❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✲ ◆♦t❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛

CC ❈❛r❧♦s ❑❧❡❜❡r ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ❆rr✉❞❛

∗

❈❊❋❊❚✲❘❏

✷✵ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹

❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✷ ❯♠❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ✷
✸ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✸
✹ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ✲ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❜ás✐❝❛ ✸
✺ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✶✶
✻ ▲✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✶✺
✼ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ✶✼
✽ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✷✷
✾ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ✷✸
✶✵ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ✲ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ✷✻
✶✶ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐③ Ybarra ✸✷
✶✷ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✸✷
✶✸ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✸✼
✶✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✸✽
❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✸✾
❇ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ✲ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✸✾
❈ ❚ó♣✐❝♦s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✹✵
❉ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦s ✹✷

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶ ❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛♣♦st✐❧❛

❊st❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ s✉❜s✐❞✐❛r ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱
❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❊❋❊❚✲❘❏✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ✈❛st❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦s✱
♥♦r♠❛s✱ t❡s❡s ❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çõ❡s✳ P❛rt✐✉✲s❡ ❞❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ r❡s✉♠✐r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s✱
❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ✉♠❛ ✏❡s♣✐r❛❧✑ q✉❡
r❡t♦r♥❛ ❛♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✳

∗ ❝❛r❧♦s❦❧❡❜❡r❅❣♠❛✐❧✳❝♦♠ ✴ ❤tt♣✿✴✴s✐t❡s✳❣♦♦❣❧❡✳❝♦♠✴s✐t❡✴❝❛r❧♦s❦❧❡❜❡r✴ ✲
BY:
$ P❡r♠✐t✐❞♦ ✉s♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠❡r✲
\

❝✐❛❧✱ ❝✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡ ❢♦♥t❡✳

✶
 ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ♥ã♦ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡r ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ é
♠✉✐t♦ í♥t✐♠❛✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛✲s❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♥❡st❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✢❡❝❤❛ ❡ ❛♠♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✜❝❛♥❞♦
❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❧✐✈r♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❬✶✻❪✱ ❡ ❛ ❛♣♦st✐❧❛ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❬✹❪✳
Pr♦❝✉r♦✉✲s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡st❛r❡♠ ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱
sã♦ ✐♥s♣✐r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡s✳

✶✳✷ ◆♦t❛ s♦❜r❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥çõ❡s

❚♦❞❛s ❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s sã♦ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♠étr✐❝♦✱ ❡①❝❡t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ é r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✉s✉❛❧ ✭❝♦♠♦
♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s ✉s❛✲s❡ ▼❈▼ ♦✉ ❦❝♠✐❧✶ ✮✱ ♠❛s ♠❡s♠♦ ❡st❛s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡r❡♠
s✉❜st✐t✉í❞❛s✳
❊♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s s✉♣õ❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡st❡❥❛♠ s❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❡ s✉❜♠ú❧t✐✲
♣❧♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛✲s❡ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❛♦ ♦♠✐t✐r ♠✐❧✐✱ ♠✐❝r♦✱ q✉✐❧♦✱ ♠❡❣❛❀ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡
♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❡ s✉❜♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✐①❛r ♦ t❡①t♦ ♠❛✐s ❧❡❣í✈❡❧✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✶✵✳
❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐s♠♦✱ ❛♦♥❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡✱ ♥♦
✈á❝✉♦✱ ❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ε0 = 8, 8541878·10−12 ❋✴♠✱ ❡ ❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✱
µ0 = 4 π 10−7 ❍✴♠✳

✶✳✸ ❙♦❜r❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦

❆♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛✲s❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s✱ ❢❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳ ◆ã♦ s❡ tr❛t❛
❞❡ r♦t✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞❛s✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ❝♦♥t❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❡st❛ ♣r❛t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ ♦ ▼❛t❧❛❜✱ ❙❝✐❧❛❜✱ ❖❝t❛✈❡ ❡ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠
t❡♠ s✉❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✱ ❡ ó❜✈✐♦ s❡✉ ❝✉st♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❙❝❧✐❛❜ ❡ ♦ ❖❝t❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡ ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡
❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛q✉✐✳

✷ ❯♠❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s

❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ✈❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ❛♣♦st✐❧❛✱ ♦✉ ❛té ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ♥ã♦ t❡♠♦s ♥♦çã♦ ❞❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛
❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ✺✵✵ ❦❱❄ ◗✉❛❧ é ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ tí♣✐❝❛ ❞❡
❝✉rt♦✲❝✐r❝✉✐t♦❄ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡s❛ ✉♠ ❝❛❜♦❄ ❆ t❛❜❡❧❛ ✶ ❞á ✉♠ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡
❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦♥t❡s✳ ❙ã♦ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠é❞✐♦s✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛✳

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✿ ❖r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳

P♦tê♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛ ✷✸✵ ❦❱✿ ✷✵✵ ▼❲
✸✹✺ ❦❱✿ ✺✵✵ ▼❲
✺✵✵ ❦❱✿ ✶ ●❲
✼✺✵ ❦❱✿ ✷ ●❲
❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❱ã♦ tí♣✐❝♦✿ ✸✵✵✲✺✵✵ ♠
❱ã♦ ❞❡ tr❛✈❡ss✐❛✿ ✶✵✵✵✲✷✵✵✵ ♠
▲❚ ✏❝✉rt❛✑✿ ❁ ✶✵✵ ❦♠
❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ s❡♠ s✉❜❡st❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛✿ ✸✵✵ ❦♠
▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♠❡✐❛✲♦♥❞❛✿ ✷✷✺✵ ❦♠
❆❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ t♦rr❡ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✿ ✸✵✲✺✵ ♠
❱ã♦ ❞❡ tr❛✈❡ss✐❛✿ ✶✵✵✲✸✵✵ ♠
❽
❽
❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥♦ ❝❛❜♦ ▲✐♠✐t❡ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧✿ ✼✵✲✾✵

❽
▲✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✿ ✶✵✵✲✶✸✵
▲✐♠✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❜♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s✿ ✷✵✵
❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✺✵✵ ❦❱✿ ✷ ♠
✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✜❝❛③✱ ✺✵✵ ❦❱ ✭❝♦♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✉s✉❛✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✮✿ ✺✲✽ ♠
❢❛s❡✲♥❡✉tr♦✮
P❡s♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s ❆❈❙❘ ▲✐♥♥❡t ✭✸✸✻ ▼❈▼✮✿ ✻✽✽ ❦❣✴❦♠
❆❈❙❘ ❘❛✐❧ ✭✾✺✹ ▼❈▼✮✿ ✶✻✵✵ ❦❣✴❦♠
❆❈❙❘ ❚❤r❛s❤❡r ✭✷✸✶✷ ▼❈▼✮✿ ✸✼✻✵ ❦❣✴❦♠
❈❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ▼á①✐♠♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❛ ❢❛✐①❛✮✿ ✹✱✷ ❦❱✴♠
▼á①✐♠♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✭♦❝✉♣❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✮✿ ✽✱✸✸ ❦❱✴♠
❙✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝❛❜♦✿ ✷✵ ❦❱✴❝♠
❉✐sr✉♣t✐✈❛✿ ✸✵ ❦❱✴❝♠

✶ ❝♠✐❧✿ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ♠✐❧✱ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❧és✐♠♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧❡❣❛❞❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ▼❈▼ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✶✵✵✵
❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ♠✐❧✳ ✶ ▼❈▼ = 0, 5 mm2 ✳
∼

✷
✸ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦

❯♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ é ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✱ ❧✐❣❛♥❞♦ ❢♦♥t❡s

❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❣❛s ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❛s✳
❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛r ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥✲
t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s✳ ❆♣ós ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱
♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❝❤❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦✳

✸✳✶ ❚r❛♥s♠✐t✐r❄

P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛❜r✐r ❡st❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦♥♦♠❡s✿ ♦ q✉ê✱ q✉❛♥❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡ q✉❛♥t♦✳

❖ q✉ê tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♥✈❡✈✐t❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛

❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ é ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳

◗✉❛♥❞♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❢✉t✉r❛ s✉r❣✐r✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣r♦❥❡t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦

❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❞❛s ✉s✐♥❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳

❈♦♠♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ s❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ s❡rá ❡♠ ❈❆ ♦✉ ❈❈✱ ❡ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s
❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳

❖♥❞❡ ♣❛ss❛ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♦♣çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛✐s ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ✐rã♦ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛r q✉❛✐s ❝❡♥tr♦s
❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ✭❡①✳ ❇❡❧♦ ▼♦♥t❡ ❧✐❣❛ ❝♦♠ ❙✉❞❡st❡ ♦✉ ◆♦r❞❡st❡✮ ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛ç❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳

◗✉❛♥t♦ ❝✉st❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡stá ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ q✉❡stã♦✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛
❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✭❡①✳ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♥❛ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❛❜♦s✱
♦✉ r❡❣r❛s t❛r✐❢ár✐❛s✮✳

❊st✐♠❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ s❡❥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ út✐❧ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❡r✜❧
❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s
❞❡ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛✳ P❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛ss✉♠✐r ✉♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳
❆ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ❡stá s✉❥❡✐t❛ ❛♦ tr❛ç❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❛♦♥❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛
t♦♣♦❣r❛✜❛ ❛té ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞♦s t❡rr❡♥♦s✳ ❆ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ r❡❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ♥ã♦ ♠❛✐s ❞♦
q✉❡ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr❛ç❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛ r❡t❛✳
❆ss✉♠✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❝❤❡❣❛✲s❡ ❛♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦
✭❈❆ ♦✉ ❈❈✮ ❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳

✹ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ✲ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❜ás✐❝❛

◆❡st❛ ♣❛rt❡ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❣✐♠❡
♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ❆ss✉♠❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ é tr✐❢ás✐❝❛✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ❞❡
❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s é ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ♦✉ ♥ã♦✳
■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛✲s❡ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❢❛s❡s✱ ❛♦♥❞❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s
♣ró♣r✐❛s ✭q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✮ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♠út✉❛s ✭q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❛s ❢❛s❡s
✈✐③✐♥❤❛s✮✳ P♦r r❡❝✐♣r♦❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♠út✉❛s sã♦ s✐♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ a
❝❛✉s❛ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ b é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❢❛s❡ b ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ a✳
❙❛❜❡✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ sã♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s r❡❝í♣r♦❝❛s✳ P♦r
❝♦♥✈❡♥çã♦ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ♥♦♠❡✐❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ ♣♦r
✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❘▲ ❡♠ sér✐❡ ✳
✷
◆♦♠❡✐❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ✭♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ♦✉ s❤✉♥t ✮ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❘❈ ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❘✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛
✸
❞❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢✉❣❛✱ ❞❡s♣r❡③í✈❡❧ ✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ t♦t❛❧
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ Y = G+jB ✱
s❡♥❞♦ G ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ B ❛ s✉s❝❡♣tâ♥❝✐❛✳
◆❛ s❡çã♦ ❈✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠
❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞♦ t❡❧❡❣r❛✜st❛✳
◆❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛✲s❡ ♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❧❛❞❞❡r ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♦
❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ✏♣✐✑ ✭✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ sér✐❡ ❡ ❞✉❛s ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ♥❛s ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡s✮✳

✷ ❊♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❈❈✱ ❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛s ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s tr❛♥s✐tór✐♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦

♥❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉rt♦s✱ ❡❧❡ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳

✸ ❊♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❈❈✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t✐✈♦✱ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ s❤✉♥t ❘ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡✱

♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦✳

✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦
❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❞♦r❛s ❬✶✹❪

✹✳✶ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛

❆ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ❡♥s✐♥❛❞❛✱ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ ❛

s❡çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✿
l
R=ρ ✭✹✳✶✮
S
s❡♥❞♦ ρ ❛ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♦ s❡✉ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✿ σ = 1/ρ✱ l ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ S ❛ s❡çã♦
tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧✳
❊♠ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧✐❝✉❧❛r ❞✐st♦r❝❡ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❝❛❜♦✿ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡
r❡♣✉❧sã♦ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ✉♠ s✉❜❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞♦ ❝❛❜♦✳ ❊st❡
❡❢❡✐t♦ é ♠❛✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❜✐t♦❧❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦✱ ❧♦❣♦ s❡♥❞♦
♣♦✉❝♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♠ ✐♥st❛❧❛çõ❡s r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛✐s✳
❖s ❝❛❜♦s ✉s✉❛✐s ❡♠ ❈❆ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❝♦♠ ✜♦s ♠❛✐s
r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ à tr❛çã♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦r♦❛ ❝♦♠ ✜♦s ❞❡ ❜♦❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❧❡✈❡ ❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✳
❊st❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦✱ ♠❛s ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦
❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦ss✉✐rá ❜❛✐①❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧✐❝✉❧❛r ✐rá ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦
❞❛ ❝♦r♦❛✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦✳
❖✉tr♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛
❡♠ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦s é t❛❜❡❧❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✈❛❧♦r❡s tí♣✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✼✺ ❽ ✱ ♠❛s ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❡①❛t♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛
♣ró♣r✐❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✳
◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✶✵✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦
❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧✐❝✉❧❛r✳ ❖ ✈❛❧♦r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ s❡rá ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❛♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦s ✳
✹
❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛❜♦s é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ✜♦s ❡♥tr❡❧❛ç❛❞♦s✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❧❛❝✉♥❛s ♥♦
✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❝❛❜♦✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ é ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝❛❜♦✱ ❝♦♠♦
❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦ ❡ ❛ç♦✳ ❊st❛s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❡①❛t♦ ❞❛
r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛s r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛s sã♦ t❛❜❡❧❛❞❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧✐❝✉❧❛r ✭✏r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❈❆✑✮✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠
é ✉s✉❛❧ t❛❜❡❧❛r ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢❛✐①❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳

✹ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ✏tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛✲
❞♦r✑ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ❛ç♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❤❡❧✐❝♦✐❞❛❧ ❞♦s ✜♦s✳

✹
 P❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈♦✱ é ♣r✉❞❡♥t❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛✲
t✉r❛ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞♦ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧✱ ❡ ❛♣ós ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ r❡❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦✳
P❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡✐①❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ s❡rá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s
❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❛s❡✳
❆ t❛❜❡❧❛ ✷ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ❛ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦
♦✉tr♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✿ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✳

❈♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❛ss❛
■❆❈❙ ✭✪✮ ✭❲·mm2 /m✮ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ✭❽−1 ✮ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛
✭g/cm3 ✮
❆❧✉♠í♥✐♦ ✶✸✺✵ ✻✶✱✵ ✵✱✵✷✽✷✻✹ ✵✱✵✵✹✵✸ ✷✱✼✵✺
❆❧✉♠í♥✐♦ ❧✐❣❛ ✻✷✵✶ ✺✷✱✺ ✵✱✵✸✷✽✹✵ ✵✱✵✵✸✹✼ ✷✱✻✾✵
❈♦❜r❡ ❞✉r♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ✾✼✱✵ ✵✱✵✶✼✼✼✺ ✵✱✵✵✸✽✶ ✽✱✽✾
❈♦❜r❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❆❈❙ ✶✵✵✱✵ ✵✱✵✶✼✷✹✶ ✵✱✵✵✸✾✸ ✽✱✽✾
❆ç♦ ✲ ✵✱✶✼ ✲ ✼✱✾

❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ❝♦❜r❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡❧✱ s✉❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❡ ♣r❡ç♦
✭❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ 4× ♠❛✐s ❝❛r♦✮ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳

✹✳✶✳✶ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛

P❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛s ♣❡r❞❛s✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦
♣❡❧❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❊st❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ✐rá
✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ✐rá ❞✐t❛r ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠
♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ❛❧❡♠ ❞♦s ❝❛❜♦s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ♦s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ✭❈❆ ♦✉ ❈❈✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❆t❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ às ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡
♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳
❆ t❛❜❡❧❛ ✸ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❈❆ ❡ ❈❈ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛❜♦s✳

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛❜♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s

❚✐♣♦ ❉❡♥♦♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❇✐t♦❧❛ ❙❡çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❉✐â♠❡tr♦ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❈❈ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❈❆
✭▼❈▼✮ t♦t❛❧ ✭♠♠➨✮ ✭♠♠✮ ✭❲/km 20❽✮ ✭❲/km 75❽✮
❆❈❙❘ ❍❛✇❦ ✹✼✼ ✷✽✵✱✽✺ ✷✶✱✼✽ ✵✱✶✶✾✻ ✵✱✶✹✸✺
❆❈❙❘ ●r♦s❜❡❛❦ ✻✸✻ ✸✷✷✱✸ ✷✺✱✶✻ ✵✱✵✽✾✻ ✵✱✶✵✼✺
❆❈❙❘ ❘❛✐❧ ✾✺✹ ✺✷✻✱✽ ✷✾✱✺✾ ✵✱✵✺✾✼ ✵✱✵✼✸✸
❆❈❙❘ ❇✐tt❡r♥ ✶✷✼✷ ✼✷✻✱✹ ✸✹✱✶✻ ✵✱✵✹✹✽ ✵✱✵✺✺✽
❆❈❙❘ ❚❤r❛s❤❡r ✷✸✶✷ ✶✷✸✺✱✷ ✹✺✱✼✽ ✵✱✵✷✹✽ ✵✱✵✸✷✼
❆❆❈ ❙❛❣❡❜r✉s❝❤ ✷✷✺✵ ✶✶✸✾✱✺ ✹✸✱✾ ✵✱✵✷✺✺ ✵✱✵✸✹
❆❆❆❈ ✶✵✵✵ ✺✵✻✱✼ ✷✾✱✷ ✵✱✵✻✻✶ ✵✱✵✽✵✷

✹✳✷ ■♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛

❆ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ é ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣❡❧❛
❧❡✐ ❞❡ ❋❛r❛❞❛②✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ t❡r ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ✐♥❞✉③
♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛ s❡çã♦ ❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✱ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ♠út✉❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠
❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ❡①t❡r♥♦ ✐♥❞✉③ ❡st❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✳
❆ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ❡❧étr✐❝❛s✱ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ✐♥❞✉③❡♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧
❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✱ ❡ s❡ ❡ss❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❢❡❝❤❛r ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✱ s✉r❣❡ ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛✳
▲♦❣♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥❞✉③✐r ❡♠ ❝❡r❝❛s ♠❡tá❧✐❝❛s✱ ❝❛❜♦s ❛t❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ❡♥❝❛♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡t❝✳
❆ ✐♥❞✉çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡rá s❡ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡st✐✈❡r❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❛ ✐♥❞✉çã♦ s❡rá ♠í♥✐♠❛
s❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❡st✐✈❡r❡♠ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✳

✹✳✷✳✶ Pr❡♠✐ss❛s

❯♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❞❛✱ é s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✿ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡
❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❡♠ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✱ s✉♣õ❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ r❡t♦r♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ✭♦✉ ✏❢❡❝❤❛✑ ♦
s♦♠❛tór✐♦✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❢♦♥t❡s✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ▲❡✐s ❞❡ ❑✐r❝❤❤♦✛ ✮✳ ❊st❡ r❡t♦r♥♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣♦r ✉♠
s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❢❡❝❤❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❧❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✳
❖ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ❆♠♣ér❡✱ q✉❡
♥♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡rá ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❢❛③ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛r ❡♠ ✉♠

✺
❝♦♥❞✉t♦r s✐♥❣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ só ❢❡❝❤❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ r❡t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❡♠
s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✳
❖ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r é ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ♥❛ s✉❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❡ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛✳
❊♠ ❛♠❜♦s✱ ♣❛rt❡✲s❡ ❞❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ❆♠♣ér❡✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ s❡çã♦ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✱
❝♦♠ r❛✐♦ r✱ ❛♦♥❞❡ ❛tr❛✈❡ss❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ I ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❝♦♥s✲
t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ 0, 5 · 10−7 ❍✴♠ ❬✷✼❪✳ ❆ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡①t❡r♥❛ é r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ r❛✐♦ ❡ ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛✱
✉♥✐♥❞♦ ❛s ♣❛r❝❡❧❛s✿  
µ0 1 2h
Lii = + ln ✭✹✳✷✮
2π 4 r
s❡♥❞♦ Lii ❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r i✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❡ ❡①t❡r♥♦✱ r
♦ r❛✐♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✱ h ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❛r µ0 = 4π · 10−7 H/m✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛❜♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛t❡♥ár✐❛✳ P♦❞❡✲
s❡ ✉s❛r s❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✉♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ♠é❞✐❛ hm ✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✿
2 1
hm = ht − f = hv + f ✭✹✳✸✮
3 3
s❡♥❞♦ ❛q✉✐ ht ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝❛❜♦ ♥❛ t♦rr❡✱ hv ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝❛❜♦ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ✈ã♦ ❡ f ❛ ✢❡❝❤❛✱ s❡♥❞♦
❡ss❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ✉♠ ✈ã♦ ♥✐✈❡❧❛❞♦ ❬✹❪✳
❯s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✹✳✷✮ é ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛✿
 
µ0 2h
✭✹✳✹✮
1
Lii = ln e + ln
4
2π r

µ0 2h
Lii = ln ✭✹✳✺✮
2π r e 14
µ0 2h
Lii = ln ′ ✭✹✳✻✮
2π r
❆ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ r′ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛♦ r❛✐♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ❛♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦
✢✉①♦ ❬✷✼✱ ♣✳ ✺✷❪✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛❜♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦✱ ❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ❞♦ ❛r✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ µ = µµ 0 ✱
= 0, 7788r✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❜♦s ❝♦♠ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ µ0 ✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛ç♦✺ ✱ r′ = r e− 4 ✱
r′ = r e−1/4 ∼
r

♥♦ q✉❛❧ µr ❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✱ µr = µ/µ0 ✳

❖ ✢✉①♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ s❡rá ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛r✱ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ µ0 ✳

✹✳✸ ■♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♠út✉❛

❆ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♠út✉❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s
❡ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❛r ✭❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛
✐♥t❡r♥❛✮✿
µ0 Dij
Lij = ln ✭✹✳✼✮
2π dij
s❡♥❞♦ Dij ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r i ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r j ✱ ❡ dij ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r i ♣❛r❛
♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r j ✳

❖ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛❜♦ ❘❛✐❧ ✭∅29, 59 ♠♠✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦✱ µ = µ0 ✮✱

❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✷✵ ♠✱ s✉❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ s❡rá
µ0 2h 2 · 20
Laa = ln ′ = 2 · 10−7 ln 0,02959 = 1, 6305 · 10−6 H/m
2π r /2 · 0, 7788

❆ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ♠út✉❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ❝❛❜♦s✱ ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ♥❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✽ ♠✱ s❡rá
√
µ0 Dab 402 + 82
Lab = ln = 2 · 10−7 ln = 1, 981 · 10−7 H/m
2π dab 8

✺ ◆❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✶✾❪ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ç♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s ❆❈❙❘ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ µr ∼
= 50✱ s❡♥❞♦

♣❧❛✉sí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❡ss❛ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❜♦s ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦s✳

✻
 ❉♦✐s ❝❛❜♦s ❞❡ ❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✶ ❝♠ ❞❡ r❛✐♦✱ ✸✵ ♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ❛ ✶✵ ♠✱ ♣♦ss✉❡♠
✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♠út✉❛ Żm ✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ Żm ❛♦ ✭❛✮ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛r ♦s ❝❛❜♦s
♣❛r❛ ✺ ♠✱ ✭❜✮ ❛❜❛✐①❛r ♦s ❝❛❜♦s ♣❛r❛ ✶✵ ♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✳
❆ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♠út✉❛ é ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ às ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s✱ r❡❛❧ ❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ ❡ ♦ r❛✐♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛
♥♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✿
Dij
Zm ∝ ln
dij
❋❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥t❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❧♦❣❛r✐t♠♦✱ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✿
p
Dij = 102 + 602 = 60, 8
dij = 10
Zm ∝ 1, 8055
√
◆❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ✭❛✮✱ Zm(a) ∝ ln 5 5+60 = 2, 4884✱ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ 1 − 2,4884
1,8055 = 37, 8%✳
2 2

√
◆❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ✭❜✮✱ Zm(b) ∝ ln 102 +202
10 = 0, 8047✱ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ 1 − 0,8047
1,8055 = 55, 4%✳

✹✳✹ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡ r❛✐♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦

❈❤❛♠❛✲s❡ ❉▼● ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❛✱ q✉❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ s❡rá ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ às ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡
❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ♦✉ ❢❡✐①❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ é
❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ✭❘▼● ♦✉ ●▼❘✮✱ q✉❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ✐rá r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r
❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛✳
P❛r❛ n ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❛rr✉♠❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛s✱ ♦ ❘▼● s❡rá ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛
v
uYn Y
n
✭✹✳✽✮
2
u
2
p
RMG = nt dij = n (d11 d12 · · · d1n )(d21 d22 . . . d2n ) · · · (dn1 dn2 · · · dnn )
i=1 j=1

s❡♥❞♦ dii ♦ r❛✐♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r i✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛✱ ri′ ✱ ❡ dij ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s
❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s i ❡ j ✳
P❛r❛ ❢❡✐①❡s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ d✱ ♦ ❘▼● ❞♦ ❢❡✐①❡
s❡rá
√
RMG2 = r′ d ✭✹✳✾❛✮
√
✭✹✳✾❜✮
3
RMG3 = r′ d2
√
✭✹✳✾❝✮
4
RMG4 = 1, 09 r′ d3
♥♦ q✉❛❧ RMG2 ✱ RMG3 ❡ RMG4 sã♦ ♦s ❘▼●s ♣❛r❛ ❢❡✐①❡s ❞❡ ✷✱ ✸ ❡ ✹ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❡♠ ❢❡✐①❡s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s✳
❆ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❢❡✐①❡ ❞❡ N ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ ❡s♣❛ç❛❞♦s ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ R
é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣♦r
√
✭✹✳✶✵✮
N
RM G = r N RN −1
▲❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧✐❝✉❧❛r✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r r ✱ só é ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛✳ ▲♦❣♦
′

t❡r❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❘▼● ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✉♠ ❘▼● ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛
✉♠ ❢❡✐①❡ ❞❡ ✹ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ t❡r❡♠♦s
√
✭✹✳✶✶❛✮
4
RMGZ4 = 1, 09 r′ d3
√
✭✹✳✶✶❜✮
4
RMGY4 = 1, 09 r d3
❉❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ M ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐③
❞❡ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s✿
µ
L= MZ ✭✹✳✶✷✮
2π
s❡♥❞♦
2 hi
MZii = ln ✭✹✳✶✸❛✮
ri′
Dij
MZij = ln ✭✹✳✶✸❜✮
dij

✼
 ❊ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ s❡rá

µ
Z = RI+jωL = RI+jω MZ ✭✹✳✶✹✮
2π
❛❜r✐♥❞♦ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s✿

ln 2rh′ a ln D ln D
   ab ac

R 0 0 dab dac
µ  ln Dbaa
2 hb
Z= 0 R 0 +jω dba ln r′ ln D bc 
dbc  ✭✹✳✶✺✮
2π
 b
0 0 R ln D ca
ln D cb
ln 2rh′ c
dca dcb c

❙❡♥❞♦ R ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✱ ❡ I ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ✭♥ã♦

❤❛✈❡rá r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠út✉❛✮✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❢❡✐①❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧
♣❡❧♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❡ tr♦❝❛r ri ♣♦r RMGi ✳

❙❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ✺✵✵ ❦❱ ✏r❛q✉❡t❡✑✱ ❝✉❥♦ ♣❡r✜❧ é ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♥❛
✜❣✉r❛ ✷✱ ❡st❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❢❛r❡♠♦s ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛
❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛❝❛❜♦✉ ❞❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛r ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳
❆ ▲❚ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❢❡✐①❡s ❞❡ ✹ ❝❛❜♦s ❘❛✐❧✱ ❝✉❥♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦
❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ✢❡❝❤❛ ❞❡ ✶✻ ♠✱ ❡ ♦ ❢❡✐①❡ é ✉♠ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✹✺✱✼ ❝♠✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡
❛♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✶✽✑✳ ❖s ❝❛❜♦s ♣ár❛✲r❛✐♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stã♦ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦s ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛✱ ♠❛s ♣♦r
♦r❛ ♥ã♦ s❡rã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s✳
❆ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❢❡✐①❡ ✭❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✼✺ ❽✮ s❡rá
0,0733
4 =
0, 018325 ❲✴❦♠✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛✲s❡ ♦ ❘▼●✿

s 
0, 02959
RMG = 1, 09 4 · 0, 7788 0, 4573 = 0, 1985 m
2

2·16
❯t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛s ❛❧t✉r❛ ♠é❞✐❛s ❞♦s ❝❛❜♦s✿ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❡stá ❛ 34 −
3 = 23, 33 ♠✱ ❡ ❛s
2·16
❢❛s❡s ❧❛t❡r❛✐s ❡stã♦ ❛ 28 − = 17, 33 ♠✳
3
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛♥❞♦ ❛❣♦r❛ ❛s ♣❛r❝❡❧❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s às ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❛s❡✱
✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✭❛✱❜✱❝✮ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛r ❛s ❢❛s❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✭❜✮ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✿

2 · 17, 33
Maa = ln = 5, 16277
0, 1985
2 · 23, 33
Mbb = ln = 5, 46002
0, 1985
Mcc = Maa

❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛❣♦r❛ ❛s ♣❛r❝❡❧❛s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s às ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛s ♠út✉❛s✱

p
52 + (23, 33 + 17, 33)2
Mab = ln p = 1, 65731
52 + (23, 33 − 17, 33)2
Mbc = Mab
p
(2 · 5)2 + (2 · 17, 33)2
Mac = ln = 1, 28298
2·5
P♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❝♦✲
♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s x ❡ h✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ dij = sqrt[(xi − xj )2 + (hi + hj )2 ]✱
2 2
Dij = sqrt[(xi − xj ) + (hi − hj ) ] ❡ Mij = log[Dij /dij ]✱ ❧❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❛
❢✉♥çã♦ log[x] ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ s❡r ♦ ❧♦❣❛r✐t♠♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ln(x)✳
❆ ♠❛tr✐③ M s❡rá ❡♥tã♦
 
5, 1627716 1, 6573122 1, 2829804
M =  1, 6573122 5, 4600231 1, 6573122 
1, 2829804 1, 6573122 5, 1627716
µ0
♦❜té♠✲s❡ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♥❞✉tã♥❝✐❛ L ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦
2π ✱ ❡ ♥❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ Z ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐✲
M ♣♦r
❝❛♥❞♦ L ♣♦r jω ❡ s♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ R✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❛s r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s

✽
 ❢❡✐①❡s✳ ❘❡s✉♠✐♥❞♦✱ t❡♠✲s❡✿

µ0
Z =R + j ω M
 2π 
0, 018325 + j0, 3892730 j0, 1249613 j0, 0967367
= j0, 1249613 0, 018325 + j0, 4116857 j0, 1249613 
j0, 0967367 j0, 1249613 0, 018325 + j0, 3892730
❲/km
♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ❛t❡♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ♦✉ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♠ ❲✴♠ ♦✉ ❲✴❦♠✳

0,457
4

5
34
28

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ▲❚✳

✹✳✺ ❈❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧

❆ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡rá ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✳ P❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦
✻
t❡ór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛❜♦ s✐♥❣❡❧♦ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ V ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❡st❡ ❝❛❜♦ t❡rá ✉♠❛
❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ r❛✐♦ ❡ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❛❧t✉r❛✿

q 2h
V = ln ✭✹✳✶✻✮
2πε0 r
 −1
q 2h
C= = 2 π ε0 ln ✭✹✳✶✼✮
V r
❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠ n ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✲s❡ ✉♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛
♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ MY ✱ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛ MZ ✿
C = 2 π ε0 MY −1 ✭✹✳✶✽✮

−12
◆♦ q✉❛❧ ε0 ❛ ♣❡r♠✐ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛r✱ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ 8, 85 · 10 ❋✴♠✳ ❆q✉✐ ♥ã♦ ❤á ✏❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛✑✱
❧♦❣♦ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✹✳✻✱ ♠❛s ♦ t❡r♠♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ à
♠út✉❛ é r✐❣♦r♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❣✉❛❧✿

✻ ❊♠ ❬✷✼✱ ♣✳ ✼✷❪ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✲s❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ▲❚s✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✏✉♥✐r✑ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❢❛s❡s
❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✏❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳✑

✾
 2 hi
MY ii = ln ✭✹✳✶✾❛✮
ri
Dij
MY ij = ln ✭✹✳✶✾❜✮
dij

❆♦ ✐♥✈❡rt❡r✲s❡ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ MY ✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦

❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦✿ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐rá ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ❝❛r❣❛s ❞❡
♣♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❢❛s❡s✳
❆ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣♦r✿
Y = G+jωC ✭✹✳✷✵✮
❉❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✉s✉❛❧ ❞❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❈❆✿
Y = jωC ✭✹✳✷✶✮

❙❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛r ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡

❛ ♠❛tr✐③ M✱ r❡❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❛✐♦ r❡❛❧ ❞♦s ❝❛❜♦s✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦
❘▼●✿ s  
0, 02959
RMG = 1, 09 4
0, 4573 = 0, 2113 m
2
❡ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③✿
2 · 17, 33
Maa = ln = 5, 10027
0, 2113
2 · 23, 33
Mbb = ln = 5, 39752
0, 2113
Mcc = Maa

t❡♠✲s❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ M ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♥✈❡rs❛✿

 
5, 1002713 1, 6573122 1, 2829804
M =  1, 6573122 5, 3975229 1, 6573122 
1, 2829804 1, 6573122 5, 1002713
 
0, 224171 −0, 0572269 −0, 0377949
M−1 =  −0, 0572269 0, 2204133 −0, 0572269 
−0, 0377949 −0, 0572269 0, 224171
♦❜t❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ C ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r 2π ε0 ✱ ❡ ❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦
♣♦r j ω ✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♥❞♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✿
Y = j ω 2 π ε0 M−1
 
j4, 6994162 −j1, 1996776 −j0, 7923144
=  −j1, 1996776 j4, 6206408 −j1, 1996776  ➭S/km
−j0, 7923144 −j1, 1996776 j4, 6994162

❆q✉✐ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡①♣♦❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ 10−9 ❬❙✴♠❪✱ ♦♣t♦✉✲s❡ ❡♠
❡①♣r❡ss❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❡ s✉❜♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✳

✹✳✻ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦

P❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ♥♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❛s ❢❛s❡s sã♦ tr♦❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s
♣♦♥t♦s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳ ▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡r❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛ tr♦❝❛r ❧✐♥❤❛s ♥❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s Z ❡ Y✳ ❙❡❥❛ ❛s
♠❛tr✐③❡s Z(1) ✱ Z(2) ❡ Z(3) r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ três tr❡❝❤♦s✿
 
Zaa Zab Zac
Z(1) =  Zba Zbb Zbc  ✭✹✳✷✷✮
Zca Zcb Zcc

✶✵
  
Zbb Zbc Zba
Z(2) =  Zcb Zcc Zca  ✭✹✳✷✸✮
Zab Zac Zaa
 
Zcc Zca Zcb
Z(3) =  Zac Zaa Zab  ✭✹✳✷✹✮
Zbc Zba Zbb
❙❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ✐❞❡❛❧ ✭♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ três
tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✮✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ s✉♣♦r ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛
♠❛tr✐③ ♠é❞✐❛ ✼ ✿
1  (1) 
Z= Z + Z(2) + Z(3)
3 
Zaa + Zbb + Zcc Zab + Zbc + Zca Zac + Zba + Zcb
1
=  Zba + Zcb + Zac Zbb + Zcc + Zaa Zbc + Zca + Zab  ✭✹✳✷✺✮
3
Zca + Zab + Zbc Zcb + Zac + Zba Zcc + Zaa + Zbb

P♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛✿

1
Zp = (Zaa + Zbb + Zcc ) ✭✹✳✷✻❛✮
3
❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ t❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ s✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ Zij = Zji ✱ ✉♠ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♠út✉❛
1
Zm = (Zab + Zbc + Zca ) ✭✹✳✷✻❜✮
3
❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✐❞❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s♣♦st❛ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛
 
Zp Zm Zm
Z =  Zm Zp Zm  ✭✹✳✷✼✮
Zm Zm Zp

P❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛✱ s❡❣✉❡✲s❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✿

 
Yp Ym Ym
Y =  Ym Yp Ym  ✭✹✳✷✽✮
Ym Ym Yp

s❡♥❞♦
1
Yp = (Yaa + Ybb + Ycc ) ✭✹✳✷✾❛✮
3
1
Ym = (Yab + Ybc + Yca ) ✭✹✳✷✾❜✮
3

❈♦♥t✐♥✉❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡✿

Zp = 0, 018325 + j0, 3967439 ❲/km
Zm = j0, 115553 ❲/km
Yp = j4, 6731578 ➭S/km
Ym = −j1, 0638899 ➭S/km

✺ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦

✺✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s

❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s tr✐❢ás✐❝♦s ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❞❡s❡q✉✐✲

❧✐❜r❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦r ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ três ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦s✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡✉s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s
✼ ❆q✉✐ ❝❛❜❡ ✉♠❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❛❝❛❜❛ ❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡✿ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ tr❛♥s♣♦st❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r

❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❝♦♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♠é❞✐♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡♥❞♦ tr❛t❛❞❛ ✧♣♦r ✐♥t❡✐r❛✧✳ ❊st✉❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧t❛s ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛

❛❝❛❜❛ ❞✐✈✐❞✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s♣♦st❛s✦ ❖ ❡rr♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦✱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ s❡r ❛ss✉♠✐❞❛

❝♦♠♦ tr❛♥s♣♦st❛✱ é ♣❡q✉❡♥♦✱ ♠❛s ❛t❡♥t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ♠❡r❡❝❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥ã♦ tr❛♥s♣♦st♦✳

✶✶
❚❤é✈❡♥✐♥ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✱ ❢❛❧t❛s ❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✳ ◆❡st❛
s❡çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ♥❡st❡ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ▼❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦✲
❜r❡ ❡st❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❬✶✶✱ ✷✼❪✳
P❛r❛ ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ Z✱ ❞✐t❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢❛s❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡
❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ A✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣♦r
 
1 1 1
A= 1 a2 a  ✭✺✳✶✮
1 a a2

♥♦ q✉❛❧ a = 1 120➦ ❡ a2 = 1 −120➦✱ ♦❜t❡♠✲s❡ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦✱

Z012 ✳ ❙❡ ❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s Z ❡ Y ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡r❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✐❞❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s♣♦st❛✱
♦❜t❡♠✲s❡ ❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s Z012 ❡ Y012 s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ t❡r♠♦s ♥❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧✿

 
Z0 0 0
Z012 = A−1 Z A =  0 Z1 0 
0 0 Z2
 
Zp + 2Zm 0 0
= 0 Zp − Zm 0  ✭✺✳✷✮
0 0 Zp − Zm

 
Y0 0 0
Y012 = A−1 Y A =  0 Y1 0 
0 0 Y2
 
Ys + 2Ym 0 0
= 0 Ys − Ym 0  ✭✺✳✸✮
0 0 Ys − Ym

P❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧t❛s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲
s❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛✿

Z1 = Zp − Zm ✭✺✳✹❛✮

Y1 = Yp − Ym ✭✺✳✹❜✮

❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✭✷✱✷✮ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③✳ ❉❡st❡s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜té♠ ❛ ✐♠♣❡✲
❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ Zc ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ γ✱ ✈✐st♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳

✺✳✷ ■♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛

❆ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛
✽ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❡ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ❞❛
❧✐♥❤❛✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ r❡s✐st✐✈❛ ♥❡st❡ ✈❛❧♦r t❡rá ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣✉❧s♦✱
t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✏❝❛s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛✑✳ ➱ ✉♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡
❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✭❡♠ ❘❋✱ ♠✐❝r♦♦♥❞❛s✱ ❝♦❛①✐❛❧ ♦✉ ♠✐❝r♦str✐♣✱ ❡t❝✮✳
➱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ Z1 ❡ Y1 ✱ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❛q✉✐ ❡♠ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦
Z ❡ Y✿ r
Z
Zc = ✭✺✳✺✮
Y
s❡♥❞♦

Z = R + j Xl = R + j ω L ✭✺✳✻❛✮

Y = j Bc = j ω C ✭✺✳✻❜✮

✾
♦s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ✱ ❝✉❥❛ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛ é ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ♥❛
s❡çã♦ ✶✵✳✷✳
❯s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ Zc ✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ s❡♠
♣❡r❞❛s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❞❡ Zc ❛♦ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r às ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❧♦♥❣❛✱ ♥❛
s❡çã♦ ✺✳✻✳

✽ ❊♠ ✐♥❣❧ês r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s✉r❣❡ ✐♠♣❡❞❛♥❝❡✱ ♦✉ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✉rt♦✳

✾ P❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡❞✉③✐r ♦s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ③❡r♦✱ Zc2 ❡

Zc0 r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐tór✐♦s✳

✶✷
 ❆♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡s♣r❡③í✈❡❧ ✭r❡t✐r❛♥❞♦ R✮✱ ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ s❡rá
❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ r r
Xl ∼ L
Zc ∼
= = ✭✺✳✼✮
Bc C
s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧ ❡✱ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳

✺✳✸ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦

❆ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ ❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♦♥❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳ ➱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦

√
✭✺✳✽✮
p
γ= YZ= (R + j ω L)j ωC

s❡♥❞♦ s✉❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ m−1 ✳ ❆ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s♠❡♠❜r❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ γ =
α + j β ✱ s❡♥❞♦ α ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥✉❛çã♦ ✭❡♠ ◆❡♣❡r✴♠✮ ❡ β ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ✭❡♠ r❛❞✴♠✮✳
P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❡♥tã♦ ♦❜t❡r ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ λ✿
2π
λ= ✭✺✳✾✮
β
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛s✱ γ ♣♦ss✉✐rá s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ β ✿
√
γ∼ ✭✺✳✶✵❛✮
p
= j ωLj ωC = j ω LC
√
β∼
= ω LC ✭✺✳✶✵❜✮
❡ ❡st❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❛ér❡❛s✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✱ s❡rá ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❣✉❛❧
❛ ✵✱✵✵✶✸ r❛❞✴❦♠✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❜♦s✱ ❡st❡ ✈❛❧♦r ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ❡♥tr❡ ✵✱✵✵✹✻ ❛ ✵✱✵✵✾✶ r❛❞✴❦♠✳
❖✉tr♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ é ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✱ ♦✉ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✿
θ =βl ✭✺✳✶✶✮
q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡rá ♥❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠♦
s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛s✳ ❊st❡ ❢❛t♦ é ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✱ ♦✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛
♣♦ss✉✐ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✜♥✐t❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❡ ✸✵✵ ❦♠ t❡rá ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦
❞❡ ✵✱✸✾ r❛❞✱ ♦✉ ✷✷✱✸✹➦✳
❆ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ f é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ♣♦r v = λ f ✱ ❡
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛s✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡
1
v=√ ✭✺✳✶✷✮
LC
s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s✉rt♦s rá♣✐❞♦s ✭❡♥tr❡
✶✵✵ ❦❍③ ❡ ✶ ▼❍③✮✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ é ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠✱ ♠❛s ♥✉♥❝❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♦✉
s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❧✉③ ♥♦ ✈á❝✉♦✳
❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛s ✈✐❛❥❛♥t❡s é ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♠ ❬✶✶✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✷❪ ❡ ❬✷✼✱ ♣✳
✶✷✵❪

✺✳✹ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛

❆ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ Pc é ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡❣✉❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛r❣❛ r❡s✐st✐✈❛✱ ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r
✐❣✉❛❧ à ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✳ P❛r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s✱ é ✉♠ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ s✉❛
❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳ ➱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣♦r✿
U02
Pc = ✭✺✳✶✸✮
Zc
s❡♥❞♦ U0 ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡✲s❡ ❡❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱
♠❛s s❛❝r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s✮ ❡ ❡❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r❞❛s ❝♦r♦♥❛✳
▼❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛s✱ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ s❡rá ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❛❧✱
♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡①♣r❡ss♦ ❡♠ ❲✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❞❛s✱ é ✉s✉❛❧ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡
r❡❛❧✳

✶✸
 P❛r❛ ♥♦ss♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛✱

Z1 = 0, 018325 + j0, 2811908 ❲/km

Y1 = j5, 7370477 ➭S/km

❡ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛

Zc = 221, 506 − j7, 2100622 ❲

γ = (0, 0413645 + j1, 2707934) · 10−6 Np/m

◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ▲❚ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ✏s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛s✑ ✭s❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✮✱ Zc s❡rá ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦

r❡❛❧ ❡ γ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✐♠❛❣✐♥ár✐♦✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ▲❚ ❞❡ ✺✵✵ ❦❱✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ Zc ✱ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ s❡rá ✶✶✷✾ ▼❲✳ ❙❡ ✏❛♣❡rt❛r✑ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✺✷✺ ❦❱✱ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡✈❛✲s❡
♣❛r❛ ✶✷✹✹ ▼❲✳

✺✳✺ ❘❡❛t✐✈♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛

❯♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ é ♦ r❡❛t✐✈♦ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦ss✉✐✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❡
❝❤❛r❣✐♥❣✳ P♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ s✉s❝❡♣tâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❛
t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✿
Qc = V 2 Bc ✭✺✳✶✹✮

❙❡♥❞♦ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ▼✈❛r✴❦♠✳

P❛r❛ ♥♦ss♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ Bc = 5, 7370477 · 10−9 ❙✴♠✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ✶✱✹✸✹✸ ❦✈❛r✴♠✱ q✉❡
❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✶✱✹✸✹✸ ▼✈❛r✴❦♠✳

❖❜s❡r✈❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛ s✉♣õ❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ é ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✱ ♦
q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é r❡❛❧✐st❛ ✲ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❋❡rr❛♥t✐✱ q✉❡ ❡❧❡✈❛ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ♥❛ ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡
❡♠ ❛❜❡rt♦✱ ❢♦r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡
s❡r ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✦

✺✳✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦

❖ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ✭♠♦❞❡❧♦ π✮ s❡rá ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ Z1 ❡♠ sér✐❡ ❡ ❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛

Y1 ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s✱ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡✳ P❛r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❝✉rt❛s ✭❛té ✷✵✵ ❦♠✮✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡ ❛
✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✿

Ze = Z l ✭✺✳✶✺✮

Yl
Ye2 = ✭✺✳✶✻✮
2
❆❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✷✵✵ ❦♠✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡✱ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛
❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝❛✿

Ze = Zc sinh γ l ✭✺✳✶✼✮

1 γl
Ye2 = tanh ✭✺✳✶✽✮
Zc 2
♥♦ q✉❛❧ Ye2 ❥á é ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳ ◆❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡
❧✐♥❤❛ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❞✐r❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❝✉rt❛s✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ Zc ❡ γ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣r❡❝✐s♦s✱
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r✲s❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦rr❡t♦s ❞❡ Ze ❡ Ye2 ✳

◆ã♦ ❝♦♥❢✉♥❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳

❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❧♦♥❣♦ s❡r✈❡ ♣r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧✐♥❤❛s ❝✉rt❛s ❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡①✐st❡
✉♠❛ ♠❛❧ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✦ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛
❝✉rt❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s✳

✶✹
 I1 Ze I2

V1 Ye2 Ye2 V2

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ♣✐✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✳

❖s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s Ze ❡ Ye2 sã♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❡♠ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡
♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❚❤é✈❡♥✐♥ ❡ ♠❛tr✐③ Ybarra ✳

❊✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥çã♦

❞❡ ❧❡tr❛s ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭z ❡♠ ❲✴♠✱ y ❡♠ ❙✴♠✮
❡ ❧❡tr❛s ♠❛✐ús❝✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s t♦t❛✐s ✭Z ❡♠ ❲ ❡ Y ❡♠ ❙✮✳ ◆♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡♥❞♦
♥ú♠❡r♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ s✉♣r✐♠✐✉✲s❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ✭s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ Ż ✮✳

P❛r❛ ♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s✉♣♦♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ✸✵✵ ❦♠✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡

Ze = 5, 2343219 + j82, 339206 ❲
Ye2 = 0, 6986822 + j871, 12182 ➭S

❙❡ ✉s❛r♠♦s ❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▲❚ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛s✱ ❛s ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠
♠❛✐♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿
Ze = 221, 5 sinh j1, 2707936 · 10−6 · 300 · 103

= 221, 5j s❡♥ (0, 381238) = j82, 415911 ❲

3
 
1 −6 300 · 10
Ye2 = tanh j1, 2707936 · 10
221, 5 2
1
= j t❣ (0, 190619) = j871, 13386 ➭S
221, 5
❆s ✜❣✉r❛s ✹ ❡ ✺ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣❛r❛
❡st❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛té ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✷✺✵✵ ❦♠✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❡r♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛
r❡❛tâ♥❝✐❛ s❡ ❛♥✉❧❛ ❡ ❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ t❡♥❞❡ ❛♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛ ✦

✻ ▲✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦
❈♦♠♦ t♦❞♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ t❡♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛
r❡❣✐♠❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ♦✉ tr❛♥s✐tór✐♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❤✐♣♦tét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦✲❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✱
❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❛r ♦ ❞♦❜r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧✱ ♦✉ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✉rt♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛
❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛✱ ♦ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ t♦❧❡r❛ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ♦ ❞♦❜r♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧✶✵ ✳
◆❡st❛ ❛♣♦st✐❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡rá tr❛t❛❞♦ ♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧✳ ❯♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❙t✳ ❈❧❛✐r é ✐❧✉str❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✻✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦
✶✵ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s tr❛t❛√♣❡❧♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝r✐st❛ ✭♦✉ ♣✐❝♦✮ ❡ ❢❛s❡✲♥❡✉tr♦✱ ❡♠ ✈❡③ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❡✜❝❛③ ✭❘▼❙✮
❢❛s❡✲❢❛s❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ √23

✶✺
 XL @WD

600

500

400

300

200

100

l @kmD
500 1000 1500 2000

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥ár✐❛ ❞❡ Ze

BC @mSD

15

10

l @kmD
500 1000 1500 2000

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥ár✐❛ ❞❡ Ye2

❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✭❙■▲✮ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✸✵✵ ♠✐❧❤❛s✳

❖s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ q✉❡ ♥♦rt❡❛♠ ❡st❡ ❣rá✜❝♦✱ sã♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ três ❝r✐tér✐♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ✈á❧✐❞♦
♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳

✻✳✶ ▲✐♠✐t❡ tér♠✐❝♦

❖ ❧✐♠✐t❡ tér♠✐❝♦ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❝✉rt❛s ✭❛té ✹✵ ❦♠✮✳ ❈♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❡❢❡✐t♦s✿ ♦
❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✢❡❝❤❛ ♥♦s ❝❛❜♦s✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s❀ ❡
❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡t❛❧✳ ❊♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ♣r❛t✐❝❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♥♦r♠❛
❬✷❪✱ ❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s sã♦ tr❛t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♣♦st✐❧❛ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦ ❬✹❪ ♦✉ ❡♠ ❧✐✈r♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❬✶✻❪✳

✶✻
 ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✿ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❙t✳ ❈❧❛✐r ❬✷✺❪

Vs = 1 pu Vr

Sr
l

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ s♦❜r❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳

✻✳✷ ▲✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦

✻✳✸ ▲✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡

✼ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦
❯♠ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ❞♦✐s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡❧étr✐❝❛s✱ t❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❞♦✐s
❜✐♣♦❧♦s✱ ✉♠ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛✳ ❖ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ é ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s✱ ❛♦♥❞❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❞✉❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s sã♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛✲s❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ ♣❛r
❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ♦✉ ❆❇❈❉✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡
❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ V1 ❡ I1 ✱ ❝♦♠ t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛✱ V2 ❡ I2 ✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛s
t❡♥sõ❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s sã♦ ❛s ❢❛s❡✲♥❡✉tr♦✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦
❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ I1 ❡♥tr❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ I2 s❛✐♥❞♦✿
V 1 = A V2 + B I 2 ✭✼✳✶❛✮
I1 = C V2 + D I 2 ✭✼✳✶❜✮
      
V1 V2 A B V2
=T = ✭✼✳✷✮
I1 I2 C D I2

✶✼
✼✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝✉rt❛

❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❝✉rt❛s✱ t❡r❡♠♦s

 
Y
V1 = V2 + I 2 Z + V2 ✭✼✳✸❛✮
2
 
ZY
V1 = + 1 V2 + Z I 2 ✭✼✳✸❜✮
2

Y Y
I 1 = V1 + V2 + I 2 ✭✼✳✹❛✮
2 2   
ZY ZY
I 1 = V2 Y 1 + + + 1 I2 ✭✼✳✹❜✮
4 2

❈♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ✭✼✳✶✮✱ t❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s

ZY
A= +1 ✭✼✳✺❛✮
2
B=Z ✭✼✳✺❜✮
 
ZY
C =Y 1+ ✭✼✳✺❝✮
4
D=A ✭✼✳✺❞✮
s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ A D − B C = 1✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ s✐♠étr✐❝♦✳

✼✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❧♦♥❣❛

P❛r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✲s❡ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐s♠♦ ❬✶✶✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✶❪✱
❝❤❡❣❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛✿
V1 = V2 cosh(γ l) + I2 Zc sinh(γ l) ✭✼✳✻❛✮
V2
I1 = I2 cosh(γ l) + sinh(γ l) ✭✼✳✻❜✮
Zc
s❡♥❞♦ ❡♥tã♦ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦✿
A = cosh(γ l) ✭✼✳✼❛✮
B = Zc sinh(γ l) ✭✼✳✼❜✮
1
C= sinh(γ l) ✭✼✳✼❝✮
Zc
D=A ✭✼✳✼❞✮
s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s t❛♠❜é♠ é ✈á❧✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❝✉rt❛s✳
❉♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ é q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ π ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❧♦♥❣❛✳ ❈♦♥✲
s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ✭✼✳✸✮✱ tr♦❝❛♥❞♦ Z ♣♦r Ze ❡ Y ♣♦r
Ye ✿  
Ze Ye
V1 = + 1 V2 + Z e I 2 ✭✼✳✽✮
2
❖❜t❡♠♦s ❛q✉✐
Ze = Zc sinh(γ l) ✭✼✳✾✮
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛
Ze Ye
+ 1 = cosh(γ l) ✭✼✳✶✵✮
2
Ye Zc sinh(γ l)
+ 1 = cosh(γ l) ✭✼✳✶✶✮
2
Ye 1 cosh(γ l) − 1
= ✭✼✳✶✷✮
2 Zc sinh(γ l)

✶✽
❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝❛✿
x cosh x − 1
tanh = ✭✼✳✶✸✮
2 sinh x
❝❤❡❣❛♠♦s à r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✺✳✶✼✮✿
Ye 1 γl
= tanh ✭✼✳✶✹✮
2 Zc 2
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❆❇❈❉ é ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♥♦
r❡❝❡♣t♦r ✭V2 ❡ I2 ✮✳ P❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ tr✐❢ás✐❝❛ Ṡ2 = S φ✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ❛r❜✐tr❛r ✉♠❛ t❡♥sã♦
❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛ U0 ❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✿
U0
V̇2 = √ ✭✼✳✶✺❛✮
3
S
I˙2 =
2
√ −φ ✭✼✳✶✺❜✮
U0 3
♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r U0 ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❛ t❡♥sã♦
❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❛s❡✲t❡rr❛✱ ❡ Ṡ2 = Pc ✱ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✳ ❖✉tr❛s ♦♣çõ❡s sã♦ ❛r❜✐tr❛r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦
❞❡ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛✱ ❝✉rt♦✲❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ✭V2 = 0✮ ♦✉ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ✭I2 = 0✮✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ s❡❥❛ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣♦r

Ȧ = Ḋ = 0, 9672 0, 23➦
Ḃ = 75, 15 83, 2➦ ❲
−4
Ċ = j8, 633 · 10 S

❈❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ s❛í❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✹✵✵ ▼❲✱ ✸✹✺ ❦❱✳
❙♦❧✉çã♦✿
345
V2 = √ kV I2 = 669, 39 A
3
❋❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♠❛tr✐❝✐❛❧✱ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ sã♦
√
V1 = 204, 98 3 = 355, 04 kV I1 = 670, 55 A

❆ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ s❡rá Ṡ1 = (412, 32 − j5, 48) ▼❱❆✱ s✉❜tr❛✐♥❞♦ ❛s ♣❛rt❡s r❡❛✐s✱ ∆P =
12, 32 ▼❲✳

❆❧❣✉♠❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s út❡✐s✿

sinh jβ = j s❡♥ β
cosh jβ = cos β
tanh jβ = j t❣ β
sinh α = −j s❡♥ jα
cosh α = cos jα
tanh α = −j t❣ jα
sinh(α + jβ) = sinh α cos β + j cosh α s❡♥ β
cosh(α + jβ) = cosh α cos β + j sinh α s❡♥ β

▲❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦s✳

✶✾
✼✳✸ ❆ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛s❝❛t❛

❆tr❛✈és ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❝❛s❝❛t❛✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s
q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦s Q1 ❡ Q2 ✱ ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ sér✐❡ s❡rá ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ Q = Q1 · Q2 ✱ ♦✉✿
      
V1 A1 B1 A2 B2 V2
= · = ✭✼✳✶✻✮
I1 C1 D1 C2 D2 I2
  
A1 A2 + B1 C2 A1 B2 + B1 D2 V2
=
C1 A2 + D1 C2 C 1 B2 + D 1 D 2 I2
s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s é r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ Q′ = Q2 · Q1 ✳ ❉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱
Q 6= Q′ ✳
❆ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛s❝❛t❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲❚ ❝♦♠
❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✳

❊①✳ s❡❥❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ z = j0, 34 ❲/❦♠✱
y = j4, 8 ➭❙✴❦♠✱ ✭❛✮ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✻✵✵ ❦♠✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ♦s
♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ s❛✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✼✺✵ ❦❱✱ ✷ ●❲✱ ✭❜✮ ❞✐✈✐❞❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦s
❞❡ ✸✵✵ ❦♠✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ✭❛✮✱ ✭❝✮ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡
♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❝❛❧❝✉❧♦s ❡♠ ✭❜✮✳ ✭❞✮ ❞✐✈✐❞❛ ❛❣♦r❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡♠ ✶✵
s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❡♠ ✈❛③✐♦✱ ❝❛r❣❛
♥♦♠✐♥❛❧✱ ❡♠ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛✮✳
❙♦❧✉çã♦✿ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✱ s❡rá ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡ ❛
❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦✿

Zc = 266, 1453 ❲
γ = j1, 2775 · 10−3 Np/km

✭❛✮ ♣❛r❛ ✻✵✵ ❦♠✱ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ s❡rá

A = 0, 7203
B = j184, 6 ❲
C = j2, 606 · 10−3 S

✭❜✮ ♣❛r❛ ✸✵✵ ❦♠✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡

A = 0, 9275
B = j99, 52 ❲
C = j1, 405 · 10−3 S

✭❝✮ r❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ▼❛t❧❛❜✱ t❡♥❞♦ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ✭❜✮ ♥❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✿

❃❃ q✸✵✵ ❂ ❬❛ ❜❀ ❝ ❛❪

q✸✵✵ ❂

✵✳✾✷✼✺ ✰ ✵✳✵✵✵✵✐ ✵✳✵✵✵✵ ✰✾✾✳✺✷✶✸✐

✵✳✵✵✵✵ ✰ ✵✳✵✵✶✹✐ ✵✳✾✷✼✺ ✰ ✵✳✵✵✵✵✐

❃❃ q✻✵✵ ❂ q✸✵✵ ✯ q✸✵✵

q✻✵✵ ❂

✶✳✵❡✰✵✷ ✯

✵✳✵✵✼✷ ✰ ✵✳✵✵✵✵✐ ✵✳✵✵✵✵ ✰ ✶✳✽✹✻✵✐

✵✳✵✵✵✵ ✰ ✵✳✵✵✵✵✐ ✵✳✵✵✼✷ ✰ ✵✳✵✵✵✵✐
P❡❧♦ ▼❛t❧❛❜ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✏❡❧❡✈❛r ❛♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦✑✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✭❙❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❡ ♦
♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛r s❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ é ♣♦r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ é ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦
♠❛tr✐❝✐❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ▼❛t❧❛❜ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✏ ❫✑ ❡ ✏ ✳❫✑ ✭❝♦♠ ♣♦♥t♦✮✳✮✿

✷✵
❃❃ q✸✵✵ ❫ ✷

❛♥s ❂

✶✳✵❡✰✵✷ ✯

✵✳✵✵✼✷ ✰ ✵✳✵✵✵✵✐ ✵✳✵✵✵✵ ✰ ✶✳✽✹✻✵✐

✵✳✵✵✵✵ ✰ ✵✳✵✵✵✵✐ ✵✳✵✵✼✷ ✰ ✵✳✵✵✵✵✐
❊①tr❛✐♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③✱ ❆ ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✭✶✱✶✮✱ ❇ ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✭✶✱✷✮✱ ❈ ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✭✷✱✶✮✿

❃❃ q✻✵✵✭✶✱✶✮

❛♥s ❂

✵✳✼✷✵✸

❃❃ q✻✵✵✭✶✱✷✮

❛♥s ❂

✵✳✵✵✵✵❡✰✵✵ ✰ ✶✳✽✹✻✵❡✰✵✷✐

❃❃ q✻✵✵✭✷✱✶✮✯✶❡✸

❛♥s ❂

✵✳✵✵✵✵ ✰ ✷✳✻✵✻✷✐
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ s❛í❞❛✿

750 · 103
V2 = √ = 433, 0 kV
3
2 · 109
I2 = √ = 1539, 6 A
750 · 103 3
❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❞❡ ✸✵✵ ❦♠✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ Vm = 744, 5 20, 88➦ ❦❱✱
Im = 1552, 1 23, 07➦ ❆✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛
V1 = 730, 9 42, 34➦ ❦❱✱ I1 = 1582, 2 45, 50➦ ❆✳
✭❞✮ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✻✵ ❦♠✿

A = 0, 9971
B = j20, 38 ❲
C = j2, 8772 · 10−4 S

P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ s❝r✐♣t ♥♦ ▼❛t❧❛❜✿

③ ❂ ✶✐✯✵✳✸✹❀
② ❂ ✶✐✯✹✳✽❡✲✻❀
❧ ❂ ✻✵❀ ✪ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡❝❛♦
③❝ ❂ sqrt✭③ ✴ ②✮❀
❣❛♠❛ ❂ sqrt✭③ ✯ ②✮❀
❛ ❂ ❝♦s❤✭❣❛♠❛ ✯ ❧✮❀
❜ ❂ ③❝ ✯ s✐♥❤✭❣❛♠❛ ✯ ❧✮❀
❝ ❂ ✶✴③❝ ✯ s✐♥❤✭❣❛♠❛ ✯ ❧✮❀
q ❂ ❬❛ ❜❀ ❝ ❛❪❀
✈ ❂ ③❡r♦s✭✶✶✱✶✮❀
✈✭❡♥❞✮ ❂ ✼✺✵❡✸ ✴ sqrt✭✸✮❀
✐✷ ❂ ✷❡✾✴✼✺✵❡✸✴sqrt✭✸✮❀
t♠♣ ❂ ❬✈✭❡♥❞✮❀ ✐✷❪❀
❢♦r ✐✶ ❂ ✶✵✿✲✶✿✶✱

✷✶
 t♠♣ ❂ q ✯ t♠♣❀ ✪ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦①✐♠❛ ✐t❡r❛❝❛♦
✈✭✐✶✮ ❂ t♠♣✭✶✮❀ ✪ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❡①tr❛✐r t❛♠❜❡♠ ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❡♠ t♠♣✭✷✮
❡♥❞
♣❧♦t✭❛❜s✭✈✮✳✯✶❡✲✸✳✯sqrt✭✸✮✮❀ ✪ ❞✐✈✐❞✐♥❞♦ ♣♦r ✶✵✵✵ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❤❛r ❡♠ ❦❱
②❧❛❜❡❧✭✬❚❡♥s❛♦ ❬❦❱❪✬✮❀
❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✽ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r✜s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✱ ❡♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦✱ s✉♣♦♥❞♦ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡
s❛í❞❛ ❡♠ ✼✺✵ ❦❱✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ✭✹ ●❲✮ ✉♠❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦
s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❡✱ ❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❋❡rr❛♥t✐ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ s❛í❞❛ ❡♠ ✈❛③✐♦✳

1200 P=0
P = 2 GW
P = 4 GW
1100

1000
Tensao [kV]

900

800

700

600

500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✵ s❡çõ❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ s❛í❞❛
✜①❛ ❞❡ ✼✺✵ ❦❱ ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✳

✼✳✹ ❆ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦

❖ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ s❡rá ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r

" #
  A1 B2 +A2 B1 B 1 B2 
V1 B1 +B2 B1 +B2 V2
= ✭✼✳✶✼✮
I1 C1 + C2 + (A1 −A 2 )(D2 −D1 )
B1 +B2
B2 D1 +B1 D2
B1 +B2
I2

❙❡ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s✱

B
    
V1 A 2
V2
= ✭✼✳✶✽✮
I1 2C+ D I2

✽ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛

P❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♣✉r❛❞♦✱ s❡r✐❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✐♥s❡r✐r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ ▲❚ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛
❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛rr❛s ❣❡r❛❞♦r❛s ❡ ❝❛r❣❛s✱ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡
❛r❜✐tr❛r ❞✉❛s ❜❛rr❛s✱ ❛♦♥❞❡ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❛ss✉♠❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛rr❛ ♣❛ss✐✈❛✱ ❝♦♠ t❡♥sã♦ ❡
❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r é ❛ss✉♠✐r ❞✉❛s ❜❛rr❛s ✑❢♦rt❡s➫➫✱ ❝♦♠ t❡♥sõ❡s
❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛s✳

✷✷
 ❙❡❥❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ❞✉❛s ❜❛rr❛s ❝♦♠ t❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✱ V1 ❡ V2 ✱ ❝✉❥♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s
♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❛❧t❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❜❛rr❛s s❡rá ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡
♣❡❧❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ ✭✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡✮✱ ❛r❜✐tr❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✶ ♣❛r❛ ✷✿

V1 − V2
I˙ = √ ✭✽✳✶✮
Ż 3
s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛rá ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ r❡❛t✐✈♦✳ ❖✉tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❡ ❞♦ r❡❛t✐✈♦
❡st❛rá ♥❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛✱ s✉♣♦♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❜❛rr❛✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ q✉❡
❡♥tr❛ ♦✉ s❛✐ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛✱ I1 ❡ I2 ✿
I1 = I + IY 2 ✭✽✳✷❛✮

I2 = I − IY 2 ✭✽✳✷❜✮

❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛ ❡ ♣❡r❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ▲❚✱ ✸✹✺ ❦❱✱ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ t♦t❛❧
❞❡ 6 + j50 ❲✱ ❛s ❜❛rr❛s ❝♦♠ t❡♥sõ❡s ✭❢❛s❡✲❢❛s❡✮ V1 = 345 0➦ ❦❱ ❡ V2 = 320 −10➦ ❦❱✳
❙♦❧✉çã♦✿ ▲❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r V1 ❡ V2 ♣❛r❛ t❡♥sõ❡s ❢❛s❡✲♥❡✉tr♦✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡♥❞♦ ❞✐r❡t♦
♥❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦✿
V̇1 − V̇2
I˙ = √ = 723, 32 −21, 4➦ A
Ż 3
P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ∆P = 3 R I 2 = 9, 4 ▼❲✳
❆ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ♣♦r Ṡ2 = 3 V̇2 I˙∗ = (392, 93 + j79, 30) ▼❱❆✳
✭s❡♥❞♦ ❡ss❡ r❡❛t✐✈♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ▲ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✮✳ ❖✉ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛✱

|V1 | · |V2 | ∼
P = s❡♥ δ = 383, 4 MW
X

✾ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s
❆ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❛t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❜❛❧❛♥ç❛r ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠
❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s ❡♠ sér✐❡ ♦✉ r❡❛t♦r❡s ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦
s❡rá ❞❡ ✏❡♥❝✉rt❛r✑ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳
❈❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ é ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ ▲❚✿ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ sér✐❡ é ❡s♣❡✲
❝í✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❡♥❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ s❤✉♥t ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡♠ ✈❛③✐♦✳ ❋♦r❛ ❞❡st❛s
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡❛t✐✈♦✱ ♠❛s ♦ s❡✉ ❝❤❛✈❡❛♠❡♥t♦ r❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ é
❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦✳
❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ é ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❛t✐✈❛✱ s❡❥❛ r❡❛t♦r❡s ♦✉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s ❝❤❛✈❡❛❞♦s
♣♦r ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ♦✉ ❛té ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s r❡❛t✐✈♦s✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦
❝✉st♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❞❡st❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ♠✐st❛s ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛ss✐✈♦s
❡ ❛t✐✈♦s✳ ▼❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❬✶✺✱ ♣✳ ✻✷✼❪✳
P❛r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ❧♦♥❣❛s✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ é ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡ s✉❜❡st❛çõ❡s
✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛s✳

✾✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ sér✐❡

❈♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ r❡❛tâ♥❝✐❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s sér✐❡✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛

✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s❡rá ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❡♥❝✉rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✱ ❡❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳
❙❡❥❛ ✉♠❛ ▲❚ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ Zc ♥♦ q✉❛❧
r r
L Xl
Zc ∼
= = ✭✾✳✶✮
C Bc
❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ sér✐❡ s❡rá ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ à r❡❛tâ♥❝✐❛ ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧✱ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛

X c = ns X l ✭✾✳✷✮

s❡♥❞♦ ns ♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ sér✐❡✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛ ♥♦✈❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛

❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ r
Xl − Xc √
Zc′ ∼
= = Z c 1 − ns ✭✾✳✸✮
Bc

✷✸
❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦
√
β′ ∼
= β 1 − ns ✭✾✳✹✮
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s sér✐❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉s✐♥❛s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦
❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ r❡ss♦♥â♥❝✐❛ s✉❜sí♥❝r♦♥❛ ✭♦✉ ❙❙❘ ✲ s✉❜s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s r❡ss♦♥❛♥❝❡ ✮✳
❱❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✿
❼ ❆✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦

❼ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛ ❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✭XL − XC ✮

❼ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛ ❡❧❡tr✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❜❛rr❛s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡

❼ ❊❧❡✈❛ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❛

❼ P♦❞❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛r ❡♠ r❡ss♦♥â♥❝✐❛s s✉❜✲sí♥❝r♦♥❛s ✭❙❙❘✮ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❣❡r❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡♠

♠áq✉✐♥❛s tér♠✐❝❛s✳
❼ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s ✈✐♦❧❡♥t❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ✭❝❡♥t❡❧❤❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❞✐s✲
❥✉♥t♦r ❞❡ ❜②♣❛ss✱ ♣ár❛✲r❛✐♦s✮
❼ ❊q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡s❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛
❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡ s✉st❡♥t❛çã♦✳
❯♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ♦ ❚❈❙❈ ✭❚②r✐st♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❙❡r✐❡s ❈❛♣❛❝✐t♦r✮ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s✉❛
❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❙❙❘✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✾✿ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ sér✐❡ ❡ ❚❈❙❈

✾✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ✭s❤✉♥t ✮

❆ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ é ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ à ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
❧✐♥❤❛✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡✱ ❛ ❣r♦ss♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ s✉❜tr❛✐r ❛s r❡❛tâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦
❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡✳ ◆❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ♦s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ s❡rã♦ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱
❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s s✉❜❡st❛çõ❡s✳

✾✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ♣♦r q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦s

❯♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ sér✐❡✴ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♦
✉♠ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦✳ ❯♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r sér✐❡ Cs t❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❆❇❈❉✿

A=1 ✭✾✳✺❛✮
1
B= = −j ns Xl ✭✾✳✺❜✮
j ω Cs
C=0 ✭✾✳✺❝✮
D=1 ✭✾✳✺❞✮

✷✹
❯♠ r❡❛t♦r s❤✉♥t Lp s❡r✐❛

A=1 ✭✾✳✻❛✮
B=0 ✭✾✳✻❜✮
1
C= = −j np Bc ✭✾✳✻❝✮
j ω Lp
D=1 ✭✾✳✻❞✮

s❡♥❞♦ np ♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✳

I1 - j Xc Ze = R + j Xl - j Xc I2

V1 - j Bl Ye = j Bc - j Bl V2

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✵✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ sér✐❡ ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡✳

❱❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✵✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çõ❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ QLT ♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦
♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ Qc ♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r sér✐❡ ❡ Ql ♦ q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❞♦ r❡❛t♦r s❤✉♥t✱ ♦
q✉❛❞r✐♣♦❧♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ s❡rá
Q = Qc · Ql · QLT · Ql · Qc
r❡s♣❡✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜q✉❡ ♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ r❡❛t♦r❡s ✭q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡✱ t❡♥sã♦✱ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡

❧✐❣❛çã♦ ✕ ❞❡❧t❛ ♦✉ ❡str❡❧❛✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ s❤✉♥t ❞❡ ✸✵✪✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ✸✹✺ ❦❱
❝♦♠ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❞❡ Z = 10 + j250 ❲✱ Y = j10 ♠❙✳ ❆ss✉♠❛ q✉❡ ❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s sã♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝❛s✳

✾✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛

❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛rá t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦s

❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡st❛rã♦ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛❞♦s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ♥❛ ♠é❞✐❛✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✲
♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
❖ ❝❤❛✈❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ é ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ s✉r❣✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠ ❝❤❛✈❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s✉❛✈❡✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s
t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s sã♦✿

❼ ❙t❛t✐❝ ❱❛r ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛t♦r ✭❙❱❈✮✿ ❈♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ r❡❛t♦r ❡ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s✱ ❛♠❜♦s
❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s ♣♦r t✐r✐st♦r❡s✳
❼ ❚❤②r✐st♦r ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❙❡r✐❡s ❈❛♣❛❝✐t♦r ✭❚❈❙❈✮✿ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s sér✐❡ ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❝♦♠
✉♠ r❡❛t♦r✱ ❝❤❛✈❡❛❞♦ ♣♦r t✐r✐st♦r❡s✳
❼ ❙t❛t✐❝ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛t♦r ✭❙❚❆❚❈❖▼✮✿
❼ ❙t❛t✐❝ ❙②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❙❡r✐❡s ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛t♦r ✭❙❙❙❈✮

❆ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦

✜①❛✱ ♦t✐♠✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝✉st♦s✳

✷✺
✶✵ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ✲ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦

◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝❡rt❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡ ❡st✉❞♦s✳

✶✵✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧✐❝✉❧❛r

❆ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ♥❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✹✳✻ é ✉♠❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ✉s✉❛❧✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ♥❛
♣rát✐❝❛✳ P❛r❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧✐❝✉❧❛r ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡s♦❧✈❡r
✉♠❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❬✶✼❪✱ ❝✉❥♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛
j ω µ I0 (ρ)
Zi = ✭✶✵✳✶✮
2 π ρ I1 (ρ)
✭✶✵✳✷✮
p
ρ = r −j ω σ µ

s❡♥❞♦ I0 ❡ I1 ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❇❡ss❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✶✶ ✱ σ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱

❡ µ ❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✳ ❊st❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ é ✈á❧✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡çã♦ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✱ ❡ ❥á
❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛ r❡❛tâ♥❝✐❛✳
P❛r❛ ❝❛❜♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡s♣r❡③❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡
♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❝♦r♦❛✳ ❯♠ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t✉❜♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡
❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥♦ ❛♥❡①♦ ❈✳✸✳ ❖ ✈❛❧♦r r❡❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ s❡rá ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ t❛❜❡❧❛✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❛❥✉st❛✲s❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ s❡♥❞♦
♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ α ✭♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❢✉♥❞✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❧❛t❛çã♦✮✿
σf = σ0 [1 + α(θ0 − θ)] ✭✶✵✳✸✮
s❡♥❞♦ σ0 ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ θ0 ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡✳
❖ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ s❡rá
 
Zia 0 0
µ
Z =  0 Zib 0  + j ω M ✭✶✵✳✹✮
2π
0 0 Zic
 
ln 2rhaa ln D ab
dab ln D
dac
ac

M =  ln D

dba
ba
ln 2rhbb ln D bc 
dbc  ✭✶✵✳✺✮
ln D
dca
ca
ln D cb
dcb ln 2rhcc
❡ ♥ã♦ é ♠❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉s❛r ♦ r❛✐♦ ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞♦ r′ ✱ ♣♦✐s s❡✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❡stá ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ♥♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s Zi ✱ ❡ ❛
♠❛tr✐③ M t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛✳
P❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❢❡✐①❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ s❡rá ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ s✉❜❝♦♥✲
❞✉t♦r✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ tr✐❢ás✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❢❛s❡s a✱ b ❡ c✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❡✐①❡ ❝♦♠ n s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✿
Za11 Za12 Za1n Za1b1 ··· Za1c1 Za1cn
 
✳✳
✳
 

 Za21 Za22 Za2n ··· 

 Zan1 Zan2 Zann 
✳✳
 
Z=

Zb1a1 ✳ Zb11 Zb1cn

 ✭✶✵✳✻✮
✳✳ ✳✳
 
✳ ✳
 
 
 
 Zc1a1 Zc11 
Zcna1 ··· Zcnn

♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝❛❞❛ s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✱ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛r
❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ♣❡❧❛s ❢❛s❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ s✉❜♠❛tr✐③ ❝♦♠ n × n ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✶✷ ✿
 
Zaa Zab Zac
Z =  Zba Zbb Zbc  ✭✶✵✳✼✮
Zca Zcb Zcc

♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ q✉❡r❡♠♦s r❡❞✉③✐r ❡st❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❢❛s❡✱ 3 × 3✳

✶✶ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ▼❛t❧❛❜ ❡ ❙❝✐❧❛❜ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❡ss❡❧✐✭✵✱①✮ ❡ ❜❡ss❡❧✐✭✶✱①✮✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
✶✷ ◆ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❛s❡ t❡♠ q✉❡ t❡r ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ ♣♦r ❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ t❡r
q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ só ♥ã♦ é ❡①♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✏t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛✑ ♣♦rq✉❡ s❡r✐❛ ✏✐♥♦✈❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❡①❝❡ss♦✑✳✳✳

✷✻
✶✵✳✷ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡

❖ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ♣r❡ss✉♣õ❡ ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛

❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛✿

Z 1 = R1 + j ω L 1 ✭✶✵✳✽✮

Y1 = j ω C 1 ✭✶✵✳✾✮

s❡♥❞♦ R1 ✱ L 1 ❡ C1 ♦s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦s ✲ ❧❡♠❜r❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ é tr✐❢ás✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s

♣ró♣r✐♦s ❡ ♠út✉❛s✳
❆ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ♣r❡ss✉♣õ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❢❛✐①❛s
❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ é ❧✐♥❡❛r ✲ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝❛✉çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s
❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝❛s✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ❜❡♠ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♣❛r❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❦❍③
❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ t❡rá ✉♠ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧✐❝✉❧❛r✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rá✈❡❧ à
r❡❛tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛
✶✸ ✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛
s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❡ ③❡r♦✱ ❛té ✶ ▼❍③✳
❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ é ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛ ♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ③❡r♦ ✲ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠
♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❊st❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ✐rá s❡ r❡✢❡t✐r ♥❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✸✳
❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ③❡r♦✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝♦♠♣♦r✲
t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✭❛té ✶ ▼❍③✮✳

R0
R1
2
10
Resistencia (Ω/km)

1
10

0
10

−1
10

−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequencia (Hz)

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✶✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳

✶✵✳✸ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦

❆s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ✹✳✻ ❡ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❛ss✉♠❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ s♦❧♦ é ✏✐❞❡❛❧✑✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥✜♥✐t❛ ♦✉
r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ③❡r♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛rá ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ✏❡s♣❡❧❤♦✑ ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳
❆♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ③❡r♦✱ ❡ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s t❡r ✈❛❧♦r❡s
❞❡ ✶✵ ❛ 10.000 ❲·♠✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ✏❡s♣❡❧❤♦✑ s❡rá ❞✐st♦r❝✐❞♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ✉s✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦
❞❡ P♦❧❧❛❝③❡❦ ❬✷✶❪✱ ❈❛rs♦♥ ❬✺❪ ❡ ❉❡r✐ ❬✻❪✱ ❡st❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✏♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✑✿ ♦
❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ é ❡♠❜✉t✐❞♦ ♥❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ h
s❡rá ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛✿

h′ = h + d ✭✶✵✳✶✵✮

1 ρ
r
d= √ = ✭✶✵✳✶✶✮
σjωµ jωµ
✶✸ ❆❧❣✉♥s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦ ▼❛t❧❛❜ ❙✐♠P♦✇❡r❙②st❡♠s✱ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡
✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐t♦ ❡♠ ❬✶✽❪✿ ✏❚❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧② t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢
❘▲❈ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ r❡❛❧ ♣♦✇❡r ❧✐♥❡s✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❦✐♥ ❡✛❡❝ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦rs ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✉♥❞✱ t❤❡ ❘ ❛♥❞
▲ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ❡①❤✐❜✐t str♦♥❣ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡✱ ❝❛✉s✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛tt❡♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❡s✳✑ ❯♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬✷✹❪
♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳

✷✼
 7
L0
L1
6

5
Indutancia (mH/km)

0
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequencia (Hz)

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳

s❡♥❞♦ σ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ω ❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ µ ❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛

❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❛ µ0 ✳

P❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❡ ❛té ❛♦

❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♠❛s s❡♠♣r❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠✲s❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✏❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦s✑✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡
♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦✱ s✉♣♦st❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❞❡❛❧✱ ❛♦♥❞❡ ✉♠ tr❡❝❤♦ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦
❝♦♠ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ρ1 ✱ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ρ2 ✳✳✳ q✉❛❧ s❡rá ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡
s❡ ❛ss✉♠✐r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ✏✜①♦✑❄
◗✉❛❧ s❡rá ♦ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♥♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❛♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡❄ ◆ã♦
❤á ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣rát✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✐ss♦✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦
❡rr♦✳

❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ r❡❛❧ é ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♥♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ③❡r♦✱ ❛❢❡t❛♥❞♦
♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧t❛s ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝❛s✱ ❡ s❡✉s ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ♠✐t✐❣❛çã♦ ✭❡①✳ r❡❧✐❣❛♠❡♥t♦
♠♦♥♦♣♦❧❛r✮✳
❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ s♦❧♦ ♥ã♦ ❛❢❡t❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡
❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳

❊①✳✿ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ 100 ❲·✱ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ♣❛r❛ ✻✵ ❍③ s❡rá

1
d= p = 324, 87 − j324, 87 m
1/100j 2 π 60 · 4π10−7
♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ 10 ❲·✱ d = 102, 73 − j102, 73 ♠✳ P❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ 10 ❲·✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
✶ ❦❍③✱ d = 25, 16 − 25, 16 ♠✳
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛❜♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✶ ❝♠ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡
✶✵ ♠✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦ ✐❞❡❛❧✿

µ0 2 · 10
L= ln = 1, 5202 · 10−6 H/m
2π 0, 01
❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ 100 ❲·✿
µ0 2 · (10 + 324, 87 − j324, 87)
L= ln = (2, 2887 − j0, 1541) · 10−6 H/m
2π 0, 01
❡ss❛ ✏✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✑ ✐rá s❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❉❡s♣r❡③❛♥❞♦ ❛
r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❛❜♦✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡

ZL = j ω L = (0, 0581 + j0, 8629) · 10−3 ❲/m

✷✽
 900
Zc0
Zc1
800

Impedancia caracteristica (Ω)

700

600

500

400

300
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequencia (Hz)

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✸✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳

❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ 10 ❲·
µ0 2 · (10 + 102, 73 − j102, 73)
L= ln = (2, 0651 − j0, 1478) · 10−6 H/m
2π 0, 01

❡ss❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡ ❛♥✉❧❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛✲s❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ✭Zp −
Zm ✮✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛ ♥❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ③❡r♦ ✭Zp + 2Zm ✮✳

✶✵✳✹ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ❝❛❜♦s ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦s

❖s ❝❛❜♦s ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦s ♣r♦t❡❣❡♠ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ♦✉ ♣♦❧♦s ❝♦♥tr❛ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛s ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛s ❞✐r❡t❛s✳ ▼❛s s✉❛
♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✳ ❊♠ ♥♦ss♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦ ❝❛❜♦ s❡rá ✉♠❛ ✏❢❛s❡✑
❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③✳
◆❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛t❡rr❛❞♦s ♦✉
✐s♦❧❛❞♦s
✶✹ ✳ ❖ ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦ ❛t❡rr❛❞♦ t❡rá ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ③❡r♦ ✭V = 0✮ ❡ t❡rá ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦
g
q✉❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡rá ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ✭Ig = 0✮✱ ♠❛s t❡rá ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ t❡♠ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s
❡ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✳ P❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦♣çã♦✱ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ s❡rá ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❞♦✐s
❝❛❜♦s ♣ár❛✲r❛✐♦s✿

    
va zaa zab zac zag1 zag2 ia

 vb  
  zba zbb zbc zbg1 zbg2 
 ib 


 vc =
  zca zcb zcc zcg1 zcg2 
 ic 
 ✭✶✵✳✶✷✮
 vg1   zg1a zg1b zg1c zg1g1 zg1g2  ig1 
vg2 zg2a zg2b zg2c zg2g1 zg2g2 ig2
P❛r❛ ❝❛❜♦s ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛t❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ❞✐✈✐❞❡✲s❡ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ✭♦✉ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛✲
♠❡♥t♦✮ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ♣❛rt❡s ❬✼✱ ♣✳ ✹✲✶✺❪✿

    
vu Zuu Zug iu
= ✭✶✵✳✶✸✮
vg Zgu Zgg ig
♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ s❡rá
vu = Zred · iu ✭✶✵✳✶✹✮

Zred = Zuu − Zug · Zgg −1 · Zgu ✭✶✵✳✶✺✮

✶✹ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❛ ✐s♦❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦ é ♠í♥✐♠❛✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♥ã♦ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥♦r♠❛✐s✱ ♣♦✐s

♥❛ ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❡s❝♦❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦

✷✾
♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③ M ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛
✶✺ ✿

 
Muu Mug
MY = ✭✶✵✳✶✻✮
Mgu Mgg

MY red = Muu − Mug · Mgg −1 · Mgu ✭✶✵✳✶✼✮

C = 2 π ε0 MY −1
red ✭✶✵✳✶✽✮

▲❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❝❛❜♦s ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❞❡ ❛ç♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✶✳ ◆ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡①❛t❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛ç♦✱
s❡♥❞♦ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✺✵ ❡ ✶✵✵ µ0 ✳
P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ µr = 100✱ ♦ r❛✐♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ s❡rá

100
r ′ = r e− 4 = 1, 3888 · 10−11 r

♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✵✱✼✼✽✽✦

❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✉♠❛ ▲❚ ❝♦♠ ❝❛❜♦s ❋❛❧❝♦♥ ✭Rca = 0, 0448 ❲

✴❦♠✱  ✸✾✱✷✸ ♠♠✮✱ ✸ ❝❛❜♦s ♣♦r ❢❛s❡✱
❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ✽✵ ❝♠✱ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ♥❛❜❧❛✱ ❢❛s❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❛ ✶✺ ♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ♠é❞✐❛✱ ❢❛s❡s ❧❛t❡r❛✐s ❛
✽ ♠ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦✱ ✷✵ ♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ♠é❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ✷ ❝❛❜♦s ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✭❊❍❙ ✸✴✽✑✱
❲
Rca = 4, 2324 ✴❦♠✱  ✾✱✶✹ ♠♠✱ µ = 100µ0 ✮ ❛ ✻ ♠ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦✱ ✸✺ ♠
❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ♠é❞✐❛✳ ❖❜té♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛✿
 
0.01493
❥✵✳✶✵✵✼✼ ❥✵✳✵✼✹✻✽ ❥✵✳✵✾✼✸✺ ❥✵✳✵✼✻✼✶
 +j0.33657 
 

 ❥✵✳✶✵✵✼✼ 0.01493 
❥✵✳✶✵✵✼✼ ❥✵✳✵✻✻✸✽ ❥✵✳✵✻✻✸✽ 

 +j0.33657 

0.01493
❲/km
 
 ❥✵✳✵✼✹✻✽
Z= ❥✵✳✶✵✵✼✼ ❥✵✳✵✼✻✼✶ ❥✵✳✵✾✼✸✺ 
 +j0.33657 


 ❥✵✳✵✾✼✸✺ 4.2324 
❥✵✳✵✻✻✸✽ ❥✵✳✵✼✻✼✶ ❥✵✳✶✸✹✵✻ 

 +j2.61155 

 4.2324 
❥✵✳✵✼✻✼✶ ❥✵✳✵✻✻✸✽ ❥✵✳✵✾✼✸✺ ❥✵✳✶✸✹✵✻
+j2.61155

❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✶✵✳✶✼✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ✭❡♠ ❲✴❦♠✮✿

 
0.0123768 + j0.3382288 −0.0019213 + j0.1020155 −0.0024816 + j0.0762942
Zred =  −0.0019213 + j0.1020155 0.0134680 + j0.3158326 −0.0019213 + j0.1020155 
−0.0024816 + j0.0762942 −0.0019213 + j0.1020155 0.0123768 + j0.3382288

♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ❛❣♦r❛ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ r❡❛❧ ♥❛s ♠út✉❛s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦s✳ P❛r❛
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❡♠ ▼❛❧t❛❜ ♦✉ ❙❝✐❧❛❜✱ ♦ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ s❡rá✿
③r❡❞ ❂ ③✭✶✿✸✱✶✿✸✮ ✰ ③✭✶✿✸✱✹✿✺✮✴③✭✹✿✺✱✹✿✺✮✯③✭✹✿✺✱✶✿✸✮

✶✵✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦ ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡✐①❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s

❯♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❬✼❪✱ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢❡✐①❡✳ P❛rt✐♥❞♦
❞❛ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛ q✉❡ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❛s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❢❡✐①❡ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ❡ ❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ dV /dx
é ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♥♦ ❢❡✐①❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❢❡✐①❡ ❞❡ n s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✿

I1 + I2 + · · · + In = If ✭✶✵✳✶✾✮

dv1 dv2 dvn

= = ... = ✭✶✵✳✷✵✮
dx dx dx
♣r♦❝❡❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♠❛tr✐❝✐❛❧✿

✶✳ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛✲s❡ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞♦s s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ✷✱ ✸✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ n ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③❀

✷✳ ❙✉❜tr❛✐r ❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ❞♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ✶ ❞❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞♦s s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ✷✱ ✸✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ n❀
✶✺ P❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❛♣ós s♦♠❛r ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❞♦s ❝❛❜♦s ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦s✳

✸✵
 ✸✳ ❙✉❜tr❛✐r ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞♦ s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ✷ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞♦s s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ✷✱ ✸✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ n❀
✹✳ P❡❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♠❛tr✐❝✐❛❧ ❢❡✐t❛✱ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡✲s❡ ❛ ③❡r❛r ❛s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ♥♦s s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ✷✱ ✸✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✱
n✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡✲s❡ ❡♠ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❡st❡s s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝❛❜♦s
♣ár❛✲r❛✐♦s ✭❡q✉❛çã♦ ✶✵✳✶✺✮❀

✺✳ ❖ s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ✶ ❛❣♦r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❢❡✐①❡✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✉♠❛ ▲❚ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛s é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❢❡✐①❡s ❞❡ três ❝❛❜♦s ♣♦r ❢❛s❡✱ ❝✉❥❛ ♠❛tr✐③
❝♦♠ ❝❛❞❛ s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r é ❛ss✐♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✿
 
0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 4397 0, 4444 0, 4419 0, 3874 0, 3898 0, 3886

 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 4353 0, 4397 0, 4374 0, 3852 0, 3874 0, 3863 


 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 4374 0, 4419 0, 4397 0, 3863 0, 3886 0, 3874 

 0, 4397 0, 4353 0, 4374 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 4397 0, 4444 0, 4419 
❲/km
 
Z=j
 0, 4444 0, 4397 0, 4419 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 4353 0, 4397 0, 4374 


 0, 4419 0, 4374 0, 4397 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 4374 0, 4419 0, 4397 


 0, 3874 0, 3852 0, 3863 0, 4397 0, 4353 0, 4374 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 6513 

 0, 3898 0, 3874 0, 3886 0, 4444 0, 4397 0, 4419 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 6513 
0, 3886 0, 3863 0, 3874 0, 4419 0, 4374 0, 4397 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 9381

❙❡rá ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❢❛s❡✱ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ✼✱ ✽ ❡ ✾✱ ♣♦r ❥á ❡st❛r
♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✳ ❙✉❜tr❛✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ✼ ❞❡ ✽ ❡ ✾✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡
 
0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 4397 0, 4444 0, 4419 0, 3874 0, 0023 0, 0011

 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 4353 0, 4397 0, 4374 0, 3852 0, 0022 0, 0011 


 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 4374 0, 4419 0, 4397 0, 3863 0, 0023 0, 0011 


 0, 4397 0, 4353 0, 4374 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 4397 0, 0047 0, 0022 


 0, 4444 0, 4397 0, 4419 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 4353 0, 0044 0, 0021 


 0, 4419 0, 4374 0, 4397 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 4374 0, 0045 0, 0023 


 0, 3874 0, 3852 0, 3863 0, 4397 0, 4353 0, 4374 0, 9381 −0, 2868 −0, 2868 

 0, 3898 0, 3874 0, 3886 0, 4444 0, 4397 0, 4419 0, 6513 0, 2868 0, 0000 
0, 3886 0, 3863 0, 3874 0, 4419 0, 4374 0, 4397 0, 6513 0, 0000 0, 2868

❙✉❜tr❛✐♥❞♦ ❛❣♦r❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✼ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ✽ ❡ ✾✱

 
0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 4397 0, 4444 0, 4419 0, 3874 0, 0023 0, 0011

 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 4353 0, 4397 0, 4374 0, 3852 0, 0022 0, 0011 


 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 4374 0, 4419 0, 4397 0, 3863 0, 0023 0, 0011 


 0, 4397 0, 4353 0, 4374 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 4397 0, 0047 0, 0022 


 0, 4444 0, 4397 0, 4419 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 4353 0, 0044 0, 0021 


 0, 4419 0, 4374 0, 4397 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 4374 0, 0045 0, 0023 


 0, 3874 0, 3852 0, 3863 0, 4397 0, 4353 0, 4374 0, 9381 −0, 2868 −0, 2868 

 0, 0023 0, 0022 0, 0023 0, 0047 0, 0044 0, 0045 −0, 2868 0, 5736 0, 2868 
0, 0011 0, 0011 0, 0011 0, 0022 0, 0021 0, 0023 −0, 2868 0, 2868 0, 5736

❘❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✭✶✵✳✶✼✮✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣r♦✈✐s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ 7 × 7✿

 
0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 4397 0, 4444 0, 4419 0, 3886

 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 4353 0, 4397 0, 4373 0, 3863 


 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 4373 0, 4419 0, 4397 0, 3874 


 0, 4397 0, 4353 0, 4373 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 4420 


 0, 4444 0, 4397 0, 4419 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 6513 0, 4375 

 0, 4419 0, 4373 0, 4397 0, 6513 0, 6513 0, 9381 0, 4397 
0, 3886 0, 3863 0, 3874 0, 4420 0, 4375 0, 4397 0, 7469

❘❡♣❡t✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❞✉❛s ❢❛s❡s✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛tr✐③ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡✿
 
0, 7469 0, 4397 0, 3875
Zred = j  0, 4397 0, 7468 0, 4397  ❲/km
0, 3875 0, 4397 0, 7469

✶✵✳✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞✉♣❧♦

P♦❞❡✲s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❞♦✐s ✭♦✉ ♠❛✐s✮ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✉♥✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♦
✉s♦ ❞♦ ❘▼● ❞❡✐①❛ ❞❡ t❡r ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ❧♦♥❣❛s✳ ❙❡rá ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦

✸✶
♠❛tr✐❝✐❛❧✳
❙❡❥❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ s❡✐s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♣♦r
✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦✿

    
V1 z11 z12 z13 z14 z15 z16 I1

 V2  
  z21 z22 z23 z24 z25 z26 
 I2 

 V3  
= z31 z32 z33 z34 z35 z36  I3 
   ✭✶✵✳✷✶✮

 V4  
  z41 z42 z43 z44 z45 z46 
 I4 

 V5   z51 z52 z53 z54 z55 z56  I5 
V6 z61 z62 z63 z64 z65 z66 I6
❙❡♥❞♦ ❛❣♦r❛ ❡ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞✉♣❧♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ V a = V 1 = V 4 ✱ Vb = V2 = V5
❡ V c = V 3 = V6 ✳ P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s s❡rã♦ s♦♠❛❞❛s✱ Ia = I1 + I4 ✱ Ib = I2 + I5 ❡ Ic = I3 + I6 ✳
❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❬✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✽❪✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❡✐①❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✳ ◆❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✼❪ ❡st✉❞❛✲s❡ ♦
❞❡s❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛♥t❡s✳ ❯♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦
♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ é ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❬✼❪✳

P❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❤❡①❛❢ás✐❝❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✶✵✳✷✶✱ ❛ss✉✲
♠✐♥❞♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s V1 ❛ V6 ❢❛s♦r❡s s✐♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡❢❛s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✻✵➦✱ ❡ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦❄

✶✵✳✼ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ③❡r♦

❈♦♠♦ ✈✐st♦ ♥❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ✺✳✷ ❡ ✺✳✸✱ ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ③❡r♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥✲
✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ♠út✉❛ ✭Zm ❡ Ym ✮✳ ◆❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ s❡rá
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡✱ ❡ ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ✐❞❡❛❧ ❞❡✐①❛ ❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s♣r❡③í✈❡❧✳
❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♥❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡❞✉③✐r ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛
q
Z0
❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ③❡r♦✱ Zc0 = Y0 ✱ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛rá ❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❤♦♠♦♣♦❧❛r❡s✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡
❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ③❡r♦ é ✐♥✢✉❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦✲❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝✉rt♦
♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ♦ t✐♣♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳
❊st✉❞♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❜✉s❝❛♠ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦s✱ r❡❛❧✐✲
③❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡❧✐❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦♥♦♣♦❧❛r✳

✶✶ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❛tr❛✈és

❞❡ ♠❛tr✐③ Ybarra
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ tr♦♥❝♦ ❝♦♠ ✷ ▲❚s✱ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s
❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çõ❡s✱ ❡ ❞✉❛s ❜❛rr❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ✜❝tí❝✐♦✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r s❡✉s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❚❤❡✈❡♥í♥✳
❙❡rá ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ três ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✿ ✢✉①♦ ❝♦♠ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❛s ▲❚s✱ ♦
s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ ✈❛③✐♦✱ ❡♥❡r❣✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❜❛rr❛s✱ ❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦✲❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ▲❚s✳
◆♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡rá ✉s❛❞♦ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ▲❚ ✏r❛q✉❡t❡✑✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✸✵✵ ❦♠ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥✲
s❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✺✵✪✱ t❛♥t♦ sér✐❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✳
◆❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❛t♦r ❞❡ ♥❡✉tr♦✱ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✉s❛❞♦
♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛r❝♦ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦✳ P♦r ♦r❛✱ s❡r❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ s❡✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♥♦ ❝✉rt♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦✱ s❡♠
q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ r❡❧✐❣❛♠❡♥t♦✳

✶✷ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦

◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ s❡rã♦ ❧✐st❛❞♦s ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s✱ ❢✉♥✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♦✉ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳ ❇❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s sã♦
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳
❊♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r❛♠ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ s♦❜ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦♥✲
❞✐çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡♠ r❡❣✐♠❡ tr❛♥s✐tór✐♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♦ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛r ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛✈❡ ♦✉ ❛♦
✐♥❝✐❞✐r ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛✳
❖s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ tr❛❞✉③❡♠ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s s❡r❡s
✈✐✈♦s✱ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ♥ã♦✲✐♦♥✐③❛♥t❡✱ r✉í❞♦ ❡ ❛té r✐s❝♦s ❞❡ q✉❡❞❛ ❡ ♣♦❧✉✐çã♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❡s

✸✷
 V1 = 1 pu

XCS
ZLT
XT1 XT2
Xeq1 Xeq2

XRS

Xn

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✹✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ sér✐❡ ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦
♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s✳

❡❢❡✐t♦s✱ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ é ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡✱ ❡ ♦ q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ❡st✐♣✉❧❛r ❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱
s❡♥❞♦ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝✉st♦ ✜♥❛❧✳
❙♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠✿ s❡❥❛ ♥❛ t❡♥sã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦
❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❊❍❱✱ ♦✉ ♥❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦✳

✶✷✳✶ ❊❢❡✐t♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ t❡♥sã♦

✶✷✳✶✳✶ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦r♦♥❛

❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦r♦♥❛ é ❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡①tr❛✲❛❧t❛

t❡♥sã♦ ✭✸✹✺ ❦❱ ❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✮✱ ♠❛s ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①♦s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛
✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦✳
❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦r♦❛ é ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❣❛s♦s♦✱ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠
❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ✐♥t❡♥s♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡
❝✉r✈❛t✉r❛✱ ♠❛s ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ❛ ❞✐sr✉♣çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞♦ ❣ás✳ ❆ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r
♣r♦✈♦❝❛rá ✉♠❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❛✉t♦ss✉st❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦
❝♦♥✜♥❛❞❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✳
❉❡st❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✲s❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡r❞❛s ❡❧étr✐❝❛s✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✱ ❡
r✉í❞♦ ❛✉❞í✈❡❧✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s sã♦ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦③ô♥✐♦✱ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❡ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ✉♠ ❜r✐❧❤♦ ✈✐♦❧❡t❛✳
❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ t❡ór✐❝♦✱ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❝♦❛①✐❛❧ é ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛✿
1 λ
E= ✭✶✷✳✶✮
4 π ε0 r2
s❡♥❞♦ λ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❡ ❛ t❡♥sã♦
♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✿ λ = C V ✳
❚♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r ♦ r❛✐♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✶✻ ✱ E s❡rá ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧
♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡rá✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥♦r♠❛✐s✱ ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❝rít✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r♦♥❛✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡
P❡❡❦ ❬✷✵❪✱ ❡st❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡ s❡rá ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛
 
0, 0308
Ec = 3, 0 · 106 m δ 1 + √ ✭✶✷✳✷✮
δr
s❡♥❞♦ δ ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❛r ❡ m ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ à s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝❛❜♦✳

✶✷✳✶✳✷ ❘❛❞✐♦✲✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛

❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦r♦♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉③ r✉í❞♦ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❡ ❡st❡♥❞❡✲s❡
♣❡❧❛s ♦♥❞❛s ❞❡ rá❞✐♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❚❱✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ✭♥♦r♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛✮ q✉❛♥t♦
✶✻ ✑❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡✑ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❝❛❜♦s ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ✜♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ t♦r♥❛ ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡
❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✳

✸✸
❛♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✐♠♣♦st♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ■st♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛♦s
❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡❞❡♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡①✳ ✺✵✵ ❦❍③ ♦✉ ✶ ▼❍③✱ ♠❛s ❛
✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ✉s✉❛❧✳

✶✷✳✶✳✸ ❘✉í❞♦ ❛✉❞í✈❡❧

❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧ ♥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥♦r♠❛✐s é ♦ r✉í❞♦ ❛❝úst✐❝♦✳ ❖
r✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ss❡♠❡❧❤❛✲s❡ ❛ ✉♠ s♦♠ ❞❡ ✏❢r✐t❛❞❡✐r❛✑✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦r♦♥❛ ❡♠
❝❛❜♦s ❡ ❢❡rr❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦ r✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✵ ❍③✱ é ♠❛✐s ❣r❛✈❡✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✈✐❜r❛çã♦ ❞♦s
♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s✳ ◆♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ t❡♠♦s ❞♦✐s ❡❢❡✐t♦s
♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞♦s ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ✭❝♦r♦♥❛✮ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ✭✈✐❜r❛çã♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✮✳

✶✷✳✷ ❈❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦

❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡♠✐t✐rá ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❡♠ t♦❞❛ ❛ s✉❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛ s✉❛ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❊st❡
❡❢❡✐t♦ é ❛t❡♥✉❛❞♦ s❡ ❛s três ❢❛s❡s ✭♦✉ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♣♦❧♦s✮ ❡st❛r❡♠ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠❛s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠
q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❞✐st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ♦✉ ♣♦❧♦ s❡ ❛♥✉❧❡✳ P♦r r❛③õ❡s ó❜✈✐❛s ❤á ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ♣rát✐❝♦
♥❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢❛s❡s✳ ❖s ❝❛❜♦s ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦
❛t❡♥✉á✲❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❜❧✐♥❞❛❣❡♠✳ ■♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❥á s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝❛❜♦s ❛t❡rr❛❞♦s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ♣❛r❛
❛t❡♥✉❛r ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❝rít✐❝❛s✳
❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ❡♠ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s é ❛ ✐♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♣♦❧❛r✐✲
③❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ é ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❞✐st♦rçã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✱
♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛r ❞❡ ✶✵ ❛ ✷✵ ✈❡③❡s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❬✽❪✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♥❛
❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♠❡❞✐❞♦ ✭❞❡ ✶ ❛ ✶✵ ❦❱✴♠✮ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❛
s❡r r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛✐①♦✱ ♠❛s ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❡❧❡ ❡❧❡✈❛✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ ❛ ✷✵✵ ❦❱✴♠✳
❯♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛rtíst✐❝♦ ✭❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r✐❝❤❛r❞❜♦①✳❝♦♠✮ ❞❡♠♦♥str♦✉ ❛ ✐♥❞✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❧â♠♣❛❞❛s
✢✉♦r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✳
❆❞♦t❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■❈◆■❘P ❬✶✷❪✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ♦❝✉♣❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭♦✉
s❡❥❛✱ ♣♦r ♣❡ss♦❛❧ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛❞♦✮ ❡♠ ✶✵ ❦❱✴♠ ❛ ✺✵ ❍③✱ ♦✉ ✽✱✸✸ ❦❱✴♠ ❛ ✻✵ ❍③✱ ❡ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦
❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡♠ ✺ ❦❱✴♠ ❛ ✺✵ ❍③✱ ♦✉ ✹✱✷ ❦❱✴♠ ❛ ✻✵ ❍③✳

✶✷✳✷✳✶ P♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥❞✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❜♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s

❖ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s✱ ❝❡r❝❛s ❡ ❝❛♥❛❧✐✲
③❛çõ❡s✳ ❙❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡st✐✈❡r❡♠ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s✱ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡ ❞❡s❝❛rr❡❣❛r ❛♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦
❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡rr❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❛❜r✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❡r❝❛✱ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛
❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣❛s♦❞✉t♦✳✳✳
P♦❞❡✲s❡ s✐♠✉❧❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ✭❝❛❜♦s t❡❧❡❢ô♥✐❝♦s✱ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐✲
❜✉✐çã♦ ♦✉ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝❡r❝❛s ❡ ❡♥❝❛♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✮ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③✿ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛❜♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❡♥tr❛
❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛s✲
s✉♠✐r ✉♠❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ s✉♣♦♥❞♦ ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦r♦♥❛✱ ✐♥❞✉③✐♥❞♦
✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳

✶✷✳✷✳✷ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ✐ô♥✐❝❛ ✭❈❈✮

◆❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦r♦♥❛✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ í♦♥s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♣♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡❧❡tr♦❞♦✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦
r❡♣❡❧✐❞♦s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛✱ ❛ ✐♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ✉♠❛ ❛tr❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s
í♦♥s ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❡♠ ❈❈ s❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛✈❡rá ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ r❡♣✉❧sã♦ ❞❡ í♦♥s✱ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡♥❞♦ ♦
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✳
❆ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞♦s í♦♥s ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ é ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ✐ô♥✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦
♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ s❡r❡s ✈✐✈♦s✳
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s í♦♥s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❛tr❛✐r ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ♥♦ ❛r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❧✉✐çã♦✱ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦
❛♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❈❈ é
✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
❖ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✉s✉❛❧✱ ♥♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❛ ❢❛✐①❛✱ é ❞❡ 5 nA/m2 ✳

✶✷✳✸ ❊❢❡✐t♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡

✶✷✳✸✳✶ ❆♠♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡

❆ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛❜♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ três ❢❛t♦r❡s✿ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✱

t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❡ ✢❡❝❤❛✳ ❖ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡st❡s três ❢❛t♦r❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛❜♦✳

✸✹
 ❆ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ tr❛❞✉③ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r❞❛s✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s ❡st❡ ❢❛t♦r s❡rá
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ❊✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❝❛❜♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ tr❡❝❤♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱
t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ tr❛✈❡ss✐❛✱ ❛♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✢❡❝❤❛ s❡rá ❝rít✐❝❛✳
❆ ✢❡❝❤❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛t✉❛❧ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✱ ❡ ❛ tr❛çã♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ♥♦
q✉❛❧ ♦ ❝❛❜♦ ❡stá s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡st✉❞❛✲s❡ ❛ ❡❧❡✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦
❞❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛çã♦ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
❆ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝❛❜♦ é ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ s♦❧❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛
❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ❡ ❛ ❞✐ss✐♣❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❢♦rç❛❞❛ ✭✈❡♥t♦✮ ❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
❞❡st❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣r♦❞✉③ ✉♠ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❡st❛t✐st✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❛❜♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛
♥♦s ❞♦✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳
❯♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ é ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s tr❛♥s✐tór✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❝✉rt♦✲
❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✳ ◆❡st❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♦ ❝❛❜♦ r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠ ♣✉❧s♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ tér♠✐❝❛✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s✉❛ ❞✐ss✐♣❛çã♦ é
r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧❡♥t❛✱ ❡ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳

✶✷✳✸✳✷ ❈❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦

❆❞♦t❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■❈◆■❘P✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ♦❝✉♣❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ✺✵✵ ➭❚ ❛

✺✵ ❍③✱ ♦✉ ✹✷✵ ➭❚ ❛ ✻✵ ❍③✱ ❡ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡♠ ✶✵✵ ➭❚ ❛ ✺✵ ❍③✱ ♦✉ ✽✸ ➭❚ ❛ ✻✵ ❍③✳

✶✷✳✸✳✸ ■♥❞✉çã♦

❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✱ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✶✷✳✷✱ ❛ ✐♥❞✉çã♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ s❡rá
♣r♦✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ♠út✉❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ✏❡①♣❛♥❞✐❞❛✑
✭✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✮ é q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛rá ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ q✉❡
é ✈✐st❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛✳

✶✷✳✹ ▼❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✈✐✈❛

❊♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ à s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡
♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✈✐✈❛✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✱ s❡♥❞♦
♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛❞♦t❛r ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳

✶✷✳✺ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s

❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛s✳ ❆
♥♦çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ é ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ❈✳✺✳
❯♠❛ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sã♦ é q✉❛❧q✉❡r t❡♥sã♦ tr❛♥s✐tór✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❢❛s❡ ❡ t❡rr❛✱ ♦✉ ❡♥tr❡ ❢❛s❡s✱ ❝✉❥♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡
√
2
√
♣✐❝♦ s❡❥❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭Vm √ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛s❡✲t❡rr❛✱ Vm 2 ❡♥tr❡ ❢❛s❡s✮
3
◆♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sã♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ✉♠ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❛♥♦❜r❛✱ ❞♦ ❞✐❡❧étr✐❝♦ r♦♠♣❡r✲
−3
s❡✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛ss✉♠❡✲s❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ 10 ♣❛r❛ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❢❛s❡✲t❡rr❛ ❡♠ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛ ❞❡
❡♥❡r❣✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ✶ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛ ❡♠ ✶✵✵✵ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛r✳
❊♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❈❈✱ ♦ r✐s❝♦ tí♣✐❝♦ é ♥❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦✲❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣♦❧♦s✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦
s♦❜r❡t❡♥sã♦ ♥♦ ♣♦❧♦ r❡♠❛♥❡s❝❡♥t❡✳

✶✷✳✻ ❙♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s tr❛♥s✐tór✐❛s ❞❡ ❢r❡♥t❡ rá♣✐❞❛ ✭s✉rt♦s ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦s✮

❙♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦♥❞❛s ✈✐❛❥❛♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡rã♦ ❝❤❡❣❛r ♥❛
s✉❜❡st❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛♥✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
❖r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ✶ ❛ ✶✵ ➭s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡♥t❡✱ ✺✵ ❛ ✶✵✵ ➭s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉❞❛✳ ❖ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛ é
✶✱✷✴ ✺✵ ➭s✳
P❛râ♠❡tr♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❛té ✷✸✵ ❦❱✳

✶✷✳✼ ❙♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s tr❛♥s✐tór✐❛s ❞❡ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❧❡♥t❛ ✭s✉rt♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛✮

P❛râ♠❡tr♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✷✸✵ ❦❱✳
❖r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ❛ ✺✵✵ ➭s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡♥t❡✱ ✶ ❛ ✺ ♠s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉❞❛✳ ❖ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛ é
✷✺✵✴ ✷✺✵✵ ➭s✳
❖r✐❣❡♥s
Pr♦❝✉r❛✲s❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛s s♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s ♥♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞♦ s✉rt♦ ❡ ♥♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ♦♣♦st♦✱ ❡st❡
s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛rá ❛ ♠❛✐♦r s♦❜r❡t❡♥sã♦✳

✸✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✺✿ ❙♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛
❬✶✵❪

✶✷✳✼✳✶ ❊♥❡r❣✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛

❊♥❡r❣✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡♠ ✈❛③✐♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡r ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✳
❙✉rt♦s ❞❡ ✷✱✺ ❛ ✸ ♣✉✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❝❛✐r ♣❛r❛ ✶✱✺ ❛ ✷✱✶ ♣✉ ❝❛s♦ s❡❥❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞✐s❥✉♥t♦r❡s ❝♦♠
r❡s✐st♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♥s❡rçã♦✱ ♦✉ ✶✱✺ ❛ ✶✱✼ ♣✉ ❝♦♠ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧♦s ❞♦ ❞✐s❥✉♥t♦r✳

✶✷✳✼✳✷ ❘❡❧✐❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛

❊♥❡r❣✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❧♦❣♦ ❛♣ós ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✶ s✮✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦ss❛
❝♦♥t❡r ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛✳ ❆ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ r❡❧✐❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡rá ❞á
❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❙✉rt♦s ❞❡ ✷✱✺ ❛ ✹ ♣✉✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❝❛✐r ♣❛r❛ ✶✱✼ ❛ ✷✱✺ ♣✉ ❝❛s♦ s❡❥❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞✐s❥✉♥t♦r❡s ❝♦♠ r❡s✐s✲
t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♥s❡rçã♦✱ ♦✉ ✶✱✷ ❛ ✶✱✼ ♣✉ ❝♦♠ r❡s✐st♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛✱ ♦✉ ✶✱✸ ❛ ✶✱✻ ♣✉ ❝♦♠ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦
❞❡ ♣♦❧♦s ❞♦ ❞✐s❥✉♥t♦r✳

✶✷✳✼✳✸ ❖❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧t❛

✶✷✳✼✳✹ ❈❤❛✈❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t✐✈❛
❼ ◗✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛

✕ ❈❤❛✈❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s ✭❡♥❡r❣✐③❛çã♦ ✶✱✺ ❛ ✸ ♣✉✱ r❡❧✐❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✷ ❛ ✸✱✺ ♣✉✮

✶✷✳✼✳✺ ❈❤❛✈❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞✉t✐✈❛

❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠❛❣♥❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r✿ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r ❞♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ♣♦❞❡
❧❡✈❛r ❛ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s✳

✸✻
 ❖ ❧❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❤✐st❡r❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ✏❥♦❡❧❤♦✑ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡st❡ ✈❛❧♦r é ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧
❞♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r✳ P❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❡❧❤♦✱ ❛
❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡①❝✐t❛çã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❜r✉s❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦✳ ❊st❛
❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡①❝✐t❛çã♦ tr❛♥s✐tór✐❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥r✉s❤✳
◆♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝✐❝❧♦s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥r✉s❤ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♣✐❝♦s ♠✉✐t♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s à
❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧✳ ❖ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ♥♦
q✉❛❧ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ♥♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦✳ ❈♦♠ ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ✶ ♣✉✱ ♦ ✢✉①♦
♠á①✐♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ três ✈❡③❡s ♦ ✢✉①♦ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧✳
❈❤❛✈❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❛t♦r❡s ✭✶ ❛ ✶✱✺ ♣✉✮

✶✷✳✼✳✻ ❈❤❛✈❡❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s

❼ ❈❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s ❡♠ sér✐❡

✕ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦s r❡ss♦♥❛♥t❡s ❡ ❢❡rr♦r❡ss♦♥❛♥t❡s

✕ ❈❤❛✈❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦

✶✷✳✽ ❆t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦

❖ ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s t♦rr❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ é ✈✐t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ❞❡
♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥♦♠✐♥❛✐s ❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧t❛s ❡ s✉rt♦s✱ ❛♦♥❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s
❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❡❧❡✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♥❛s r❡❞♦♥❞❡③❛s✳ ❊st❛ ❡❧❡✈❛çã♦ ✭❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✱
❣r♦✉♥❞ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ r✐s❡ ✲ ●P❘✮ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r três ✈❛❧♦r❡s✿ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ t♦q✉❡✱ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛sss♦ ❡
t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳
◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ t♦rr❡ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❝❛❜♦s ♥✉s ❡♥t❡rr❛❞♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s ❝♦♥tr❛♣❡s♦✳ ❊st❡s ❝❛❜♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ✉♠❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦
♠í♥✐♠❛ ✭❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ✺ ❲✮ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ út✐❧ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳
❆s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s
❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ❞❡ ✶✵ ❛ ✶✵✳✵✵✵ ❲ ♠✱ ❡ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦
❡ss❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ tr❛❥❡t♦✱ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ é ❛
❝♦rr♦sã♦ ❞♦ ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ t♦rr❡✱ q✉❡ ✐rá ❞❡❣r❛❞❛r ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✳

✶✸ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦

❆té ❡♥tã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉✲s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❛♦♥❞❡✱ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞♦s✱ tr❛t❛♠
❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳ ■♥❢❡❧✐③♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ út✐❧ ❞❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♥ã♦✲
❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ♦❝♦rr❡♠✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ tr❛t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r✐③❛❞❛✱ ♦✉tr♦s ♥❡♠ t❛♥t♦✳
▲✐st❛✲s❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✿

❼ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ s❛t✉r❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❡s ❡ r❡❛t♦r❡s✱

❼ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦r♦♥❛✱

❼ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧✐❝✉❧❛r✱

❼ ❆r❝♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❢❛❧t❛✱

❼ ❆r❝♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞✐s❥✉♥t♦r✱

❼ ❉❡s❝❛r❣❛s ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛s✳

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❈❈✱ ❡①✐st❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s✱ ❛❧é♠
❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❛❝✐♠❛ t❡r❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❜❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ✭❡①✳ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦r♦♥❛✮✳
❈❛❜❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡rã♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛s✿

❼ ❆ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✐❞❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s♣♦st❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦
❡♠ ✉♠ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✏❛ss✐♠étr✐❝♦✑✱ ❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❛ç♦❡s
❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❀

❼ ❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠ r❡t♦r♥♦ ♣❡❧♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❝♦♠✲
♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ③❡r♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ♦ s♦❧♦ r❡❛❧❀

❼ ❆ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦✉ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♥♦ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦

❝♦♠ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s✱ ✐♠♣♦♥❞♦ ✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ♥♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s✳

◆ã♦ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ♥❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ t♦t❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥s♣✐r❛çã♦
♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳

✸✼
✶✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s
❊st❛ ❛♣♦st✐❧❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♠✉✐t♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s
t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❋✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❣❡stã♦ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬✷✷❪
q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s q✉❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✐♥s♣✐r❛
❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ ❧✐✈r♦ ❬✼❪ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ❛♦♥❞❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s
❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲❚s✳

✶✹✳✶ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞❛

❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✱ q✉❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r ❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛
❡st❛ ❛♣♦st✐❧❛✳

❼ ❙t❡✈❡♥s♦♥✱ s❡❥❛ ♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❬✷✻❪✱ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❡♠ ♣♦rt✉❣✉ês ❬✷✼❪ ♦✉ ❛ r❡❡❞✐çã♦ ♣óst✉♠❛ ♣♦r ●r❛✐♥❣❡r
❬✶✶❪ sã♦ ♦❜r❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ♣♦✐s é ✉♠ ❧✐✈r♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s
❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳

❼ ❖ ✏▲✐✈r♦ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✑ ❞♦ ❊P❘■ ❬✷✸✱ ✽❪✱ ❝♦♠ três ❡❞✐çõ❡s✱ é ✉♠ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❝❡✐r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧
❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s✱ ♠❛s ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ✲ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❙t❡✈❡♥s♦♥
♣❛r❛ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❝❤❡❣❛r ♥♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❡♠❜❛s❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❊P❘■ ❛❧♠❡❥♦✉ ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡rsã♦
❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡①tr❛ ❡ ✉❧tr❛✲❛❧t❛ t❡♥sã♦✱ ❡♠ ♥❛ s✉❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡✉ ✉♠❛ ✧r❡❝❛✐❞❛✧♣❛r❛ ✷✵✵ ❦❱✳
❖ ❧✐✈r♦ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡stõ❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦s✱ r❛❞✐✲
♦✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦✳

❼ ❆ ♥♦r♠❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❬✷❪✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛ é ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ♠❛s é ❧♦♥❣❡
❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ t❡①t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦✳ ❆ ♥♦r♠❛ ❛té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♠ r❡✈✐sã♦✱ ❡ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♥ã♦
❡♥tr❛ ❡♠ ✈✐❣♦r é ♣rát✐❝❛ ❛❞♦t❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛s ❡str❛♥❣❡✐r❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛ ■❊❈ ✭❡①✳
❬✶✸❪✮✳

❼ ❖ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞❡ ❑✐❡ss❧✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧ ❬✶✹❪ é r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝❡♥t❡ ❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tó♣✐❝♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦

♣❛rt❡ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✉çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✱ ❡ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❏✳
◆♦s❧❛s❝♦✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r♦✉ ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❧✐✈r♦✳

❼ ❖ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❊▼❚P ❬✼❪ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦
✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s✳ ❖
t❡①t♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥tíss✐♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❆❚P✱ ♦ ▼❛t❧❛❜
❙✐♠P♦✇❡r❙②st❡♠s ❡ ♦ P❙❈❆❉✳

❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❬✶❪ ❆❇❇ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝ ❙②st❡♠s ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ■♥st✐t✉t❡✳ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐str✐❜✉✲
t✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❇♦♦❦✱ ✺t❤ ❡❞✳ ❊❯❆✱ ✶✾✾✼✳

❬✷❪ ❆❇◆❚✳ ◆❇❘ ✺✹✷✷✴✽✺ ✕ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❛ér❡❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✱ ✶✾✽✺✳

❬✸❪ ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥✱ P✳ ▼✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥✱ P✳ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❢❛✉❧t❡❞ ♣♦✇❡r s②st❡♠s✳ ■❊❊❊ ♣r❡ss ◆❡✇
❨♦r❦✱ ✶✾✾✺✳

❬✹❪ ❆rr✉❞❛✱ ❈✳ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✲ ♥♦t❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ✷✵✶✸✳

❬✺❪ ❈❛rs♦♥✱ ❏✳ ❘✳✱ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❲❛✈❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ✇✐r❡s ✇✐t❤ ❣r♦✉♥❞ r❡t✉r♥✳ ❇❡❧❧ s②st❡♠
t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❥♦✉r♥❛❧ ✺✱ ✺✸✾✲✺✺✹ ✭✶✾✷✻✮✳

❬✻❪ ❉❡r✐✱ ❆✳✱ ❚❡✈❛♥✱ ●✳✱ ❙❡♠❧②❡♥✱ ❆✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❈❛st❛♥❤❡✐r❛✱ ❆✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❣r♦✉♥❞ r❡t✉r♥
♣❧❛♥❡ ❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐✲❧❛②❡r ❡❛rt❤ r❡t✉r♥✳ P♦✇❡r ❆♣♣❛r❛t✉s ❛♥❞
❙②st❡♠s✱ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥✱ ✽ ✭✶✾✽✶✮✱ ✸✻✽✻✕✸✻✾✸✳

❬✼❪ ❉♦♠♠❡❧✱ ❍✳ ❲✳ ❊▼❚P ❚❤❡♦r② ❇♦♦❦✳ ▼✐❝r♦tr❛♥ ❈♦✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✳

❬✽❪ ❊P❘■✳ ❊P❘■ ❆❈ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜♦♦❦✿ ✷✵✵ ❦❱ ❛♥❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✱ ✸r❞ ❡❞✳ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝ P♦✇❡r
❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ■♥st✐t✉t❡✱ P❛❧♦ ❆❧t♦✱ ❈❆✱ ❊❯❆✱ ✷✵✵✺✳

❬✾❪ ❋✉❝❤s✱ ❘✳ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✿ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❆ér❡❛s❀ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ▲✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ❘❡❣✐♠❡
P❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✱ ✷ ➟ ❡❞✐çã♦ ❡❞✳ ▲✐✈r♦s ❚é❝♥✐❝♦s ❡ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✱ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✱ ✶✾✼✾✳

✸✽
❬✶✵❪ ❋✉r♥❛s✴ ❯❋❋✱ ❊❞✳ ❚r❛♥s✐tór✐♦s ❊❧étr✐❝♦s ❡ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ✲ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠
❙✐st❡♠❛s ❊❧étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❆❧t❛ ❚❡♥sã♦✳ ❋✉r♥❛s ❈❡♥tr❛✐s ❊❧étr✐❝❛s✱ ✶✾✽✼✳
❬✶✶❪ ●r❛✐♥❣❡r✱ ❏✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❙t❡✈❡♥s♦♥✱ ❲✳ P♦✇❡r s②st❡♠s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ▼❝●r❛✇✲❍✐❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❬✶✷❪ ■❈◆■❘P✳ ●✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s ❢♦r ❧✐♠✐t✐♥❣ ❡①♣♦s✉r❡ t♦ t✐♠❡✲✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝✱ ♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝✱ ❛♥❞ ❡❧❡❝tr♦✲
♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ✜❡❧❞s ✭✉♣ t♦ ✸✵✵ ●❍③✮✳ ❍❡❛❧t❤ P❤②s✐❝s ✼✹✱ ✹ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ ✹✾✹✕✺✷✷✳

❬✶✸❪ ■❊❈ ✻✵✽✷✻✳ ▲♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ str❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❡s✳ ❚❡❝❤✳ r❡♣✳✱ ■❊❈✱ ●❡♥❡✈❛✱
✶✾✾✶✳

❬✶✹❪ ❑✐❡ss❧✐♥❣✱ ❋✳✱ ◆❡❢③❣❡r✱ P✳✱ ◆♦❧❛s❝♦✱ ❏✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❑❛✐♥t③②❦✱ ❯✳ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♣♦✇❡r ❧✐♥❡s✿
♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❬✶✺❪ ❑✉♥❞✉r✱ P✳ P♦✇❡r s②st❡♠ st❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✳ ❚❛t❛ ▼❝●r❛✇✲❍✐❧❧ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❬✶✻❪ ▲❛❜❡❣❛❧✐♥✐✱ P✳ ❘✳✱ ▲❛❜❡❣❛❧✐♥✐✱ ❏✳ ❆✳✱ ❋✉❝❤s✱ ❘✳ ❉✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ▼✳ ❚✳ Pr♦❥❡t♦s
♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❛ér❡❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳ ❊❞❣❛r❞ ❇❧✉❝❤❡r✱ ✶✾✽✷✳
❬✶✼❪ ▲✐♠❛✱ ❆✳ ❈✳ ❙✳ ❈❛♠♣♦s ✫ ♦♥❞❛s ✲ ♥♦t❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

❬✶✽❪ ▼❛t❤✇♦r❦s ■♥❝✳ ▼❛t❧❛❜ r✷✵✶✶❜ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✲ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ❧✐♥❡✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
♦♥❧✐♥❡✱ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✵✶✶✳

❬✶✾❪ ▼❛ts❝❤✱ ▲✳✱ ❛♥❞ ▲❡✇✐s✱ ❲✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ❛❝sr ❝♦r❡ ✇✐r❡✳ P♦✇❡r ❛♣♣❛r❛t✉s
❛♥❞ s②st❡♠s✱ ♣❛rt ■■■✳ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆■❊❊ ✼✼✱ ✸ ✭❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✾✺✽✮✱ ✶✶✼✽✕✶✶✽✾✳
❬✷✵❪ P❡❡❦✱ ❋✳ ❉✐❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥❛ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✳ ▼❝●r❛✇✲❍✐❧❧ ❇♦♦❦ ❈♦♠♣❛♥②✱
✐♥❝✳✱ ✶✾✷✵✳

❬✷✶❪ P♦❧❧❛❝③❡❦✱ ❋✳ ❯❜❡r ❞❛s ❢❡❧❞ ❡✐♥❡r ✉♥❡♥❞❧✐❝❤ ❧❛♥❣❡♥ ✇❡❝❤s❡❧str♦♠❞✉r❝❤✢♦ss❡♥ ❡✐♥❢❛❝❤❧❡✐t✉♥❣✳
❊❧❡❦tr✳ ◆❛❝❤r✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❦ ✸✱ ✾ ✭✶✾✷✻✮✱ ✸✸✾✕✸✻✵✳
❬✷✷❪ P♦rt❡❧❛✱ ❈✳ ▼✳ ❏✳ ❈✳ ▼✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❚❛✈❛r❡s✱ ▼✳ ❈✳ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✱ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥
♦❢ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❡s✳ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ✉s❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s
■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✷✵✵✷ ✭❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙P✱ ▼❛rç♦ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❬✷✸❪ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❯❍❱✳ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ▲✐♥❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❇♦♦❦ ✸✹✺ ❦❱ ❛♥❞ ❆❜♦✈❡✱ ✷♥❞ ❡❞✳ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝ P♦✇❡r
❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❊P❘■✱ ✶✾✽✷✳

❬✷✹❪ ❘❛♠♦s✲▲❡❛ñ♦s✱ ❖✳✱ ◆❛r❡❞♦✱ ❏✳ ▲✳✱ ❛♥❞ ●✉t✐❡rr❡③✲❘♦❜❧❡s✱ ❏✳ ❆✳ ▼❆❚▲❆❇ ✲ ❆

❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❚♦♦❧ ❢♦r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✲ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ✶✳ ❝❤✳ ❆♥
❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ▲✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❈❛❜❧❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ ▼❛t❧❛❜ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P♦✇❡r✲❙②st❡♠
❚r❛♥s✐❡♥ts✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✻✾✕✸✵✹✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢r♦♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐♥t❡❝❤♦♣❡♥✳❝♦♠✴❜♦♦❦s✴♠❛t❧❛❜✲
❛✲❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✲t♦♦❧✲❢♦r✲s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝✲❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✲❛♥❞✲❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✲❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✲✈♦❧✉♠❡✲✶✴❛♥✲
❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞✲tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✲❧✐♥❡✲❛♥❞✲❝❛❜❧❡✲♠♦❞❡❧✲✐♥✲♠❛t❧❛❜✲❢♦r✲t❤❡✲s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✲♦❢✲♣♦✇❡r✲s②st❡♠✲
tr❛♥s✐❡♥t✳

❬✷✺❪ ❙t✳ ❈❧❛✐r✱ ❍✳ P✳ Pr❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✐♥ ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❡s✳ ■♥
❆■❊❊ P❛❝✐✜❝ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣ ✭✶✾✺✸✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ ✼✷✳
❬✷✻❪ ❙t❡✈❡♥s♦♥✱ ❲✳ ❊❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ P♦✇❡r ❙②st❡♠ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ✹t❤ ❡❞✳ ▼❝●r❛✇✲❍✐❧❧✱ ✶✾✽✷✳
❬✷✼❪ ❙t❡✈❡♥s♦♥✱ ❲✳ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✱ ✷❛ ❡❞✳ ❡♠ ♣♦rt✉❣✉ês ❡❞✳
▼❝●r❛✇ ❍✐❧❧✱ ✶✾✽✻✳

❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s

❆ t❛❜❡❧❛ ✹ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✲
♠✐ssã♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♣✉ ✭Z̄1 ✮ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳

❇ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ✲ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦

✸✾
 ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s✳
Vff ❬❦❱❪ ❈♦♥❞✉t♦r PC ❬▼❲❪ Z1 ❬❲✴❦♠❪ Y1 ❬➭❙✴❦♠❪ Zc ❬❲❪ Z̄1❬♣✉✴✶✵✵ ❦♠❪
✶✸✽ 1× ▲✐♥♥❡t ✹✼✱✽ ✵✱✷✵✺ ✰ ❥✵✱✹✾✵ ❥✸✱✸✼✵ ✸✾✵ ✵✱✵✺✵ ✰ ❥✵✱✶✷✶
✸✹✺ 1× ❉r❛❦❡ ✹✵✸ ✵✱✵✹✺ ✰ ❥✵✱✸✼✼ ❥✹✱✸✾✼ ✷✾✺ ✵✱✵✶✺ ✰ ❥✵✱✶✷✽
✺✵✵ 4× ❘❛✐❧ ✶✵✼✺ ✵✱✵✶✽ ✰ ❥✵✱✷✾✺ ❥✺✱✹✽✹ ✷✸✷ ✵✱✵✵✽ ✰ ❥✵✱✶✷✼
✼✻✺ 4× ❇✐tt❡r♥ ✷✵✷✹ ✵✱✵✶✻ ✰ ❥✵✳✸✼✶ ❥✹✱✹✼✹ ✷✽✾ ✵✱✵✵✻ ✰ ❥✵✱✶✷✽
✶✵✵✵ 6× ❇❧✉❡❜✐r❞ ✹✶✾✺ ✵✱✵✵✼ ✰ ❥✵✱✸✵✺ ❥✺✱✹✹✶ ✷✸✽ ✵✱✵✵✸ ✰ ❥✵✱✶✷✽

❆t❡♥çã♦✿ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛❜❛✐①♦ é ✉♠❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦✱ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♥❛

❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛✲s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ♥❛s s❡çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳

√
P❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❡①♣❡❞✐t♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ♦ ❉▼● ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❢❛s❡s✱ Deq = 3
dab dbc dac ✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦s
♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛✿

µ Deq
Z =R+jω ln ′ ✭❇✳✶✮
2π r
 −1
Deq
Y = j 2 π ω ε0 ln ✭❇✳✷✮
r
▲❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧✐❝✉❧❛r✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r r′ ✱ só é ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛✱ ✈❛❧❡♥❞♦
❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ✉♠ ❘▼● ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛✳

❈ ❚ó♣✐❝♦s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ tó♣✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♦✉ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡✳

❈✳✶ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦

P❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ❛

t❡♦r✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳
P❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡
❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ✏❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞♦✑ ♣❡r❞❡ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✳
❙❡❥❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✻✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ x✱ ❡ s❡♥❞♦ z ❡ y ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡
❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ il ❡ t❡♥sã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ vt ✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ❛q✉✐ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ i ❡ v r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱
❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ tr❡❝❤♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t❡s✐♠❛❧ é ❞✐t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛✿

dv
= iz ✭❈✳✶❛✮
dx
di
= vy ✭❈✳✶❜✮
dx
❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✻ ✐❧✉str❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ❡♠ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝❛✱ s❡♥❞♦
♦ ❡✐①♦ x r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❛♦♥❞❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡✲s❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥✜♥✐t❡s✐♠❛✐s
❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ dx✱ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ dz ❡ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ dy ✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❡s❝❛❞❛ ✭♦✉ ❧❛❞❞❡r ✮✳
❈♦♠ ✐ss♦ ♦❜té♠✲s❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ t❡♥sõ❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s vt (x) ❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛✐s
il (x) ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳✳
❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦✱

d2 v di
=z ✭❈✳✷❛✮
dx2 dx
d2 i dv
=y ✭❈✳✷❜✮
dx2 dx
❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧✱

√ √
v = A1 exp(x y z) + A2 exp(−x y z) ✭❈✳✸✮

♥♦ q✉❛❧ exp a é ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛ ea ✳ ❉❡r✐✈❛♥❞♦✱

d2 v √ √
= y z [A1 exp(x y z) + A2 exp(−x y z)] ✭❈✳✹✮
dx2

✹✵
 dz

il(x)

dy vt (x)

dx
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✻✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦

s✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦
1 √ 1 √
i = p A1 exp(x y z) − p A2 exp(−x y z) ✭❈✳✺✮
z/y z/y

s❡♥❞♦ p♥❡ss❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛ss✉♠✐♠♦s z ❡ y ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦

√
Zc ≡ z/y ❡ γ ≡ y z ✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❛
❜❛rr❛ r❡❝❡♣t♦r❛✱ x = 0✱ v = VR ❡ i = IR ✿
VR = A1 + A2 ✭❈✳✻❛✮
1
IR = (A1 − A2 ) ✭❈✳✻❜✮
Zc
r❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦✱
VR + I R Z c
A1 = ✭❈✳✼❛✮
2
VR − I R Z c
A2 = ✭❈✳✼❜✮
2
✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
VR + I R Z c VR − I R Z c
v(x) = exp(γ x) + exp(−γ x) ✭❈✳✽❛✮
2 2
VR/Zc + I VR/Zc − I
i(x) =
R
exp(γ x) +
R
exp(−γ x) ✭❈✳✽❜✮
2 2
s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜t❡r v ❡ i ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ s❛❜❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛
r❡❝❡♣t♦r❛✳
P♦❞❡✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❬✾❪✱ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦✿
i2 Ldx
dEm = ✭❈✳✾✮
2
❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦
v 2 Cdx
dEe = ✭❈✳✶✵✮
2
♥♦ t♦t❛❧
i2 Ldx v 2 Cdx
v i dt = + ✭❈✳✶✶✮
2 2
q
s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛✱ u = i Zc = i CL ✱
r !2
L Cdx i2 Ldx
dEe = i = = dEm ✭❈✳✶✷✮
C 2 2
s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦✳

✹✶
❈✳✷ ■♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s

P❛r❛ ❝❛❜♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦✱ ❡①✳ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ✜♦s ♦✉ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✱ ♦ r❛✐♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ s❡rá
❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❘▼●✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ t❛❜❡❧❛❞♦✳

❈✳✸ ■♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s t✉❜✉❧❛r❡s

❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧✐❝✉❧❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ✭❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❆❙❈❘✱ ❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧♠❛ ❞❡ ❛ç♦✮
♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❛❧♠❛ ♣♦ss✉✐
❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❛③♦❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ❞❛ ❝♦r♦❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦ ❝❛❜♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠
❝♦♥❞✉t♦r t✉❜✉❧❛r✱ ❝♦♠ r❛✐♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ r0 ❡ r❛✐♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ r1 ✳ ❙✉❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ s❡rá

j ω µ K1 (ρ0 )I0 (ρ1 ) + K0 (ρ1 ) I1 (ρ0 )

Zi = ✭❈✳✶✸✮
2 π r0 I1 (ρ1 )K1 (ρ0 ) − I1 (ρ0 )K1 (ρ1 )
p
ρ0 = r0 −j ω σ µ ✭❈✳✶✹✮
p
ρ1 = r1 −j ω σ µ ✭❈✳✶✺✮

s❡♥❞♦ I 0 ✱ I 1 ✱ K0 ❡ K1 ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❇❡ss❡❧✳

❈✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡♦s ❡ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦s

❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛❜♦ é ❛♥á❧♦❣♦ às ❧✐♥❤❛s ❛ér❡❛s✱ ♠❛s ❛ s✉❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ é ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✲
♣❧❡①❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❝❛❜♦s ♥✉s✳ ❊st❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✐rã♦
✐♠♣♦r ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ✭ε ❡ µ✮✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛r ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♣r❡ssã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥ã♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡s♣r❡③í✈❡❧✱ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ G✳
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s tr✐♣♦❧❛r❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ❡❧❡✈❛rá ❛s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♠út✉❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❢❛s❡s✱ ❡ ❡st❡ é ♦
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ q✉❡ r❡❞✉③ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s ❡♠ ❛❧t❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❈❆✳ ❊♠ ❈❈✱ ♦✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r❡s
r❡❣❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ í♦♥s ♥♦ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦✳
◆♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ s✉❣❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❬✶✱ ❝❛♣✳ ✹❪✱ ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s ❞❡
❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❜♦s✳

❈✳✺ Pr♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛s

❯♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✱ ♦✉

s❡❥❛✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❛rá✈❡✐s✱ ♦✉ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱
♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛♦ s❡ ❧✐❣❛r ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ▲❚✱ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡rá
✏s❡♥t✐❞❛✑ ❛té ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ t = 0✱ ❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ✏❡♥①❡r❣❛✑ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦
❞❛ ▲❚✱ ✐♥❥❡t❛♥❞♦ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡rá ♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❛té ♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ q✉❡ ❡♥tã♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛
✭♦✉ ✉♠ ❝✉rt♦ ♦✉ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❛❜❡rt♦✮✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛rá ✉♠❛ r❡❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ r❡✢❡①ã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♦♥❞❛
✐rá r❡t♦r♥❛r ❛té ❛ ❢♦♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ❡♥tã♦ ✏❡♥①❡r❣❛rá✑ ❛ t♦t❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✱ ❡ r❡❜❛t❡rá ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛
♦♥❞❛✦ ❍❛✈❡rá ❡♥tã♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛té q✉❡ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❡
t❡♥sõ❡s ❡♥tr❡♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ❊st❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ q✉❡
♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠✉✐t❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛rá ❡♠ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❡ q✉❡
❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡rã♦ s❡r ❞❡s♣r❡③❛❞❛s✳
❊st❡s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ♦♥❞❛ ✈✐❛❥❛♥t❡✳

❉ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦s
✶✳ ✭❊P❊ ✷✵✵✻✮ ❆ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❢❛s❡✲t❡rr❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ tr✐❢ás✐❝❛ tr❛♥s♣♦st❛ é ✐❣✉❛❧
à✿

✭❛✮ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✳

✭❜✮ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ③❡r♦ ❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✳

✭❝✮ s♦♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❡ ③❡r♦✳

✭❞✮ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❡ ③❡r♦✳

✭❡✮ ♠é❞✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❡ ③❡r♦✳

✷✳ ✭❊P❊ ✷✵✵✼✮ ❖ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✱ q✉❡
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✱ ❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r
❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s✱ é ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡

✹✷
 ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ✭▲P◆❊✮ ❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱
✉♠❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♥í✈❡✐s
❞❡ t❡♥sõ❡s✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛r ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ é ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s✲
✈❡rs❛❧ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛✱ é ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡✿
✭❛✮ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❞♦s ❢❡✐①❡s✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ♦ ❘❛✐♦ ▼é❞✐♦
●❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ✭❘▼●✮ ❡✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❡❧❡✈❛✲s❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✲
♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳
✭❜✮ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❢❛s❡s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♦ ❘❛✐♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ●❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ✭❘▼●✮ ❡✱
❛ss✐♠✱ ❡❧❡✈❛✲s❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳
✭❝✮ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❢❛s❡s✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❛ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ▼é❞✐❛ ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✭❉▼●✮
❡✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❡❧❡✈❛✲s❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳
✭❞✮ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✉❜❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❞♦s ❢❡✐①❡s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ▼é✲
❞✐❛ ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✭❉▼●✮ ❡✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❡❧❡✈❛✲s❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳
✭❡✮ ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ s♦❧♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛
tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧✱ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♥ã♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳
✸✳ ✭❊P❊ ✷✵✶✵✮ ◆♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s
❡st✉❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❙❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦
❡♠ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✈❛♥t❛❥♦s❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡
❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛✳ ❆ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ss❡ t❡♠❛✱ ❛✜r♠❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡
✭❛✮ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ t❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ♠❛✐♦r✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s♦✳
✭❜✮ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❡r❞❛ ♣♦r ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❏♦✉❧❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛ ❝❛❜♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❜✐t♦❧❛s✳
✭❝✮ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝❛❜♦s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳
✭❞✮ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♠❛✐♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛çõ❡s ♥❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳
✭❡✮ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛ t❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦♥❣❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s
✹✳ ✭❊P❊ ✷✵✶✵✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡❧étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ❊❳❈❊❚❖ ❛
✭❛✮ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❡♠ ❤❡♥r②s ♣♦r ♠❡tr♦✳
✭❜✮ ❝♦♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ sér✐❡ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❡♠ ♠❤♦s ♣♦r ♠❡tr♦✳
✭❝✮ ❝❛♣❛❝✐tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❡♠ ❢❛r❛❞s ♣♦r ♠❡tr♦✳
✭❞✮ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❡♠ ♦❤♠s ♣♦r ♠❡tr♦✳
✭❡✮ ❝♦♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❡♠ ♠❤♦s ♣♦r ♠❡tr♦✳
✺✳ ✭❊P❊ ✷✵✶✵✮ ❙♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ tê♠ ♣♦r ❝❛r❛❝t❡✲
ríst✐❝❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉♥✐❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❞❡ ❝✉rt❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦✱ ♠❡♥♦r❡s q✉❡ ✷✵✵ ➭s✱ ❡ s❡r❡♠ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞❛s ♣♦r
❞❡s❝❛r❣❛s ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛s ✭r❛✐♦s✮✱ ❛t✐♥❣✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ♦✉ ♦ ❝❛❜♦ ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦s✳
◆❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❡ ❛s ❛✜r♠❛t✐✈❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
■ ❆ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s✳
■■ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛ ❛t✐♥❣❡ ♦ ❝❛❜♦ ♣❛r❛✲r❛✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱
♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝❛❜♦ ❡ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ♣r♦✈♦❝❛rá ✉♠❛ s♦❜r❡t❡♥sã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦
t♦♣♦ ❞❛ t♦rr❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳
■■■ ❙♦❜r❡t❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛ ❢❛③❡♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ t❡♥❤❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♥♦s ❡st✉❞♦s
❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❊stá ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❆P❊◆❆❙ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛✜r♠❛ ❡♠
✭❛✮ ■✳
✭❜✮ ■■✳
✭❝✮ ■■■✳

✹✸
 ✭❞✮ ■ ❡ ■■✳
✭❡✮ ■ ❡ ■■■✳
✻✳ ✭❊P❊ ✷✵✶✵✮ ❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❋❆❈❚❙ ✭❋❧❡①✐❜❧❡ ❆❈ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥
❙②st❡♠s ✮ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s
s✐stê♠✐❝♦s✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ◆➹❖ é ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s
✭❛✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ✭♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛✮ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✳
✭❜✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳
✭❝✮ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❛s❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦♠✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡♠ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦✳
✭❞✮ ❛❥✉st❛r ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ sér✐❡ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✭❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ sér✐❡✮✳
✭❡✮ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛♠♦rt❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡✴♦✉ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♠❛r❣❡♥s
❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ t❛♥t♦ tr❛♥s✐tór✐❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s✳
✼✳ ✭❊P❊ ✷✵✶✵✮ ❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ❛✜r♠❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛✭s✮
✭❛✮ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝❛ s❡rá✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ss✐♠é✲
tr✐❝❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤♦✉✈❡r tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❡♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s
✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❤❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✳
✭❜✮ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ é s✐♠étr✐❝❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❞❡
✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ tr✐❢ás✐❝❛ é ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡❧❡s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡
❛ s❡çã♦ r❡t❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r❛ ✭❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦s✮✳
✭❝✮ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ♥✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ tr✐❢ás✐❝❛ é ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦
♣❛r❛ s❡ ♦❜t❡r s✐♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳
✭❞✮ ❤✐❞r❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ■t❛✐♣✉✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ tr✐❢ás✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❡r✲
♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ♣♦r ❢❛s❡✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r
✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛✱ s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ à ♦♣çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ♣♦r ❢❛s❡✳
✭❡✮ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ♣❡r❞❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ❞❡
tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❛✉✲
♠❡♥t❛♠✳
✽✳ ✭❊P❊ ✷✵✶✷✮ ❆ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❜❧♦❝♦s ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✲
♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ✭❈❈✮ ♦✉ ♣♦r ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛ ✭❈❆✮✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❛
❧✐♥❤❛ ❈❈ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❈❆ é ♦✭❛✮
✭❛✮ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ s❡ ❛♥✉❧❛r✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳
✭❜✮ ❝✉st♦ ♠❡♥♦r✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s✳
✭❝✮ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❛♠✐✜❝❛r ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳
✭❞✮ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❛s s✉❜❡st❛çõ❡s✳
✭❡✮ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ❞♦✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐s♠♦✳
✾✳ ✭❈❊▼■● ✷✵✶✷✮ ❯♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠
❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ s❡✉ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦✳ ❙♦❜ ✷✸✵ ❦❱✱ ♦s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧❡❣❛❞❛
✭✷✱✺ ❝♠✮ ❞❡ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦r♦♥❛ s❛t✐s❢❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛✐①♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s ♦✉
♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❜✐t♦❧❛ r❛③♦á✈❡❧ sã♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❡s♣❛ç❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝❛s ♣♦❧❡❣❛❞❛s ❡
♦♣❡r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✱ é ❈❖❘❘❊❚❖ ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡
✭❛✮ ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ♣♦r ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦r♦♥❛ sã♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛s✳
✭❜✮ ♦ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s é ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦✳
✭❝✮ ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ♣♦r ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦r♦♥❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✳
✭❞✮ ♦ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞❡❧❡s é ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐st✐r✐❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r
❞❡ ❜♦♠ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✳
✶✵✳ ✭❊❧❡tr♦❜r❛s ✷✵✶✵✮ ❙♦❜r❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❈♦♥tí♥✉❛ ❡♠ ❆❧t❛ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✭❈❈❆❚✮✱
❛♥❛❧✐s❡ ❛s ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
■ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛✳

✹✹
 ■■ ❖s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❛ér❡♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❈❈❆❚ tê♠ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r
❝✉st♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❛ér❡♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛✳
■■■ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❛ssí♥✲
❝r♦♥♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛✳
■❱ ❙❡ ✉♠ ❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ❜✐♣♦❧❛r ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ ✉♠ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱
✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞♦③❡ ♣✉❧s♦s✱ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❡①✐st❡♠✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❞♦✐s
❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡✐s ♣✉❧s♦s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠❛ t❡♥sã♦ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✳
❊stá ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❆P❊◆❆❙ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛✜r♠❛ ❡♠
✭❛✮ ■ ❡ ■■✳
✭❜✮ ■ ❡ ■■■✳
✭❝✮ ■■ ❡ ■❱✳
✭❞✮ ■✱ ■■ ❡ ■■■✳
✭❡✮ ■✱ ■■■ ❡ ■❱✳
✶✶✳ ✭❊❧❡tr♦❜r❛s ✷✵✶✵✮ P❛r❛ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✱ ✉♠
♥♦✈♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❋❆❈❚❙ ✭❋❧❡①✐❜❧❡ ❆❧✲
t❡r♥❛t✐♥❣ ❈✉rr❡♥t ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ♦✉ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡
❆❧t❡r♥❛❞❛✮✱ ✈❡✐♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✳ ◆❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❡ ❛s ❛✜r♠❛t✐✈❛s ❛❜❛✐①♦✳
■ ❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❋❆❈❚❙ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡r ❛❝❡✐t♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s
❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ s❡ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦r ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛
r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s ❡✴♦✉ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳
■■ ❖ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❋❆❈❚❙ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛
r❡❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛✳
■■■ ❖ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❋❆❈❚❙ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✱ sér✐❡ ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛
r❡❛t✐✈❛✱ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳
■❱ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s ❡ r❡❛t♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛
r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ ♦✉ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ♥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱
♦ ✉s♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❞♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❋❆❈❚❙ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛rá ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛rá ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳
❊stá ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❆P❊◆❆❙ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛✜r♠❛ ❡♠
✭❛✮ ■✳
✭❜✮ ■ ❡ ■■✳
✭❝✮ ■■ ❡ ■❱✳
✭❞✮ ■✱ ■■ ❡ ■❱✳
✭❡✮ ■✱ ■■■ ❡ ■❱✳
✶✷✳ ✭❊❧❡tr♦❜r❛s ✷✵✶✵✮ ❊♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❈♦♥tí♥✉❛ ❡♠ ❆❧t❛ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✭❈❈❆❚✮✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às
❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♥t❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r t✐r✐st♦r❡s ❞❡✈❡ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ❛❧❣✉♥s
r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s❡ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❛❜❛✐①♦✳
■ ❙✉♣♦rt❛r ✉♠❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ s❡♠ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦✳
■■ ❙❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧á✈❡❧✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ♣❛ss❛r ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳
■■■ ❈♦♥❞✉③✐r ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❞✐r❡çõ❡s✳
■❱ ❙✉♣♦rt❛r ✉♠❛ t❡♥sã♦ r❡✈❡rs❛ ❞❡ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ s❡♠
❡♥tr❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ r❡✈❡rs♦✳
❙ã♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦s ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s
✭❛✮ ■✱ ■■ ❡ ■■■✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s✳
✭❜✮ ■✱ ■■ ❡ ■❱✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s✳
✭❝✮ ■✱ ■■■ ❡ ■❱✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s✳
✭❞✮ ■■✱ ■■■ ❡ ■❱✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s✳
✭❡✮ ■✱ ■■✱ ■■■ ❡ ■❱✳

✹✺
✶✸✳ ✭❊❧❡tr♦❜r❛s ✷✵✶✵✮ ❯♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❧♦♥❣❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛
Zc = 400 5➦ ❲✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❞❡s♣r❡③❛♠ ❘ ❡ ● ❞❡ss❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡
tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛s q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❛♦ s❡✉ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ r❡❝❡♣t♦r✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✐♥✜♥✐t❛ ♦✉ ♣❧❛♥❛✳ ◆❡ss❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✱ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ♥♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ r❡❝❡♣t♦r✱
♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳ ❖s ✈❛❧♦r❡s
❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✈❛❧❡♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱
✭❛✮ ∞ ❡ ✲✶
✭❜✮ ✵❡✵
✭❝✮ ✵ ❡ ✲✶
✭❞✮ Zc ❡ ✲✶
✭❡✮ Zc ❡ ✵

✹✻