Writing

Capital Letters
In English, we use capital letters for:
- the first word of a sentence
- names of people, places and sports teams
- cities, countries, nationalities and languages
- days of the week, months and festivals
- the pronoun I

Las Mayúsculas
Se escriben con mayúscula:
- la primera palabra de una oración,
We are at school.

- los nombres de personas, lugares o equipos deportivos,

Susan Jones, Woodbury High School, Arsenal FC

- las ciudades, los países, las nacionalidades y los idiomas,

Newcastle, England, Brazilian, French

- los días de la semana,

Tuesday

- los meses,
May

- los días festivos,

New Year’s Eve

- el pronombre personal I.
I play basketball every day.

Punctuation
We use …
- a full stop (.) at the end of a sentence
- a question mark (?) at the end of a question
- an exclamation mark (!) to express strong feelings or for emphasis
- a comma (,) to separate items in a list
La puntuación
- El punto (.) va al final de las oraciones afirmativas y negativas.
Art lessons are fun.
We don’t use a calculator in class.

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 - El signo de interrogación (?) se coloca solo al final de las preguntas.
What school subjects do you like?

- El signo de exclamación (!) también se coloca solo al final de la frase y sirve para expresar una
emoción o un sentimiento o para hacer hincapié en algo.
I hate history! It’s so boring!

- La coma (,) se usa para separar palabras o ideas. Normalmente no se pone delante de and.
Maths, music and French are my favourite school subjects.

1. Copy the sentences and add the missing capital letters and punctuation.
a. is sara’s birthday in august
b. my family and i are from brazil
c. maths history and french are my favourite school subjects
2. Punctuate the sentences.
a. my favourite city is cardiff in wales I love it
b. people speak english and some people speak welsh
c. it’s famous for cardiff castle llandaff cathedral and the millennium centre
d. the most important festival is in july or august
e. i usually go shopping in queen street on saturdays
f. what’s your favourite city

Linking Words: and, but, or, because

- We use and to join two or more words or clauses. That is, we use and to connect similar ideas.
- We use or to join two or more alternative words or clauses. That is, we use or to give different
options.
- We use but to introduce a contrasting word, clause or statement. That is, we use but to contrast
different ideas.
- We use because to give a reason for something. That is, we use because to give a reason.

Las conjunciones
Son palabras que unen dos o más ideas
- and (y) une dos oraciones o ideas.
We often laugh with our kids and hug them.
- or (o) conecta diferentes alternativas. En oraciones afirmativas o interriogativas se traduce por “o”
mientras que en oraciones negativas se traduce por “ni”.
Do you take photos with your camera or with your mobile phone?
I am not brave or adventurous.

- but (pero) contrasta dos ideas.

He’s lazy, but very clever.

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 - because (porque) expresa la razón o causa de algo.
She is crying because she fell.

3. Complete the sentences with and, or, but or because.

a. I usually listen to rock music ____ hip-hop.
b. It’s really old, ____ it’s very cool.
c. I don’t like pop ____ electronic music.
d. I’m studying a lot right now _________ I have exams.
4. Complete the sentences with and, or, but or because.
a. I don’t like video games _____ films.
b. I really like Latin music, _____I can’t understand the lyrics.
c. I can’t listen to music now ___________ my phone’s broken.
d. My favourite sports are basketball ______ tennis.
e. Do you like doing sports _______ do you prefer other activities?
f. I’m going to bed now ______ I’m feeling really tired.
5. Circle the correct option.

Hi Carla,
I’m not reading a book at school, 1but / and I’m reading one at home. It’s called Waiting. I like it 2or /
because it’s about China 3but / and I’m learning Chinese. I’m also listening to a great album. It’s by The
Script. I don’t like classical music 4or / and hip-hop. That’s why I don’t want to go to the concert. The
Script is going on tour next month, 5but / or not near here so I can’t go to that concert either.
I’m also busy at the moment 6and / because I’m going to acting classes 7or / and I’m learning to draw. I
love acting, 8but / and I’m not very good at it. I prefer drawing to painting 9because / but I want to be an
architect. Can you act 10and / or draw?
Joe

6. Complete the sentences with and, or, but or because.

a. She’s crying ____ she’s sad.
b. He’s talking loudly, _______ he isn’t shouting.
c. He often walks on the beach _______ takes pictures of the landscape.
d. I don’t do extreme sport ________ watch it on TV.
e. Jake is clever, _____ he’s very lazy.

Too and also

We use also and too to add more information. Notice the position of these linking words
- We use too at the end of a sentence.
She likes cheese too.

- We use also after the verb be and before other main verbs.

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 He’s also a teacher.
The town also has a cinema.

7. Complete with too or also.

a. I’m cheerful and very active ____!
b. I play sports. I ______ go camping.
c. John is confident. He’s ______ talkative.
8. Rewrite the sentences with too or also.
a. I like cooking and I’m into painting. (too)
b. She plays tennis and she does yoga. (also)
c. Sam is talkative and he’s cheerful. (too)
d. We study a lot, but we have fun. (also)
e. We see each other during the week and at the weekend. (too)
f. My best friend is very active and she’s generous. (also)
9. Read the text and circle the correct option.

Hi! I’m Kate and I’m from Brighton, a town in the UK.
In my free time I love drawing, and I sometimes play the guitar 1also / too. I want to play well, but I’m
lazy. I 2also / too like singing.
My best friends are Joss and Ralph. We meet every weekend. We 3also / too meet in the leisure centre
on Tuesdays. Ralph’s really into sport. He does martial arts and he plays basketball 4also / too. He’s
usually cheerful, but he’s sometimes grumpy when we play cards; Joss always wins and Ralph doesn’t
like losing!
Joss is generous and 5also / too handsome. All the girls like him, and I do 6also / too. But he is 7also /
too shy and I am 8also / too, so I guess we will never be boyfriend and girlfriend.

10. Put also and too in the correct places in the sentences.
a. There is an amusement park to visit. (also)
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. We can go to the mountains. (too)
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. We have a carnival in August. (also)
_________________________________________________________________________________
d. Lots of people visit the beautiful beaches. (too)
_________________________________________________________________________________
e. They make traditional products. (also)
_________________________________________________________________________________

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11. Order the second part of the sentences.
a. He’s got a lot of hobbies, but (a good student / too / he’s).
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. Helen’s kind, but (also / she’s / a little selfish).
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. We play cards and (like / we / board games / also).
_________________________________________________________________________________
d. You’re cheerful, but (too / you’re / quiet).
_________________________________________________________________________________
e. They hate cooking and (hate / they / also / shopping).
_________________________________________________________________________________
f. I do acting and (too / go swimming / I).
_________________________________________________________________________________

Word Order
- The basic Word order in an English sentence is SVO, that is, subject + verb + object. That is, the
subject of a sentence comes before the verb.
Tim danced.

- Adjectives are never plural.

- Adjectives usually come before a noun.

They saw a free concert.

- Adjectives also come after the verb to be.

The concert was free.

- Adverbs of frequency come after be but before other verbs.

- Time expressions come after places.

El orden de las palabras

- El sujeto de las oraciones afirmativas y negativas se pone delante del verbo.
Harry plays the trumpet.
They don’t like concerts.

- En las preguntas, el sujeto va detrás del verbo si es el verbo to be o entre el auxiliar y el verbo
principal.
Where is my violin?
Do you play the drums?

- Los adjetivos normalmente van delante de los sustantivos.

This is a fantastic song.

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 - Los adjetivos también pueden ir después del verbo to be.
This song is fantastic.

12. Match the forms with the sentences

1. subject + verb + object a. I normally buy clothes in shopping centre

2. adjective + noun b. I’m always tired in the evening.

3. adverb of frequency + verb c. I hate black clothes.

4. be + adverb of frequency d. I’m at home now.

5. place + time expression e. I prefer designer clothes.

13. Order the words to make sentences

a. I’m / at the moment / in the town centre
b. designer clothes / buys / he / never
c. wearing / new / you’re / your / today / shirt
d. in / now / winter clothes / the shops / are
e. popular / songs / these days / rap / are
14. Write the words in the correct order to make sentences.
a. is / a / musician / famous / he
b. likes / John / music / loud
c. was / fantastic / the singer
d. guitar / I / have got / a / new
e. were / the tickets / expensive
15. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.
a. cat / I / fat / a / ‘ve got
b. The / tiger / animal / dangerous / is / a
c. big / African / has got / elephant / ears / The
d. are / very / Gorillas / strong
e. are / Giraffes / tall

Time Connectors or Connectors of Sequence

We use time connectors or connectors of sequence (first, next, then, after that, finally) to sequence
events, that is, to show the order of events. We often put the connectors of sequence at the beginning of
the sentence.
Los conectores de secuencia

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 Cuando se cuentan una serie de hechos, se usan estas palabras para mostrar el orden en que ocurrieron:
- first (primero, en primer lugar) indica lo primero que pasó,
- next (a continuación),
- then (luego, entonces),
- after that (después),
- finally (finalmente, para terminar) indica lo ultimo que pasó.

Last week, I was in London. First, I visited my aunt. Next, we had lunch at a restaurant. Then, we
went shopping at the supermarket. After that, we went back to her house. Finally, she took me home.

16. Choose the correct options.

Yesterday was a strange day. 1First / Next, I got up. 2Then / Finally, I had breakfast. 3First / After that,
I got ready for school. 4Finally / Next, I walked to the bus stop and took the bus to school. I was
surprised because the school was closed. 5Then / Finally, I looked at my phone. It was Sunday!

Referencing
We use pronouns and possessive adjectives when we don’t want to repeat names and nouns.
Freddie was walking to school. He was late.
Lucy told the police about her accident.

Los adjetivos posesivos y los pronombres

Sirven para hacer referencia a los sustantivos mencionados anteriormente y no repetirlos.

17. Replace the words in bold with the correct pronouns or possessive adjectives.
a. John was watching TV. John saw the report about the music festival.
b. The festival was great and the festival really livened up the neighbourhood.
c. Susan and Henry were sitting in the park with Susan and Henry’s dog ten minutes ago.
d. Paul and I were talking about Paul and my English test.

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 Before or after + -ing form
- We use before to say which action or event happens earlier.
Before opening the shop, he saved a lot of money.
Before he opened the shop, he saved a lot of money.

- We use after to say which action or event happens later.

After leaving school, he worked for a tea company.
After he left the school, he worked for a tea company.

18. Rewrite the underlined part of the sentences. Use before or after + -ing form.
a. My grandfather lived in France before he moved to England.
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. After he worked as a mechanic, he worked in an office.
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. Before she started to work, my grandmother studied at this school.
_________________________________________________________________________________
d. She stopped working for five years after she had children.
_________________________________________________________________________________
e. Before she opened the hairdresser’s, she had more free time.
_________________________________________________________________________________

Because and so
- We use because to give a reason or to explain the reason for something
My favourite TV night is Tuesday because The Big Bang Theory is on.

- We use so when one event is the consequence of another or to explain a consequence.

There are a lot of different characters and stories, so it is never boring.

19. Join the sentences with because or so.

a. I usually watch TV at nine o’clock _____________ I like watching the news.

b. I don’t like watching advertisements __________ I change the channel when they’re on.
c. I like quiz shows about geography ____________ I love travelling
d. My favourite programme is on late ____________ I watch it in bed.
e. I like sitcoms _______ I watch The Big Bang Theory.
20. Circle the correct option.
I like music 1so / because I always watch the Top 40 music charts. I like it 2so / because you can see your
favourite stars and the latest music videos. I like fashion too 3so / because I like seeing the clothes people
wear in the videos. It’s on at the weekend 4so / because kids don’t go to school then, but I sometimes

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 download it 5so / because I can watch it again during the week. I talk about it with my friends 6so /
because they like watching it too.
21. Complete the sentences with so or because.
a. Film studios usually make a sequel ___________ the first film us very popular.
b. Harry Potter is a wizard ________ he goes to Hogwarts School.
c. Peter Parker becomes Spiderman __________ a spider bites him.
d. Woody is angry with Buzz ____________ Buzz thinks he’s a real space ranger, not a toy.
e. In The Lion King, the king, Mufasa, dies ____________ his son, Simba, runs away.

Text Structure

It is important to put information in a logical order when you are writing, and to put the information into
paragraphs. This makes it easier for somebody to read and understand.

Paragraph Structure: introduction or opening sentence – body of the text – closing sentence or paragraph