LECTURE NOTES IN MAPEH 10 PAUL CEZANNE

ART
Quarter I: Modern art Paul Cézanne (1839–1906) was a French artist and post-impressionist painter. His work
exemplified the transition from late 19th-century impressionism to a new and radically
different world of art in the 20th century—paving the way for the next revolutionary art
IMPRESSIONISM:
movement known as expressionism.
There were several areas in which impressionist artists moved away from the established
practices of art at that time. These involved their use of color, choice of subject matter and VINCENT VAN GOGH
setting, and technique for capturing light and conveying movement. Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) was a post-impressionist painter from The
 Color and Light Netherlands. His works were remarkable for their strong, heavy brush strokes, intense
o Short broken strokes emotions, and colors that appeared to almost pulsate with energy. Van Gogh’s striking
o Pure unmixed colors side by side style was to have a far-reaching influence on 20th century art, with his works becoming
o Freely brushed colors (convey visual effects) among the most recognized in the world.
 “Everyday” Subjects
 Painting Outdoors EXPRESSIONISM:
 Open Composition
Expressionist artists created works with more emotional force, rather than with realistic or
Works of Manet, Monet, and Renoir natural images. To achieve this, they distorted outlines, applied strong colors, and
exaggerated forms. They worked more with their imagination and feelings, rather than with
Edouard Manet (1832-1883) was one of the first 19th century artists to depict modern-life what their eyes saw in the physical world.
subjects. He was a key figure in the transition from realism to impressionism, with a number
of his works considered as marking the birth of modern art .
Among the various styles that arose within the expressionist art movements were:
• neoprimitivism
Claude Monet (1840-1926) was one of the founders of the impressionist movement along
with his friends Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille. He was the most • fauvism
prominent of the group; and is considered the most influential figure in the movement. Monet • Dadaism
is best known for his landscape paintings, particularly those depicting his beloved flower  Surrealism
gardens and water lily ponds at his home in Giverny.  Social realism
1. La Promenade
2. The Red Boats, Argenteuil
3. Bridge Over a Pond of Water Lilies 1. Neoprimitivism
4. Irises in Monet’s Garden Neoprimitivism was an art style that incorporated elements from the native arts of the South
Sea Islanders and the wood carvings of African tribes which suddenly became popular at that
Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), along with Claude Monet, was one of the central figures of the time. Among the Western artists who adapted these elements was Amedeo Modigliani, who
impressionist movement. His early works were snapshots of real life, full of sparkling color used the oval faces and elongated shapes of African art in both his sculptures and paintings.
and light. By the mid-1880s, however, Renoir broke away from the impressionist movement
to apply a more disciplined, formal technique to portraits
2. Fauvism

Post-Impressionism:
Fauvism was a style that used bold, vibrant colors and visual distortions. Its name was
derived from les fauves (“wild beasts”), referring to the group of French expressionist
painters who painted in this style. Perhaps the most known
3. Dadaism
Dadaism was a style characterized by dream fantasies, memory images, and visual tricks and
surprises—as in the paintings of Marc Chagall and Giorgio de Chirico below. Although the
works appeared playful, the movement arose from the pain that a group of European artists
felt after the suffering brought by World War I. Wishing to protest against the civilization
that had brought on such horrors, these artists rebelled against established norms and
authorities, and against the traditional styles in art. They chose the child’s term for
hobbyhorse, dada, to refer to their new “non-style.”
4. Surrealism
Surrealism was a style that depicted an illogical, subconscious dream world beyond the
logical, conscious, physical one. Its name came from the term “super realism,” with its
artworks clearly expressing a departure from reality—as though the artists were dreaming,
seeing illusions, or experiencing an alter Social Realism
5. Social realism
The movement known as social realism expressed the artist’s role in social reform. Here,
used their works to protest against the injustices, inequalities, immorality, and ugliness of the
human condition.
In different periods of history, social realists have addressed different issues: war, poverty,
corruption, industrial and environmental hazards, and more—in the hope of raising people’s
awareness and pushing society to seek reforms.
Pablo Picasso’s Guernica has been recognized as the most monumental and comprehensive
statement of social realism against the brutality of war. Filling one wall of the Spanish
Pavilion at the 1937 World’s Fair in Paris, it was Picasso’s outcry against the German air raid
of the town of Guernica in his native Spain.
ABSTRACTIONISM:
The abstractionist movement arose from the intellectual points of view in the 20th century. In
the world of science, physicists were formulating a new view of the universe, which resulted
in the concepts of space-time and relativity. This intellectualism was reflected even in art.
While expressionism was emotional, abstractionism was logical and rational. It involved
analyzing, detaching, selecting, and simplifying.
Grouped under abstractionism are the following art styles:
Conceptual Art -As the term implies, conceptual art was that which arose in the mind of the film documentation). Conceptualists questioned the idea of art as objects to be bought and
artist, took concrete form for a time, and then disappeared (unless it was captured in photo or
• cubism
• futurism
• mechanical style
• nonobjectivism
Cubism
The cubist style derived its name from the cube, a three- dimensional geometric figure
composed of strictly measured lines, planes, and angles. Cubist artworks were, therefore, a
play of planes and angles on a flat surface. Foremost among the cubists was Spanish
painter/sculptor Pablo Picasso .
Futurism
The movement known as futurism began in Italy in the early 1900s. As the name implies, the
futurists created art for a fast-paced, machine-propelled age. They admired the motion, force,
speed, and strength of mechanical forms. Thus, their works depicted the dynamic sensation of
all these—as can be seen in the works of Italian painter Gino Severini.
Nonobjectivism
The logical geometrical conclusion of abstractionism came in the style known as
nonobjectivism. From the very term “non-object,” works in this style did not make use of
figures or even representations of figures. They did not refer to recognizable objects or forms
in the outside world. Foremost among the nonobjectivists was Dutch painter Piet Mondrian.
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM:
Action Painting
One form of abstract expressionism was seen in the works of Jackson Pollock. These were
created through what came to be known as “action painting.”
Pollock worked on huge canvases spread on the floor, splattering, squirting, and dribbling
paint with (seemingly) no pre-planned pattern or design in mind. The total effect is one of
vitality, creativit y, “energy made visible.” Pollock’s first one-man show in New York in
1943 focused worldwide attention on abstract expressionism for the first time.
Color Field Painting
In contrast to the vigorous gestures of the action painters, another group of artists who came
to be known as “color field painters” used different color saturatio
sold. Instead, they brought their artistic ideas to life temporarily, using such unusual materials experience varying facets of the work in stages. Some works allow the viewer to touch or feel,
as grease, blocks of ice, food, even just plain dirt. hear, and smell elements that the artist has incorporated in the installation. Thus, there is a
strong parallel between installation art and theater. Both play to an “audience” that is
A key difference between a conceptual artwork and a traditional painting or sculpture is that
expected to interact with and be affected by the sensory experience that surrounds them.
the conceptualist’s work often requires little or no physical craftsmanship. Much of the
artist’s time and effort goes into the concept or idea behind the work, Performance Art
Performance art is a form of modern art in which the actions of an individual or a group at a
with the actual execution then being relatively quick and simple. An example is this conceptual
particular place and in a particular time constitute the work. It can happen anywhere, at any
art piece by Kosuth.
time, or for any length of time. It can be any situation that involves four basic elements:
Op Art • time
Another movement that emerged in the 1960s was optical art or “op art.” This was yet another • space
experiment in visual experience—a form of “action painting,” with the action taking place in • the performer’s body
the viewer’s eye. In op art, lines, spaces, and colors were precisely planned and positioned to • a relationship between performer and audience.
give the illusion of movement. Performance art does include such activities as theater, dance, music, mime, juggling, and
gymnastics. However, the term is usually reserved for more unexpected, avant- garde, and
unorthodox activities intended to capture the audience’s attention. The performer himself or
As the eye moved over different segments of the image, perfectly stable components appeared herself is the artist, rather than an actor playing a character as in a stage play.The performance
to shift back and forth, sometimes faster, sometimes slower as the brain responded to the venue may range from an art gallery or museum to a theater, café, bar, or street corner. The
optical data. Viewers experienced sensations varying ng from discomfort to disorientation to performance itself rarely follows a traditional story line or plot. It might be a series of intimate
giddiness. gestures, a grand theatrical act, or the performer remaining totally still. It may last for just a
CONTEMPORARY ARTS FORMS: few minutes or extend for several hours. It may be based on a written script or spontaneously
improvised as the performance unfolds.
Installation Art
Installation art is a contemporary art form that uses sculptural materials and other media to
modify the way the viewer experiences a particular space. Usually life size or sometimes even
larger, installation art is not necessarily confined to gallery spaces. It can be constructed or
positioned in everyday public or private spaces, both indoor and outdoor
Materials used in today’s installation art range from everyday items and natural materials to
new media such as video, sound, performance, and computers.

It may be said that primitive forms of this art have existed since prehistoric times. However,
this genre was not regarded as a distinct category until the mid-20th century and only
came to prominence in the 1970s. The installation artist’s manipulation of space and
materials has also been called “environmental art,” “project art,” and “temporary art.”

Essentially, installation art creates an entire sensory experience for the viewer. Many
installations are of a size and structure that the viewer can actually walk through them, and