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Hall Effect sensor topic need more details.

1. If sufficiently low frequency is used, signals from defects will

approach _________ while ferromagnetic material signals are
nearly_____________.
a) fill factor signals, perpendicular to fill factor
b) infinity, invisible
c) maximum vertical amplitude, minimum vertical amplitude
d) maximum sensitivity, off the scope display
Fill factor signals are essentially signals in air or max lift off getting affected by
conductivity. So, at low frequency, ect response will be very poor, more depth less
sensitivity. But ferrous material will be vertical primarily because of permeability.

2. The opposing EMF sensed by an eddy current probe originates from

a) resistance in the test material
b) the magnetic field associated with the induced eddy currents
c) resistivity of the probe coil windings
d) the metaphysical ether
Emf is always about magnetism. Resistance is due to test piece. Technically your
answer is correct. But question is on emf

3. Pulsed DC saturation is used in EC testing of magnetic materials to

a) allow welding to be converted to eddy current machines
b) reduce heating effects
c) improve response time
d) increase permeability of the test coil to match that of the test piece
Pulsed DC is essentially hwdc. It will allow greater penetration of magnetic field.
Hence better saturation.

4. As compared to coil probes used for conductivity measurements,

coil probes used for determining coating thicknesses should have
a) higher operating frequencies
b) larger diameters
c) more turns
d) all of the above
Your answer is correct. We use larger dia coils when we need more penetration.
Typically for conductivity measurements

5. Fill factor can be increased by

a) increasing coil diameter
b) increasing test piece diameter
c) decreasing coil diameter
d) both b and c

Fill factor is a negative term. Higher the fill factor, better is the induction. It is reverse
of lift off. So to increase fill factor to say 95%, I will either reduce coil diameter or
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increase job dia. So d is correct. By increasing coil diameter, u are reducing fill factor
to say 70%

6. Which of the following is use solely as a reference to identify

particular electromagnetic characteristics of a test object?
a) limit frequency
b) phase angle
c) magnetic permeability
d) resistivity

Since question is on electro magnetic property, choose limit frequency since it

covers relation to conductivity permeability and job dia. Check formula of bessel
function

7. For materials having a relative magnetic permeability of over 2,

conductivities determined by eddy current methods not using DC
field or magnetic saturation techniques will be
a) inaccurate but within +/- 10%
b) totally unreliable
c) corrected by dividing the value by the µrel
d) corrected by multiplying the value by the µrel

It is very difficult to predict results in ect, when we have more than one variable. So
with permeability already greater than one, we cannot determine conductivity
reliably, unless we pass material thru DC saturation coil

8. Instead of increasing sensitivity, adding more turns to a

pickup coil can actually decrease sensitivity because
a) inductance is increased
b) resistance is increased
c) field coupling is decreased
d) both a and b

We normally reduce dia of pickup coil for increasing sensitivity. If we

increase no. Of turns of pickup coil, it may start behaving erratically due
to its own high fields

9. Calibration standards used for conductivity testing are

usually certified to national standards. How thick are they?
a) 10 mil
b) 10 mm
c) 2 cm
d) "infinite" thickness
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Why we say it as infinite thickness. In real time we keep thickness more than 3 times depth of
penetration is it correct.
Any thickness more than 3delta, is infinite thickness, because effective penetration is
impossible to achieve at that depth.

10. Why is the absolute coil test preferred over the differential for
inspection of finned tubing land areas to evaluate for fretting?
a) the probe is small and fits better in the gap
b) the signals are easier to interpret
c) differential probes cannot be balanced in the land areas
d) the operating frequency of absolute probes is higher so more
sensitive

For differential coils to give accurate results, both the coils must be on
the same area. But with finned tubing, it will become impossible to keep
probe at that area. Instead absolute coils do not need any comparison.
So they give us better results

11. What is the main difference between signals from ferritic

deposits on the ID of copper tube and those on the OD of the
same tube when inspecting with an internal differential probe?
a) tightness of flyback signal to approach signal
b) amplitude
c) initial direction of motion (ie. up or down)
d) phase angle of the flyback signal

Ferritin deposits will always produce signals almost 170 degree apart
from copper signals. So ferritin deposits on id side will behave like
surface deposits, giving us excellent sensitivity. Deposits on od side will
have very less sensitivity

12. In a single frequency test of a boiler tube a 10% OD pit just

happens to occur exactly over a 10% ID pit. What is the resulting
differential signal likely to look like?
a) a 20% OD pit
b) a 20% ID pit
c) a 20% midwall void
d) a through wall defect
Same type question asked on exam

Since ut is the only method, which gives us depth of defect, in this case because defects are
overlapping, so ect will show it as through and through hole. Imagine the defective in a
radiograph. They will superimpose. Similar case will happen here
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13)Although increasing coil length increases inductance and thereby

sensitivity, why are there upper limits to practical increases of inductance
by increasing coil length for surface testing eddy current methods?
a) part curvature is the limiting factor
b) regions of the coil remote from the test surface have little effect on the
induced eddy currents
c) capacitive effects begin to dominate
d) resistive effects begin to dominate

Capacitive effects are primarily generated either due to probe cable length or gap
between coil and test piece. Increasing coil length, does no good. Inductance
increases exponentially either by increasing number of turns or coil dia.
check formula of L

14)In eddy current testing what component is measured in the detecting coil?
a) resistivity
b) impedance
c) potential difference
d) both b and c

Resistivity is a fixed value. It does not change. We measure impedance change and
potential difference thru a galvanometer

15)Given a bobbin probe with an average coil diameter of 10mm, what

diameter of bar could be tested to ensure a 90% fill factor?
a) 10.5mm
b) 11.0mm
c) 11.2 mm
d) none of the above

100/0.9 =11.11mm hence answer d

D12
Fill factor=
D22

SMALL DIA 2
0.9=
BIG DIA 2

102
0.9=
BIG DIA 2