A

Abdomen The main body cavity between the chest and the groins.(19thc)
Abrasion Scraping of the skin (Modern)
Abscess Collection of pus in cavity (19thC)
A disorder of metabolism which results in high levels of acetone in blood. Also known as
Acetonemia
ketosis Modern)
A disorder of metabolism which results in high levels of acetone in the urine. Also known
Acetonuria
as ketonuria (Modern)
Acholia Absence of bile, associated with jaundice (19thC)
Achondroplasia Dwarfism (Modern)
Acidosis Increased acidity of blood
Acid urine Increased acidity of urine
Acnathosis Thickened skin (Modern)
Inflammation of the glands of the skin, causing formation of pustules, usually on the face
Acne
(19thC)
Severe disease of kidney causing incurable anaemia and bronzed colouration of the skin
Addisons Disease
(19thC)
Adenitis Inflammation of lymph glands (lymph nodes) (19thC)
Adenoids Inflammation of the small gland-like appendages at the back of the nose
Adenoma Benign tumour of a gland (Modern)
Adherent Often post-operative condition whereby scar tissue becomes stuck to the bone in the joint.
Ague & sequela Intermittent fever, in which there are alternating periods of chills and fever (19thC)
Albuminuria A disease of the kidneys marked by appearance of albumin in the urine. (19thC)
Alkaptonuria A rare genetic metabolic disorder (Modern)
Alopecia Absence of hair, baldness (19thC)
Amaurosis Blindness caused by loss of nerve power (19thC)
Amblyopia Indistinct vision (19thC) Lazy eye (Modern)
Amentia Absence of intellect (19thC)
Amyloid Degeneration of tissues, often of the liver (19thc)
Amyloid liver Degeneration of the liver (19thC)
Amyotonia Lack of muscle tone (Modern)
Anaemia Deficiency of red blood cells (19thC)
Anasarca Accumulation of watery fluid in the tissues, leading to swelling (19thC)
Anencephaly Congenital deformity of the brain (Modern)
A tumour of an artery due to location dilatation usually with rupture of lining. (19thC) A
Aneurism localized, blood-filled dilation (balloon-like bulge) of a blood vessel caused by disease or
weakening of the vessel wall (Modern)
Angina Pain in the heart region (19thC)
Angioma Tumour composed of blood vessels (19thC)
Ankylosis Bony union of joint after injury or disease (19thC)
Anorexia Lack of appetite or abhorrence of food (19thC)
Anuria Suppression of urine (19thC)
Aphasia Loss of ability to use or recognise the correct words, although words are known (19thC)
Aphemia Inability to use the muscles of speech (Modern)
Aphonia Loss of voice (19thC)
Appendectomy Operation to remove appendix (Modern)
Appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix, a small rudimentary attachment to the large intestine.
Appendix Appendage of intestines (19thc)
Arch foot Abnormally high instep
Artery Blood vessel which carries blood away from the heart
 Arthrectomy Scraping of a joint (19thC) (usually when infected eg by tubercular infection)
Arthritis Inflammation of joints (19thC)
Arthritis
Arthritis (inflammation of joints) associated with gonorrhoea, a venereal disease
gonorrhoeal
Arthritis
Inflammation of joints (19thC)
rheumatoid
Arthrodesis Surgical fusion of a joint to relieve pain (Modern)
Ascaris
Worm infestation (19thC)
lumbracoides
Ascites Swelling of abdomen caused by accumulation of fluid (19thC)
Asphyxia Unconsciousness or suffocation (19thC)
Asthenia Loss of strength, debility (19thC)
Difficulty in breathing with a sense of suffocation. Thought to be nervous in origin.
Asthma
(19thC)
Astigmatism Unequal refractive power of the eye (19thC)
Ataxy Impaired gait in walking (19thC)
Ataxy cerebellar Impaired gait in walking (19thC) associated with disorder of the lower brain.
Atelectasis Failure of lungs at birth (19thC)
Atheroma A soft pap-like tumour; also fatty degeneration of blood vessels (19thC)
A continuous stream of slow, sinuous, writhing movements, typically of the hands and feet
Athetosis
(Modern).
Athrodesis Surgical fusion of a joint to relieve pain (Modern)
Atony Lack of muscle tone (Modern)
Atresia Constriction of tube or canal
Atrophy Wasting (19thC)
Aural Of the ear
Axilla The arm-pit (19thc)

B
Bacillaemia Bacteria in the blood (Modern)
Bacilluria Bacteria in the urine (Modern)
Balanitis Inflammation of the glans penis (19thC)
Bantis disease Enlarged spleen (Modern)
Bayles Disease Severe form of neurosyphilis (Modern)
Bells Palsy Paralysis of facial muscles resulting in distorted facial expression (Modern)
Bile ducts Carry bile from liver to intestine
Bilious attack Digestive disturbance (19thC)
Birthmark Discolouration of the skin present at birth (19thC)
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids (19thC)
Brights Disease Disease of the kidney, associated with dropsy and albuminuria (19thC)
Condition where bones are very fragile and break easily (also known as Osteogenesis
Brittle bone disease
imperfecta) (Modern)
Bronchial Relating to the tubes in the lungs
Characterised by localised irreversible dilation of part of the lung, often referred to as
Bronchiectasis
obstructive lung disease (Modern)
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the bronchioles, the smallest air passages in the lungs (Modern)
Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchial tubes. (19thC)
Bronchopneumonia Inflammation of the bronchi (the small tubes in the lungs) and the lungs (19thC)
Bulimia Excessive appetite (19thC)
 Bursa A bursa is a sac containing fluid (19thC) located within joints to facilitate movement.
A bursa is a sac containing fluid (19thC) located within joints to facilitate movement.
Bursitis
They can become inflamed (bursitis) rendering movement of the joint painful.(Modern)

C
Commonly referred to as 'the stone', most often found in the bladder (Calculus
Calculus
vesica) (19thC)
Commonly referred to as 'the stone', most often found in the bladder (Calculus
Calculus vesicae/vesical
vesica) (19thc)
Cancer A malignant growth (19thC)
Cancrum oris Ulceration of the mouth, associated with ill-fed children. (19thC)
Carcinoma Malignant tumour (19thC)
Carditis Inflammation of the heart (19thC)
Carditis rheumatic Inflammation of the heart associated with rheumatic fever. (19thC)
Caries Decay of bone (19thC)
A trance-like state, where limbs will remain in any position they are placed
Catalepsy
(19thC)
Cataract Opaqueness of the lens of the eye (19thC)
Cataract lamellar Opaqueness of the lens of the eye (19thC)
Inflammation of mucous membranes accompanied by increased secretions -
Catarrh usually in the nose (as in the common cold) but can be applied to internal organs as
well.(19thC)
Inflammation of the cellular tissue (the tissue located immediately beneath the
Cellulitis
skin) (19thC)
Cephalalgia Headache (19thC)
Bloody tumour on the head of an infant (19thC) Now known to be caused by
Cephalhaematoma
haemorrhage (Modern)
Cerebellar/Cerebellum The lower part of the brain (19thc)
Cerebral/Cerebrum The largest part of brain (19thc)
Cerebrospinal Condition affecting brain and spinal cord
Cervical Refers to the neck region (19thc)
Cervical adenitis Inflammation of lymph gland (node) in neck (19thC)
Skin disease of hands and feet characterised by appearance of itchy blisters
Cheiropomphylax
(Modern)
Also known as Varicella. Infectious fever characterised by a rash on the chest
Chicken Pox & sequela
which develops into very itchy pimples. (19thC)
Chilblains Small itchy red swollen areas of the skins, which arise after exposure to cold.
Chloasma Discolouration of the skin (19thC)
Also known as green sickness, a 'peculiar form of anaemia' associated with
Chlorosis females around puberty. Causes weakness, faintness, and rapid pulse on exertion
(19thC).
Cholaemia Presence of bile in the blood, often a sign of liver disease. (Modern)
Chondroma Benign tumour involving cartilage (Modern)
Also known as St Vitus Dance. Involuntary twitchings of the muscles, most
Chorea
common in children, who generally grow out of it. (19thC)
Inflammation of the choroid, one of the membranes which line the eyeball.
Choroiditis
(Modern)
Cicatrix Scar of a healed wound (19thc)
Circumcision Removal of part of the prepuce, the loose skin which covers the penis (the
 foreskin) (19thC)
A granular state of an organ, most often the liver, when it is generally produced by
Cirrhosis
consumption of alcohol (19thC)
Clavicle Collar bone (19thc)
Extreme form of hare lip where the split in the lip extends through into the bone of
Cleft jaw
the jaw. (19thC)
Cleft palate A congenital split in the roof of the mouth so that the nose and mouth form one
cavity. An operation can be carried out to close the split. Often but not always
accompanied by hare lip. (19thC)
A combination of congenital deformities of the mouth where the roof of the mouth
does not close and there is a slit or cleft in the upper lip which can extend through
Cleft palate hare lip
the jaw bone. An operation or combination of operations can be performed to
rectify the deformity, but it usually left a very visible scar. (19thC)
Clitoritis Small organ of erectile tissue found in females in the pubic region. (19thc)
Also known Talipes. A turning of the foot in the wrong direction. There are several
different forms: the main ones being Talipes valgus: the foot turns outwards;
Club foot
varus, the foot turns inwards; equinus, the heel is lifted from the ground. (19thC)
The condition can exist at birth or be acquired during life.
Coccyx Last bone in the spine
Relates to the cavity in which the intestines sit (19thc) In modern times this term
Coeliac
refers to a specific autoimmune disease of the small intestines. (Modern)
Colic Pain in the abdomen (19thC)
Colic renal Pain in the kidneys (19thC)
Colitis Inflammation of the colon (19thC)
Coliuria Presence of E. coli bacteria in the urine (Modern)
Collapse pulmonary Deflation of a lung
Colon Part of the large intestine (19thc)
An incision made in the colon (the large intestine) in cases of obstruction, fistula,
Colotomy
cancer or ulceration of the rectum. (19thC)
Congenital Disease or deformity present at birth (19thc)
Congested brain Used in connection with brain fever or any form of delirium
Congested liver A torpid stagnation of the blood in the liver (19thC)
A torpid stagnation of the blood in the lungs, can be used to refer to
Congested lung
bronchopneumonia (19thC)
Conjuctiva Membrane which covers the eye lid and cornea (19thc)
Conjunctivitis Inflammation and irritation of the eye (19thC)
Conjunctivitis Inflammation and irritation of the eye accompanied by phlyctaena, small fluid
phlyctenular filled blisters (19thC)
Condition in which the tissue of the lungs becomes solid and firm rather than
Consolidated lung
elastic and air-filled (Modern)
Constipation Indolent state of the bowels (19thC), or infrequent bowel movements (Modern)
Contraction of pylorus
Born with the exit of the stomach into the intestines constricted
congenital
Convulsion intestine Violent spasm of the intestines (19thC)
Convulsions Violent spasm of alternate muscular contraction and relaxation (19thC)
Cornea The transparent covering of the front of the eye (19thc)
Cloudiness of the cornea: the usually transparent covering of the front of the eye
Corneal opacity
(19thC)
Inflammation of the cornea: the transparent covering of the front of the eye
Corneitis
(19thC)
Coryza Cold in the head (19thC)
Cranial Relating to the skull (19thc)
 Craniectomy Removal of part of skull to create room for a swelling brain (modern)
Imperfect mental faculties and small stature often accompanied by swelling in the
Cretinism/Cretin
throat region (goitre) (19thc)
Croaking Problems speaking
Croup & sequela Acute inflammation of the larynx (or voice box) (19thC)
Absence of one or both testes from the scrotal sac, usually the result of
Cryptorchidism
undescended testes (Modern)
Blue colour to the skin, resulting from congestion in the venous circulation of the
Cyanosis
blood
Cynanche Sore throat or inflammation of the tonsils (19thC)
Cyst A membranous sac-like structure containing fluid (19thC)
An encapsulated tumour which has developed structures such has hair and teeth
Cyst dermoid
within it. (Modern)
Cystitis Inflammation of the bladder (19thC)

D
DacrocystitisInflammation of the duct which drains tears out of the eye (Modern)
A syphilitic swelling of the fingers and toes, syphilitic - a symptom of syphilis. (19thC)
Dactylitis Modern definitions associate dactylitis with several different conditions including
tuberculosis. (Modern)
Debility Weakness or loss of muscular power. (19thC)
Debility nervous Weakness or loss of muscular power, related to a nervous disorder (19thC)
Defective
Slow physical development
development
Deficiency
Mental impairment
cerebral
Delirium Extravagant talking, raving generally due to high fever. (19thC)
Dementia Feebleness of mental faculties, the last stage of insanity. (19thC)
Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin (19thC)
Dermatomyositis Inflammation of the skin and muscles (Modern)
An encapsulated tumour which has developed structures such has hair and teeth within it.
Dermoid
(Modern)
Peeling off of the skin. Desquamation occurs after scarlet fever and is when the patient is
Desquamation
most infectious (19thC)
Diabetes A disease marked by an excessive flow of saccharine urine. (19thC)
Diaphragm The muscle which separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity (19thc)
Diaphysitis Inflammation of the shaft of a long bone (19thC)
Dilated ureter Ureter: the canal which carried urine from the kidney to the bladder. (19thC)
Dilated Ureter Ureter: the canal which carried urine from the kidney to the bladder. (19thC)
Infectious inflammation of the throat, with the formation of a false membrane which
Diphtheria &
tends to close the throat and cause suffocation (19thC). A common disease of childhood
sequela
in 19th century but rarely seen in modern times in Western medicine (Modern).
Infectious inflammation of the throat, with the formation of a false membrane which
Diphtheria &
tends to close the throat and cause suffocation (19thC). A common disease of childhood
Sequela
in 19th century but rarely seen in modern times in Western medicine (Modern).
Diphtheritic
Paralysis of various types occurring after diphtheria infection.
paralysis
Diphtheritic
Paralysis of various types occurring after diphtheria infection.
Paralysis
 Diplegia A form of paralysis which primarily affects the legs (Modern)
Disseminated Now better known as multiple sclerosis, a condition affecting nerves in the spinal cord
sclerosis and brain (Modern)
Diuresis Increased flow of urine (19thC)
Diverticulitis A disease of the large intestine (Modern)
Dorsal Relates to the back
Accumulation of fluid in the cavities of the body, often seen towards the end of cases of
Dropsy
cancer, heart disease etc.(19thC) Now more commonly referred to as oedema
Duchennes
Progressive locomotor ataxy, or impaired gait in walking (19thC)
Paralysis
Dysentery Inflammation of the large intestine accompanied by bloody evacuations. (19thC)
Dyspepsia Indigestion (19thC)
Dysphagia Difficulty in swallowing (19thC)
Dyspnoea Difficult breathing (19thC)
Dystrophy Now known to be a hereditary condition in which the muscles of the body grow
muscular progressively weaker (modern)
Dysuria Difficulty in discharging urine (19thC)

E
Bruising (19thC) caused by leakage of blood from blood vessels into surrounding tissues
Ecchymosis
(Modern)
Convulsions in infants often ending in epilepsy (19thC) also known as Salaam
Eclampsia convulsions (19thC) Probably refers to condition now referred to as West Syndrome
(Modern)
Ecthyma A pustular disease of the skin, not contagious(19thC)
Condition in which the heart is displaced, usually through the wall of chest cavity, resent
Ectopia cordis
at birth. (Modern)
Ectopia vesicae Condition in which development of the bladder is incomplete at birth (Modern)
Ectropion Turning out of the eyelid (19thC)
Eczema Non-contagious, but often unpleasant, eruption on the skin which causes great irritation.
Eczema capitis Skin eruption of the scalp (19thc)
Accumulation of fluid in body cavities, often relates to fluid in the spaces between the
Effusion
membranes lining the lungs (pleura) (Modern)
A skin disease causing terrible enlargement of affected limbs. The skin resembles an
Elephantiasis
elephant's hide. Caused by a parasite. (19thC)
Embolism Coagulation of the blood into a clot. (19thC)
Emesis Vomiting (19thC)
Swelling produced by air, a dropsy is caused by fluid. (19thC) A long term progressive
Emphysema
disease of the lungs caused by collapse of lung structures which make exhaling difficult.
A collection of pus in one or both cavities of the pleura (membranes lining the lungs).
Empyema
(19thC) - Not to be confused with emphysema.
Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain (19thC)
Encephalocele Protrusion of the brain through the skull (19thC)
Endocarditis Inflammation of the membrane lining the inside of the heart (Modern)
Inflammation of both the interior lining of the heart and the membranous sac in which the
Endopericarditis
heart is enclosed. (Modern)
Enteric Relating to the intestines
Enterica Typhoid Fever (possibly?)
Enteritis Inflammation of the small intestines, usually accompanied by diarrhoea (19thC)
 Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the small intestines and the colon, the main part of the large intestines
EntropionCondition in which the eyelid turns inwards (19thC)
EnuresisInvoluntary discharge of urine (19thC)
Inflammation of the small oblong body above the testes (male sex organs) (19thC) The
Epididymitis
tube which conveys sperm from the testes to the vas deferens and penis. (Modern)
Epilepsy A disease of the brain marked by convulsive fits. (19thC)
Epiphysitis Inflammation of the end of a bone (epiphysis, its growth point) (19thC)
Epispadias Malformation of the penis (Modern)
Epistaxis Nose bleed
A juvenile form of muscular dystrophy, now known to be an hereditary condition in
Erbs myopathy
which the muscles of the body grow progressively weaker (modern)
Erbs palsy Paralysis of the arms and shoulders caused by damage to nerves during birth (Modern)
Erysipelas &
Contagious inflammation of the skin (19thC), often associated with surgery.
sequela
Erythema
Non-contagious, inflammation of the skin (19thC)
nodosum
Exophthalmus Protruding eyeball (19thC)
Exostosis Bony tumour growing from the bone (19thC)
Extroversion
A deformity of the intestines
viscera

F
Favus Contagious disease of the scalp (19thC)
Femur Large bone in upper leg; thigh bone (19thc)
Fibroadenoma A benign mobile tumour often found in the breast (Modern)
Fibroid A tumour composed of fibrous material (19thC)
Fibula One of two small bones in lower leg (19thc)
Fissure anus Tear in the skin of the anal canal (Modern)
An unnatural passage by which an internal organs communicates with another, or with the
Fistula
body's exterior (19thC)
Follicle Part of the skin which contains the root of a hair. (Modern)
Foreign body Ingestion of a foreign body, often a penny or a needle
Friedreichs ataxy Hereditary paralysis (19thC)
Friedreichs
Congenital cataract of the eye (modern)
cataract
Functional ataxy Impaired gait in walking (19thC)

G
Gall bladder Membraneous sac which contains the bile (19thc)
Ganglion An enlargement of a nerve, or a swelling in the sheath of a tendon (19thC)
Gangrene Death of a part of the body, begins with discolouration, usually of the toes. (19thC)
Gastric Relating to the stomach
Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach (19thC)
Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestines (19thC)
Gastrointestinal Realting to the stomach and intestines
 Genitourinary
The combined organs of the urinary system and the sex organs
organs
Genu valgum Another term for knock-knee (19thC)
Genu varum Another term for bow legs (19thC)
Condition characterised by excessive growth and height significantly above average. Now
Gigantism
known to be caused by excess production of growth hormone (Modern)
Gingivitis Inflammation of the gums (19thC)
Small bodies found in different parts of the body (19thc) often used to refer to lymph
Gland
nodes, which are part of the body's immune system. (Modern)
Glands axilla Lymph gland (nodes) found in arm-pit (19thc)
Glands cervical Lymph gland (nodes) found in neck region (19thc)
Glands groin Lymph glands (nodes) found in the junction of the thighs and the trunk (19thc)
Lymph glands (nodes) located in the space between the anus and the genital organs
Glands perineum
(19thc).
Inflammation of the eye, with hardening of the globe (19thC) Disease of the eye
Glaucoma characterised by increased pressure within the eyeball which can lead to deterioration in
sight. (Modern)
Glioma A tumour arising from nerve cells (Modern)
Glioma psoas A tumour arising from nerve cells in the lower back (Modern)
Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue (19thC)
Gluteal Refers to the buttocks (19thc)
Glycosuria Glucose in the urine (Modern)
Goitre Enlargement of the thyroid gland of the throat (19thC)
Gonorrhoea Inflammation of the genitals, accompanies by flow of pus. Very contagious (19thC)
Granuloma A mass of granular tissue usually associated with infection (Modern)
Graves disease Enlargement of the thyroid gland of the throat with protrusion of the eyeballs (19thC)
Groin The junction of the thighs and the trunk (19thc)

H
Haemarthrosis Bleeding into a joint (Modern)
Haematemesis Vomiting blood (19thC)
Haematocele A tumour containing blood (19thC)
Haematoma Blood clot outside the blood vessel, usually the result of haemorrhage (Modern)
Haematuria Blood in the urine (19thC)
Haemoglobinuria Haemoglobin in the urine
haemophilia A congenital tendency to haemorrrhage (19thC)
Haemophilia A congenital tendency to haemorrrhage (19thC)
Haemoptysis Coughing up blood from the lungs (19thC)
Haemorrhage Bleeding
Haemorrhoids Piles (19thC)
Hallucination Imaginary appearances, symptomatic of disease of the brain (19thC)
Hammer toe Deformity of the toe, causing it t be permanently bent (Modern)
A congenital deformity of the mouth where there is a slit or cleft in the upper lip which
Hare lip can extend through the jaw bone. An operation can be performed to rectify the
deformity, but it usually left a very visible scar. (19thC)
Hemikinesis Spasms or twitching on one side of the body (BMJ 10 July 1875 p43)
Hemiparesis weakness on one side of the body (Modern)
Hemiplegia Paralysis of one side of the body (19thC)
Henochs purpura A serious skin disease marked by purple patches, caused by escape of blood into the
 skin. (19thC)
Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
Hermaphrodite A condition in which the genital organs are neither wholly male or female (19thC)
Hermaphroditism A condition in which the genital organs are neither wholly male or female (19thC)
Commonly called a rupture. The protrusion of any internal organ through the
Hernia surrounding tissues, most commonly the bowels protruding through the abdominal
wall. (19thC)
Acute inflammation of the skin usually called shingles (19thC) Now known to be
Herpes zoster
caused by the virus Varicella zoster(Modern)
High arch Abnormally high instep
Inflammation of the hip joint, most common in children and extremely painful, often
Hip Disease accompanied by abscesses. (19thc) Although not specifically mentioned at time of
recording, it is thought that many cases of hip disease were tubercular in origin.
Hirschsprungs
Congenital malformation of the bowel (Modern)
disease
Hirsutism Condition in which body is abnormally hairy (19thC)
Hodgkins disease General enlargement of the glands of the lymphatic system (19thC)
Condition associated with prolonged stay and exposure to unwholesome state of the
Hospitalism
atmosphere in an ill-ventilated ort ill-kept institution'. (19thC)
Humerus Bone of the upper arm (19thc)
A progressive neurodegenerative genetic disorder, which affects muscle coordination
Huntingdons chorea
and leads to cognitive decline and dementia (Modern)
Watery tumour developed in any cavity of the body by the presence of a species of
Hydatid
parasite. Most common in liver or lung. (19thc)
Hydrocele Watery tumour usually found in the scrotum (19thC)
hydrocephalus Water on the brain, causing the head to swell to enormous size. (19thC)
An accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid which can put abnormal pressure on the spinal
Hydromyelia
cord causing pain and damage to nerves (Modern)
Hydronephrosis Accumulation of fluid in the kidney (19thC)
Hygroma Watery tumour (19thC)
Hyperaesthesia Excess of feeling (sensation) (19thC)
Hypermetropia Long sightedness (19thC)
Hypertrophic pyloric Excessive growth of the lower part of the stomach where it opens into the intestine,
stenosis causing a narrowing of the outlet (19thC)
Hypertrophy Excessive growth of a body part (19thC)
Excessive growth of the lower part of the stomach where it opens into the intestine
Hypertrophy pylorus
(19thC)
Hypochondria Slight melancholia, mental distress about health (19thC)
Inability of the pituitary gland (situated at the base of the brain) to secrete sufficient
Hypopituitarism
levels of hormones. (Modern)
Hypopyon Pus in the eye (Modern)
Malformation of the lower wall of the urethra (the tube through urine is excreted from
Hypospadias
the body) in male children, present at birth (Modern)
Insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland (located in the neck
Hypothyroidism and produces hormones which influence metabolism among other activities) Can result
in cretinism - a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth (Modern)
A nervous disease sometimes marked by convulsive seizures and very often by dislike
Hysteria
to food, painful impressions and untruthfulness (19thC)

I
 Ichthyma A skin disease (Modern)
Ichthyosis Fish skin disease, so called because it resembles the hard scaliness of a fish (19thC)
Idiocy Mental weakness which dates from birth, feeble-mindedness (19thC)
Ileum Part of the large intestine (19thc)
Ilium Hip bone (19thc)
Refers to a degree of mental retardation, worse than moron but above idiot. Lacking in
Imbecility the capacity to develop beyond the mental age of a normal five to seven-year-old child
(Modern for Obsolete term)
Imperforate anus Absence of anal opening (19thC)
Imperforate
Condition in which hymen completely closes the entrance to the vagina (19thC)
hymen
Imperforate Condition in which the oesophagus (the food tube) ends in closed pouch and is not
oesophagus connected to the stomach (Modern)
Imperforate
Absence of anal opening (19thC)
rectum
Imperforate Absence of urethral opening (tube which normally carries urine outside the body)
urethra (Modern)
Imperforate vagina Absence of vaginal opening (Modern)
A skin rash of an acute kind normally seen in weakly women and children (19thC) Now
Impetigo
known to be caused by highly contagious staphylococcal bacteria (modern)
Incontinence Inability to control evacuation of the bladder (19thC)
Indigestion Failure of the digestive powers (19thC) Also known as dyspepsia (Modern)
Induration femur Hardening of the upper leg bone (19thC)
Disease marked by dejection, anemia and haemorrhage, caused by want of fresh meat and
Infantile scurvy
vegetables (19thC)
An obsolete term for various, often unrelated, disorders which consist of retention of the
Infantilism
physical and/or psychological characteristics of infancy or childhood (Modern)
Infarct cerebral Tissue death due to lack of oxygen in the front brain (Modern)
Inguinal Refers to lowest part of abdomen on either side of the pubic bone (19thc)
Insanity Madness, disease of the brain causing loss of reason (19thC)
Intertrigo Inflammation of the skin around the anus, axilla (arm pits) or groin (19thC)
A condition of the intestines in which one part slips inside another and causes obstruction
Intussusception
of the bowel. (19thC)
Inverted bladder A condition in which the bladder is turned inside out
Iridemia Haemorrhage in the iris (Modern)
Iris The coloured circle surrounding the dark pupil of the eye (19thc)
Iritis Inflammation of the iris (19thC)
Ischiorectal Refers to region in lower rear abdominal cavity (Modern)

J
Jaundice Disease of the liver causing yellowness of the skin (19thC)

K
Extreme formation of freckles with tendency to ulcerate (19thC) The term now covers
Kaposis disease several conditions, including Kaposi's Sarcoma (caused by a virus) and linked to HIV
infection, and a rare skin condition. (Modern)
 Keloid A growth of the skin intermediate in character between a scar and a tumour. (19thc)
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea (the clear covering of the eye) (19thC)
Keratitis
Discrete nodular areas of inflammation of the cornea (Modern)
phlyctenular
Kyphosis Hump back, deformity of spine (19thC)

L
Labioglossal pouch Condition involving the lips and tongue (Modern)
Labium/labia Female genital organs
Lachrymal Referring to the tear ducts and the glands which secrete them (19thc)
Laminectomy Operation involving the removal of part of a vertebral bone (Modern)
Languor Lack of vigour or vitality (Modern)
Laparotomy Operation to open the abdominal cavity, a serious operation (19thC)
Lardaceous disease Degeneration of tissues until they resemble wax (usually the liver or kidneys) (19thC)
Spasmodic or false croup (inflammation of the larynx and trachea) accompanied by a
Laryngismus
crowing noise. (19thC)
Leontiasis Leprosy of the face (19thC)
A constitutional malignant disease, cutaneous in initial phase but later involving both
Leprosy
tissue and bone. (19thC) Now known to be caused by a bacterium (Modern)
Morbid increase in white blood cells, sometimes accompanied by haemorrhage, enlarged
Leucocythaemia
spleen and vomiting. (19thC)
Leucoderma Skin condition in which white spots or patches appears (also known as vitiligo) (Modern)
Leucoma A milky opacity of the cornea of the eye (19thC)
A whitish discharge from the vagina, a sign of weakness. (19thC) Now known to have
Leucorrhoea
many causes, including oestrogen imbalance and infections. (Modern),
Increase in white blood cells (19thC) A cancer of the blood of blood marrow in which
Leukaemia
white blood cell counts are abnormally high. (Modern)
Lice Infestation by biting insects (Modern)
Lichen A skin disease in which striking feature is inflamed pimples (19thC)
Lipoma A fatty tumour (19thC)
Lithaemia Excess lithic (uric) acid in the blood producing gouty dyspepsia. (19thC)
Lithotomy Operation for cutting into bladder to remove stone (19thC)
Lithuria Passing gravel (small stones) in the urine (19thC)
Llarynx Voice organ (19thc) voice box (Modern)
A rheumatic condition of the loins (the sides of the body and back below the ribs and
Lumbago
above the pelvis) (19thC)
Lumbar Lower back
A tuberculous disease of the skin, most common in children of consumptive or scrofulous
Lupus tendency (19thC). Now known not to be a tubercular condition, but to be a form of auto-
immune disease.
A colourless alkaline fluid found in the lymphatic vessels - the small vessels which
Lymph
pervade the body (19thc).
Lymphadenitis Inflammation of the lymphatic glands. (19thC)
Lymphadenoma Enlarged lymph glands (Modern)
Lymphadentitis Inflammation of the lymphatic glands. (19thC)
Dilation of the lymph vessels (Modern) often accompanied by diarrhoea, ascites and
Lymphangiectasis
oedema (Modern)
Lymphangioma Malformation of the lymphatic system
Lymphangitis Inflammation of the lymphatic channels abused by infection and sometimes called blood
 poisoning' (Modern)
Lymphasarcoma A malignant cancer involving the lymph system (Modern)
Lymphatic Referring to the system of small vessels pervading the body and carrying lymph. (19thc)
Lymphocythaemia An excess of normal lymphocytes (white blood cells) (Modern)
Localised fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by dysfunctional lymphatic system
Lymphoedema
(Modern)
Lymphoma A solid tumor of lymphoid cells arising from the lymph system (Modern).
Lymphosarcoma A malignant tumour of lymphoid cells (Modern)

M
Macrocephaly Very large headed (19thC)
Malaise General feeling of discomfort (Modern)
Mania Insanity, madness (19thC)
A wasting of the flesh, accompanied by loss of power, generally due to tubercular
disease of the mesenteric gland (glands associated with membranes in the
Marasmus
abdomen) (19thC). Associated most often these days with severe protein
malnutrition. (Modern)
Mastitis Inflammation of the breast (19thC)
Mastodynia Pain in the breasts (19thC)
Mastoid (process): Bone at base of skull very closely connected to the ear
Mastoid
(Modern)
Inflammation of the mastoid (process): Bone at base of skull very closely
Mastoiditis
connected to the ear (Modern)
Mastoid (process) Bone at base of skull very closely connected to the ear (Modern)
Masturbation Manual production of vicious excitement (19thC)
Measles & sequela A common infectious disease of childhood still encountered today.
Mediastinal/mediastinum The space in the chest between the sacs which surround each lung (19thc).
Inflammation of the tissues in the chest cavity known as the mediastinum
Mediastinitis
(Modern)
Mediastinum The space in the chest between the sacs which surround each lung (19thc).
Melaena Discharge of black blood from bowels (19thC)
Melancholia Morbid depression, a form of insanity (19thC)
A group of symptoms similar to meningitis (stiff neck, reaction to light and
Meningismus
headache) without inflammation of the membranes lining the brain (Modern)
Inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord, a serious disease
Meningitis
which is often fatal.
Meningocele Protrusion of brain matter through the skull (19thC)
Mesenteric/mesentery Membranes in the abdominal cavity (19thc)
Microcephalus Abnormally small head (Modern)
Microphthalmus Abnormally small eyes (Modern)
Micturition Act of passing urine (19thc)
Migraine Headache, usually known as sick headache, coming on periodically (19thC)
Refers to one of the valves in the heart which separates the upper and lower left
Mitral
chambers (19thc)
Molluscum Disease of the skin (19thC)
Congenital disorder, know known as Down's Syndrome, named after John
Mongolism
Langdon Down who first described its symptoms in 1866 (Modern)
Monoplegia Paralysis of one limb (19thC)
Morbus cordis Unspecified heart disease
 Morbus coxae Unspecified disease of the hip.
Mucocele Sac like swelling filled with mucus (modern)
Membranes which line body passages and cavities which are exposed to external
Mucous membranes environment, such as the mouth, eyes, nose. Some, like the nose, secrete mucus, a
thick sticky fluid.
A degenerative disease in which the linings of nerves in the brain and spinal cord
Multiple sclerosis
deteriorate resulting a wide spectrum of symptoms (Modern)
Muscular atrophy Wasting of muscles
Muscular dystrophy Inherited progressive weakness of muscles (Modern)
Myelitis Inflammation of the spinal cord (19thC)
Myocarditis Inflammation of the heart muscle, often following acute rheumatism (19thC)
Myoclonus Brief involuntary twitching of muscles (Modern)
Myopathy Muscular condition resulting in weakness (Modern)
Myopia Short sightedness (19thC)
Myositis Inflammation of skeletal muscles (Modern)
Myotonia Condition in which muscles relax only slowly after contraction. (Modern)
Myotonia congenital Condition in which muscles relax only slowly after contraction. (Modern)
A jelly-like form of dropsy, with dry skin, lethargy and extreme susceptibility to
Myxoedema
cold (19thC)

N
Naevolipoma Benign tumour of fatty tissue (Modern)
Naevus Birth mark (19thC)
Nasal septum The cartilage which separates the two nostrils of the nose (Modern)
Necrosis Death of a part of the body, most often applied to bone. (19thC)
Nephritis Inflammation of the kidney (19thC)
Nephrosis Non-inflammatory disease of kidneys (Modern)
Neuralgia Pain of a nerve (19thC)
Neurasthenia Nervous exhaustion (19thC)
Neuritis Inflammation of nerves (19thC)
Neurofibroma Tumour of peripheral nervous system (Modern)
Neuroma Tumour of peripheral nervous system (Modern)
Neuromimesis Neurotic simulation of organic disease (Modern)
Neuropathy Damage to the nervous system (Modern)
Neurosis Disease of nervous system but with no obvious structural cause (19thC)
Noma Ulceration of mouth or labia (19thC)
Nystagmus Involuntary movement of the eyeball (19thC)

O
Observation In hospital to be observed
Occiput Occiput: back of the skull (19thc)
Oedema Swelling of a body tissues, caused by accumulation of fluid (Modern)
Oedema neonatorum Swelling of a body tissues in the new born (Modern)
Oesophagismus Condition affecting the tube which connects the stomach to the mouth (Modern)
Oesophagus The canal which runs from the throat to the stomach (19thc)
 Oesophagus congenital Tube which carries food from mouth to stomach.
Ophthalmia Inflammation of the eye (19thC)
Ophthalmia neonatorum Inflammation of the eye in the newborn (19thC)
Ophthalmitis Inflammation of the eye (19thC)
Orbit Cavity which holds the eye (19thc)
Orchitis Inflammation of the testes (male organs of generation) (19thC)
Os calcis Heel bone (19thc)
Osteitis Inflammation of the bone (Modern)
Osteoarthritis Inflammation of the bones and joints (19thC)
Osteomalacia Softening of the bones (19thC)
Osteomyelitis Inflammation of the soft tissue of the bone (19thC)
Osteotomy Operation on a bone, generally breaking and resetting as in bow legs. (19thC)
Otitis Inflammation of the inner ear (19thC)
Otitis interna Inflammation of the internal ear (19thC)
Otitis media Inflammation of the middle ear (19thC)
Otitis media suppurating Inflammation of the middle ear , with production of pus (19thC)
Otorrhoea A purulent discharge from the ear. (19thC)

P
Pachymeningitis A form of meningitis (Modern)
Palate Roof of mouth (19thc)
Palsy Popular name for paralysis (19thC)
Panophthalmitis Inflammation of all tissues of the eyeball (19thC)
Panophthlamia Inflammation of all tissues of the eyeball (19thC)
Papilloma Small surface tumours
Operation performed on chest or abdomen to discharge fluid accumulated
Paracentesis
in dropsy patients (19thC)
A total or partial loss of sensation and power of movement., often only
Paralysis
affecting a specific part of the body.
Occurs in weakly children under 4 years; legs being usually affected.
Paralysis infantile
(19thc) A probable synonym for poliomyelitis.
Occurs in weakly children under 4 years; legs being usually affected.
Paralysis Infantile
(19thc) A probable synonym for poliomyelitis.
A form of neuromuscular paralysis, predisposition to which appears to be
Paralysis pseudohypertrophic
inherited (19thc) The diagnosis seems to have passed out of modern use.
Paraplegia Paralysis of the lower half of the body (19thC)
Result of incomplete separation of twin embryos in the uterus. One embryo
develops at the expense of the other, which ceases to grow and is vestigial
Parasitic foetus
to a mostly fully-formed, otherwise healthy individual twin at birth.
(Modern)
Paresis A slight form of paralysis (19thC)
Parietal bone One of the bones of the skull
Parotid Salivary gland situated near the ear and implicated in mumps (19thc)
Parotitis Mumps (19thC)
Patellar Knee cap
Pemphigus Skin disease marked by eruptions of large blisters (19thC)
Pericarditis Inflammation of the out6er coat of the heart (19thC)
Pericardium Membrane surrounding heart (19thc)
Perineal/perineum The space between the anus and the genital organs (19thc)
 Periosteal/Periosteum Membrane which covers bone (19thc)
Periosteitis Inflammation of the membrane covering a bone (19thC)
Peritoneal/Peritoneum Membrane which encloses intestines (19thc)
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane which holds the intestines
Peritonitis
in the abdomen. (19thC)
Inflammation of the membrane around the caecum (part of the intestines)
Perityphlitis
(19thC)
Phagadaena Ulcers or wounds which spread rapidly. (19thC)
Spasm of muscles in the pharynx (connects the mouth to the oesophagus
Pharyngismus
(19thC)) (Modern)
Inflammation of the pharynx (connects the mouth to the oesophagus)
Pharyngitis
(19thC)
Pharynx Connects the mouth to the oesophagus (19thc)
Contraction of the orifice of the prepuce (foreskin of penis), usually treated
Phimosis
by circumcision (19thC)
Phlebitis Inflammation of the veins caused by coagulation of the blood (19thC)
Rapid suppurating inflammation with formation of a hard mass, heating
Phlegmon
and pain (19thC)
Phlyctenular Small vesicles containing clear fluid, often associated with the eye (19thC)
Photophobia Dread of light (19thC)
Phthisis Specific name given to tubercular disease of the lungs. (19thC)
Phthisis in bulbi Shrunken non-functional eye resulting from disease or injury. (Modern)
Pityriasis A scaly skin disease (19thC)
Pleura Membranes lining chest cavity and the lungs (19thc)
Inflammation of the pleura - the membranes which surround the lungs and
Pleurisy
line the cavity of the chest. (19thC)
An alternative name for pleurisy: inflammation of the pleura - the
Pleuritis membranes which surround the lungs and line the cavity of the chest.
(19thC)
Pleurodynia Pain in the side (19thC)
Pleurisy (inflammation of the membranes lining the lung) combined with
Pleuropneumonia
pneumonia (19thC)
Pneumonia Inflammation of the lungs
Pneumothorax Air in the pleural cavity (19thC)
Polioencephalitis & sequela Inflammation of the grey matter of the brain (Modern)
Inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord (19thC), leading to
Poliomyelitis & sequela
paralysis.
Polycythaemia An excess of red blood cells (Modern)
Polydipsia Excessive thirst (Modern)
Polyp/Polypus A small simple tumour (19thc)
Polyuria Excessive flow of urine (19thC)
Type of eczema of hands and feet characterised by appearance of tiny
Pompholyx
blisters (Modern)
Porrigo capitus Skin condition of scalp marked by eruption of pustules. (19thC)
Postpharyngeal/Retrophayngeal Lower throat
Potts disease Spinal curvature (19thC)
Prematurity Born before full term (but after 7 months) (19thC)
Prepuce Foreskin of penis (19thc)
Prolapse Condition in which internal organs fall out of place (Modern)
Proptosis Protrusion of the eyeball (19thC)
Prurigo Skin disease marked by very irritable and lasting eruptions. (19thC)
Pruritis Local skin irritation, generally (19thC)
 Inadequate healing of fracture, such that the bone moves inappropriately
Pseudoarthrosis
(Modern)
Psoas A muscle of the side of the abdomen (19thc)
Psoriasis A scaly skin disease of chronic character (19thC)
Ptosis Drooping of upper eyelid (19thC)
Pubis Pubic bone (19thc)
Pulmonary Referring to the lungs
A serious skin disease marked by purple patches, caused by escape of
Purpura
blood into the skin. (19thC)
Blood poisoning caused by absorption of pus and marked by presence of
Pyaemia
abscesses. (19thC)
Pyelitis Inflammation of the kidney (19thC)
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the kidney (19thC)
Pyloric stenosis Constriction of the lower opening of the stomach into the intestines (19thC)
The lower opening of the stomach into the duodenum (small intestine)
Pylorus
(19thc)
Pyonephrosis Kidney infection causing pus in the urine (Modern)
Presence of gas and pus in the cavity between the pleura (the membranes
Pyopneumothorax
lining the lungs) (Modern)
Collection of pus in a fallopian tube (the tube the egg passes through from
Pyosalpinx
ovary to uterus) (Modern)
Pyrexia Fever, ill-defined (19thC)
Pyuria Pus in the urine (19thC)

Q
Quinsy Acute inflammation and enlargement of the tonsils (19thC)

R
Radius One of two bones in lower arm (19thc)
Ranula Cystic tumour under tongue (19thC)
Gangrene of finger and toe. A neurosis (19thC) Vasospasm of arteries which reduces blood
Raynauds disease
flow to fingers and toes. Cause unknown. (Modern)
Rectum Last portion of the large intestine (19thc)
Backward flow of fluid eg of blood through a defective valve or of the stomach contents eg
Regurgitation
vomiting (Modern)
Renal Relating to the kidney
Respiration The act of breathing (19thc)
Retained testes Failure of testes to descend into scrotal sac (Male organs of generation) (Modern)
Retinitis Inflammation of the retina (19thC)
Retroperitoneal Space within the abdominal cavity (Modern)
Rheumatic Acute form of rheumatism (19thC) An inflammatory disease following a Group A
disease streptococcal infection that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain (Modern)
Acute form of rheumatism (19thC) An inflammatory disease following a Group A
Rheumatic fever
streptococcal infection that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain (Modern)
Rheumatism A diseased condition of the blood; if acute it is commonly called rheumatic fever, but it
may be chronic or muscular. Always accompanied by great pain. (19thC) In modern times
 the term has vague meaning, in common usage referring to inflamed joints or joint pain.
Rheumatoid A chronic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally
arthritis attacks joints (Modern).
Inflammation of the nose (19thC) Inflammation of the membranes of the inner nose
Rhinitis
(Modern)
Rhinorrhoea Runny nose (Modern)
Also known as rachitis. A constitutional disease of childhood marked by curving of the
Rickets spine or long bones and enlargement of the joints. (19thC) It is now known that rickets is
most commonly associated with vitamin D or calcium deficiency. (Modern)
Circular skin eruption, contagious, often of the scalp, also called Tinea (19thC) Fungal skin
Ringworm
infection (Modern)
Rupture Hernia (19thC)

S
Protrusion of membranes lining the spine through a defect in lower vertebrae
Sacral meningocele
(Modern)
Sacroiliac Refers to a joint within the hip structure (Modern)
Sacrum Lowest division of the spine forming part of the pelvis (19thc)
Inflammation of the fallopian tube (the tube which carries the egg from the ovary to
Salpingitis
the womb) (19thC)
Sarcoma Fleshy tumour often malignant (19thC)
Scabies The itch, a contagious skin disease due to a parasitic insect (19thC)
Also known as scarletina. An infectious fever accompanied by redness of the skin,
Scarlet fever &
most common in children, accompanied by desquamation (or peeling) of the skin.
sequela
(19thC)
Knee pain associated with rapid growth during adolescence, when damage occurs to
Schlatters disease
the growth plate in the knee-end of the tibia (lower leg bone) (Modern)
The large nerve which arises in the lower back, passes through the hip and buttocks to
Sciatic nerve
the lower leg. (Modern)
Scleritis Inflammatory disease of the eye ball (Modern)
Scleroderma Chronic disease of the skin causing hardness (19thC)
Scleroma Hardening of the tissues generally, in infants rare but fatal (19thC)
Sclerosis Hardening of the tissues generally, in infants rare but fatal (19thC)
Scoliosis Curving of the spine (19thC)
Scrofula Constitutional debility with tendency to tuberculosis (19thC)
Scrotum Sac which holds testicles (19thc)
Also known as scorbutus, a disease marked by dejection, anaemia and haemorrhage
Scurvy
and caused by want of fresh meat and vegetables (19thC)
Combination of scurvy, condition associated with want of fresh meat and vegetables,
Scurvy rickets
and rickets, marked by curving of spine and long bones and painful joints.(19thC)
Sebaceous Realting to glands in the skin
Seborrhoea Excessive secretion of the sebaceous glands, located in the skin.
Sepsis Putrefaction (19thC)
Septic Which causes putrefaction or the rotting away of living matter. (19thc)
Blood poisoning caused by micro-organisms in the blood, which increase rapidly
Septicaemia
causing high fever. (19thC)
Sequela Other conditions arising as a result of the original infection (Modern)
Also called herpes. Acute inflammation of the skin (19thC) now known to be caused
Shingles
by the virus Varicella zoster(Modern)
 Shock Sudden prostration due to painful impression. (19thC)
Sinus Passage leading from an abscess, or some inner part, to an external opening. (19thC)
Sloughing Throwing off of dead matter, such as skin, eg by ulcers (19thC)
Smallpox & sequela Also known as Variola, infectious fever marked by an eruption of red pimples.
Soft palate The soft part of the roof of the mouth (Modern)
Somnambulism Walking in the sleep (19thC)
Spengels shoulder Deformity of the shoulder blade (Modern)
Spermatocele Cyst of testes which contains spermatozoa (Modern)
Spina bifida A congenital malformation of the spine (19thC)
The marrow of the spine (19thc) The bundle of nerves which lead from the brain into
Spinal cord
the rest of the body, and are enclosed within the spinal column (modern)
Spleen An oval body to left of stomach, which forms and purifies the blood (19thc)
Enlarged spleen, an oval body to left of stomach, which forms and purifies the blood
Splenomegaly
(19thC)
Spondylitis Inflammation of the spine (19thC)
Fungal infection of the skin, which can also affect the lungs, joints and brain
Sporotrichosis
(Modern)
Sprengels deformity Deformity of the shoulder blade (Modern)
Staphyloma A protrusion on the back surface of the eye
Stasis intestine Decrease o absence of normal muscular contractions of the intestine (Modern)
Hyperplasia of lymphatic tissue thought to be responsible for sudden infant death.
Status lymphaticus The disease is no longer recognised as a discrete entity and the term has passed out of
use (Modern)
Steatorrhoea Presence of excess fat in the stools (Modern)
Stenosis Contraction or constriction (19thc)
Sternum The breast bone
Stills disease Form of arthritis marked by high fever and rash (Modern)
Stomatitis Inflammation of the mouth often with ulceration (19thC)
Stone Also known as calculus. Most often found in the bladder (Calculus vesica) (19thC)
Strabismus Squint (19thC)
A complication of hernia, where the blood supply to the intestines has been
Strangulated intestines
compromised (19thC)
A complication of hernia, where the blood supply to the testes has been compromised
Strangulated testes
(19thC)
Strepococcal Bacterial infection (a 'chain-form' of bacteria) (19thc)
Stricture Contraction (19thC)
Stridor Harsh, crackling sounds in breathing (19thC)
A swelling associated with scrofula, a constitutional debility with a tendency to
Struma/strumous
tuberculosis (19thc)
Swollen digits (of hands or feet) associated with scrofula, a constitutional debility
Strumous dactylitis
with a tendency to tuberculosis (19thC)
Inflammation of the cornea of the eye, associated with scrofula, a constitutional
Strumous keratitis
debility with a tendency to tuberculosis (19thC)
Swollen eye, associated with scrofula, a constitutional debility with a tendency to
Strumous ophthalmia
tuberculosis (19thC)
Strumpells paralysis A form of paralysis, similar to poliomyelitis (Modern)
Subdural Refers to one of the membranes surrounding the spinal cord
Supernumerary Condition in which an additional outer ear appears to be present, either complete or in
auricle vestigial form, present at birth
Supernumerary digits Presence of more than the normal number of fingers of toes
Suppression urine Decreased flow of urine (Modern)
Suppurating Inflammation with production of pus
 Symes amputation Amputation at the ankle joint (19thC)
Syndactyly Condition in which two or more digits are fused together, present at birth (Modern)
Synovitis Inflammation of one of the membranes lining a joint (19thC)
Venereal disease, specific and contagious, in some cases can be transferred from
Syphilis & sequela
mother to child during pregnancy. (19thC)
Syphilis & sequela Venereal disease, specific and contagious, in some cases can be transferred from
congenital mother to child during pregnancy. (19thC)

T
Tabes Wasting disease, with several causes including tuberculosis (19thC)
Tabes mesenterica Tubercular disease of the intestines (19thC)
Tachycardia Rapid heart rate (Modern)
Taenia Tapeworm (19thC)
Talangiectasis
Small dilated blood vessels near surface of skin, most common on face (Modern)
congenital
Also known as club foot. A turning of the foot in the wrong direction. There are
several different forms: the main ones being Talipes valgus: the foot turns outwards;
Talipes
varus, the foot turns inwards; equinus, the heel is lifted from the ground. (19thC) The
condition can exist at birth or be acquired during life.
Inflammation of the sheath which surrounds a tendon (the tissue which connects
Tenosynovitis
muscle to bone) (Modern)
Testes/Testicles Male sex organs, also referred to as testicles
Lock-jaw (19thC) Now known to be bacterial in original (Clostridium tetani).
Tetanus & sequela
(Modern)
Involuntary contraction of muscles - it is not clear if the Victorian doctors
Tetany
differentiated between tetanus and tetany
Thorax The chest cavity holding the lungs and heart (19thc)
Thrombosis Coagulation of the blood to form a clot in a blood vessel which blocks it. (19thC)
Also known as aphthae. Small white ulcers in the mouth (19thC), now known to be
Thrush
caused by a yeast infection.
A gland at the front of the neck (19thc) Specialised organ of the immune system
Thymus
which produces immune cells, t-lymphocytes (Modern)
Part of the embryonic thyroid gland which usually closes after birth, but when it does
Thyroglossal duct
not it can lead to problems.(Modern)
Gland in neck (19thc) producing hormones which influence metabolism among other
Thyroid
activities (Modern)
Tibia One of two small bones in lower leg (19thc)
Tic Sudden repetitive involuntary motor movement or vocalisation (Modern)
Disease of skin due to vegetable parasite also called ringworm (19thC) Fungal skin
Tinea
infection (Modern)
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, also known as quinsy.
Wry-neck (19thC), condition in which head is tilted to one side and the chin raised
Torticollis
and pointed towards the opposite side (Modern)
Toxaemia A poisoned state of the blood (19thC)
Trachea Windpipe
Tracheitis Inflammation of the windpipe (Modern)
The operation to make an opening into the windpipe and insertion of a tube so the
Tracheotomy
patient can breathe through the tube instead of the mouth (19thC)
Trachoma Infectious eye disease (Modern)
Trichinosis Disease caused by a spiral worm found in swine (19thC)
Tubercle/Tubercular Relating to a form of tuberculosis
 Tuberculosis is caused by a bacillus, to which there is an inherited tendency (19thC)
and can affect single or multiple sites in the body. The inherited nature of the disease
Tuberculosis
has been disproved. Tubercular infection was a great scourge of 19th century poor
children. (Modern)
Tumour Enlargement due to a permanent growth (19thC)
Turbinals Nasal bones (19thc)
Tympanites Wind-dropsy, a distended abdomen caused by gas in the intestines (19thC)
Typhlitis Inflammation of the lining of part of the intestines (caecum) (19thc)
A continued fever usually accompanied by intestinal disturbance and a rose-coloured
Typhoid fever & eruption on the 7th day. Not to be confused with Typhus Fever (19thC) Now known to
sequela be caused by ingesting water or food carrying the bacteria Salmonella typhii.
(Modern)
Highly infectious fever peculiar to dense , ill-ventilated habitations associated with
Typhus fever &
poverty and bad-air.(19thC) Now known to be caused by infestation by Rickettsia
sequela
parasite, spread by mites or fleas. Modern)

U
Ulcerative colitis Inflammation and ulcers of the intestine (19thC)
Ulna One of two small bones in lower arm (19thc)
Umbilicus Belly button
Undescended Condition in which the testes fail to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotal sac
testes (Modern)
Uraemia Presence of urea in the blood, indicative of kidney disease (19thC)
Urethra The canal which carries urine out of the body from the bladder
Urethritis Inflammation of the urethra, the canal passes urine out of the body from the bladder (19thC)
The system which produces urine, includes kidneys, bladder and the tubes which connect
Urinary tract
them together and to the exterior of the body (Modern)
Nettle rash - a skin disease with eruptions causing great irritation. Generally the result of
urticaria
eating unwholesome food (19thC)
Nettle rash - a skin disease with eruptions causing great irritation. Generally the result of
Urticaria
eating unwholesome food (19thC)
Uvula The small fleshy body which hangs down at the back of the throat (19thc)

V
Vaccinia & Vaccinia is the virus used in small pox vaccination, which could cause adverse reactions in
sequela its recipients such as rash, fever and headache (Modern)
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina (Modern
Varicella &
Chicken pox (19thC)
sequela
Venereal disease Diseases related to sexual intercourse. All are contagious. (19thC)
Vertigo Giddiness (19thC)
Volkmans
Permanent flexing of the hand at the wrist (Modern)
contracture
Von Jakschs
A chronic form of anemia occurring in young children (Modern)
anaemia
Vulva Female sex organ
Vulvitis Inflammation of the vulva, the female external organs of generation (19thC)

W
 Condition in which the fingers are joined at the base by a web of skin, also called syndactyly
Webbed digits
(Modern)
Wen Cyst often associated with a sebaceous gland (Modern)
Whitlow Inflammation near a finger nail, with formation of pus. (19thC)
Whooping Also known as Pertussis. A contagious, spasmodic cough, common in childhood in 19th
cough & century. The cough ends in a whoop and sometimes causes vomiting. (19thC) Despite
sequela availability of an effective vaccine it still kills many people each year, mainly, but not

X
Xanthelasma Yellow patches on the skin (19thC)
Xeroderma Dryness of the skin (19thC)
Xeroderma A genetic condition in which skin is unable to repair damage by ultraviolet light and
pigmentosa patient must avoid excessive exposure to the sun (Modern)
Term Meaning
a- no; not; without
an- no; not; without
ab- away from
abdomin/o abdomen
-ac pertaining to
acanth/o spiny; thorny
acar/o mites
acetabul/o acetabulum (hip socket)
acous/o hearing
acoust/o hearing, sound
acr/o extremeties; top; extreme point
acromi/o acromion (extension of shoulder bone)
actin/o light
acu/o sharp; severe; sudden
-acusis hearing
ad- toward
-ad toward
aden/o gland
adenoid/o adenoids
adip/o fat
adren/o adrenal gland
adrenal/o adrenal gland
aer/o air
af- toward
agglutin/o clumping; sticking together
-agogue producer, leader
-agon to assemble; gather
agora- marketplace
-agra excessive pain
-al pertaining to
alb/o white
albin/o white
albumin/o albumin (protein)
alges/o sensitivity to pain
-algesia sensitivity to pain
-algia pain
all/o other
alveol/o alveolus; air sac; small sac
ambi- around, on both sides, about
ambly/o dim; dul
amphi- around, on both sides
-amine nitrogen compound
ammon/o ammonium
amni/o amnion (ssac surrounding the embryo)
amyl/o starch
an/o anus
-an pertaining to
ana- up; apart; backward; again; anew
andr/o male
aneurysm/o aneurysm (widening of blood vessel)
angi/o vessel (blood)
anis/o unequal
ankyl/o stiff
ante- before; forward
anter/o front
anthrac/o coal
anthr/o antrum of the stomach
anti- against
anxi/o uneasy; anxious
aort/o aorta (largest artery)
-apheresis removal
aphth/o ulcer
apo- off; away
aponeur/o aponeurosis (type of tendon)
append/o appendix
appendic/o appendix
aque/o water
-ar pertaining to
arachn/o spider
-arche beginning
arsenic/o arsenic
arter/o artery
arteri/o artery
arteriol/o arteriole (small artery)
arthr/o joint
-arthria articulate (speak distinctly)
articul/o joint
-artresia closure, occlusion
 atreto- closed, lacking an opening
-ary pertaining to
asbest/o asbestos
-ase enzyme
aspir/o removal
-assay to examine, analyze
-asthenia lack of strength
astr/o star, star-shaped
aque/o water
atel/o incomplete
ather/o plaque (fatty substance)
-ation process; condition
atri/o atrium (upper heart chamber)
atmo- steam, vapor
audi/o hearing

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