| 4- 13, Subgroups (Ae subse Hof a group G ts called a subgroup FG tf H | Leal iS « qrosp under the eporetloref G, [Theorem 4 (Subgroup Gest) A subset Hoof & group G fs a subgroup G7 the following Aver vonditions ave satisfledis (1 EH, uhae £6 the Mdoutity ef G, @) UY «, 4 CH, then x4 EH, 6) rf LEH, then «1 CH, here 14 denotes the inverse of 9¢ mq. ‘Theorem & (Fintke qroup test) Le H be a fake nonempty subset of a grup G. The Oo Hise sbare of G@ Sy H is closed unde the pina of G, Prk. = Obvious. SS", let EH, The bey Ww, ave elements mH, Because H is fice » thee ert m2) md a 2i sack thet Ke = be = Ae Gallvois that ee ee cey cancllenh Law) But, LS RS A mpl hl = Wh EU (mke 42 =1 EH) SoH is a cbgrop by Therm fane Exam 3, Determine all subgroups of the Klece qreup Ky =dhL ab, absy 6 ab Solwhine By Thepem 2, Heatly af Hy =41, bs Hy, = 41 ot all ave subgroups oS Ky, AB His spep wit II Z3, then LEH ot H Cen micah he Wea! 59 conteans the third onc Cthair pedet) thy He Se tht compute Uist of Hilton f Ky ne tit, Ha, Ho, Has and ky, Definition 4 2G agp, fhe coder of G iS denoted by 24): = 4264] 29-92 forall ge GF, By them £4, 24) 1S ae abelcan subgroup ef- q. mole, @=20G) EY G% abelcr,—[b- Grane 2 273, then (Sa) = FOS. Sdutine suppor o ES, wt, o-+ (), Meck te fad a TES sak thet ot bor, Because o~ + C), chowe Rin X={1, ant sack fleet AW eR, ond Ob m= oCh). Because 73, tae LE X\Lkymt, amd bee THR A) (4 aye). | fer) (kh) = Tt) = Tome — amd (ft) (d = Cth) = OCL) + oth) =”. So TH OT. teal Cramp 6 A His asbarop of a group G@ md GC G, ther gHots =fakst | h CHE Ts a shgrep fg called the Conjugate subgroup +f Hin G. ee © le abo € gust @ aI gh = BUukdII EFHI" O Gaye y= gay! € gHe" So, pat i a sbgrosp of G by Theorem 1. Theor 1 Leb H, K be sulgroyp of @ grep G. There HK is @ suboronp of 4, indeed, the intersection of any fakady of subgroups Ts again © subgronp, But HU K need net ho a subgroup, “Prost” (Homework!)-lT- Cy dic qronps Thea! Lh G be a grep cme ut 9G, Thowe (= Exe [2 ezt)-|8- Here ave tu important oxeuiples of cychi groups, Exarye_ea (Z,4) is a adic qrop | | oma J ave lath jentrators. Pook for ong REZ, kek E419; : (Som ees tl Simdody, Z 24-1), since R= CHE © K-12, Hart aa Aza, (Zq,t) 15 & he grep wie Poh Lyi f5,% a, wit. For ong REZa, RakT € 67175 5% ZaT 7,