Urbanization

Causes and Effects

 

Urbanization

Urbanization refers to a process in which an

increasing proportion of a society live in cities and the
suburbs of cities. Historically
Historically,, it has been
been closely
connected with industrialization.
Industrialization is a process that extensively uses
inanimate sources of energy to enhance human
productivity.
  ollowing industrialization, surpluses increased in both
agriculture and industry
industry.. !arger and larger proportions
of a population could live in cities. Economic forces
were such that cities became the ideal places to locate
factories and their wor"ers.
 

City or Urban #ettlement

 $ %city% refers to a place of relatively



dense settlement && dense enough so

that city residents can not grow their
own food resources. $ city
population, therefore, is always
dependent upon its %hinterlands% to
provide it with food resources.
 

Causes of Urbanization

 Industrial 'evolution
 Industrialization following the Industrial
'evolution
 Emergence of large manufacturing
centers
 (ob )pportunities
  $vailability of easy transportation
 *igration
 

Chicago in +-

/opulation +0
 

Chicago in +1

/opulation +2,1,030
 

Effects of Urbanization

4 /ositive

4 5egative
 

/luses

 6enefits include reduced transport

costs, exchange of ideas, and sharing
of natural resources.
 Cities act as beacons for the rural

population because they represent a

higher standard of living
 Cities offer opportunities to people not

available in the countryside

 

/luses

 #ocial 7 'eligious taboos8 sanctions

disappearing
 Education is a tool to eradicate social
evils
 Industrialization, Urbanization,
Education, !egislation, #ecularizat
#ecularization&
ion&
se9uence of development
 :iffusion of urban culture to rural areas
 

*inuses
 Industrial cities were difficult places to live in due to;
 /ublic health issues resulting from contaminated water
and air and the spread communicable diseases due to
overcrowding.
 Unemployment and under employment
 #evere shortage of housing
 <ransportation&commuting
<ransportation&commuting issues, lac" of public

transport, no ade9uate investment

 #ocial effects & poverty
poverty,, lac" of opportunities,
psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime,
violence and other deviant behaviors
 

/ublic health
 #anitation & the settlements were ill e9uipped to
handle large populations and their sanitation needs
 /ollution = Caused by effluents, smo"e and smog
 ire hazards = due to use of flammable materials
and proximity8 congestion
 Epidemics & due to spread of communicable
diseases caused by contaminated
contaminated water 7 air 
 

Unemployment

 Unemployment  is the condition of

willing wor"ers lac"ing >obs or %gainful
employment%. 6efore industrialization
unemployment has been said not to
have been recognized as an issue in

rural areas, despite the %disguised

unemployment% of rural laborers having
little to do, especially in conditions of
overpopulation
 

Impact of unemployment on

society
 Individual = failure to meet financial
obligations such as purchasing food to
feed oneself and one?s family, and
paying one?s bills, failure to ma"e
mortgage payments or to pay rent
may lead to homelessness.
 #ocietal & rising unemployment

increases the crime rate

 

Housing

 )vercrowding
 !oss of privacy
 !ac" of housing contributes directly to
crime, stress, and family brea"down
 #hortage of livable housing leading to
growth of slums
 Human beings have a right to lead a
life of dignity
 

<ransportation

 Transport or transportation is the

movement of people and goods from
one place to another.
 6ecause of the much higher densities

of people and activities in cities,

transportation is a "ey issue.

 Inade9uate8 lac" of public transport
creates commuting problems leading
to loss of efficiency.
 

#ocial Effects & /overty

 /overty is generally defined at the

individual or family level as not having
enough money to buy basic necessities.
 /overty is caused by lac" of opportunities

 /overty causes malnutrition and illness@ it

is a ma>or source of mental stress and

loss of self&esteem which may lead to
depression, and have a further negative
impact on health.
 

#ocial Effects & Crime

 inancial insecurity
 5o welfare systems in place
 !ac" of meaningful wor" A!ow importance
to meaningful wor" and high importance
to higher profits and greater efficiencyB
  $nonymity &direct correlation between
higher crime rate and higher rootlessness
 

Urbanization in India
 

 In India, about D of the population

lives in cities.
 <he process of urbanization is still
nascent in the Indian context.
 

  $ncient India was a civilized society with

many urban centers and centers of learning.

Early Urbanization & *ohen>odaro
  Harappa
 Capitals & anau>
  & U>>ain
 'eligious Centers & 6odh Faya
  & Ga
Garanash
ranashii
 University
Univer sity towns & <a"shas
"shasila
ila
  5alanda
 

 *ughal Cities
 $gra
 !ahore
 atehpur #i"ri
 <he seven cities of :elhi
 

 Colonial Cities = :elhi, /ondicherry,

Foa
 Cantonment <owns = 6angalore,
#ecunderabad, 5agpur,!uc"now
 Hill 'esorts = #himla, 5ainital,
:ar>eeling, )oty, odai"anal
 /orts = #urat, *umbai, Calicut,
ol"atta, Gizag, Chennai
 

Effects of Colonization

 Introduction of estern systems of

education
 *acaulization Aafter !ord *acaulayB of
Indian Education
 :evelopment of labor force& s"illed8
uns"illed
 

 Independent India
 $dministrative capitals = Center
Center 7
#tate
 Industrial <owns = 6hilai, 'our"ela,
(amshedpur, $hmedabad, #urat,
olar 
 

 <oday
 *egacities = *umbai, :elhi, ol"atta,
Chennai, 6angalore, Hyderabad
 'apid Urbanization& rate of
urbanization increasing
 

 <he process of urbanization is still

nascent in the Indian context.
 <his explains the focus of global
attention on the developing nations.
 <here are huge profits to be made in
the process of development.