The Miners' Welfare Commission and Pithead Baths in Scotland

Author(s): GEORGINA ALLISON

Source: Twentieth Century Architecture , SUMMER 1994, No. 1, INDUSTRIAL
ARCHITECTURE (SUMMER 1994), pp. 55-64
Published by: The Twentieth Century Society

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/41859420

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 and Pithead
è The and Miners' Pithead BathsBaths
Welfarein ScotlandScotland
in Commission
GEORGINA ALLISON

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 THE MINERS' WELFARE

COMMISSION

OURING approximately eighty pithead baths in Scotland,1 and about twice that
OURING numbernumber
approximately in the England
in England period eighty
and Wales. and 1919-1939,
The vast majoritypithead Wales. Thewerebathsexecuted
of these the vast Miners'
in in majority Scotland,1 Welfare of these and Commission about were executed twice built that in
what would become the International Style of the thirties, and their planning re-
vised the few available precedents into a design that was efficient in time, mate-
rials, and cost. Two of them, Polkemmet in Lothian and Betteshanger in Kent,
were included in the 1939 Architects' Journal poll2 of the most popular modern
buildings, and many were included in the Pevsner guides to the Buildings of
England.3 i For a full list of confirmed Scottish
pithead baths refer to appendix B.
Thus these buildings are of prime historical importance. Not only are they,
2 Polkemmet was nominated by the writer
as individual buildings, good pieces of modern architecture, they represent one
Anthony Betram in the poll, The Archi-
of the first major attempts to translate the modernist ideals of mass production tects Journal 24 May, 1939.
and standardisation into practice. Too often the modern buildings of the thirties, 3 The new style reached the West riding
especially in Britain, were for the affluent 'enlightened', but the scale of the work first in the pithead baths built by the
Miners' Welfare Commission. They were
of the Miners' Welfare Commission, sanctioned by Government, allowed them
begun about 1930 and are worth record-
to avoid the doom of most modernists in Britain; to be part of a primarily aes- ing as pioneer work in the modern style.
thetic movement, rather than social (ist) reformers. Nichlas Pevsner, The Buildings o/England:
West Riding, Yorkshire.
Prior to 1911, when the first legislation regarding pithead baths was passed,4
4 Section 77, The Coal Mines Act 1911.
no pithead baths had been built in Britain by colliery owners, making Britain lag
5 The pit had to be a certain size; a two
well behind its European neighbours. This new legislation, however, did little to
thirds majority of the miners had to be in
change matters, as it was still the owners who were charged with the responsi- favour and the maintenance costs had to

bility of building them, and only when certain stringent conditions were met.5 be kept below specified minimums.

opposite:
Arniston Colliery Pithead Baths, Lothian
(author)

figure 1
Polkommet Colliery Pithead Baths,
Lothian (mwc Annual Report 1937)

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 TWENTIETH CENTURY
ARCHITECTURE I
6 General Regulations, Aug 192g, 1913.
7 For a fuller account of the Sankey Com-
mission and the politics surrounding it
refer to Britain between the Wars 1918-40, C.
L. Moffat.
8 In 1930, the unemployment rate among
miners was 28.3%, and the overcrowding
rate, for example in the Clyde valley, was
40% (Britain Between the Wars, C. L. Moffat,
The Scottish Thirties, An Architectural Introduc-
tion, Charles MacKean, p. 12.
9 By law, the Commission had to include
two members of the Miners' Federation of
Great Britain, the national trade union,
and two members of the Mining Associa-
tion, the owners' representative body.
figures 2 & 3
Linton and Ellington Pithead Baths,
by the Ashington Coal Company,
1922
(mwc Annual Report 1923)
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In 1913, a set of Government regulations regarding the
baths was published.6 These advised using the type most com
Continent, consisting simply of a large hall with a high cei
accommodation in the wings. The ceiling area was used to sto
tem of hooks and pulleys. This meant that a miner's workin
stored at the mine, and would not have to be worn going ho
the clean clothes of the miners at work were mixed with other
and were thus practically indistinguishable. Moreover the
clothes was haphazard and rarely successful; unless two heat
given - an improbable luxury - there was a decision between
ers on the ground or drying their clothes in the ceiling area.
The next piece of legislation dealing with pithead baths
Industry Act 1920, which set up the Miners' Welfare Fund.
passed in response to the Sankey Commission report, which i
up to investigate the conditions and structure of the mining
threat of a strike by the newly nationalised mining unions.7 T
dations of the Commission, including nationalisation, had be
by the Lloyd George government, but since the general pub
miners much sympathy during the inquiry, proposals for grea
cepted in the form of the Miners' Welfare Fund, which was
penny levy on each ton of coal produced. This money was t
purposes connected with the social well being, recreation
workers in or about coal mines', although it was specifically
ling the two worst problems in mining areas: poor housing a
ment.8 It was overseen by the Miners' Welfare Commission9
the relative merits of schemes put forward by local commi
were not high on their agenda, for several reasons. They we
with other welfare schemes, expensive to build and, more sur
ers did not particularly want them. This attitude, which the
deal with in their later programme, was based on several fact
plans by colliery owners and governments; fear of the main
borne by the miners; moral objections to communal bathi
belief amongst many miners that washing 'wasted the musc
fore to be avoided.
It was not until 1923 that the Commission built their first pithead bath, at the
Linton and Ellington Colliery. It was partly funded by the Ashington Coal Com-
pany, who were more progressive than their contemporaries. Unfortunately, its
inhospitable basilica form, possibly a metaphor for the phrase 'cleanliness is
This content downloaded from
next to godliness', has more to do with the Victorian notion
THE MINERS' WELFAREof charity than

twentieth century welfare. COMMISSION

The Mining Industry Act of 1926 was the beginning of the pithead bath pro-
gramme proper. It was passed after the General Strike, but when the coal strike
which had sparked the general strike was continuing, and was Stanley Baldwin's
response to the determination and stubbornness of both the miners and the own-
ers; his 'legislative revenge' for the fiasco of the General Strike. With another Bill
passed at the same time that abolished the maximum length of shift (a bitter pill
for the miners), it nationalised royalties which the owners had been intent on
keeping.10 The money thus raised was used to set up a separate fund for the provi-
sion of pithead baths.
As a result of the increased building programme, the Miners' Welfare Commis-
sion (the mwc) had appointed Sir Patrick Abercrombie as architectural adviser to
the main organising committee. Before starting the main programme of pithead
baths, he developed a three-point strategy: the setting up of a technical unit, a
study of the precedents and the designing of prototypes.
The technical unit was based in the Commission's headquarters in London,
under the control of John Henry Forshaw.11 Under him were two teams of archi-
tects, each made up of a principal and several assistants. The country was divided
between these teams, north and south, and within each team architects were
allocated specific areas and districts. This policy meant that there was a central
pool of design knowledge available to all the architects and overall standards of
design could be checked and maintained. Moreover the clients, who were the dis-
trict sub-committees of the mwc, had the advantage of dealing with one
architect for all the architectural projects in that area, and this architect could have,
in addition to the general pool of knowledge in the technical unit, a more specific
knowledge of his region's particular characteristics. So, despite the fact that every
pithead bath in the country was built to the same standard, with the same fittings,
they have distinctly different characteristics from region to region. The individual
creativity of the architects multiplied and diversified the types of pithead bath that
were produced.
Since there were few precedents in Britain to study, Forshaw and some assist-
ants made a study trip to Europe where they examined French, Belgian and Ger-
man pithead baths and decided on the pros and cons of layout and design. They
came back with a set of priorities for their own buildings : the importance of light-
ing, the provision of lockers, and the placing of the buildings.
The landscaping surrounding the buildings was always important to the mwc.
This did notalways consist of 'rose beds for miners', butwas an important element
in creating new, well designed, collieries which would replace the ugly, dirty ram-
shackle sheds of the Victorian age. Whenever possible, the mwc used the baths to
generate other developments, and occasionally the owners of the yard would give
extra money for additional facilities to be built at the same time as the baths.
The importance of light, preferably natural, was due to the necessity of keep-
ing the bathhouses clean and hygienic; as well as the atmosphere of health and
brightness which it created, important for miners
10 returning from of
For a fuller account the gloom
the of
political
underground work. This emphasis on health was situation
at the behind
base of
thismany modern
Act, refer to Britain

designs and the way that the mwc designed pitheadBetween

baths the Wars 1918-1940,
showed that it C. L. Moffat.
believed
that the function of the bathhouse was not simply li
toJ. H. Forshaw
clean hadminers,
and dry trained at Liverpool
butwas
under Sir Patrick Abercrombie. The
to improve their welfare and health. Miners normally worked
effects in several
of the First inches
World War of
had allowed
water and, without pithead bath provision, they would
him tobe forced
reach to walk
the position home,
of chief archi-

usually several miles away, in wet clothes. These would

tect atthen haveyoung
a relatively to be
agedried at
and after
leaqving the Miners Welfare Commission
home in time for the next shift. Thus pithead baths reduced ill-health, they less-
in 1940 he became chief architect of the
ened the social stigma of mining and they also had hidden benefits
LCC and forCounty
produced the the miners'
Plan for
wives, whose workload was reduced, and for owners, since
London theagain
1943, miners took
with Sir fewer
Patrick
Abercrombie.
days off through illness.

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 TWENTIETH CENTURY It was this interpretation of their brief that led the mwc to
ARCHITECTURE I ous project that the Industrial Welfare Society12 had develop
by earlier standards, extravagant. It proposed two locker roo
ers but was much more efficient in terms of the health of th
had applied the philosophy of the production line to the pro
ing type and thus had separate locker rooms, a clean and a
arriving at work would leave his day clothes in the clean loc
fer his soap and towel into the pit locker room, where his
stored. On his way back from work he would leave his pit clot
room and go to the clean locker room via a showering area. Th
was no mixing of coal dust with the clean clothes and men.
The technical unit tried out this new layout in four expe
different areas of the country, testing a range of materials
method of circulation. Their hope was that they could dev
building capable of being used at any colliery.
It soon became clear that no one design could satisfy requi
sites were given by the owners and not chosen by the mwc, th
ward left-over ones which a standard building could never hav
varying water supply and ground conditions all hampered t
were thus forced to look at ways in which they could provide
as many standardised elements as possible. Inspiration came
ist doctrine of functionalism, whereby different functional ar
were expressed in the form of the building. The architects
down into its main components, the two locker rooms and
to create building blocks which could then be re-combined
tion to fit the given sites. The ancillary accommodation, su
room, was then used to further individualise the building on
Thus the idea of the totally standardised building and the
of the modern movement were merged in the design meth
technical unit, modifying and enriching these ideas by prac
a large scale building programme. Even the ways in which t
re-combined began to become part of a larger methodology
more experienced in dealing with sites, three main typolog
These were the linear layout, the cubic layout and the lV pla
The linear type of building consisted of the two locker room
with the shower room normally behind or between them. T
oped for use on long narrow sites that were adjacent to ma
embankments, such as at Blackhall colliery in County Dur
trances were arranged at either end, it was the most obviou
the linear nature of the production line. However it was ofte
uncomfortable symmetrical plan, with one entrance centrall
other forced to be at an extremity, or else with the centrali
ingly giving the service entrance primary importance.
One of the first uses of this plan was the Devon colliery in Fi
the interior shows the beginnings of the functional approach
articulated in the exterior form. The building is still only a
shed. However as the programme progressed, the wide use o
allowed the type to become a dramatic composition, especiall
the greater emphasis on the water tower allowed the archite
ful compositions, such as the one at the Fleets colliery in th
When
i2 The Industrial Welfare Society were an a relatively large installation had to be accommodat
advisory body on the provision of welfare
site, the square plan type would be used with two or even th
buildings in industry and had worked so
at Bestwood in Nottinghamshire, or Rhyme in County Durha
extensively with the MWC that the staff
concerned eventually became tects showed
the core of themselves capable of handling a vertical com
the MWC technical unit.
their more usual single-storey buildings. Unfortunately the

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 THE MINERS' WELFARE

COMMISSION

figure 4
'L' plan Pithead Bath forms (author)

used this form for cheapness, usually in Scotland where collieries tended to be
much smaller, were perhaps the least interesting of the group as they consisted
of a modern facade with three sheds tacked on behind, as at Polmaise in Fife.
But it was in the final type of layout, the 'L' plan that the mwc architects
proved that they could, despite the rigid conditions that they worked under, cre-
ate classic buildings of the thirties in Britain. The 'L' plan type was normally re-
served for prime sites when the colliery owners were taking the opportunity to
modernise the whole yard, using the bathhouse as the centrepiece. In these de-
velopments they would often give additional finance to the mwc for the build-
ing of the bathhouse, so that other accommodation could be added and the
landscaping made much more comprehensive.
The layout consisted of the two locker rooms set at right angles to each other,
normally with the water tower at the crux and the bathhouse set between them at
the back, linking the two wings. Thus each element is articulated in a three-di-
mensional massing which led to the most successful of the Scottish standard
pithead baths, that at Cardowan colliery in Lanarkshire.13
Cardowan shows most clearly the influence of the Dutch architect W. M.
Dudok. The massing and the brick detailing, along with the external pool in the
landscaping, are all strongly reminiscent of Hilversum Town Hall, and this type
of pithead bath is the prime example of this style in Scotland. For architects work- 13 Subject of an article in the RIAS Quarterly,
ing in such an antagonistic and polarised climate as the thirties coal industry, no.

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 TWENTIETH CENTURY Dudok and the liberal politics of his garden city projects we
ARCHITECTURE I than the more revolutionary moderns. Moreover, much of the
of this time had been generated by similar social legislati
Scandinavian buildings, had received much coverage in the a
The actual building blocks which generated these three lay
selves detailed to the highest degree; every fitting purpose-
grated into a general servicing strategy. The unique demand
on the services (allowing two hundred hot showers to be r
meant that most commercially available systems were ina
ment designed by the mwc, such as shower heads and locke
ard fittings in colliery developments in the post-war era. An
process behind the design of the lockers and bathing cubicl

jÌ0ure 5 concerns of the technical unit.

Canteen, Betteshanger Pithead Baths,
Kent, 1934 (mwc Annual Report 19 34)
ji¿jure 6
Womens' Rest Room, Chisnall Hall
Pithead Baths, Lancashire (mwc Annual
Report 1934)
There were three main stages of locker design in pithead baths. In the first
two experimental baths, each locker was the full height of the nest and contained
vents at the top and the bottom of the door which allowed air to circulate, help-
ing to dry wet pit clothes, as well as preventing mustiness. For the second pair of
pithead baths the mwc had developed the double-tier system which allowed the
same amount of accommodation within almost half the floor area. This type of
locker was also heated by a system of hot steam pipes, which connected to each
nest of lockers at high level, circulated through each locker and then returned at
the end of the line.

The third change was caused by the introduction of a type of plenum heating
which enabled the locker system to work as part of the general heating system,
again reducing capital and maintenance costs. A single concrete duct was split
partly into three: one part providing the heated air for the general atmosphere,
another for the lockers, and the third being the extract from the atmosphere. The
extract system served both as general air and the lockers, as grilles in the base of
the locker indoors allowed the air to be extracted. As a result of growing experi-
ence, controls were developed to control the air flow capacity and air tempera-
ture which produced savings when the baths were not being used to capacity.
The importance that the mwc gave to heated lockers is indicative of their at-
titude to the whole building. It was not an absolute requirement and it meant that
the buildings cost more money to produce, yet they were of primary importance,
as they contributed to the miners' health. Moreover everything was detailed sym-
pathetically; the provision of seemingly insignificant details (seating, the rail
provided for tying shoelaces, the row of mirrors) show the thoughtfiilness of the
architects for the ultimate users of the buildings. The same approach was shown

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in detailing the interiors in such a way as to minimise the
THE MINERS' maintenance costs
WELFARE

which would be incurred by the miners. This canCOMMISSION

be seen most clearly in the de-
sign of the bathing cubicles.
The bathing cubicles were designed from two criteria. First was the cost of
maintenance, which made the architects look at long lasting materials and how
easily they could be cleaned. The second criterion was the privacy of the miners,
crucial in the earlier stages of the programme, when the miners were suspicious
of communal bathing. While the mwc felt that the open bathing areas which
were in common use in Germany were ideal from the first viewpoint, the reluc-
tance of the British miner to accept open public bathing was admitted and the
Commission designed a compromise.
The Commission had inherited a type of cubicle known as the 'double T' from
the earliest British installations, which provided complete privacy, but was ex-
pensive to build and extremely difficult to clean. A mixture of coal dust and soap,
if allowed to dry, will become as hard as cement. Thus each cubicle required
cleaning within a short time after use. Tests carried out by the mwc found that
the 'double T' took ten minutes each to clean. The amount of cleaners thus re-
quired if the bathing hall was to remain hygienic would gready increase the main-
tenance costs. The first type of cubicle which the mwc designed was an 'L' plan,
totally enclosed on three sides, and partially enclosed on the fourth. The next type
did away with the fourth wall and, in order to encourage the largest possible
amount of miners to use the baths, a temporary sail cloth curtain was provided
which could be discarded when the men were more used to communal bathing.
The materials normally used were glazed brick, or tiles on common brick, but
the technical unit experimented with a prefabricated steel panel system (such as
at Haunchwood in Warwickshire) that consisted of steel panels clamped onto
posts. However these panels proved more expensive and less hard-wearing than
traditional materials, although quicker to build. Appendix A:
The Architects involved in the
It can be seen therefore that attempts to use modern préfabrication tech-
Miners' Welfare Commission
niques were made, but the mwc was wise enough to discard them when their
Chief Architect
limitations were apparent, led by the importance to the project of the financial
John Henry Forshaw
and social consequences of its designs. MC MA FRI BA FILA

It was not only in materials and construction techniques

Northern Division
that the mwc were
prepared to experiment. Despite having by the mid-thirties a design methodol-
Chief Architect:
ogy that functioned financially, spatially, and increasingly, architectonically, it
J. A. Dempster friba ai la
experimented with other layouts, usually for collieries which only employed a
F. G. Frizzel ariba Fife, Lothians
hundred or so miners. But it was also open to new ideas and when circular plans
D. D. Jack, LRIBA West Yorkshire
began to be used in the mid-thirties (Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion House,
O. Parry pasistation,
Charles Holden's Arnos Grove London Underground Lanarkshire, Ayrshire
Gatwick Airport
H. Smith
terminal) , the architects of the mwc attempted to LRIBA Cumberland
translate the circulation advan-
tages and possible cost benefits of a circular planSouthern
form Division
to the pithead bath.
The result was the Arniston colliery pithead baths
Chief Architect: the outskirts of Edin-
on
C. G. Kemp
burgh. This was a unique building not only for the mwc ariba
butfila in Scotland in gen-
eral. The accommodation is contained in three concentric
J. W. M. Duddingcircles.
friba The outermost
contained the two locker rooms with the two entrances being Kent
Notts, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, close together so
that on the way to work a miner could simply walk
A. J. Saisein one door and continue
ariba
through the building via the two locker rooms. The middle
South Wales circle contained the
& Forest of Dean

showering area with radial cubicles, and the inner, third,

W. Taylor lriba circle contained the
Southservice
plant and the water tower, minimising the pipe and Wales & Forestrun
of Dean length. The three-

dimensional treatment is probably the best of the W.

thirties circular buildings, with
Woodland ariba

the white rendered curving walls articulating the circular

South Yorkshire movement
& Staffordshire of the inte-
rior. Moreover the clerestory windows allow the J.
flat roof
Browne ariba planes to hover above.
The water tower fins anchor the design and create a vertical
Lancashire, contrast. Arniston
Cheshire & Shropshire

bathhouse, nicknamed 'the spaceship' by local miners isGrounds

Recreation a fantastic
Supervisor: piece of ar-
J. D.the
chitecture which unfortunately was not repeated, O'Kelly AILA
delays and expense caused

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TWENTIETH CENTURY by its form leaving it, until its demolition in the seventies, a uniqu
ARCHITECTURE I Thus we can see that the pithead baths of the Miners' Welfare Co
chitects were a valuable contribution to British modernist architecture. Unlike
most of their contemporaries they showed how the tenets of the modern move-
ment were not simply the means to an aesthetic end. Instead they used the basic
principles of Continental modernism: fiinctionalism, standardisation, and mass
production, and enriched them by creatively looking at how these ideas could be
used to solve the financial constraints and the scale of a large building programme.
Function was not regarded as only the articulation of the different parts of a build-
ing but of the underlying purpose of the building; standardisation was not mak-
ing everything the same, but only the parts - creativity being used to make unique
buildings from mass produced elements. Their design experiments and methods
were probably crucial to the better known post-war local authority architects, and
moreover, since they designed the majority of their buildings during the worst of
the Depression in the early thirties, they played an important role in accustoming
Britain to the International Style, especially in areas outside the South-East.

Appendix B Linsay Fife

Scottish Pithead Baths built by the Auchencruive 4 & 5
Miners' Welfare Commission Lanarkshire

(in chronological order) Prestonlinks Lothian

1928 Arniston Lothian
Dalziel & Broomside Lanarkshire 1934
1929 Foulshields Lanarkshire
Kingshill Lanarkshire Minto Fife
1930 Polkemmet Lanarkshire
Auchlochan Lanarkshire Michael Fife
Blairhall Fife Pennyvenie Lanarkshire
Fortissat Lanarkshire Whitehill Lothian
Roslin Fife 1935
Greenrig Lanarkshire Whitehill Lanarkshire
Lochhead Fife Bowhill Fife
Loganlea Lanarkshire Castlehill Lanarkshire
1931 1936
Viewpark Lanarkshire; Kaimes, Ex. Ayr
Bank Ayr Bannockburn Lanarkshire Blairhall, Ex. Fife
Devon Fife Auchincruive 1-3 Lanarkshire
Auchengeich Lanarkshire Newcraighall Lothian
Frances Fife 19 37
Ferniegare Lanarkshire Herbertshire Lanarkshire
Woolmet Lothian Douglas Castle Lanarkshire
1932 Ardenrigg Lanarkshire
Douglas Lanarkshire Whiterigg Lanarkshire
Northfield Lanarkshire Riddochhill Lanarkshire
Whiterigg Lanarkshire Pirnhall Lanarkshire
Bothwell Castle Lanarkshire Hopetoun Lanarkshire
Kinneil Lanarkshire Hauldsworth Ayr
Kaimes Ayr Tillicoutry Fife
East Plean 5 Lanarkshire Gilmerton Lothian
Ramsey Fife Wester Gartshore Lanarkshire
1933 Wester Auchengeich Lanarkshire
Kingshill Lanarkshire 1938
WhitehillAyr Overtoun Lanarkshire
Polmaise 1 & 2 Lanarkshire MauchlineAyr
Lumphinnans 11 & 12 Fife Woodend Lanarkshire
Dewshill Lanarkshire Brora Fife
Aitken Fife Benhar Lanarkshire
Cardownan Lanarkshire Hopetoun Lothian
Manor Powis Fife High House Ayr
Fauldhouse Lanarkshire

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