✽✷✪
❥á ❛♦s ✽ ❉❆❆✳
❖ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❜✉t❛❢❡♥❛❝✐❧ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐♦✉ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ♣♦táss✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦
❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠✐st✉r♦✉✲s❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣♦táss✐❝♦ ❛♦ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧
✭❙♦✉③❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❊♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♣ré✲s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱
❝♦♥st❛t♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❈❡♥❝❤r✉s ❡❝❤✐♥❛t✉s✱ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✱ ❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠✲
❜✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❡ ▲❡♦♥♦t✐s ♥❡♣❡t✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠✐st✉✲
r❛s tr✐♣❧❛s ❞❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✰❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞✉♣❧❛s
❞❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦
✐s♦❧❛❞♦✱ s✉❣❡r✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ t❛✐s ♠✐st✉r❛s ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛♥t❛✲
❣♦♥íst✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡st❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✭❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❊st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ♦✉ ✷✱✹✲❉ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦
❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ ❘❡③❡♥❞❡ ✫ ❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛ ✭✷✵✵✷✮
❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ❢♦✐ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✳ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛
♣✉r♣✉r❡❛✱ ❆❣❡r❛t✉♠ ❝♦♥✐③♦✐❞❡s✱ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s ❡ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ ❢♦✲
r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♦ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛✲
③✐♥ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢❛t♦
t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥st❛t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✷✱✹✲❉✳
❚r❛❜❛❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦
❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♥♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ s❡✐s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❲❡r❧❛♥❣ ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❝♦♥✲
❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ✼✷✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ❢♦✐
❡✜❝❛③ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s ❤②❜r✐❞✉s ✭✶✵✵✪✮✱ ❉❡s♠♦❞✐✉♠ t♦rt✉♦s✉♠
✭✶✵✵✪✮✱ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ ✭✾✾✪✮✱ ❊❧❡✉s✐♥❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✭✾✻✪✮✱ ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧✐s
✭✶✵✵✪✮ ❡ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ✭✾✸✪✮ ❛♦s ✷✶ ❉❆❆✳ ❈❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦✉ ❡✜❝❛③♠❡♥t❡ ❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✳ ❆s ♠✐st✉r❛s
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛s ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ✷✺✷ ❡ ✼✷✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧ ♥❛s
❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ✶✺ ❡ ✸✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❆✳ ❤②✲

❜r✐❞✉s✱ ❉✳ t♦rt✉♦s✉♠ ❡ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛✱ à ❡①❝❡çã♦ ❞❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
♥❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ✷✺✷ ❣ ❤❛−1 ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ✶✺ ❡ ✸✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ❞❡ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧✱
q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s✐♥❡r❣íst✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❉✳ t♦rt✉♦s✉♠✳ ❆ ❛❞✐çã♦
❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐③♦✉ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
♥❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦s❡ ✭✷✺✷ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❊✳ ✐♥❞✐❝❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦✱ ♥♦ ❡♥✲
t❛♥t♦✱ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦s❡ ✭✼✷✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮✳ P❛r❛ ❉✳
❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧✐s✱ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛ ♠❡♥♦r
❞♦s❡ ✭✷✺✷ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s✐♥❡r❣íst✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡st❛ ❡s♣é✲
❝✐❡✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♥❞♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦ ♥❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛ ❞♦s❡
❞❡ ✼✷✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✳ ❆ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐✲
♦♥♦✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛s
❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡st❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠
q✉❡ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ q✉❛♥t♦ à
✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❡ ❞❛
❞♦s❡ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r
♥❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❞❡♠♦♥str♦✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛♥t❛❣ô♥✐❝♦
❡♠ ♣♦✉❝❛s ❞❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s✱ ♣r❡✈❛❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ s❡✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦ ♥❛
♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✳
❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡♠ ▼❛r✐♥❣á✱ P❘ ♣♦r ❏❛r❡♠t❝❤✉❝❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮
t✐✈❡r❛♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ♣♦✲
❞❡r✐❛♠ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ ❞❡ ár❡❛s ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ✈❡✲
❣❡t❛❧ ✭♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r P❛rt❤❡♥✐✉♠ ❤②st❡r♦♣❤♦r✉s ✮✳ ❊st❡
❢❛t♦ é ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦✲
❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ❊st❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥s✐st✐✉ ❞❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s
❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳
❆ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡✱ ♥❛s ❞✐❢❡✲
r❡♥t❡s é♣♦❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ✭❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦✮✱ ❛❝❡❧❡r♦✉ ❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❆♣❧✐q✉❡✲P❧❛♥t❡
❡ ✸ ❉❆❙ ✭❞✐❛s ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛✮✱ ❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❛té ✶✵ ❉❉❙ ✭❞✐❛s
❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛✮✳ P❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s é♣♦❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦✱ ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t♦✉ ❛
r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♠❡r✲
❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ❊st❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦
❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛s é♣♦❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❆♣❧✐q✉❡✲P❧❛♥t❡
❡ ✸ ❉❆❙ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❛❢❡t❛r❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♦s
r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❡♠ ✶✻ ❡ ✶✽✪✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às s✉❛s
r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s t❡st❡♠✉♥❤❛s✳ ❆ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✱ ♣♦r
♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r ❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ s❡♠❡❛✲
❞✉r❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝✉rt♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r
à ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❛ t❡♠ ♦ s❡✉
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♥✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡❧✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s s❡♠❡✲
❧❤❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭▲✉✐s ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s✱
❇❆✱ ❘✐♦ ❱❡r❞❡✱ ●❖ ❡ P♦♥t❛ ●r♦ss❛✱ P❘✮ ✭❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❝♦♠
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✭❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐✲
♥❡❛✱ ❆❧t❡r♥❛♥t❤❡r❛ t❡♥❡❧❧❛ ✮ ❝❤❡❣❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❛
❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡❧❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥
❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s♦♠❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❢♦✐ ❜❡♥é✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
❞❛ s♦❥❛✳
2.4 Misturas envolvendo inibidores do fotossistema II e acetochlor

❇r❛❞❧❡② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞❛r❡♠ ♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❜✐❝♦❧♦r ❜✉s❝❛r❛♠ s❛❜❡r s❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô✲
♥✐♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r t❛❧ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♦❜t✐✈❡r❛♠ ♣❡❧❛
❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦❧❜② ♣❛r❛ s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐✲
③♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ s♦r❣♦ ❢♦rr❛❣❡✐r♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠
q✉❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❝♦♠ t❡♠♣❡r❛✲
t✉r❛s ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①❛s ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡♣❡t✐❛♠ ❡♠ ❝❛s❛ ❞❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛
❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ❞❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠
❞✐✉r♦♥ ♦✉ s✐♠❛③✐♥❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
❞❡ ❝✐tr✉s✱ ●❛❧❧✐ ✫ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ✭✶✾✽✺✮ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r❛♠ ❞♦✐s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡
♦ ❛♥♦ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛ ✽✸✴✽✹✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡♠ ❏❛❣✉❛r✐ú♥❛ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❡♠ ❈❛t❛♥❞✉✈❛✱
❛♠❜♦s ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳ ❆s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛s ✭❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛✱ ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧✐s ❡ P♦rt✉❧❛❝❛ ♦❧❡r❛❝❡❛ ✮
❛♦s ✻✵ ❉❆❚ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s às ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❢♦✐ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦ ❝♦♠✲
♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❡ ❛❝❡t♦❝❤❧♦r ❡♠
♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❞❡ss❡❝❛♥t❡s ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦s✲
tr❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛✱ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ❡
❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s ❛ ❢♦✐ ♠❛✐s ❜❡♠ ❡❢❡t✉❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♦♥❞❡ ❤❛✈✐❛ ❛tr❛✲
③✐♥❡✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❡ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
❱✐❞❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r❛♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✿ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛s
❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ✺✹✵✱ ✼✷✵ ❡ ✾✵✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à ♠✐s✲
t✉r❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❬s✐♠❛③✐♥❡✰❛tr❛③✐♥❡❪ ♥❛s ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ❬✶✼✺✵✰✶✼✺✵❪ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ t❡st❛❞♦s ✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠
♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✳ ❆s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❞❡ t❡♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❧♦r♦✜❧❛ ✐♥✲
❞✐❝❛r❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛♥t❛❣ô♥✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s três ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❖s ❡❢❡✐t♦s
❛♥t❛❣ô♥✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳
2.5 Misturas contendo herbicidas com atividade residual no solo

❆ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❞✐♠❡t❤❡♥❛♠✐❞ ❡♠ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡
♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❡♠ s♦❥❛ ❘❘ ♠♦str♦✉ q✉❡ ❞✐♠❡t❤❡♥❛♠✐❞ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝♦ ❛♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛s ❞♦s❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ✭✺✻✵ ❛ ✶✻✽✵ ❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✮✳ ❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♥❛
❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❢♦✐ ✾✽✪ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♥②③❛ ❝❛♥❛✲

❞❡♥s✐s ❡ ✽✷✪ ♣❛r❛ ❘✉♠❡① ❝r✐s♣✉s ❝♦♠ ♦✉ s❡♠ ❞✐♠❡t❤❡♥❛♠✐❞✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱
t♦❞❛s ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❞✐♠❡t❤❡♥❛♠✐❞ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡✲
s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛t②♣❤②❧❧❛ q✉❡ ❡♠❡r❣✐r❛♠ ❛♣ós ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦
❞❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✽✹ ❛ ✾✻✪✳ ❊♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐♦✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✽✾✪ ❞❡ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ❡ ❞❡
❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❤❛❧❡♣❡♥s❡✱ ♠❛s ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❞✐♠❡t❤❡♥❛♠✐❞ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❛r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ✢✉①♦s t❛r❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❊✳ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❞✐♠❡t❤❡♥❛♠✐❞✳ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡t❤❡♥❛♠✐❞ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r♦✉ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❡♠ ✺✵✵ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✭❙❝♦tt ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str♦✉ q✉❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞✐♠❡t❤❡♥❛♠✐❞ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ♣♦✐s ♠❡s♠♦ ♥ã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦
♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❛✐s
❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡✱ ♥❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱
♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
➱ ❝❡rt♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♣♦❞❡
❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❡♠
❲✐s❝♦♥s✐♥ ✭❊❯❆✮ é ❞❡ ❯✩✶✻✱✵✵ ♣♦r ❤❡❝t❛r❡ ✭❇♦❡r❜♦♦♠ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❈♦r✲
r✐❣❛♥ ✫ ❍❛r✈❡② ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ q✉❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧
só s❡rã♦ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐á✈❡✐s s❡ ❡❧❡s ♣✉❞❡r❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞♦s
❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❡♠ PÓ❙ ❡♠ s♦❥❛ ❘❘✳
❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛✱ ❈♦rr✐❣❛♥ ✫ ❍❛r✈❡② ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r❛♠ ❞♦✐s
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ◆♦
♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝♦✉✲s❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ✭♥❛ ❞❡s✲
s❡❝❛çã♦✮ ❡ s❡t❡ ❞✐❛s ❞❡♣♦✐s ❛♣❧✐❝♦✉✲s❡ ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠
P❘➱ ✭❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰♣❡♥❞✐♠❡t❤❛❧✐♥✱ ✷✱✹✲❉✰♣❡♥❞✐♠❡t❤❛❧✐♥✱ ✷✱✹✲
❉✰❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✰♠❡tr✐❜✉③✐♥✱ t♦❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ✭❡stá❞✐♦ ❱✷ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✮ ❡ PÓ❙ ✭❱✹✮✱
❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❞♦s❡s ✭✹✷✵ ❡ ✻✸✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮✳ ◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ s❡t❡ ❞✐❛s ❛♣ós ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ✷✺ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✱
♦s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦s ♣♦r ❝✐♥❝♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭♥❡♥❤✉♠
tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ PÓ❙ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ PÓ❙✱ ❛♠✲
❜♦s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❞♦s❡s✮ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠
❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ✭♥❡♥❤✉♠✱ ❞✐♠❡t❤❡♥❛♠✐❞✱ ❬❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✰t❤✐❢❡♥s✉❧❢✉r♦♥❪✱
❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠ ❡ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✮✳
❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❝♦♠
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ PÓ❙ ♥ã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ♥❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❖s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ t✐✈❡r❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♦✉ r❡❞✉③✐r❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ s♦③✐♥❤♦ ❡♠ PÓ❙♣ ♦✉ PÓ❙ ❢♦✐ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠✲
❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧
❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡

r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❜❡♥é✜❝♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ r❡✲
❞✉③✐r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ♦✉ s❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ t✐✈❡r q✉❡ s❡r
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s t❛r❞❡ ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛s ❛❞✈❡rs❛s ♦✉ ♣♦r
❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛s q✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s
♥❡st❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✭❈♦rr✐❣❛♥ ✫ ❍❛r✈❡②✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ♥ã♦ ❛❢❡t♦✉
❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ t❛♥t♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦
q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛✳ ❊♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦
♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ tr✐♣❧❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ❡ ✐♠❛③❛t❤❛♣②r ♣r♦♠♦✈❡✉
❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥②③❛ ❝❛♥❛❞❡♥s✐s ❡ P❛♥✐❝✉♠ ❞✐❝❤♦t♦♠✐✢♦r✉♠✱ ✐♥✲
❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❤♦✉✈❡
❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ PÓ❙ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s♦③✐♥❤♦ ❢♦✐
♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡stá❞✐♦s ❱✷ ❡ ❱✻ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ✭✶✻ ❛ ✸✺
❉❆P✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭✵✱✽ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❝♦♠
❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ✭✵✱✻ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❡ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ✭✵✱✵✼ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❡st❡♥❞❡✉ ❛ ❥❛♥❡❧❛
❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛s❡s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝♦❝❡s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❘❘ ✭❝r❛❝✲
❦✐♥❣ ❡ ❱✶✮✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
❢♦r❛♠ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❥❛ ❘❘ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡stá❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛té ♦ ❱✻
✭❱❛♥❣❡ss❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
◆❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s t❡♠ ❝r❡s❝✐❞♦
♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ✈❡❣❡✲
t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ❆ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❛♠
❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦
✭❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♣ré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❛ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛ ✭❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀
❱❛❧❡♥t❡ ✫ ❈❛✈❛③③❛♥❛✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❘♦♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❡✱ ❝♦♥✲
s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♥♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✭Pr✐❝❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❘♦♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❆❧✈❡s ✫ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✱ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ♦✉ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡✜✲
❝✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛s às
❡♥tr❡❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝❛❢❡❡✐r♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛❞♦✳
❊♠ ♦✉tr♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❇✐③③✐ ✫ ❆♥❞r❡s ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡
❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦
❞❡ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s ❡ ❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
✐s♦❧❛❞♦✱ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ❡ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛✲
çã♦ ♣ré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ ❡
❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❢❡t❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳
❈❛rr❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r❛♠ ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠✐st✉r❛s
❡♥tr❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✱ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ❡ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥
❡ ❝♦♥st❛t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦✲

❧❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛
❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛✲
❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ◆❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❢♦✐ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦
❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s
♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s t❛♠✲
❜é♠ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛
❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳
❇✐③③✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞❛r❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ♣ré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ ❝♦♥st❛t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ♦✉ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s
♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ ❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛
❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳
❈♦❜✉❝❝✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞❡ss❡❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣ré✲
♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞♦ ❢❡✐❥♦❡✐r♦ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❡♥tr❡ s✉❧❢♦✲
s❛t❡ ❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✱ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦
✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❢❡✐❥ã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ❡st❛
t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐á✈❡❧✳
❚✐♠♦ss✐ ✫ ❉✉r✐❣❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r❛♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡s✲
t✉❞❛r ♦♣çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♥❛✲❞❡✲❛çú❝❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❡♠
s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❧♦❣♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦q✉❡✐r❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♥❛✳ ❈♦♥✲
❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♥ã♦
❛❢❡t❛r ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦q✉❡✐r❛✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡✉
❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦
✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈♦❧✈✉❧á❝❡❛s✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♣ré✲s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛
s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡
❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ❘♦ss✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✐♥st❛❧❛r❛♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱
❙P✳ ❖s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❢❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❱✹ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✉✲s❡ q✉❡
❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✱ ❡♠ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡✱ ♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♣ré✲s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛✱ ♣♦❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♦✉
r❡t❛r❞❛r ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛
❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛✳
▼❡♥❡③❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛
❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ❡ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲
çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣ré✲s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r✲
❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ❡ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r♦✉
♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐✉ ❛ r❡❜r♦t❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛s ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ✐♥s✉❧❛r✐s✱ ❚r✐❞❛① ♣r♦❝✉♠❜❡♥s ❡ ▲❡♣t♦❝❤❧♦❛ ✜❧✐❢♦r♠✐s✳ ❚rês
❞✐❛s ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❢♦✐ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❛s três ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥ã♦ ❢♦ss❡ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦
❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛✳ ❈♦♥st❛t♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦
❛❢❡t❛r❛♠ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡♠❡r❣✐❞❛s ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❙✐❞❛ s❛♥t❛r❡♠♥❡♥s✐s✱
❉✳ ✐♥s✉❧❛r✐s✱ ❊❧❡✉s✐♥❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛✱ ❈❤❛♠❛❡s②❝❡ ❤✐rt❛✱ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ ❡ ❙❡♥♥❛ ♦❜✲
t✉s✐❢♦❧✐❛✳ ❆♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❆❧t❡r♥❛♥t❤❡r❛ t❡♥❡❧❧❛ ❢♦✐ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛
❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ♦✉ ❞❡ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ r❡❞✉③✐✉
❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛✳ ❯♠ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ❡ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ♥❛s ❞♦s❡s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥ã♦
r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳
❩❛❣♦♥❡❧ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉ q✉❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✷✱✹✲❉ t✐✈❡r❛♠ ✜✲
t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧ ♥❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣ró①✐♠❛s à s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❣❡♥❡t✐✲
❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ♦✉
❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥
❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦
r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
s♦❥❛✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ár❡❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡
♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳
❈❛✈❡♥❛❣❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s
❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❡ s♦❥❛ tr❛♥s❣ê✲
♥✐❝❛✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧
✭❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧✱ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❡ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠✮ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ r❡❞✉③✐✉ ♦ ✢✉①♦
❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛r r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
❚♦❢♦❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✷✱✹✲
❉✰❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♣ré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❢♦✐ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❚r✐❞❛①
♣r♦❝✉♠❜❡♥s✱ ❆❣❡r❛t✉♠ ❝♦♥✐③♦✐❞❡s ❡ ❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛♠
q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ❛ ✸✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ é ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛✲
t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ♠❛t♦❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ s♦❥❛
❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
❏á ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❛♠✐♥❛ ❛♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ✭♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❘❘✮ é ❢✉♥✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡
❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡♠
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ✶✵✵✪ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❡r✈❛✲
q✉❡♥t❡ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡✐r❛✳
❲❡r❧❛♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✻❛✮ ❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♥t❡✲
❝❡❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐ q✉❡ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s
❞❡ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡ss❡✲
❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✱ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛✱ ❚r✐❞❛① ♣r♦❝✉♠❜❡♥s
❡ ❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛✳ ❆ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉
❜♦♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✱ ■✳ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛✱ ❈❡♥❝❤r✉s ❡❝❤✐✲
♥❛t✉s✱ ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧✐s✱ ❚✳ ♣r♦❝✉♠❜❡♥s✱ ❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❡ ❇✐❞❡♥s
♣✐❧♦s❛ ❛té ✷✵ ❞✐❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐✲

♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛
s♦❥❛ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛✳
❊♠ ♦✉tr♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❲❡r❧❛♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✻❜✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s t❡st❛❞❛s
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥❞♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✉ q✉❡
❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ❡ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✲
r❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✱ ■✳ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❡ ❊✳
❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✱ ❙❡♥♥❛ ♦❜t✉s✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❡ ❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛✳ ❆ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ s✉❧❢❡♥✲
tr❛③♦♥❡✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✱ ■✳ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛✱ ❊❧❡✉s✐♥❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛✱ ❊✳ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✱ ❙❡♥♥❛
♦❜t✉s✐❢♦❧✐❛✱ ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧✐s✱ ❙✐❞❛ r❤♦♠❜✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❡ ❇✐❞❡♥s ♣✐❧♦s❛ ♣♦r ✉♠
♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✺ ❞✐❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐✲
♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛
s♦❥❛ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛✳
❖s✐♣❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛
❬❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r❪ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❢♦✐
❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❊✳ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ❡ ❇✳ ♣✐❧♦s❛ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦ ❞❛s ✐♥✈❛s♦r❛s ❛té ✹✷ ❉❆❆✱ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✳
❇✉③❛tt✐ ✫ ●❛③③✐❡r♦ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❡♠ q✉❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❛
s♦❥❛ ❘❘ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❛♠ ❛ r❡✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t♦✉ ♦
❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳
2.6 Misturas visando o controle de biótipos resistentes e diferentes

espécies de Commelina
❊st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛✱ P❡♥❝✲
❦♦✇s❦✐ ✫ ❘♦❝❤❛ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♥❛
❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✼✷✵ ❛ ✶✵✽✵ ❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 s♦❜r❡ ❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ❡♠ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✢♦r❡s❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
✭✼✷✵ ❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❝♦♠ ✷✱✹✲❉ ✭✻✼✵ ❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✮ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ✭✶✷ ❣
✐✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✮ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❢♦✐ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊ss❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜t✐❞♦s q✉❛♥❞♦
❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠❛rç♦✱ q✉❡✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ é ✉♠❛
é♣♦❝❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ é ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦
♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♥❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✳
P❛r❛ ❈✳ ✈✐❧♦s❛✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t❛s ❞♦s❡s ♦✉ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛s ❞♦s❡s ❡♠
♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ✐♦❞♦s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ❡ ♠❡s♦tr✐♦♥❡
♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡✳ ❖ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ só ❢♦✐ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ q✉❛♥❞♦✱ ❛♣ós s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉✲
s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❞❡ ❬❞✐✉r♦♥✰♣❛r❛q✉❛t❪✳
❖ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ só ❢♦✐ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈✳ ❞✐❢✉s❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠
❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥ã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♥❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✱ ♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✳
❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❈✳ ❡r❡❝t❛✱ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✱ q✉❡r ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ú♥✐❝❛

❡♠ ❞♦s❡s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s ♦✉ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛✐s✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s❡✉
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❆s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ ♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱
✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❡ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r t❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❙ó ❢♦✐ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞❛
❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ✷✱✹✲❉✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡s
tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❬❞✐✉r♦♥✰♣❛r❛q✉❛t❪✳
▼✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r❛♠ ❜♦♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡st❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛✳
❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛③❡✈é♠ ✭▲♦❧✐✉♠ ♠✉❧t✐✢♦r✉♠ ✮ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ só
❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❧❡t❤♦❞✐♠ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♣♦♠❛r❡s ❞❡
♠❛çã✳ ❘✐③③❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻❛✮ r❡ss❛❧t❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛ ✶✷ ▲ ❤❛−1 ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❛③❡✈é♠ ❡ q✉❡
♦ ❝❧❡t❤♦❞✐♠✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✱ ♥❛s ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ✵✱✸✵ ❡ ✵✱✸✺ ▲ ❤❛−1 ✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✶✵✵✪✳ ❊♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛✲
çã♦ ♣ré✲s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ ❘✐③③❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻❜✮ r❡❧❛t❛♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❛③❡✈é♠ só ❢♦✐ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❡t❤♦❞✐♠ ♦✉ q✉✐③❛❧❛❢♦♣
✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ♦✉ ♣❡❧❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❧❡t❤♦❞✐♠✳
❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠✐s✲
t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥②③❛
❜♦♥❛r✐❡♥s✐s ❡ ❈♦♥②③❛ ❝❛♥❛❞❡♥s✐s ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥✲♠❡t❤②❧ ❢♦✐ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✽✵✪ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✸✵ ❉❆❆✳ ❖ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ t❡st❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞♦s❡s
❞❡ ❛té ✽✻✹✵ ❣ ✐✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❛✲
t✐s❢❛tór✐❛✳ ▼❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ▼♦r❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠
q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❞♦s❡s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛té ✺✼✻✵ ❣ ✐✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✷✱✹✲❉
✭✶✹✹✵✰✶✵✵✺ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ✭✶✹✹✵✰✷✱✹ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡✰♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ✭✶✹✹✵✰✸✱✻ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰♠❡tr✐❜✉③✐♥ ✭✶✹✹✵✰✹✽✵
❣ ❤❛−1 ✮✳
3. Misturas de Herbicidas Contendo Glyphosate Visando Apli-

cações Após o Plantio das Culturas
❆ ❡s♣❡r❛♥ç❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡r❛ ❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❡r✲
♠✐t✐r✐❛♠ ✉♠❛ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✕ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡r❛ t✉❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛ss✉♠✐❛♠ s❡r ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦
♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳
❖ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ é q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ú♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱
❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡t❛r❞❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛té q✉❡ ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s t❡♥❤❛ ❡♠❡r❣✐❞♦✳ ■st♦ ♣♦❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛r ♣❡rí♦❞♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦♥❣♦s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦
♣r❡❝♦❝❡✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦✱ ❡♠ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ ♣❡r❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
◆ã♦ é s✉r♣r❡s❛✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s t❡♥❤❛♠ ♣❛ss❛❞♦ ❛

♣❡sq✉✐s❛r ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❞❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✕ ♦✉ s❡✉ ✉s♦
❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ✕ ❞❡
♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❝❧❛r❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛
q✉❛❧ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡①❝❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝❛s♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛♠ ✐♥❢❡st❛çõ❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❛♣❧✐✲
❝❛çõ❡s ú♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s❡♠ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♦✉tr♦
♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ❡st❛r s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛ ❞♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐✲
❞♦s✳ ■st♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ t❛❧ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡st✉❞♦s ♥❡♠ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♠❛✐s
❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳
◆♦rr✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s sã♦ ❜❡♥é✜❝❛s
♣♦rq✉❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝✉st❛♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛✲
❞♦s à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠
❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s✳
3.1 Trabalhos com ênfase no controle residual das misturas

❉♦s❡s r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❢♦❧✐❛r❡s
♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦❀ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s sã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s
❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝❛s ❞❡❝r❡s❝❡♠ ✭❍②❞r✐❝❦ ✫ ❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳
❉✐r❦s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❡st✉❞❛r❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦
✭❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡✱ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧✮ ❞❡ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♥❛
❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ PÓ❙♣✱ PÓ❙ ❡ PÓ❙t ❡ ♥❛ r❡❜r♦t❛✳ ❖s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
❞❡ ❧✉❝r❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ t✐♥❤❛♠ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❞❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ PÓ❙✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳
❱❛♥❧✐❡s❤♦✉t ✫ ▲♦✉① ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r❛♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ♣♦r três ❛♥♦s✱ ❡♠ três
❧♦❝❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ❊❯❆✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✿ ✭❛✮ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛
❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s r❡s✐❞✉❛✐s ✉s❛❞♦s s♦③✐♥❤♦s ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛s ❡♠❡r❣✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ✭❜✮ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❞♦s❡
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡✲
s✐❞✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ✭❝✮ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r
♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛✱ ❖s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥s✐st✐r❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦
❢❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭✵✱ ✷✽✵✱ ✺✻✵ ❡ ✽✹✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮✱ ❞✉❛s
é♣♦❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ✕ ✵ ❛ ✶ ❝♠ ❡ t❛❞✐❛ ✕ ✶✺ ❛ ✸✵ ❝♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✮ ❡ s❡✐s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ✭♥❡♥❤✉♠✱
♠❡tr✐❜✉③✐♥✰❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❧✐♥✉r♦♥✰❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r
❡ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥✮✳
▼✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♠❡tr✐❜✉③✐♥ ✰ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ✰ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❧✐♥✉r♦♥
✰ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ✰ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭✷✽✵ ❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✮ r❡s✉❧t❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
♠❛✐♦r ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✽✺✪ ❞❡ P♦❧②❣♦♥✉♠ ♣❡♥s②❧✈❛♥✐❝✉♠✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠✐s✲

t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭✺✻✵ ❣ ❛✳❡✳ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❝♦♠ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠
✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥✳ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛ ✷✽✵ ❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠❛✐♦r ♦✉ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛
✽✺✪ ♣❛r❛ ❙❡t❛r✐❛ ❢❛❜❡r✐✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❢♦✐ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❈❤❡✲
♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ ❛❧❜✉♠✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛ ✺✻✵ ❣
❡✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✭❱❛♥❧✐❡s❤♦✉t ✫ ▲♦✉①✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❊st❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ♣♦❞❡ s✉♣❧❛♥t❛r ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❡❢❡✐t♦s
❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s ❞♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❡ ❞♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦
❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r ♣♦❞❡
♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❡♠❡r❣✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❞♦s❡s r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦✐ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛✳ ❖s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s àq✉❡❧❡s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝♦♠ r♦✲
t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
♥♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❥❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦✉ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r
♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✈❛✐ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛r ✉♠ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❡s✳ ❖
s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡rá ❞♦ ❣r❛✉
❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐✲
❞✉❛❧ ❡ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✳ ❙❡ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s
♥ã♦ ❢♦r❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❞♦s❡s r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ s❡r s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❖
♠❡s♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦
❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ t✐✈❡r ❡❢❡✐t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠
❛❢❡t❛r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❞♦s❡s r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡str❡ss❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢r✐♦ ♦✉ ✈❡r❛♥✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡❞✉③✐r
❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞♦s❡s ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❖s ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛r❡♠ ❛❞♦t❛r ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❞♦s❡s
r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛rã♦ ❡st❛r ❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛s s✉❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡st❛r
♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❚❛②❧♦r✲▲♦✈❡❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠
♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ s♦❥❛ ❘❘ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛s ❣r❛♠í♥❡❛s ❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s✳ ▼❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❝♦♠ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❆♠❛✲
r❛♥t❤✉s r✉❞✐s✱ q✉❡ ❡♠❡r❣❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ ✉♠❛
ú♥✐❝❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✳ P❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ r❡s✐✲
❞✉❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠✐st✉r❛❞♦ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡✱ ♠❛s ❝❡rt❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s tê♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡♠
❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
❆♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❝♦♠
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛✲
③✐♥ ❡ ♣❡♥❞✐♠❡t❤❛❧✐♥ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡

♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ❚❛②❧♦r✲
▲♦✈❡❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛✐s ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ P❘➱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r❛♠ ❛té ✷✺✪ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❛ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ PÓ❙✱ ♦ q✉❡
t❛♠❜é♠ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ P❘➱
s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ❞❡ PÓ❙ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ PÓ❙✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❡ ♦
❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❥úr✐❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ✐st♦ ♣♦ss❛ r❡s✉❧t❛r ♥✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❡①tr❛✱ ❡st❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛ ♦♣çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❝♦♠
❝❡rt♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ PÓ❙✳ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ P❘➱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡r✲
♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡❧❛s s❡ t♦r♥❡♠
❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ❡ tr❛t❛❞❛s q✉❛♥❞♦
❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠✳
❚❤❛r♣ ✫ ❑❡❧❧s ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r❛♠ s❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧
✭❛tr❛③✐♥❡✱ ❛❝❡t♦❝❤❧♦r✱ ✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠✱ ♠❡t♦❧❛❝❤❧♦r ❡ ♣❡♥❞✐♠❡t❤❛❧✐♥✮ ♣♦❞✐❛♠
s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♦✉ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❧❤♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ à ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ à ❣❧✉❢♦s✐✲
♥❛t♦✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ P❘➱ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ s❡✲
❣✉✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ PÓ❙ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s
❝♦♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰r❡s✐❞✉❛✐s ♦✉ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡✰r❡s✐❞✉❛✐s✱
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ PÓ❙✳ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠
❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s♦✲
③✐♥❤♦✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s ❡ ❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠
❛❧❜✉♠ ✭✷✵✪ ❡♠ ♠é❞✐❛✮ ❡ ❞❡ ✹ ❛ ✶✾✪ ♣❛r❛ ❙❡t❛r✐❛ ❢❛❜❡r✐✳ ❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
❆❜✉t✐❧♦♥ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐ ❢♦✐ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✷✪ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦✐ ✉s❛❞♦
❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♦
✉s♦ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡ ❝❤❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡✳ ❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ ❛❧❜✉♠ ❢♦✐ r❡✲
❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✸✪ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦✐ ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠
♠❡✐❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡t♦❝❤❧♦r✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡ ❝❤❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡t♦❝❤❧♦r✳ ❆
♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ s✉❣❡r❡
q✉❡ ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠✐❧❤♦ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝♦ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛✳
◆❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❜❛t❛t❛ ❘❘✱ ❍✉t❝❤✐♥s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r❛♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥✲
q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ✭r✐♠s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ♠❡tr✐❜✉③✐♥ ❡ ♣❡♥✲
❞✐♠❡t❤❛❧✐♥✮ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✿ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ❡ ♣ós✲
❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ t❛r❞✐❛✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦✱ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♦✉ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✲
q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r❛♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞♦ q✉❡
♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ ❛ ✐♠✲
♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♦✉ ❞❛ r❡❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦
❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠❡r❣✐❞♦s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ t❛r❞✐❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s

r❡tr♦✢❡①✉s✱ ❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ ❛❧❜✉♠ ❡ ❙❡t❛r✐❛ ✈✐r✐❞✐s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱
♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ✐♥❥úr✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❜❛t❛t❛ ❘❘ ❢♦✐ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛✈❛❧✐❛✲
❞♦s✳ ❊♠ s✉♠❛✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛✐s r❡s✉❧t❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r r❡t♦r♥♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦
❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
❆♦ s✉♠❛r✐③❛r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r❛♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ●r❡② ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✉
q✉❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞❛ s✉❛ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦
♣♦r ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❛
♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛ ❡♠ r♦t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ tr✐❣♦ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✲
t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ t❡st❛❞❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ♣ré✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛
✭♣❡♥❞✐♠❡t❤❛❧✐♥✱ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✱ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡✮✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❡♠
❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ PÓ❙ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♣ós ❛ ❝♦❧❤❡✐t❛ ❞♦ tr✐❣♦✳
❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ♣✉r♣✉r❡❛ ❢♦✐ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ P❘➱ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❢♦✐ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ PÓ❙ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
❆ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❢♦✐ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❢♦✐
✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
3.2 Trabalhos com ênfase no controle em pós-emergência das mistu-

ras e na seletividade para as culturas
❈❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦✉ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛
s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ♦✉ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ✭❍②❞r✐❝❦
✫ ❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉✲
r♦♥ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❙❡s❜❛♥✐❛
❡①❛❧t❛t❛ ✭❱✐❞r✐♥❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠
♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✳ ❆ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ❡
s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ♣♦❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ♥❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭❙t❛r❦❡
✫ ❖❧✐✈❡r✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s r❡❧❛t❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ✷✺✪ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥✲
s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ s✐♥❡r❣íst✐❝❛✳ ❖s ♠❡s♠♦s
❛✉t♦r❡s t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❧❛t❛♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥
❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝❛s ❡♠ ✼✵✪ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s✳
❆ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❛♠❜✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s✉❣❡r❡✱ ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ ❛s r❡s✲
♣♦st❛s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦ ♦✉ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛
♠✐st✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r✐r ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦✱ às ❞♦s❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♦✉ ❛
♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s
❙t❛r❦❡ ✫ ❖❧✐✈❡r ✭✶✾✾✽✮ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r❛♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✐t♦
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥
♦✉ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ✭t♦❞♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❞♦s❡s ✕ ✺✵✪ ❡ ✶✵✵✪ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡ r❡✲
❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛✮✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭✷✶✵ ❡ ✹✷✵ ❣ ✐✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✮
❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡✳ ❊♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s

❝♦♠ 14 ❈✲❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s❡ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡r❛♠ ❛❢❡t❛✲
❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ❢♦r❛♠
❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞✐t✐✈❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❊♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ✜✲
❝♦✉ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ♥ã♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐✉ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐✱ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❧❛❝✉♥♦s❛✱ ❆❜✉t✐❧♦♥ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛s✲
t✐s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ❈✲❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥
14
♣❛r❛ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s ♣❛❧♠❡r✐ ❡ ❆❜✉t✐❧♦♥ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐ s✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s

❞❡ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✰❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❊❧❡✉s✐♥❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛✱ ❙❡♥♥❛
♦❜t✉s✐❢♦❧✐❛✱ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s ♣❛❧♠❡r✐ ❡ ❆❜✉t✐❧♦♥ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐s✳ ❚rês ❡♥tr❡ q✉❛tr♦
❞❡st❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❊✳ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐✱ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❤❡❞❡✲
r❛❝❡❛✳ ❋♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐✉ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈✲❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
14
❡♠ ❊✳ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐✱ ■✳ ❧❛❝✉♥♦s❛ ❡ ❆✳ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐s✳ ◆♦✈❡♥t❛ ♣♦r ❝❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♠✲

❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❞✐t✐✈❛s ♦✉ s✐♥❡❣íst✐❝❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦
♦ s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r
♣❛r❛ ■✳ ❧❛❝✉♥♦s❛✳ ❆❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♦ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ❛ ❛❜s♦r✲
çã♦ ❞♦ 14 ❈✲✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ♣❛r❛ ❆✳ ♣❛❧♠❡r✐ ❡ ❆✳ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐s✳ ❆s ♠✐st✉r❛s
❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝❛s ❡♠ t♦❞❛s
❛s ❞♦s❡s ❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❊✳ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ❡ ❆✳ ♣❛❧♠❡r✐ ❡ ❡♠ três ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦
❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❊✳ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡ ■✳ ❤❡❞❡r❛❝❡❛✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦
q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡✳
❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ◆♦rr✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛s❛ ❞❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛çã♦✱
❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ✐❞é✐❛ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠
♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡
❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✭❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡
✹ ❛ ✽ ❝♠ ✕ ❞✉❛s s❡♠❛♥❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✮ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✶ ❡ ✷✮✳ ❊♠ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s
t❛❜❡❧❛s✱ ❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ sã♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ▼ ❂ ❘♦✉♥❞✉♣
❯❧tr❛ ✭▼♦♥s❛♥t♦✮❀ ❈ ❂ ●❧②♣❤♦s ✭❈❤❡♠✐♥♦✈❛✮❀ ❩ ❂ ❚♦✉❝❤❞♦✇♥ ✭❩❡♥❡❝❛✮✱
❡ ♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s ✰ ❡ ✕ ❞❡♥♦t❛♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦ ❡ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦✱
❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈♦❧❜② ✭✶✾✻✼✮✳
◆♦rr✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❞✐s❝✉t❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ❛♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r♦✉ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❊✳ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠
❝❛✉s♦✉ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ❖ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ❡s✲
♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦✐
❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ❞✉❛s s❡♠❛♥❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲
çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ q✉❛tr♦ s❡♠❛♥❛s ❛♣ós ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s ❛s ♠✐s✲
t✉r❛s s❛ír❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡
s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❈♦❧❜②✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛♠
♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ r❡ss❛❧t❛♠
q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❙❡s❜❛♥✐❛ ❡①❛❧t❛t❛✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❜✐✲
♦♠❛ss❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♠ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s
❡ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❙✐❞❛ s♣✐♥♦s❛ ❡ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❧❛❝✉♥♦s❛✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛
❞❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞✉❛s s❡♠❛♥❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡

três ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿
◆♦rr✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✳
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❉♦s❡ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛✲ ❊✳ ❙✳ ■✳ ❙✳
❣ çã♦ ❝r✉s✲ s♣✐✲ ❧❛❝✉✲ ❡①❛❧✲
❤❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❣❛❧❧✐ ♥♦s❛ ♥♦s❛ t❛t❛
✪
−1
●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✺✻✵ ▼ ✽✷ ✸✵ ✹✺ ✷✵
●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✺✻✵ ❈ ✽✺ ✷✽ ✺✵ ✷✷
●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✺✻✵ ❩ ✽✽ ✸✶ ✺✵ ✷✹
❆❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ✕ ✷✺ ✵ ✻✷ ✽✽
❈❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ✹✱✹ ✕ ✷✺ ✵ ✸✸ ✼
❈❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✭❈✮ ✽✱✽ ✕ ✸✺ ✶✾ ✶✵ ✶✸
❈✰✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ✽✱✽✰✸✱✺ ✕ ✶✽ ✶✶ ✶✵ ✺
❋❧✉♠✐❝❧♦r❛❝ ✶✻ ✕ ✹✹ ✶✺ ✷✾ ✷✽
❋♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ✕ ✺✸ ✻ ✽✷ ✾✷
▲❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ✶✶✷ ✕ ✸✺ ✶✶ ✾✷ ✾✾
■♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ✼✵ ✕ ✸✹ ✺ ✶✶ ✷✵
■♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ✸✺ ✕ ✸✺ ✶✸ ✸✵ ✵
❆❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ▼ ✼✸✕ ✸✺ ✽✼✰ ✶✵✵✰
❈❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ✹✱✹ ▼ ✻✼✕ ✷✾ ✺✷✕ ✺✵✰
❈❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✭❈✮ ✽✱✽ ▼ ✺✽✕ ✽✕ ✻✸✰ ✺✺✰
❈✰✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ✽✱✽✰✸✱✺ ▼ ✼✽✕ ✸✼✕ ✷✾✕ ✸✻✰
❋❧✉♠✐❝❧♦r❛❝ ✶✻ ▼ ✼✸✕ ✸✷ ✺✺✕ ✼✵✰
❋♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ▼ ✹✺✕ ✸✷ ✾✸✰ ✶✵✵✰
■♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ✼✵ ▼ ✺✵✕ ✸✷ ✷✷✕ ✼✻✰
■♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ✸✺ ▼ ✻✻✕ ✺✕ ✹✷✕ ✹✶✰
▲❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ✶✶✷ ▼ ✻✶✕ ✼✻✰ ✶✵✵✰ ✽✼✕
❆❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ❈ ✼✺✕ ✷✹ ✶✵✵✰ ✶✵✵✰
❈❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ✹✱✹ ❈ ✸✻✕ ✷✹ ✹✷✕ ✺✵✰
❈❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✭❈✮ ✽✱✽ ❈ ✼✹✕ ✺✷ ✷✹✕ ✺✺✰
❈✰✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ✽✱✽✰✸✱✺ ❈ ✾✶✕ ✶✺✕ ✸✸✕ ✸✻✰
❋❧✉♠✐❝❧♦r❛❝ ✶✻ ❈ ✽✸✕ ✼✻✰ ✻✾✕ ✼✵✰
❋♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ❈ ✼✸✕ ✹✸ ✼✻✕ ✶✵✵✰
■♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ✼✵ ❈ ✽✹✕ ✸✸ ✹✺✕ ✼✻✰
■♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ✸✺ ❈ ✾✷ ✸✺ ✸✽✕ ✹✶✰
▲❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ✶✶✷ ❈ ✷✶✕ ✸✹ ✻✻✕ ✽✼✕
❆❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ❩ ✼✺✕ ✷✺ ✾✵✰ ✶✵✵✰
❈❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ✹✱✹ ❩ ✽✸✕ ✷✽ ✻✽ ✾✾✰
❈❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✭❈✮ ✽✱✽ ❩ ✸✹✕ ✶✺ ✹✸✕ ✺✵✰
❈✰✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ✽✱✽✰✸✱✺ ❩ ✺✹✕ ✵✕ ✻✵✰ ✵✕
❋❧✉♠✐❝❧♦r❛❝ ✶✻ ❩ ✽✻✕ ✺✾✰ ✻✻ ✼✶✰
❋♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ❩ ✷✵✕ ✹✸ ✵✕ ✸✶✕
■♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ✼✵ ❩ ✼✺✕ ✸✻ ✷✼✕ ✻✻✰
■♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ✸✺ ❩ ✻✺✕ ✵✕ ✹✶✕ ✺✕
▲❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ✶✶✷ ❩ ✻✵✕ ✶✺✕ ✸✺✕ ✽✸✕
❚❡st❡♠✉♥❤❛ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵
❉▼❙ ✭✺✪✮ ✹ ✶✹ ✸ ✸
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳ ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❢r❡s❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❛♣ós q✉❛tr♦

s❡♠❛♥❛s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ◆♦rr✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✳
❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❉♦s❡ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛✲ ❊✳ ❙✳ ■✳ ❙✳
❣ çã♦ ❝r✉s✲ s♣✐✲ ❧❛❝✉✲ ❡①❛❧✲
❤❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❣❛❧❧✐ ♥♦s❛ ♥♦s❛ t❛t❛
✪
−1
●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✺✻✵ ▼ ✶✾ ✻✵ ✹✻ ✹✻
●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✺✻✵ ❈ ✷✻ ✻✶ ✹✺ ✹✹
●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✺✻✵ ❩ ✷✽ ✻✵ ✹✽ ✹✸
❆❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ✕ ✶✹ ✸✸ ✺✻ ✸✻
❈❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ✹✱✹ ✕ ✶✻ ✸✹ ✺✷ ✸✶
❈❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✭❈✮ ✽✱✽ ✕ ✶✼ ✺✵ ✷✾ ✸✷
❈✰✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ✽✱✽✰✸✱✺ ✕ ✶✾ ✸✽ ✸✾ ✷✹
❋❧✉♠✐❝❧♦r❛❝ ✶✻ ✕ ✺✸ ✺✵ ✻✷ ✸✾
❋♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ✕ ✹✸ ✷✵ ✼✸ ✽✸
■♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ✼✵ ✕ ✶✶ ✺✾ ✸✼ ✸✻
■♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ✸✺ ✕ ✸✹ ✺✶ ✸✶ ✵
▲❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ✶✶✷ ✕ ✶✼ ✹✽ ✻✶ ✾✼
❆❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ▼ ✻✹✰ ✸✾✕ ✼✹ ✽✸✰
❈❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ✹✱✹ ▼ ✸✾ ✺✽✕ ✻✵✕ ✽✾✰
❈❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✭❈✮ ✽✱✽ ▼ ✻✼✰ ✹✶✕ ✹✸✕ ✻✹
❈✰✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ✽✱✽✰✸✱✺ ▼ ✽✼✰ ✹✽✕ ✸✸✕ ✽✕
❋❧✉♠✐❝❧♦r❛❝ ✶✻ ▼ ✻✸ ✹✾✕ ✹✺✕ ✺✵✕
❋♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ▼ ✹✷ ✺✺ ✼✷✕ ✾✻
■♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ✼✵ ▼ ✺✾✰ ✺✼✕ ✺✾ ✹✽✕
■♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ✸✺ ▼ ✻✹✰ ✺✶✕ ✷✹✕ ✹✻✰
▲❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ✶✶✷ ▼ ✻✸✰ ✹✺✕ ✻✸✕ ✾✷
❆❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ❈ ✻✾✰ ✸✽✕ ✽✺ ✾✹✰
❈❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ✹✱✹ ❈ ✼✷✕ ✵✕ ✷✼✕ ✾✶✰
❈❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✭❈✮ ✽✱✽ ❈ ✻✹✰ ✹✹✕ ✹✹✕ ✽✼✰
❈✰✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ✽✱✽✰✸✱✺ ❈ ✶✾✕ ✷✾✕ ✸✷✕ ✾✕
❋❧✉♠✐❝❧♦r❛❝ ✶✻ ❈ ✻✹ ✻✶✕ ✺✽✕ ✽✹✰
❋♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ❈ ✺✵ ✹✻✕ ✺✸✕ ✽✵
■♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ✼✵ ❈ ✸✻ ✺✹✕ ✻✺ ✾✸✰
■♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ✸✺ ❈ ✵✕ ✹✶✕ ✷✾✕ ✷✾✕
▲❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ✶✶✷ ❈ ✽✶✰ ✸✼✕ ✶✹✕ ✸✽✕
❆❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ❩ ✻✾✰ ✸✹✕ ✻✽ ✽✼✰
❈❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ✹✱✹ ❩ ✼✷✕ ✹✼✕ ✹✻✕ ✾✻✰
❈❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✭❈✮ ✽✱✽ ❩ ✻✹✰ ✹✼✕ ✸✹✕ ✷✼✕
❈✰✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ✽✱✽✰✸✱✺ ❩ ✶✾✕ ✺✵✕ ✺✹✕ ✵✕
❋❧✉♠✐❝❧♦r❛❝ ✶✻ ❩ ✻✹ ✻✺✕ ✹✾✕ ✾✕
❋♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ✷✶✵ ❩ ✺✵ ✺✸✕ ✺✕ ✺✶✕
■♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ✼✵ ❩ ✸✻ ✹✼✕ ✺✺ ✸✵✕
■♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ✸✺ ❩ ✵✕ ✷✻✕ ✻✕ ✺✹✰
▲❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ✶✶✷ ❩ ✽✶✰ ✵✕ ✸✺✕ ✻✶✕
❚❡st❡♠✉♥❤❛ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵
❉▼❙ ✭✺✪✮ ✶✸ ✶✹ ✶✷ ✼
✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙✱ ❡ ♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ s❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛ ♠❛✐s ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐✲

③❛❞❛ q✉❛tr♦ s❡♠❛♥❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞✉❛s
s❡♠❛♥❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✶ ❡ ✷✮✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s
❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❧❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦
❞❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ r❡✲
❞✉③✐r ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s r❡♣❡t✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
❜❡♥é✜❝♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ t❡♠
♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉❡ é
♠✐st✉r❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ s❡❥❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦
❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠
t❛♥q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r à ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r
q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛❝❛❜❛ ❝❛✉✲
s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡
s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❙❡s❜❛♥✐❛ ❡①❛❧t❛t❛✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛
q✉❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉rt❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ❢❛❧s❛s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s
❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❡①✐st❡♠ ❝❛s♦s ♦♥❞❡ ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧
✭❞✉❛s s❡♠❛♥❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✮ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡r❛♠ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝♦s ❡ ♣❛ss❛✲
r❛♠ ❛ s❡r ♥✉❧♦s ♦✉ s✐♥❡r❣íst✐❝♦s ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ✭q✉❛tr♦ s❡♠❛♥❛s ❛♣ós ❛s
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✮ ❡ ✈✐❝❡✲✈❡rs❛✳
❙❤❛✇ ✫ ❆r♥♦❧❞ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❡st✉❞❛r❛♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❡ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠
❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥✱ ♦①❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✱ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✱ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥
❡ ♣②r✐t❤✐♦❜❛❝✳ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❤❛❧❡♣❡♥s❡ ❡ ❞❡
❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛t②♣❤✐❧❧❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❢❡t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s❡✲
❧❡t✐✈♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛✳ ❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❧❛❝✉♥♦s❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❢♦✐ ❞❡ ③❡r♦ ✭❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛ ✷✽✵ ❣ ✐✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✮ ♣❛r❛ ✻✼✪ ✭❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ❛ ✽✹✵ ❣ ✐✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✮✳ ❍♦✉✈❡ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ✷✽✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❝✐✲
✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ❢♦✐ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ ✺✻✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛
❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ❞❡ ✺✺✪ ✭❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s♦③✐♥❤♦✮ ♣❛r❛ ✶✵✵✪ ✭♥❛ ♠✐st✉r❛✮✳ ❉❡
❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✱ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ♦✉ ❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭✽✹✵ ❣
❤❛−1 ✮ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✻✼✪ ✭❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s♦③✐♥❤♦✮ ♣❛r❛ ✾✵✪ ✭❝♦♠
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✮ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ✾✽✪ ✭❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥✮✳ ❆♣❡♥❛s
❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥✱ ♦①❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ♦✉ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ❝♦♠ ✽✹✵ ❣
❤❛−1 ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ r❡❞✉③✐r❛♠ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ❢r❡s❝❛ ❞❡ ■✳ ❧❛❝✉♥♦s❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s
à ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s♦③✐♥❤♦✱ q✉❛tr♦ s❡♠❛♥❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ❡ ♣②r✐t❤✐♦❜❛❝ ❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭✶✶✷✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❛✉✲
♠❡♥t♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❙❡s❜❛♥✐❛ ❡①❛❧t❛t❛ ♣❛r❛ ✽✽ ❡ ✾✾✪✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱
❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✹✺✪ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s♦③✐♥❤♦✱ ❞✉❛s s❡♠❛♥❛s
❛♣ós ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖①❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✱ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ❡ ♣②r✐t❤✐♦❜❛❝ ❢♦✲

r❛♠ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡s♦ ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ❢r❡s❝❛ ❞❡ ❙❡s❜❛♥✐❛
❡①❛❧t❛t❛✳
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣♦r três ❛♥♦s ❝♦♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠
❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥✱ ♦①❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✱ ♦①❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ♦✉ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥
❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❡♠ ✾✺✪
❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭✽✹✵ ❡ ✶✶✷✵ ❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐③❛❞♦
♣♦r ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s✳ ❆♦s ✶✹ ❉❆❆✱ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ❡ ❙✐❞❛
s♣✐♥♦s❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✾✵✪ ❝♦♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s
❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡✉ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ✾✵✪ ❛♦s ✷✽ ❉❆❆ ❡♠
✉♠ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s✱ ♠❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♥♦ ♦ ❧❡✐t❡✐r♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✽✵✪ ❡ ❛ ❙✳
s♣✐♥♦s❛ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✹✸✪ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞♦s❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❆❝✐✢✉♦r✲
❢❡♥✱ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ♦✉ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ✭❛ ✷✶✵ ❡ ✸✶✺ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❛✉♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❊✳ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ✾✶ ❛ ✾✺✪ ❡ ❞❡ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛
❧❛❝✉♥♦s❛ ♣❛r❛ ✻✵ ❛ ✽✸✪✳ ❆♦s ✶✹ ❉❆❆ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ■✳ ❧❛❝✉♥♦s❛ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦✲
r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦✐ ♠✐st✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥✱
❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✱ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ❡ ♦①❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥✳ ❖ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❙❡s❜❛♥✐❛
❡①❛❧t❛t❛ ❢♦✐ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠ ♦①❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ✭❛ ✸✾ ❡ ✺✾ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❡ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥
✭❛ ✹✱✺ ❡ ✻✱✼ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮✳ ▼❛s✱ ❛♦s ✷✽ ❉❆❆✱ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❛♣❡✲
♥❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ■✳ ❧❛❝✉♥♦s❛ ❡ ❙❡s❜❛♥✐❛ ❡①❛❧t❛t❛
❡st❛✈❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ✭✶✺ ❛ ✶✽ ❝♠✮ ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❖
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s♦③✐♥❤♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✽ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦✉ ♥ã♦ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ✸✵✪ ❞❛ ❙✳ ❡①❛❧t❛t❛
❡ ❞❛ ■✳ ❧❛❝✉♥♦s❛✱ ❡ ♥❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ❙✳ ❡①❛❧t❛t❛ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ✽✵✪ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❝✐✲
✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ♦✉ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✳ ❆ ✐♥❥úr✐❛ ♥❛ s♦❥❛ ✭✷✽ ❉❆❆✮ ❝♦♥s✐st✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❡♠ ❝❧♦r♦s❡ ❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ ❢♦✐ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✹✱ ✶✸ ❡ ✷✸✪
♣❛r❛ ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ❡ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✱ ♠❛s ❡♠ ♥ã♦
♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ✻✪ ♣❛r❛ ♦①❛s✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s♦③✐♥❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✽✺✪✱ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ♥ã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ✭❊❧❧✐s
✫ ●r✐✣♥✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
✭❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✲♠❡t❤②❧✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ✐♠❛③❛♠♦①✱ ❛❝✐✢✉r♦❢❡♥✱ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✱ ❧❛❝✲
t♦❢❡♥✱ ✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠✱ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✮ ♥ã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❙❡t❛r✐❛ ❢❛❜❡r✐✱ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r✉❞✐s✱ ❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ ❛❧❜✉♠ ❡ ❆❜✉t✐❧♦♥
t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✳ ❉❡
❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✱ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞❡st❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡
♥ã♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s♦❜r❡ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❤❡❞❡r❛❝❡❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦
❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❝♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛
♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛
■✳ ❤❡❞❡r❛❝❡❛ ♥♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵ ❝♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❤♦✉✈❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❝♦♠ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✰❛❝✐✢✉♦r❢❡♥ ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
✰❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ✭❇r❛❞❧❡②✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❊st❡s

r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s✉❣❡r❡♠ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛s✲
s✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
❚❛♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r❛♠ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❜❡♥t❛③♦♥ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♥♦❧❛ ❘❘✱ P♦❧②❣♦♥✉♠ ❝♦♥✈♦❧✈✉❧✉s ❡ tr✐❣♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛
♠✐st✉r❛ ❢♦✐ s✐♥❡r❣íst✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛♥♦❧❛ ❘❘ ❡ ♣❛r❛ P✳ ❝♦♥✈♦❧✈✉❧✉s✱ ♠❛s ❢♦✐
❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ tr✐❣♦✳ ❆ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❜❡♥t❛③♦♥
s♦❜r❡ ❝❛♥♦❧❛ ❘❘ ❢♦✐ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦✱ ♣♦r s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡
♥ã♦ ✐ô♥✐❝♦ ❡ ♣♦r s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡ s✐❧✐❝♦♥❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s ❢♦✐ ❧❡✈❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r
ó❧❡♦ ♠❡t✐❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞♦s ♦❧❡♦s♦s ❞❡ ♣❡tró❧❡♦✳ ❖s ✐♥❣r❡✲
❞✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥❡rt❡s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡s ❝❛t✐ô♥✐❝♦s✱ ◆❍4
♦✉ ❑✮ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❜❡♥t❛③♦♥✳ ◆❡st❡
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r❛♠ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰q✉✐③❛❧❛❢♦♣ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❘❘ ❡ ❞❡ ❆❜✉t✐❧♦♥ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐✱ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛
❢♦✐ ❛❞✐t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✳
▼✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ▼❙▼❆ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ❡♠
❛❧❣♦❞ã♦ ❘❘ ♥♦s ❊❯❆✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ▼❙▼❆ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥ã♦
♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ▼❙▼❆ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✳ ■♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡✱ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦
▼❙▼❆ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐③❛ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❛r❛
❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ r❛♠♦s❛✱ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s❣❛❧❧✐✱ ❙❡s❜❛♥✐❛ ❡①❛❧t❛t❛ ❡ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s
♣❛❧♠❡r✐✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ♦ ▼❙▼❆ ❝❛✉s❛ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❇✳ r❛♠♦s❛✱ ❆✳ ♣❛❧♠✐❡r✐ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s é ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞✉✲
çã♦ ♥❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦r ❡❢❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞♦
♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✭❇✉r❦❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❑♦❣❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❖s r❡❧❛t♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡♠
♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ sã♦ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♥❢♦❝❛✱ ❝♦♠
♠❛✐♦r ê♥❢❛s❡✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❧✲
t✉r❛s✳
❉❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❡ ❆❧❜❡rt ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ q✉❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲
r❛♠ q✉❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ✭✵✱✹✷ ❦❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❙♣❡r♠❛❝♦❝❡
❧❛t✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❛ s❡✐s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❛s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉✱ ♥♦
♠á①✐♠♦✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✸✵✪✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❛s ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ✭✵✱✶✺ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮✱ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ✭✵✱✵✸ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥
✭✵✱✵✺ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮✱ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳ ❖s
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✶✵✵✪ ❞❛ ❜✐♦♠❛ss❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✳
❱❛❧❡♥t❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡✰❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❛✐s s❡❧❡t✐✈❛s ❛ s♦❥❛ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛
✭✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❈❉✲✷✶✹ ❘❘✮ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❡stá❞✐♦s ♠❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❞❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
❈♦rr❡✐❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠ s♦❥❛ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛✱

♦❜s❡r✈❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲
❡t❤②❧ ❡ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ❡♠ s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❧❡✈❡s ❞❡ ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ r❡✲
❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❥á ♥♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❞✐❛s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❝❛✉s♦✉ s❡✈❡r❛ ✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦
✈✐s✉❛❧ às ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♥❡❝r♦s❡ ❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❝❧♦rót✐❝♦s ♥❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✳ ❖s
❡❢❡✐t♦s ✜t♦tó①✐❝♦s ❞❡st❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❛❣r❡ss✐✈♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s
♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛
❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❢❡t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❛♣❧✐✲
❝❛❞♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛q✉❡❧❛s
❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❛♠ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦
✈❡❣❡t❛t✐✈♦✳
❊♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈♦❧✲
✈✉❧á❝❡❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❱✐❞❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r❛♠ ♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦✲
♥✐s♠♦✴s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦✱ ❞❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❆▲❙ ✭✶✸ ❣ ❤❛−1 ❞❡ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥
❡ ✺✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ❞❡ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✮ ♦✉ ❞❛ P❘❖❚❖❳ ✭✶✷✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ❞❡ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✮✱
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❛ ♦✐t♦ ❢♦✲
❧❤❛s✳ ❆s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ✭❃✾✵✪✮ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❛ ✼✷✵ ❣ ❤❛−1
❢♦r❛♠ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❤❡❞❡r✐❢♦❧✐❛✱ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ q✉❛♠♦❝❧✐t ❡ ▼❡rr❡♠✐❛ ❝✐ss♦✐❞❡s✳ ❆s
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛✱ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ♥✐❧✱ ▼✳ ❛❡❣②♣t✐❛ ❡ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ♣✉r♣✉r❡❛
♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ✭❁✼✵✪✮ ♣♦r ❡st❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ◆❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❛s
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ✭❁✽✵✪✮ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ P❘❖❚❖❳
♦✉ ❞❡ ❆▲❙ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❞♦s❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❆ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ♦✉ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ♣r♦♣✐❝✐♦✉ s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦ s✉✜❝✐✲
❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✭❃✾✵✪✮ ❞❡ ■✳ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛✳ ❆ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❝♦♠ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐♦✉ s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✭❃✾✵✪✮ ❞❡
▼✳ ❛❡❣②♣t✐❛✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥
♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ■✳ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❀ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛r❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ♦✉
✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ■✳ ♥✐❧✱ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r
♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ■✳ ♣✉r♣✉r❡❛✳
P❡♥❝❦♦✇s❦✐ ✫ P♦❞♦❧❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✼❛✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ♣♦táss✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✱ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✱ ✢✉♠✐❝❧♦r❛❝✲♣❡♥t②❧ ♦✉ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥
t❡♥❞❡r❛♠ ❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❙♣❡r♠❛❝♦❝❡ ❧❛t✐❢♦❧✐❛ ✭❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❡stá✲
❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❛ q✉❛tr♦ ❢♦❧❤❛s✮ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
♣♦táss✐❝♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✳ ❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ s♦❥❛ ❇❘❙ ✷✹✼ ❘❘✱ ♦s
s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♥❡❝r♦s❡ ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s
♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠❛❣♥✐✲
t✉❞❡ ♥♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✱ ✢✉♠✐❝❧♦r❛❝✱ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ❡ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✳
❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❘❘ ❛ tr❛✲
t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛s ✭❆❞❡❣❛s ✫ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ✷✵✵✼ ✕ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✮
❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❊♠ tr❛✲
❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛s s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ❱❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛

❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ à ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❡❣❛s ✫
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐ ✕ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✳
♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ♥♦✈❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❘❘✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❛ s✉❜♣❛r❝❡❧❛ tr❛t❛♠❡♥✲

t♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ✭❘♦✉♥❞✉♣ ❘❡❛❞②✮✱ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s
❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ✭P✐✈♦t✮✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ✭❈❧❛ss✐❝✮✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✐♠❛✲
③❡t❤❛♣②r✰❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❡st❡♠✉♥❤❛ ❝❛♣✐♥❛❞❛✳ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ s♦❥❛ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✈❛ ❡♠ ❱✸✲❱✹✳ ❙❡✉s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥❥úr✐❛s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✮ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✮
❞❛ s♦❥❛ ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠✐st✉r❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲
❞❛s✱ r❡❛✜r♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜q✉❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦
❛ r❡❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❘❘ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦s✲
s❛♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡❣✉r❛s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳ Pr♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s

♣❛r❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ à ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❡❣❛s ✫ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐ ✕ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦
♣❡ss♦❛❧✳
3.3 Trabalhos abordando a ação residual e de pós-emergência das

misturas
▼♦♥q✉❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❛✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠♦
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ♥ã♦ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ t❡♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s t♦✲
❧❡r❛♥t❡s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠
t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦s ❡ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❡♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s s✐♥❡r❣íst✐❝♦s ♦✉ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦s✳ P♦r ❡st❛ r❛③ã♦✱ ✐♥st❛❧❛r❛♠ ❡①♣❡r✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✶✸ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡♠ ❝❛s❛ ❞❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛çã♦ ❡♠ P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛✱
❙P✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❘✐❝❤❛r❞✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s✱ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛✲
❧❡♥s✐s✱ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s ❤②❜r✐❞✉s✱ ●❛❧✐♥s♦❣❛ ♣❛r✈✐✢♦r❛ ❡ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛✳
❖s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s
❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧✱ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✱ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✱ ❜❡♥t❛③♦♥ ♦✉ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥
❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❆s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❞✐t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
■✳ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❡ ❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✱ ❡ ♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✱ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡
❡ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦✲
r❛♠ ♦s q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♥t❛❣ô♥✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘✳ ❜r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s✐s ❀ ❛ ♠✐s✲
t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ❢♦✐ ❛❞✐t✐✈❛✱ s❡♥❞♦
♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ♦✉ ✢✉♠✐♦✲

①❛③✐♥ ♦s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③❡s✳ ❊♠ ❆✳ ❤②❜r✐❞✉s✱ ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠
♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s
✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✱ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✱
❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ❡ ❜❡♥t❛③♦♥✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❛❞✐t✐✈❛s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡
●✳ ♣❛r✈✐✢♦r❛✱ ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❡ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲
r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ t♦t❛❧✱ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❝♦♠ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✱ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✱ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ♦✉ ❜❡♥✲
t❛③♦♥✳
❊♠ três tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✭❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❛✱❜✱❝✮ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ s♦❥❛ ❘❘ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉
❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✱ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥✱ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ❡ tr✐✢✉✲
r❛❧✐♥✰✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ✐♥❥úr✐❛s s❡✈❡r❛s ♥❛ s♦❥❛✱ ❝♦♠ t♦t❛❧
r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❘❘✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s três ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❢♦✲
r❛♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✶✺ ❛ ✷✵✪ ♥❛ s♦❥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✱ ❝♦♠ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦✳ ❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠✲
♠❡❧✐♥❛ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ❢♦✐ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡
❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞♦s❡s ✭✾✻✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❡ ♠❡✲
❧❤♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦s❡ ✭✹✽✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❞❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ P❛r❛ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛
❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✱ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♥❛s ♠❛✐♦✲
r❡s ❞♦s❡s ✭✾✻✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥
❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥✳ ◆❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s✱ ❛s ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛
♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✹✻✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ✳
●❛③③✐❡r♦ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦✉ ❛ ❛t✐✲
✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ss❡❝❛♥t❡s ✭❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ✷✱✹✲❉✮✳ ❖ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈✐✲
❞❡♥❝✐♦✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ❛ ✸✵ ❣ ❤❛−1 ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ é ✉♠❛
❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❥❛
❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❆s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡
❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ❡ ❝❧❡t❤♦❞✐♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥t❛❣ô♥✐❝❛s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ r❡❞✉✲
③✐♥❞♦ ❞r❛st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♥❢❡st❛♥t❡s✳ ❆s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛ ❡r❛♠ ❈✳ ❜❡♥❣❤❛❧❡♥s✐s✱ ❊✳ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✱ ❇✳ ♣✐❧♦s❛✱ ❆✳
t❡♥❡❧❧❛ ❡ ❇✳ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛✳
❊♠ ♦✉tr♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r P❡♥❝❦♦✇s❦✐ ✫ P♦❞♦❧❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✼❜✮✱ ❢♦✲
r❛♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠
❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ❡ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ✭♠✐st✉r❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠
t❛♥q✉❡✮✱ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ♦✉ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✲♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦
♣♦r ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ tr✐♣❧❛ ❞❡ ❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✰✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✰❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✱ t♦❞❛s ❛♣❧✐✲
❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❱✹ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❈❉ ✷✶✹ ❘❘✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡
❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ♥♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ❛ ♦✐t♦ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡ ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡str❡✐t❛s ♥♦
❡stá❞✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ❛ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♣❡r✜❧❤♦s✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ✐♠❛③❛q✉✐♥✱ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ❡ ✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❡s✲
tá❞✐♦ ❱✷ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥✲
tr❛✈❛♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ❡ s❡✐s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❡ ❛s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❡str❡✐t❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ❡ três
❢♦❧❤❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ■♣♦♠♦❡❛ ❣r❛♥❞✐❢♦❧✐❛ ♦s ❤❡r✲

❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✱ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥ ❡ ✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ♥❛
❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦s ❞❡✲
♠❛✐s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ❛s ❞✉❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✰❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠ ❢♦r❛♠ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s à ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦s❡ ✭✺✹✵ ❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛ ✮❡
−1
❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s à ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦s❡ ✭✶✵✽✵ ❣ ❡✳❛✳ ❤❛ ✮ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ♦

−1
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛✱ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥

♦✉ ❝♦♠ ✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦
à ●❛❧✐♥s♦❣❛ ♣❛r✈✐✢♦r❛✱ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s ✈✐r✐❞✐s ❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛r✐❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧✐s t♦❞♦s ♦s
tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ P❛r❛
❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ♦✉ ❝♦♠
✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ s✉❣❡r✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦
❞❡ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ❡♠ ✶✵✵✪
❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❞♦s❡s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s
❝♦♥❝❧✉❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛r✐❛♠
♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♠❡❧❤♦r
❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦✳
❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❈❉ ✷✶✹ ❘❘✱ ❛ ♦r❞❡♠
❞❡❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✜t♦t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❢♦✐ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥✱ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✱ ❝❤❧♦r✐✲
♠✉r♦♥✱ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✱ ✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠✱ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ❡ ❝❧♦r❛♥s✉❧❛♠✳ ❖s s✐♥t♦✲
♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛❝t♦❢❡♥ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ❝♦st✉♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ s♦❥❛
❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❏á ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ✐♠❛✲
③❡t❤❛♣②r✱ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✱ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✢✉♠❡ts✉❧❛♠ ❡ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ♦s
s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❢♦r❛♠ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ❡♠ s♦❥❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦✲
♥❛❧✳
4. Misturas em Tanque com Nutrientes

❍á ✈ár✐♦s r❡❧❛t♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝át✐♦♥s ❞✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s✱ tr✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s
♠♦♥♦✈❛❧❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ á❣✉❛s ✏❞✉r❛s✑ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐③❛♥❞♦
❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ■st♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱
❝♦♠♦ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦✉tr♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❢♦s❢ô♥✐❝♦s✱ ❛❣❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡❧❛♥t❡✱ ❡
❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❝át✐♦♥s ♠❡tá❧✐❝♦s ❞✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s ❡ tr✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s✳ ❆
❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ é r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ♠❡t❛❧✲❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
r❡❞✉③❡♠ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ♦✉ ❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s tr❛t❛❞♦s ✭❇❡r♥❛r❞s
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❝✮✳
❖s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s á❣✉❛s ✏❞✉r❛s✑ sã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ❡♠
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝át✐♦♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣❍ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱
❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ♦ ❝át✐♦♥✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡
❛❞❥✉✈❛♥t❡s✱ s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡s ❡ q✉❡❧❛♥t❡s✳
4.1 Manganês
◆♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ é r❡❧❛t❛❞❛ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▼♥ ❡♠ s♦❥❛
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❛ é ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛ ❡♠ s♦❧♦s ❞❡ ♣❍ ❛❧t♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❛✐③✱
♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❢r✐♦s ✭❚❤❡❧❡♥ ✫ ❇❡r♥❛r❞s✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s s✐♥t♦♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▼♥ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛
♣ró①✐♠♦s ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♠ s♦❥❛
❘❘✱ ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❡s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡r✐r ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡
❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛♥t❡s à ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ▼♥✳
❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢♦❧✐❛r❡s ❞❡ ▼♥ tê♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ♥❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛
❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✭❇❡r♥❛r❞s ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✺❝✱❛✮ ❝♦♠♦ ❆❜✉t✐❧♦♥ t❤❡♦♣❤r❛st✐✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛♥t❛❣♦♥íst✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❙❡t❛r✐❛
❢❛❜❡r✐ ❡ ❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ ❛❧❜✉♠ ✭❇❡r♥❛r❞s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❛✮✳ ❖ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❝♦♠
▼♥ é ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❝❛❞♦ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ▼♥ é ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦s❡
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ é ❞✐♠✐♥✉í❞❛ ✭❇❡r♥❛r❞s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❝✮
❖ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ▼♥ ✈❛r✐❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞♦ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡✿ ♣♦r
❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ▼♥✲❊❉❚❆ ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡❀ ❥á s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ▼♥ r❡❞✉③
❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦✱ ❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛✳ ❙ã♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦✉tr♦s
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ❤á ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❈❛✱ ❋❡✱ ▼❣ ❡ ❩♥
✭❇❡r♥❛r❞s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❝✮✳
❆s s✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t♦r♥❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ▼♥ ❡♠
♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❚❤❡❧❡♥ ✫ ❇❡r♥❛r❞s ✭✷✵✵✻✮ sã♦✿
s❡ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❢♦r ❜❛✐①❛✱ ✉s❛r ▼♥ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❡❧❛t♦s✱
❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦❀ s❡ ❢♦r ❛❧t❛✱ ✉s❛r ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s✳
❘❡❞✉çõ❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ▼♥ ♣✉❞❡r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r s✉♣❡r❛✲
❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞♦s❡ ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♠❛s ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❈❤❡♥♦♣♦❞✐✉♠ ❛❧❜✉♠ ❢♦✐ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r
❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭❇❛✐❧❡② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❙t❛t♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❝♦♠ s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❣❛♥ês✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♠❛✐s s❡❣✉r♦ é ❢❛③❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡♣❛r❛✲
❞❛s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ♦ ♠❛♥❣❛♥ês ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❙❡ ❤♦✉✈❡r ♥❡❝❡s✲
s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡✱ ✉s❛r ♦ ♠❛♥❣❛♥ês ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡❧❛t❛❞❛
✭❊❉❚❆✲▼♥✮✳ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✿
❝❛s♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥t✐✈❡r s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ✐ô♥✐❝♦ ❛ ✵✱✷✺✪
✈✴✈✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ✵✱✷✺✪
✈✴✈ ❞❡ s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ✐ô♥✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s
❛❞✈❡rs❛s✳ ❆♦ t❡st❛r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛
♠❡❧❤♦r ♦♣çã♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦ ♣✉r♦✳
4.2 Nitrogênio
P❡❞r✐♥❤♦ ❏✉♥✐♦r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡
❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❤✉✈❛ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❡ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❞❥✉✈❛♥t❡s ✭✉ré✐❛✱ ó❧❡♦ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧ ♦✉
s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦✮✱ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s é♣♦❝❛s ❞♦
❛♥♦✿ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✵ ✭❥✉♥❤♦ ✕ ❛❣♦st♦✮ ❡ ✈❡rã♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✶ ✭❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ✕ ♠❛rç♦✮✳

❈♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛r ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡
✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❞❥✉✈❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❝❛❧❞❛ ❞❡
♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐♦✉ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉ré✐❛ é ✉♠❛
❜♦❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ✈❡rã♦✱ ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s
s✉❥❡✐t❛s à ❝❤✉✈❛ ❛té ❞✉❛s ❤♦r❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
❖ s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ t♦①✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣♦r ♥❡✉tr❛✲
❧✐③❛r ♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦ só❞✐♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✐♦✳ ❆ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❧❢❛t♦
❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦ ♥❛ ❝❛❧❞❛ ♣r❡✈✐♥❡ ♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❡❧♦s
í♦♥s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ á❣✉❛✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❛✐s ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✐♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♠❛❣♥és✐♦
❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳ ❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦
s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦ é s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ❞♦ ♥✐tr❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦ ✭❱❛r❣❛s ✫ ❘♦♠❛♥✱
✷✵✵✻✮✳
❖ ❛❝rés❝✐♠♦ ❞❡ s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦ à ❝❛❧❞❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛✱ ❛❜s♦rçã♦
❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ▼♥ ✭❇❡r♥❛r❞s ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✺❛✮✳
❇r❛❞❧❡② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭✵✱✹✸
❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✮ ✰ s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦ r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ s♦r❣♦ ❞♦ q✉❡
♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ✵✱✽✻
❦❣ ❤❛−1 ✱ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❧❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦ ♥ã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ s♦r❣♦✳
❆ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛ ✵✱✹✸ ❦❣ ❤❛−1 ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✉❧❢❛t♦
❞❡ ❛♠ô♥✐♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛❜✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝át✐♦♥s ♥❛ á❣✉❛✱
q✉❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s às ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛❝❛❜❛r❛♠ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦
♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s✳
❚❛♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❧❛t❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥❡rt❡s ❞❛ ❢♦r✲
♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✭s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡s ❝❛t✐ô♥✐❝♦s✱ ◆❍4 ♦✉ ❑✮ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠
♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐♥❡r❣✐s♠♦ ❞❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❡♥t❛③♦♥✳
4.3 Outras misturas com nutrientes

◆ã♦ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❜♦r♦✱ ❞✐✢✉❜❡♥③✉r♦♥ ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱
❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❥úr✐❛ ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❘❘ ✭Pr♦st❦♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❞♦✐s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡
❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣ré✲s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛
s♦❥❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ss❡❝❛♥t❡s✱ ✐s♦✲
❧❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❡♠ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❜♦r♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡st❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s
à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠✐❝r♦♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡✳ ◆❛s ♣❛r❝❡❧❛s ❢♦r❛♠ t❡st❛❞♦s ♦s tr❛t❛✲
♠❡♥t♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❛s s✉❜♣❛r❝❡❧❛s ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s
❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❇✱ ❥✉♥t♦ à ❝❛❧❞❛ ❞❡ ♣✉❧✈❡✲
r✐③❛çã♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❜ór✐❝♦ ❬❍3 ❇❖3 ✲ ✶✼✪ ❇❪✳ ❆ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡
á❝✐❞♦ ❜ór✐❝♦ à ❝❛❧❞❛ ❞❡ ♣✉❧✈❡r✐③❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣❡❧♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ss❡❝❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❤❛♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♠❛s
♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝♦✉ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛q✉❛t ✰ ❞✐✉r♦♥✳
❈♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ é ✈✐á✈❡❧ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ss❡❝❛♥t❡s ❡ á❝✐❞♦ ❜ó✲

r✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ♣ré s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦
t❡♦r ❞❡ ❇ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ♥❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧✳
❙ó❞✐♦ ❡ ❝á❧❝✐♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐③❛♠ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❛✐s✳ ❆
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❛✐s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ ❛❢❡t❡ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s✱
r❡❞✉③ ❛ ❛❜s♦rçã♦✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ s✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✭◆❛❧❡✇❛❥❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✶✾✾✻✮✳
❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✈✐❛
❢♦❧✐❛r só ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡❢❡t✉❛❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❡♠
❛ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
5. Considerações Finais
◆ã♦ ❤á✱ à ♣r✐♦r✐✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♥t❡✈❡r ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠
t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ❊st❡ ❢❛t♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❛s
r❡s♣♦st❛s ✈❛r✐❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛✱ ❞♦
t✐♣♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s à ♠✐st✉r❛✱ ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛✱
❞❛s ❞♦s❡s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ❡ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❡♠
q✉❡stã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
❖ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐③❛r ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛ ♥ã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦r✲
t❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡rá ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡✱ ♦❝♦rr❡r ♦
❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s✐♥❡r❣íst✐❝♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣❛ss❛♠ ❛ s❡r ♥❡❝❡s✲
sár✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣r❡❝✐s❛s ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s s♦❜r❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡
✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ár❡❛
♣❛r❛ s❡ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝✉st♦✴❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦✳ ❚❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s só ♣♦✲
❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠
s❡r ❛s ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ s❡r ♠❛♥❡❥❛❞❛
♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❡st❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛
♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❤á ♠❛✐♦r ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ sã♦
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❞♦s❡s ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱
❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦s ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❝❛✉s❛✲
❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ✈ár✐❛s
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ s❡r ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s
❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✳ ◆❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s q✉❡s✲
tõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ r❡str✐t❛s àq✉❡❧❛s
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ t❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝á❝✐❛✳
❆ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠
♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥❞♦
♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s é ❜❡♥é✜❝❛✳ ◆❡st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✱ ♥♦r✲
♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦
❡stá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛s ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❡st❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s
sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s✱ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ é ♠❡♥♦r
❡ ♥♦ ❝ô♠♣✉t♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦ ♦ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ ❛❝❛❜❛ s❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r✳
❏á ♥❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❘❘✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦♣çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s
♠❛✐s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s r❡✲
s✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ár❡❛s ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ◆❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✈✐á✈❡❧ é ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛✐s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛
♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡
♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❞♦s❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①❛s✳ ❆❧é♠
❞✐st♦✱ ❛ ✜t♦✐♥t♦①✐❝❛çã♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s✱ q✉❡ é ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐♦r
❞♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r à r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ✐♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱
♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ t❡♥❤❛ s✐❞♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♥❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠
❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ é ❢❛t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✭♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s✮ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❡♠
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❧❛✈♦✉r❛s tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛s é ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡
q✉❛♥❞♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡♠ ❡stá❞✐♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
✭❞✉❛s ❛ q✉❛tr♦ ❢♦❧❤❛s✮✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ s❡♥❞♦ ❡✜✲
❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❡stá❞✐♦s ♠❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s✱
❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❥á t❡r ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦ r❡❞✉çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡
♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ q✉❡
❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦
r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ♦♣çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥✲
❝✐❛ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ é♣♦❝❛s ♠❛✐s t❛r❞✐❛s
❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠❛s
❛♦ ❢❡❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ❛s ✐♥❥úr✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦
❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡①✐st❡ ♦ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧
❞❡✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦✱ ♣♦st❡r❣❛r✲s❡
❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♥♦
❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛❝❛❜❛♠ s❡♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡stá❞✐♦ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦✲
t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❛çã♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ é ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡
❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❡ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❘❘✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦s r✐s❝♦s ❞❡ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦ ♥❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦✉✲
tr♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s s❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛♠ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ✈❡❧♦③ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥❞♦ ♦
♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s

❡ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡s❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r✲s❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦
s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ❡ ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ✢✉✲
①♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♥♦s ❝✉st♦s
♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡♥♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
P♦r ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❡♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♥✲
t❡♥❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❘❘ só ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❡♠ ár❡❛s
♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥ã♦ é s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐❛✳ P♦r✲
t❛♥t♦✱ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝❛r❡❝❡ ❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡
♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈✐st♦✱ ♥❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ♦♥❞❡
♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞♦s❡s ♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛s✱ ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s sã♦ ♠❛✐s
❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s✳ ■st♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♠✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦
♣ré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♦✉ ❡♠ ❥❛t♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♣❡r❡♥❡s ❡ ❛♥✉❛✐s
❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s✳
Referências
❆❧❜❡rt✱ ▲✳❍✳❇✳❀ ◆✐❝♦❧❛✐✱ ▼✳❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❙✳❏✳P✳❀ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳ ✫ ❑❛✲
r❛♠✱ ❉✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦
♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❙♣❡r♠❛❝♦❝❡ ❧❛t✐❢♦❧✐❛ ❆❯❇▲✳ ❇♦❧❡t✐♠ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✱ ✶✵✿✷✷✹✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛✱ ❊✳◆✳ ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❋✳▼✳❆✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❢❡❡✐r♦s
❝♦♠ ♠❡ts✉❧❢✉r♦♥ ❡ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✸o
❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿
❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✹✼✼✳
❆❧✈❡s✱ ▲✳❲✳❘✳ ✫ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s✱ ❘✳❈✳✱ ❊✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✱
❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝❛❢❡❡✐r♦✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✸o ❈♦♥✲
❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿
❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✹✼✶✳
❇❛✐❧❡②✱ ❲✳❆✳❀ P♦st♦♥✱ ❉✳❍✳❀ ❲✐❧s♦♥✱ ❍✳P✳ ✫ ❍✐♥❡s✱ ❚✳❊✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐♥t❡✲
r❛❝t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ♠❛♥❣❛♥❡s❡✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✻✿✼✾✷✕✼✾✾✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❇❡r♥❛r❞s✱ ▼✳▲✳❀ ❚❤❡❧❡♥✱ ❑✳❉✳ ✫ P❡♥♥❡r✱ ❉✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡✣❝❛❝② ✐s ❛♥t❛✲
❣♦♥✐③❡❞ ❜② ♠❛♥❣❛♥❡s❡✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✾✿✷✼✕✸✹✱ ✷✵✵✺❛✳
❇❡r♥❛r❞s✱ ▼✳▲✳❀ ❚❤❡❧❡♥✱ ❑✳❉✳❀ P❡♥♥❡r✱ ❉✳❀ ▼✉t❤✉❦✉♠❛r❛♥✱ ❘✳❇✳ ✫ ▼❝✲
❈r❛❝❦❡♥✱ ❏✳▲✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♠❛♥❣❛♥❡s❡ ✐♥ t❛♥❦ ♠✐①t✉✲
r❡s ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❡✛❡❝t ♦♥ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡❡❞
❙❝✐✱ ✺✸✿✼✽✼✕✼✾✹✱ ✷✵✵✺❝✳
❇✐③③✐✱ ❆✳❋✳ ✫ ❆♥❞r❡s✱ ❆✳✱ ❊✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ❛♣❧✐✲
❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ss❡q✉❡ ❡ ♣❧❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦
✷✸ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱
o
P❘✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✹✹✹✳

❇✐③③✐✱ ❆✳❋✳❀ ❘♦♠❛♥✱ ❊✳❙✳ ✫ ❆♥❞r❡s✱ ❆✳✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ss❡q✉❡ ❡ ♣❧❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝✉❧✲
t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✸o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠✲
♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✹✹✸✳
❇♦❡r❜♦♦♠✱ ❈✳▼✳❀ ❉♦❧❧✱ ❏✳❉✳❀ ❋❧❛s❤✐♥s❦✐✱ ❈✳❘✳❀ ●r❛✉✱ ❈✳❘✳ ✫ ❲❡❞❜❡r❣✱
❏✳▲✳✱ P❡st ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❲✐s❝♦♥s✐♥ ❈r♦♣ ❋✐❡❧❞s✳ ❇✉❧❧❡t✐♥✱ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛✲
t✐✈❡ ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ▼❛❞✐s♦♥✱ ❯❙❆✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ✶✾✻ ♣✳
❇r❛❞❧❡②✱ ❑✳✱ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉t✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ t❛♥❦✲♠✐①
♣❛rt♥❡rs ✐♥ ❘♦✉♥❞✉♣ ❘❡❛❞② s♦②❜❡❛♥✳ ❋✐❡❧❞ ❘❡♣♦rt ❉❛②✱
●r❡❡♥❧❡② ▼❡♠♦r✐❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❈❡♥t❡r✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠
❤tt♣✿✴✴❛❡s✳♠✐ss♦✉r✐✳❡❞✉✴❣r❡❡♥❧❡②✴✜❡❧❞❞❛②✴✷✵✵✹✴♣❛❣❡✶✸✳st♠✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧✲
t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✸✴✵✻✴✷✵✵✼✳
❇r❛❞❧❡②✱ P✳❘✳❀ ❏♦❤♥s♦♥✱ ❲✳●✳ ✫ ❙♠❡❞❛✱ ❘✳❏✳✱ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ s♦r❣❤✉♠
✭❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ❜✐❝♦❧♦r ✮ t♦ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡✱ ❛♠♠♦♥✐✉♠ s✉❧♣❤❛t❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✹✿✶✺✕✶✽✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳❀ ❈❛str♦✱ ❈✳❀ ▼❡♥❡③❡s✱ ❈✳❈✳ ✫ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❋✳ ❆✳❀ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s✱
P✳❇✳✱ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛♥t❡s ❡ ❜♦r♦ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ♥❛ ♥✉tr✐çã♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❡ ❣✐r❛ss♦❧✳ P❧❛♥t❛
❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✹✿✼✾✼✕✽✵✹✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✱ ❆✳▼✳❀ ❉❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❏✳❋✳❀ ▲♦♣❡s✱ ◆✳❋✳❀ ❈❛r❞♦s♦✱ ❆✳❆✳ ✫ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱
▲✳❘✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❧♦s♥❛ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❡ tr✐❣♦✳ P❧❛♥t❛
❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✷✿✸✕✽✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❇✉❡♥♦✱ ❆✳❋✳❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❏✳❈✳❀ ◆♦♥✐♥♦✱ ❍✳▲✳❀ ❈❛♠✐❧❧♦✱ ▼✳❋✳ ✫ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s✱
❏✳❘✳✱ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✰ ✷✱✹✲❞✲❛♠✐♥❛ ♥❛ ❞❡s✲
s❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❥❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ à ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡✲
s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
o
❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✸✾✷✳

❇✉r❦❡✱ ■✳❈✳❀ ❑♦❣❡r✱ ❈✳❍✳❀ ❘❡❞❞②✱ ❑✳◆✳ ✫ ❲✐❧❝✉t✱ ❏✳❲✳✱ ❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ tr❛♥s❧♦✲
❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠ ♦❢ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❜② ▼❙▼❆ ✐♥ ❜r♦✇♥t♦♣
♠✐❧❧❡t ✭❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ r❛♠♦s❛ ✮ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❧♠❡r ❛♠❛r❛♥t❤ ✭❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s ♣❛❧♠❡✲
r✐✐ ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✷✶✿✶✻✻✕✶✼✵✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
❇✉③❛tt✐✱ ❲✳❏✳❙✳ ✫ ●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳P✳✱ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✰ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❡♠
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s é♣♦❝❛s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❘❘✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o ❈♦♥✲
❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿
❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✹✶✻✳
❈❛rr❡✐r❛✱ ❙✳❆✳▼✳❀ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳❀ ▼❛r❝❤✐♦r✐ ❏r✳✱ ❖✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳ ✫
P❛❣❧✐❛r✐✱ P✳❍✳✱ ▼✐st✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐q✉❡✲♣❧❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✉❧✲
t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ▲✳ ▼❡rr✐❧✮✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✸o ❈♦♥✲
❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿
❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✹✹✻✳
❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❋✳❚✳❀ ▼❡♥❞♦♥ç❛✱ ▼✳❘✳❀ P❡r✉❝❤✐✱ ▼✳ ✫ P❛❧❛③③♦✱ ❘✳❘✳❇✳✱ ❊✜❝á✲

❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦
❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❥❛✳ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ✶✿✶✺✾✕✶✻✺✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❋✳❚✳❀ ▼❡♥❞♦♥ç❛✱ ▼✳❘✳❀ P❡r✉❝❤✐✱ ▼✳ ✫ P❛❧❛③③♦✱ ❘✳❘✳❇✳✱ ❊✜❝á✲
❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦
❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦✳ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ✷✿✻✺✕✼✶✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❏✳❆✳❀ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦✱ ❋✳❋✳❀ ❇r✐t♦✱ ❈✳❍✳ ✫ ❈✉♥❤❛✱ ❏✳❘✳✱ ❊✜❝á❝✐❛ ❡ s❡✲
❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ tr✐♣❧❛ ❞❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥✱ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✸o ❈♦♥✲
❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿
❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✹✹✺✳
❈❛✈❡♥❛❣❤✐✱ ❆✳▲✳❀ ❈❛str♦✱ ❘✳❉✳❀ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s✱ ❙✳❈✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❍✳❏✳ ✫ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦✱
P✳❈✳✱ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❥❛
tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛✲
❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✸✾✾✳
❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳❀ ▼♦♥t❡③✉♠❛✱ ▼✳❈✳❀ ●❛❧❧✐✱ ❆✳❏✳❀ ❙♣❡r❛♥❞✐♦✱ P✳❍✳❀
▼♦r❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❙✳ ✫ ◆✐❝♦❧❛✐✱ ▼✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❜✐ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♥②③❛ ❜♦♥❛r✐❡♥s✐s ❡ ❈✳ ❝❛♥❛❞❡♥s✐s s✉♣♦st❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o
❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿
❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✺✺✸✳
❈♦❜✉❝❝✐✱ ❚✳❀ P♦rt❡❧❛✱ ❈✳▼✳❖✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❲✳ ✫ ◆❡t♦ ▼♦♥t❡✐r♦✱ ❆✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦ r❡✲
s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣ré✲♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞♦ ❢❡✐❥♦❡✐r♦✱ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡ s✉❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✷✿✺✽✸✕✺✾✵✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈♦❧❜②✱ ❙✳❘✳✱ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ s②♥❡r❣✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐st✐❝ r❡s♣♦♥s❡s ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡
❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❡❡❞s✱ ✶✺✿✷✵✕✷✷✱ ✶✾✻✼✳
❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ▼❛rt✐♥s✱ ▼✳❈✳❀ ▲♦♣❡s✱ P✳❱✳ ✫ ❇❛rr♦s♦✱
❆✳▲✳▲✳✱ ❉❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧✿ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✲
✈❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❆❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s P♦t❛❢ós✱ ✶✶✶✿✼✕✾✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❈♦rr❡✐❛✱ ◆✳▼✳❀ ❚❛♠❜❡❧✐♥✐✱ ▼✳❱✳ ✫ ▲❡✐t❡✱ ●✳❏✳✱ ❙❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❥❛ t♦❧❡✲
r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ❡ ❡♠ ♠✐s✲
t✉r❛s✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
♣✳ ✶✽✶✳
❈♦rr✐❣❛♥✱ ❑✳❆✳ ✫ ❍❛r✈❡②✱ ❘✳●✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡s✐❞✉❛❧
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ ♥♦✲t✐❧❧ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t s♦②❜❡❛♥ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞
❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✹✿✺✻✾✕✺✼✼✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❈♦st❛✱ ❊✳❆✳❉✳❀ ❇✉r❣❛✱ ❈✳❆✳ ✫ ▼❛t❛❧❧♦✱ ▼✳❇✳✱ ❊✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❛♣❧✐✲

❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✸o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳
✻✷✺✳
❈✉❧♣❡♣♣❡r✱ ❆✳❙✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✇❡❡❞ s❤✐❢ts✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✷✵✿✷✼✼✕
✷✽✶✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
❉✐r❦s✱ ❏✳❚✳❀ ❏♦❤♥s♦♥✱ ❲✳●✳❀ ❙♠❡❞❛✱ ❘✳❏✳❀ ❲✐❡❜♦❧❞✱ ❲✳❏✳ ✫ ▼❛ss❡②✱ ❘✳❊✳✱
❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ r❛t❡s ♦❢ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡ ♣❧✉s ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐♥ ♥♦✲
t✐❧❧✱ ♥❛rr♦✇✲r♦✇✱ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t ●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛①✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✹✽✿✻✶✽✕
✻✷✼✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❊❧❧✐s✱ ❏✳▼✳ ✫ ●r✐✣♥✱ ❏✳▲✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❜r♦❛❞❧❡❛❢ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ♠✐①t✉r❡s ❢♦r
s②❜❡❛♥ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✼✿✷✶✕✷✼✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s✱ ▼✳❋✳❀ P❛✉❧❛✱ ❏✳▼✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❖✳❆✳❇✳ ✫ ❱✐❡✐r❛✱ ❙✳❙✳✱ ❊✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❘❘✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛✲
❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✹✶✸✳
❋❡rr✐✱ ▼✳❱✳❲✳ ✫ ❊❧t③✱ ❋✳▲✳❋✳✱ ❙❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❡✐❛✲♣r❡t❛
❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♥❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ss❡❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✻✿✶✷✼✕
✶✸✻✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❋❧✐♥t✱ ❏✳▲✳❀ ❈♦r♥❡❧✐✉s✱ P✳▲✳ ✫ ❇❛rr❡t✱ ▼✳✱ ❆♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s✿
❛ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❈♦❧❜②✁s ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✷✿✸✵✹✕✸✵✾✱
✶✾✽✽✳
●❛❧❧✐✱ ❆✳❏✳❇✳ ✫ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❏✳❊✳❇✳✱ ▼✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝✐tr✉s ✭❈✐tr✉s s✐♥❡♥s✐s ✭▲✳✮
❖s❜❡❝❦✮✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✽✿✹✺✕✺✶✱ ✶✾✽✺✳
●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳▲✳P✳✱ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡
♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❥❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦
✷✺o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛s✐❧✐❛✱
❉❋✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✹✶✼✳
●❛③③✐❡r♦✱ ❉✳P✳✱ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ s♦❥❛
❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❚❡s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦✉✲
t♦r❛❞♦✱ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ▲♦♥✲
❞r✐♥❛✱ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ✶✹✸ ♣✳
●r❡②✱ ❚✳✱ ❯t✐❧✐t② ♦❢ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ ♥♦✲t✐❧❧
❞♦✉❜❧❡✲❝r♦♣ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t s♦②❜❡❛♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳
❈r♦♣ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✭❖♥❧✐♥❡✮✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠
❤tt♣✿✴✴✶✾✾✳✽✻✳✷✻✳✼✷✴s✉❜✴❝♠✴r❡s❡❛r❝❤✴✷✵✵✼✴r❡s✐❞✉❛❧✴t❛❜❧❡✳ ❛s♣✳
❍❡❛t❤❡r❧② ▲✳ ●✳ ❘❡❞❞②✱ ❑✳◆✳ ✫ ❙♣✉r❧♦❝❦✱ ❙✳❘✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t s♦②❜❡❛♥ ❣r♦✇♥ ❝♦♥✲
t✐♥✉♦✉s❧② ❛♥❞ ✐♥ r♦t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆❣r♦♥ ❏✱ ✾✼✿✺✻✽✕✺✼✼✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❍✉t❝❤✐♥s♦♥✱ P✳❏✳❙✳❀ ❚♦♥❦s✱ ❉✳❏✳ ✫ ❇❡✉t❧❡r✱ ❇✳❘✳✱ ❊✣❝❛❝② ❛♥❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s

♦❢ ✇❡❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✐♥ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t ♣♦t❛t♦ ✭❙♦❧❛♥✉♠ t✉✲
❜❡r♦s✉♠ ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✼✿✽✺✹✕✽✻✺✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❍②❞r✐❝❦✱ ❉✳❊✳ ✫ ❙❤❛✇✱ ❉✳❘✳✱ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ t❛♥❦✲♠✐①t✉r❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲
s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r ❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ❢♦❧✐❛r✲❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ♦♥ t❤r❡❡ ✇❡❡❞
s♣❡❝✐❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✽✿✶✷✾✕✶✸✸✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❏❛r❡♠t❝❤✉❝❦✱ ❈✳❈✳❀ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❇✐✛❡✱ ❉✳❋✳❀ ❆❧♦♥s♦✱
❉✳●✳ ✫ ❆r❛♥t❡s✱ ❏✳●✳❩✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛✲
❞❡❞❡ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❢❡st❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ❆❝t❛ ❙❝✐ ❆❣r♦♥✱ ✸✵✿✹✹✾✕✹✺✺✱
✷✵✵✽✳
❑♦❣❡r✱ ❈✳❍✳❀ ❇✉r❦❡✱ ■✳❈✳❀ ❉♦♥♥✐❡✱ ❑✳▼✳❀ ❑❡♥❞✐❣✱ ❏✳❆✳❀ ❘❡❞❞②✱ ❑✳◆✳ ✫
❲✐❧❝✉t✱ ❏✳❲✳✱ ▼❙▼❆ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐③❡s ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ ❡✣❝❛❝②
♦♥ ❜r♦❛❞❧❡❛❢ ❛♥❞ ❣r❛ss ✇❡❡❞s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✷✶✿✶✺✾✕✶✻✺✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
❑✉❞s❦✱ P✳ ✫ ▼❛t❤✐❛ss❡♥✱ ❙✳❑✳✱ ❏♦✐♥t ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞ ❜✐♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s✲
✐♥❤✐❜✐t✐♥❣ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❘❡s✱ ✹✹✿✸✶✸✕✸✷✷✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
▼❛t❛❧❧♦✱ ▼✳❇✳❀ ❈♦st❛✱ ❊✳❆✳❉✳ ✫ ❇✉r❣❛✱ ❈✳❆✳✱ ❊✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ✢✉♠✐✲
♦①❛③✐♥ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s s♦❜ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠♦❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦
✷✸ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱
o
P❘✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✻✷✻✳

▼❡♥❡③❡s✱ ❈✳❈✳❀ Pr♦❝ó♣✐♦✱ ❙✳❖✳❀ P✐r❡s✱ ❋✳❘✳❀ ❇❛rr♦s♦✱ ❆✳▲✳▲✳❀ ❈❛r❣♥❡❧❧✉t✐
❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❆✳❀ ❈❛r♠♦✱ ❊✳▲✳ ✫ ❈❛❡t❛♥♦✱ ❏✳❖✳✱ ❊✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r ❡
❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣ré✲s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳
■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✸✼✾✳
▼❡s❝❤❡❞❡✱ ❉✳❑✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳ ✫ ❙❝❛♣✐♠✱ ❈✳❆✳✱ P❡rí♦❞♦
❝rít✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❊✉♣❤♦r❜✐❛ ❤❡t❡r♦♣❤②❧❧❛ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛
s♦❜ ❜❛✐①❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✵✿✸✽✶✕✸✽✼✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
▼❡s❝❤❡❞❡✱ ❉✳❑✳❀ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✱ ❘✳❙✳❀ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳ ✫ ❙❝❛♣✐♠✱ ❈✳❆✳✱ P❡rí♦❞♦
❛♥t❡r✐♦r à ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❥❛✿ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦
❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❡st❛♥❞❡ ❡ t❡st❡♠✉♥❤❛s ❞✉♣❧❛s✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✷✿✷✸✾✕✷✹✻✱
✷✵✵✹✳
▼♦♥q✉❡r♦✱ P✳❆✳❀ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳❀ ❖s✉♥❛✱ ▼✳❉✳ ✫ ❉❡ Pr❛❞♦✱ ❘✳❆✳✱ ❆❜✲
s♦rçã♦✱ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣♦r ♣❧❛♥t❛s t♦❧❡r❛♥✲
t❡s ❡ s✉s❝❡tí✈❡✐s ❛ ❡st❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✷✿✹✹✺✕✹✺✶✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
▼♦♥q✉❡r♦✱ P✳❆✳❀ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳ ✫ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❈✳❚✳❉✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♠✐s✲
t✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✾✿✸✼✺✕✸✽✵✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
▼♦r❡✐r❛✱ ▼✳❙✳❀ ◆✐❝♦❧❛✐✱ ▼✳❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❙✳❏✳P✳ ✫ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳✱ ❘❡s✐s✲
tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥②③❛ ❝❛♥❛❞❡♥s✐s ❡ ❈✳ ❜♦♥❛r✐❡♥s✐s ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✺✿✶✺✼✕✶✻✹✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
◆❛❧❡✇❛❥❛✱ ❏✳❉✳❀ ❉❡✈✐❧❧✐❡rs✱ ❇✳ ✫ ▼❛t②s✐❛❦✱ ❘✳✱ ❙✉r❢❛❝t❛♥t ❛♥❞ s❛❧t ❛✛❡❝t

❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ r❡t❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❘❡s✱ ✸✻✿✷✹✶✕✷✹✼✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
◆♦♥✐♥♦✱ ❍✳▲✳❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❏✳❈✳ ✫ ❉❛♠✐❝♦✱ ❏✳❈✳✱ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❝♦♠
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❛♠✐♥❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡✲
❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ à ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳
■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛✲
♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✸✾✹✳
◆♦rr✐s✱ ❏✳▲✳❀ ❙❤❛✇✱ ❉✳❘✳ ✫ ❙♥✐♣❡s✱ ❈✳❊✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❢r♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡
❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ t❤r❡❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱
✶✺✿✺✺✷✕✺✺✽✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ❆✳❘✳❀ ❋r❡✐t❛s✱ ❙✳P✳ ✫ ❱✐❡✐r❛✱ ❍✳❉✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ tr❛♣♦❡✲
r❛❜❛s ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♥♦rt❡ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦
✷✸o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱
P❘✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✻✷✾✳
❖s✐♣❡✱ ❘✳❀ ❙❛♥❝❤❡s✱ ❲✳❀ ❩❛♥❞♦♥❛❞❡✱ ❉✳❀ ▲✐❝♦r✐♥✐✱ ▲✳❘✳ ✫ ❇✉❡♥♦✱ ❆✳❘✳✱
❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❆❧t❡③❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛
s♦❥❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s
❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳
✹✶✷✳
❖✬❙✉❧❧✐✈❛♥✱ P✳❆✳ ✫ ❖✬❉♦♥♦✈❛♥✱ ❏✳❚✳✱ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♥❞
✈❛r✐♦✉s ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ❢♦r ❜r♦❛❞❧❡❛✈❡❞ ✇❡❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❘❡s✱ ✷✵✿✷✺✺✕✷✻✵✱
✶✾✽✵✳
P❡❞r✐♥❤♦ ❏✉♥✐♦r✱ ❆✳❋✳❋✳❀ P✐✈❛✱ ❋✳▼✳❀ ▼❛rt✐♥✐✱ ●✳❀ ❋❡❧✐❝✐✱ ●✳❱✳ ✫ ❉✉r✐✲
❣❛♥✱ ❏✳❈✳✱ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝❤✉✈❛ ♥❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛
❝♦♠ ❛❞❥✉✈❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱
✷✵✿✷✻✸✕✷✼✶✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
P❡♥❝❦♦✇s❦✐✱ ▲✳❍✳ ✫ P♦❞♦❧❛♥✱ ▼✳❏✳✱ ▼✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❧❛t✐✲
❢♦❧✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❡r✈❛✲q✉❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s♦❥❛ ❘♦✉♥❞✉♣
❘❡❛❞②✳ ❘❡❧❛tór✐♦ ■♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❆❇❈✱ ❙❡t♦r ❞❡ ❍❡r✲
❜♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✼❛✳ ✹ ♣✳
P❡♥❝❦♦✇s❦✐✱ ▲✳❍✳ ✫ P♦❞♦❧❛♥✱ ▼✳❏✳✱ ▼✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❧❛✲
t✐❢♦❧✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❥❛
❘♦✉♥❞✉♣ ❘❡❛❞②✳ ❘❡❧❛tór✐♦ ■♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❆❇❈✱ ❙❡✲
t♦r ❞❡ ❍❡r❜♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✼❜✳ ✽ ♣✳
P❡♥❝❦♦✇s❦✐✱ ▲✳❍✳ ✫ ❘♦❝❤❛✱ ❉✳❈✳✱ ●✉✐❛ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✲
tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛s✳ ❈❛str♦✱ P❘✿ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❆❇❈✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
P❡r❡✐r❛✱ ❊✳❙✳❀ ❱❡❧✐♥✐✱ ❊✳❉✳❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ▲✳❘✳ ✫ ▼❛✐♠♦♥✐✲❘♦❞❡❧❧❛✱ ❘✳❈✳❙✳✱
❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ s✉❜♠❡✲
t✐❞❛ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱
✶✽✿✷✵✼✕✷✶✻✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
Pr✐❝❡✱ ❆✳❏✳❀ ❲✐❧❝✉t✱ ❏✳❲✳ ✫ ❈r❛♥♠❡r✱ ❏✳❘✳✱ ❋❧✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ♣r❡♣❧❛♥t ❜✉r♥✲

❞♦✇♥ ✇❡❡❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ str✐♣✲t✐❧❧❛❣❡ ❝♦tt♦♥ ✭●♦ss②♣✐✉♠ ❤✐rs✉t✉♠ ✮
♣❧❛♥t❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ✇❤❡❛t ✭❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✻✿✼✻✷✕✼✻✼✱
✷✵✵✷✳
Pr♦st❦♦✱ ❊✳P✳❀ ◆♦r✇♦rt❤②✱ ❏✳❑✳ ✫ ❘❛②♠❡r✱ P✳❆✳✱ ❙♦②❜❡❛♥ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮
r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ❞✐✢✉❜❡♥③✉r♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❜♦r♦♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❡❡❞
❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✼✿✶✽✻✕✶✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❘❛♠♦s✱ ❍✳❍✳ ✫ ❉✉r✐❣❛♥✱ ❏✳❈✳✱ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣r♦♥t❛ ❞❡
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✰ ✷✱✹✲❉ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛ ✈✐r❣✐♥✐❝❛ ▲✳ ❡♠ ❝✐tr♦s✳
P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✹✿✷✷✕✹✶✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❘❛♠♦s✱ ❍✳❍✳ ✫ ❉✉r✐❣❛♥✱ ❏✳❈✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❧❞❛ ♥❛ ❡✜✲
❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠✿ ■✳ ♣ós✲❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱
✶✻✿✶✼✺✕✶✽✺✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❘❡③❡♥❞❡✱ P✳▼✳ ✫ ❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛✱ ❊✳◆✳✱ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♦✉
❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❛
s♦❥❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✸o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s
❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
♣✳ ✹✸✶✳
❘✐❜❡✐r♦✱ P✳❈✳❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❏✳❈✳ ✫ ◆♦♥✐♥♦✱ ❍✳▲✳✱ ❇❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦
s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❞❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❛♠✐♥❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛ ❡
❡r✈❛✲q✉❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s♦❥❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o
❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✹✵✸✳
❘✐③③❛r❞✐✱ ▼✳❆✳❀ ❱❛r❣❛s✱ ▲✳❀ ❘♦♠❛♥✱ ❊✳❙✳❀ ▲❛♠❜✱ ❚✳❉✳❀ ❏♦❤❛♥♥✱ ▲✳❇✳ ✫
❚♦❧❡❞♦✱ ❘✳❊✳❇✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛③❡✈é♠ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♣ré✲s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o
❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻❜✳ ♣✳ ✺✺✶✳
❘✐③③❛r❞✐✱ ▼✳❆✳❀ ❱❛r❣❛s✱ ▲✳❀ ❚♦❧❡❞♦✱ ❘✳❊✳❇✳❀ ▲❛♠❜✱ ❚✳❉✳ ✫ ❏♦❤❛♥♥✱ ▲✳❇✳✱
❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛③❡✈é♠ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡♠ ♣♦♠❛r❡s ❞❡
♠❛çã✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻❛✳
♣✳ ✺✺✵✳
❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❇✳◆✳❀ ▲✐♠❛✱ ❏✳❀ ❨❛❞❛✱ ■✳❋✳❯✳ ✫ ❋♦r♥❛r♦❧❧✐✱ ❉✳❆✳✱ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡
❛❝❡t♦❝❤❧♦r ❡ ❛tr❛③✐♥❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ t❛♥q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❞❡ss❡❝❛♥t❡s
♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✽✿✷✾✸✕✷✾✾✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❇✳◆✳❀ ▼♦❞❛✲❈✐r✐♥♦✱ ❱✳❀ ❋♦r♥❛r♦❧❧✐✱ ❉✳❆✳❀ ▼♦r❛❡s✱ ❱✳❏✳ ✫ ❈❛✲
❡t❛♥♦✱ ❊✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❥❛ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦✲
❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ ❡♠
❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠♦rt❛ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤❡t♦✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✸o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦
❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛
❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷❛✳ ♣✳ ✷✷✾✳
❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❇✳◆✳❀ ▼♦❞❛✲❈✐r✐♥♦✱ ❱✳❀ ❋♦r♥❛r♦❧❧✐✱ ❉✳❆✳❀ ▼♦r❛❡s✱ ❱✳❏✳ ✫ ❈❛✲

❡t❛♥♦✱ ❊✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❥❛ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦✲
❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✱ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ ❡♠
❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠♦rt❛ ❞❡ ♣♦✉s✐♦✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✸o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦
❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛
❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✳ ♣✳ ✷✸✵✳
❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❇✳◆✳❀ ▼♦❞❛✲❈✐r✐♥♦✱ ❱✳❀ ❋♦r♥❛r♦❧❧✐✱ ❉✳❆✳❀ ▼♦r❛❡s✱ ❱✳❏✳ ✫ ❈❛❡✲
t❛♥♦✱ ❊✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❥❛ ❘♦✉♥❞✉♣ ❘❡❛❞②✱ ♥♦
s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡♠ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠♦rt❛ ❞❡ tr✐❣♦✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦
✷✸o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱
P❘✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷❝✳ ♣✳ ✷✸✶✳
❘♦♠❛♥✱ ❊✳❙✳✱ ❊✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧
❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ss❡q✉❡ ❡ ♣❧❛♥t❡✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱
✸✿✹✺✕✹✾✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❘♦♥❝❤✐✱ ❈✳P✳❀ ❆✳✱ ❙✳❆✳❀ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ▲✳❘✳❀ ▼✐r❛♥❞❛✱ ●✳❱✳ ✫ ❚❡rr❛✱ ❆✳❆✳✱
❈❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲❡t❤②❧✱ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱
✷✵✿✶✵✸✕✶✶✸✱ ✷✵✵✷❛✳
❘♦♥❝❤✐✱ ❈✳P✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❆✳❆✳❀ ▼✐r❛♥❞❛✱ ●✳❱✳❀ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ▲✳❘✳ ✫ ❚❡rr❛✱ ❆✳❆✳✱
▼✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦
❈♦♠♠❡❧✐♥❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✵✿✸✶✶✕✸✶✽✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✳
❘♦ss✐♥✱ ❘✳❀ ▼❛rt✐♥s✱ ❇✳❆✳❇✳❀ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❙✳❏✳P✳❀ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦✱ ❉✳◆✳❀ ▼♦r❡✐r❛✱
▼✳❙✳ ✫ ❈❤r✐st♦✛♦❧❡t✐✱ P✳❏✳✱ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❝❧♦♠❛③♦♥❡ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s
❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❥❛ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o
❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✸✼✽✳
❙❛♥t♦s✱ ■✳❈✳❀ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ❋✳❆✳❀ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❆✳❆✳❀ ▼✐r❛♥❞❛✱ ●✳❱✳ ✫ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ▲✳❉✳❚✳✱
❊✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡
♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ tr❛♣♦❡r❛❜❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✵✿✷✾✾✕✸✵✾✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❙❝♦tt✱ ❘✳❀ ❙❤❛✇✱ ❉✳❘✳ ✫ ❇❛rr❡♥t✐♥❡✱ ❲✳▲✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ t❛♥❦ ♠✐①t✉r❡s ✇✐t❤
❙❆◆ ✺✽✷ ❢♦r ❜✉r♥❞♦✇♥ ♦r ♣♦st❡♠❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲
t♦❧❡r❛♥t s♦②❜❡❛♥ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✷✿✷✸✕✷✻✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❙❤❛✇✱ ❉✳❘✳ ✫ ❆r♥♦❧❞✱ ❏✳❈✳✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❢r♦♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s
✇✐t❤ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✻✿✶✕✻✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❙♦✉③❛✱ ▲✳❙✳❀ ❈♦rr❡❛✱ ❚✳▼✳❀ ▼❛✉r✐✱ ❋✳❉✳ ✫ ▲♦s❛ss♦✱ P✳❍✳▲✳✱ ❊✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦
❣❧✐❢♦s❛t♦ ♣♦táss✐❝♦ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❈●❆ ✷✼✻✽✺✹ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ tr❛✲
♣♦❡r❛❜❛ ♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝❛❢é✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✸o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦
❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ▲♦♥❞r✐♥❛✱ P❘✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛
❈❧✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✹✻✺✳
❙t❛r❦❡✱ ❘✳❏✳ ✫ ❖❧✐✈❡r✱ ▲✳❘✳✱ P♦st❡♠❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ✇❡❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✇✐t❤ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡

✐♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❢♦♠❡s❛❢❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✳ Pr♦❝
❙♦✉t❤ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐ ❙♦❝✱ ✹✾✿✺✺✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❙t❛r❦❡✱ ❘✳❏✳ ✫ ❖❧✐✈❡r✱ ▲✳❘✳✱ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✇✐t❤ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✱ ❢♦✲
♠❡s❛❢❡♥✱ ✐♠❛③❡t❤❛♣②r✱ ❛♥❞ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✹✻✿✻✺✷✕✻✻✵✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❙t❛t♦♥✱ ▼✳✱ ▼❛①✐♠✐③✐♥❣ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳ ❙♦②❜❡❛♥ ❋❛❝ts✱
▼✐❝❤✐❣❛♥ ❙t❛t❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠s✉❡✳♠s✉✳❡❞✉✴✇♦r❦s♣❛❝❡s✴♦♥❡✳❝❢♠❄♦❜❥❡❝t❴✐❞❂✹✶✸✻✷✽✳
❈♦♥s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✶✴✵✻✴✷✵✵✼✳
❙t♦♥❡✱ ❆✳❊✳❀ P❡❡♣❡r✱ ❚✳❋✳ ✫ ❑❡❧❧❡②✱ ❏✳P✳✱ ❊✣❝❛❝② ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤❡r❜✐✲
❝✐❞❡s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❢♦r ✜❡❧❞ ❜✐♥❞✇❡❡❞ ✭❈♦♥✈♦❧✈✉❧✉s ❛r✈❡♥s✐s ✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✳ ❲❡❡❞
❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✾✿✶✹✽✕✶✺✸✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❙✉✇✉♥♥❛♠❡❦✱ ❯✳ ✫ P❛r❦❡r✱ ❈✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❈②♣❡r✉s r♦t✉♥❞✉s ✇✐t❤ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡✿ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♠♠♦♥✐✉♠ s✉❧❢❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❛❞❞✐t✐✈❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞
❘❡s✱ ✶✺✿✶✸✕✶✾✱ ✶✾✼✺✳
❚❛♦✱ ❇✳❀ ❩❤♦✉✱ ❏✳❀ ▼❡ss❡rs♠✐t❤✱ ❈✳●✳ ✫ ◆❛❧❡✇❛❥❛✱ ❏✳❉✳✱ ❊✣❝❛❝② ♦❢ ❣❧②♣❤♦✲
s❛t❡ ♣❧✉s ❜❡♥t❛③♦♥ ♦r q✉✐③❛❧♦❢♦♣ ♦♥ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t ❝❛♥♦❧❛ ♦r
❝♦r♥✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✷✶✿✾✼✕✶✵✶✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
❚❛②❧♦r✲▲♦✈❡❧❧✱ ❙✳❀ ❲❛①✱ ▲✳▼✳ ✫ ❇♦❧❧❡r♦✱ ●✳✱ Pr❡❡♠❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ✢✉♠✐♦①❛③✐♥ ❛♥❞
♣❡♥❞✐♠❡t❤❛❧✐♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦st❡♠❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡ s②st❡♠s ❢♦r s♦②❜❡❛♥ ✭●❧②✲
❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✻✿✺✵✷✕✺✶✶✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❚❤❛r♣✱ ❇✳❊✳ ✫ ❑❡❧❧s✱ ❏✳❏✳✱ ❘❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤
❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❣❧✉❢♦s✐♥❛t❡ ✐♥ ❝♦r♥ ✭❩❡❛ ♠❛②s ✮✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✻✿✷✼✹✕
✷✽✶✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❚❤❡❧❡♥✱ ❑✳ ✫ ❇❡r♥❛r❞s✱ ▼✳✱ ❚✐♣s t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ✇❡❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠ ✇❤❡♥
❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ▼♥ ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❡r ✇✐t❤ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ❋✐❡❧❞ ❈r♦♣ ❆❞✈✐s♦r② ❚❡❛♠
❆❧❡rt ◆❡✇s❧❡tt❡r✱ ✷✶✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
❚✐♠♦ss✐✱ P✳❈✳ ✫ ❉✉r✐❣❛♥✱ ❏✳❈✳✱ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈♦❧✈✉❧á❝❡❛s ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s
❞❡ s♦❥❛ s❡♠❡❛❞❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜ ♣❛❧❤❛ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛ ❝r✉❛✳ P❧❛♥t❛
❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✹✿✾✶✕✾✽✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
❚♦❢♦❧✐✱ ●✳❘✳❀ ◆♦♥✐♥♦✱ ❍✳▲✳ ✫ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❏✳❈✳✱ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❝❧♦s✉❧❛♠
❡♠ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✰ ✷✱✹✲❉ ❛♠✐♥❛ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✲
t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ s♦❥❛ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o
❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✹✵✷✳
❱❛❧❡♥t❡✱ ❚✳❖✳ ✫ ❈❛✈❛③③❛♥❛✱ ▼✳❆✳✱ ❊❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✲❡t❤②❧
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐✲
♥❤❛s✳ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ✶✿✶✼✸✕✶✼✽✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❱❛❧❡♥t❡✱ ❚✳❖✳❀ ❙♦✉s❛✱ ❋✳ ✫ ❙tr❛❞✐♦tt♦✱ ❆✳✱ ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❣❡♥❡t✐✲
❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ à ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o
❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✶✽✵✳
❱❛♥❣❡ss❡❧✱ ▼✳❏✳❀ ❆②❡♥✐✱ ❆✳❖✳ ✫ ▼❛❥❡❦✱ ❇✳❆✳✱ ●❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✐♥ ❞♦✉❜❧❡✲❝r♦♣

♥♦✲t✐❧❧ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✲r❡s✐st❛♥t s♦②❜❡❛♥✿ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ ♣r❡♣❧❛♥t ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞
r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✶✺✿✼✵✸✕✼✶✸✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❱❛♥❧✐❡s❤♦✉t✱ ▲✳❆✳ ✫ ▲♦✉①✱ ▼✳▼✳✱ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ✇✐t❤ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❡s ✐♥ ♥♦✲t✐❧❧ s♦②❜❡❛♥ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✮ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱
✶✹✿✹✽✵✕✹✽✼✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❱❛r❣❛s✱ ▲✳ ✫ ❘♦♠❛♥✱ ❊✳❙✳✱ ❍❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❡ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛
❞❛ á❣✉❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐❧✉❡♥t❡✳ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❖♥❧✐♥❡✱ ❊▼✲
❇❘❆P❆ ❚r✐❣♦✱ P❛ss♦ ❋✉♥❞♦✱ ❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝♥♣t✳❡♠❜r❛♣❛✳❜r✴❜✐❜❧✐♦✴❞♦✴♣❴❞♦✺✼✳❤t♠✳
❱✐❞❛❧✱ ❘✳❆✳❀ ▲❛♠❡❣♦✱ ❋✳P✳❀ ❑❛❧s✐♥❣✱ ❆✳ ✫ ●♦✉❧❛rt✱ ■✳✱ ❆ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡
❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈♦❧✈✉❧á❝❡❛s ❡♠ ♣ós✲
❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛✲
❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✹✼✷✳
❱✐❞❛❧✱ ❘✳❆✳❀ ▼❛❝❤r②✱ ▼✳❀ ❍❡r♥❛♥❞❡s✱ ●✳❈✳ ✫ ❋❧❡❝❦✱ ◆✳●✳✱ ❆♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦
♥❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❡ tr✐❛③✐♥❛s✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✶✿✸✵✶✕✸✵✻✱
✷✵✵✸✳
❱✐❞r✐♥❡✱ P✳❘✳❀ ●r✐✣♥✱ ❏✳▲✳❀ ❏♦r❞❛♥✱ ❉✳▲✳ ✫ ▼✐❧❧❡r✱ ❉✳❑✳✱ P♦st❡♠❡r❣❡♥❝❡
✇❡❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✐♥ s♦②❜❡❛♥s ✉t✐❧✐③✐♥❣ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❧♦r✐♠✉r♦♥✳ Pr♦❝
❙♦✉t❤ ❲❡❡❞ ❙❝✐ ❙♦❝✱ ✺✵✿✶✼✺✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
❲❡r❧❛♥❣✱ ❘✳❈✳✱ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡
♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ s♦❥❛ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛
❡♠ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛
❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛
❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻❛✳ ♣✳ ✹✵✽✳
❲❡r❧❛♥❣✱ ❘✳❈✳✱ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ s✉❧❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡
♥❛ ❞❡ss❡❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❥❛ tr❛♥s❣ê♥✐❝❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡✲
s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳
o
❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿ ❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻❜✳ ♣✳ ✹✵✾✳

❲❡r❧❛♥❣✱ ❘✳❈✳ ✫ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❆✳❆✳✱ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❢❡♥tr❛③♦♥❡✲
❡t❤②❧✳ P❧❛♥t❛ ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛✱ ✷✵✿✾✸✕✶✵✷✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❲✐❡s❡✱ ❆✳❋✳❀ ❙❛❧✐s❜✉r②✱ ❈✳❉✳ ✫ ❇❡❛♥✱ ❇✳❲✳✱ ❉♦✇♥② ❜r♦♠❡ ✭❇r♦♠✉s t❡❝t♦✲
r✐✉♠ ✮✱ ❥♦✐♥t❡❞ ❣♦❛t❣r❛ss ✭❆❡❣✐❧♦♣s ❝②❧✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦rs❡✇❡❡❞ ✭❈♦♥②③❛
❝❛♥❛❞❡♥s✐s ✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✐♥ ❢❛❧❧♦✇✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧✱ ✾✿✷✹✾✕✷✺✹✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
❩❛❣♦♥❡❧✱ ❏✳✱ ➱♣♦❝❛s ❡ ♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❡♠
♣ré✲s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳ ■♥✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦s ❞♦ ✷✺o ❈♦♥✲
❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✿
❙❇❈P❉✴❯◆❇✴❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❈❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ♣✳ ✸✽✽✳

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▼✐r✐❛♠ ❍✐r♦❦♦ ■♥♦✉❡

❆ ❡❞✐t♦r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ♣♦r ❛❝❡ss♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❡❧❡trô✲

❉❛❞♦s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦

✶✳ ❊r✈❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✕ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ✷✳ P❧❛♥t❛s

❈❉❉ ✭✷✷✳ ❡❞✳✮✻✸✷✳✾✻

❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ▼❛❣♥♦ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ✭❯❋❱✱

❉❛✉r✐ ❏♦sé ❚❡ss♠❛♥✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❋✐t♦♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❋❧♦✲

❏❛♠✐❧ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✭❯◆❊❙P ❇♦t✉❝❛t✉✱

▼❛r❝♦s ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❇❛❝❛r✐♥✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❋✐s✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❱❡❣❡t❛❧ ✭❯❋❱✱

▼❛✉rí❧✐♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ❱❡❣❡t❛❧

▼✐r✐❛♠ ❍✐r♦❦♦ ■♥♦✉❡✿ ❉♦✉t♦r❛ ❡♠ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✭❯❊▼✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱

◆á❞❥❛ ❞❡ ▼♦✉r❛ P✐r❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✿ ❉♦✉t♦r❛ ❡♠ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛

❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ✭❯❋❱✱

❱❛❧t❡r ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✿ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ●❡♥ét✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦

❊st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ é ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏♦sé ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ♣r♦✲

❢❡ss♦r ❛♣♦s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋✐t♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡

❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❡♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ♣✐♦♥❡✐r✐s♠♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛

❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ❛♦ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠

✐♥❝♦♥tá✈❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡①✲❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❤♦❥❡ ❡stã♦ ❡s✲

♣❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛çã♦ ✈✐✈❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ▼❛♥❡❥♦ ❞❡ P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s é ✉♠❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡s✲

❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ✕ ❯❊▼

✶ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶

❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ▼❛❣♥♦ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐ ❡ ▼❛✉rí❧✐♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛

✷ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞♦r♠ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠

s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❞❡ ▲✉❝❝❛ ❡ ❇r❛❝❝✐♥✐

✹ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✿ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛

❞❛s P❧❛♥t❛s ❉❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾

❉❛✉r✐ ❏♦sé ❚❡ss♠❛♥♥

◆á❞❥❛ ❞❡ ▼♦✉r❛ P✐r❡s ❡ ❱❛❧t❡r ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛

✻ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺

❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳

✼ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶

❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳

✽ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❛ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✸

▼✐r✐❛♠ ❍✐r♦❦♦ ■♥♦✉❡ ❡ ❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳

✾ ❆❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶✺

❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ❡ ▼❛r❝♦s ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❇❛❝❛r✐♥

✶✵ ❙❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ✷✹✸

❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ❡ ▼✐r✐❛♠ ❍✐r♦❦♦ ■♥♦✉❡

✶✶ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻✸

▼❛✉rí❧✐♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ▼❛❣♥♦ ❇r✐❣❤❡♥t✐

✶✷ ▼✐st✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❣❧②♣❤♦s❛t❡✿

s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✱ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵✺

❏❛♠✐❧ ❈♦♥st❛♥t✐♥ ❡ ❘✉❜❡♠ ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❏r✳

Biologia de Plantas Daninhas

Alexandre Magno Brighenti

2. Origem e Evolução das Plantas Daninhas

▼❡s♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❤❡r❜✐❝✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s

3. Aspectos Positivos e Negativos das Plantas Daninhas

q✉❡ ✜①❛ ◆2 ❞❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ❡

✶✾✽✺❛✮✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛♠ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s s❡♥❞♦ ♥é❝t❛r✲♣♦❧✐♥í❢❡r❛s✳ ❉❡✲

3.2 Aspectos negativos

❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❥♦á ✭❙♦❧❛♥✉♠ ❛❝✉❧❡❛t✐ss✐♠✉♠ ✮ ❡ ♦ ❛rr❛♥❤❛✲❣❛t♦ ✭❆❝❛❝✐❛ ♣❧✉♠♦s❛ ✮

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳ ❚❡♦r ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s♦❥❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡

❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛s s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❛♥✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ✐♠♣✉✲

♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛

❖ ❝❛♣✐♠✲♠❛r♠❡❧❛❞❛ ✭❇r❛❝❤✐❛r✐❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛❣✐♥❡❛ ✮ ❡ ♦ ❝❛♣✐♠✲❝❛rr❛♣✐❝❤♦

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