Name: Anu Priya

Roll No.: 00151207318

ASSIGNMEN
T

Q1: Explain about Ambient light and Illumination model for diffused reflection.

A1: Illumination model, also known as Shading model or Lightning model, is used to
calculate the intensity of light that is reflected at a given point on the surface. There
are three factors on which lightning effect depends on:

Light Source :
Light source is the light emitting source. There are three types of light sources:
Point Sources – The source that emits rays in all directions (A bulb in a room).
Parallel Sources – Can be considered as a point source which is far from the surface
(The sun).
Distributed Sources – Rays originate from a finite area (A tubelight).
Their position, electromagnetic spectrum and shape determine the lightning effect.

Surface :
When light falls on a surface part of it is reflected and part of it is absorbed. Now the
surface structure decides the amount of reflection and absorption of light. The
position of the surface and positions of all the nearby surfaces also determine the
lightning effect.
Observer :
The observer’s position and sensor spectrum sensitivities also affect the lightning
effect.

1. Ambient Illumination :
Assume you are standing on a road, facing a building with glass exterior and sun
rays are falling on that building reflecting back from it and the falling on the object
under observation. This would be Ambient Illumination. In simple words, Ambient
Illumination is the one where the source of light is indirect.

The reflected intensity Iamb of any point on the surface is:

Iamb = Ka Ia
where, Ia : ambient light intensity
Ka : surface ambient reflectivity, value of Ka varies from 0 to 1

2. Diffuse Reflection :
Diffuse reflection occurs on the surfaces which are rough or grainy. In this reflection
the brightness of a point depends upon the angle made by the light source and the
surface.
3. Specular Reflection :
When light falls on any shiny or glossy surface most of it is reflected back, such
reflection is known as Specular Reflection.

Q2: What do you mean by the Specular Reflection model and Reflection
Vector?

A2. Specular reflection, or regular reflection, is the mirror-like reflection of waves,

such as light, from a surface. The law of reflection states that a reflected ray of light
emerges from the reflecting surface at the same angle to the surface normal as the
incident ray, but on the opposing side of the surface normal in the plane formed by
the incident and reflected rays.

When light encounters a boundary of a material, it is affected by the optical and

electronic response functions of the material to electromagnetic waves. Optical
processes, which comprise reflection and refraction, are expressed by the difference
of the refractive index on both sides of the boundary, whereas reflectance and
absorption are the real and imaginary parts of the response due to the electronic
structure of the material. The degree of participation of each of these processes in
the transmission is a function of the frequency, or wavelength, of the light, its
polarization, and its angle of incidence. In general, reflection increases with
increasing angle of incidence, and with increasing absorptivity at the boundary. The
Fresnel equations describe the physics at the optical boundary.

Reflection may occur as specular, or mirror-like, reflection and diffuse reflection.

Specular reflection reflects all light which arrives from a given direction at the same
angle, whereas diffuse reflection reflects light in a broad range of directions. The
distinction may be illustrated with surfaces coated with glossy paint and matte paint.
Matte paints exhibit essentially complete diffuse reflection, while glossy paints show
a larger component of specular behavior. A surface built from a non-absorbing
powder, such as plaster, can be a nearly perfect diffuser, whereas polished metallic
objects can specularly reflect light very efficiently. The reflecting material of mirrors is
usually aluminum or silver.

Light propagates in space as a wave front of electromagnetic fields. A ray of light is

characterized by the direction normal to the wave front (wave normal). When a ray
encounters a surface, the angle that the wave normal makes with respect to the
surface normal is called the angle of incidence and the plane defined by both
directions is the plane of incidence. Reflection of the incident ray also occurs in the
plane of incidence.
The law of reflection states that the angle of reflection of a ray equals the angle of
incidence, and that the incident direction, the surface normal, and the reflected
direction are coplanar.

When the light impinges perpendicularly to the surface, it is reflected straight back in
the source direction.

The phenomenon of reflection arises from the diffraction of a plane wave on a flat
boundary. When the boundary size is much larger than the wavelength, then the
electromagnetic fields at the boundary are oscillating exactly in phase only for the
specular direction.