1.20 > Fractional Crystallization of Magma Fie 1.10, a Beerage Rb und Sr concen trations of mafic t false pl tori igneous rocks with > creasing degres ofr Aiferentstion e increasing Si, concent ons The RbiSr ath tilly increased slowly dating ation antl Srhas been rentoved from the rocks which formed from the las: 1% of the magma, The Sr concentrations of the eocks iacreased initially from about 510 to 430 ppm until about 45% of the magma had crystallized. Subsequently, the St concentrations of the rocks declined irregularly to 16a ppm until only 5% of the liquid remained. The rocks which formed trom this liquid became progressively enriched in Sx, reaching a maximum valae of 463 ppm, when only 0.5% of the origi nal magma remained, The Sr concentrations of the very lastdifferentiates decreased to about 470 pppm as the re maining liquid crystallized. ‘The distribution of Rb in the rocks of the Kiglapait Intrusion illustrates the progressive enrichment of an incompatible lithophile trace element into the liquid in fractional crystalliza: tion of magma in a closed magins chamber. This process canbe modeled by the Rayleigh equation for D(Rb) <1.0 (Gast 1968 Greenland s9703 Barca et al, 1988) \e course of progressiv 7 t 1200 J free / / 510.) The behavior of Sr during fractional crystallization ff magma is much more complicated than that of Rb: because of the opposing effects of the crystallization of ivine or pytoxenes and plagioclase or apatite. The crys lallization of olivine and pyroxenes forms rocks having Jow Sr concentrations butitentiches the residual magina in Sr, whereas the crystallization of plagtocase and apa- tite enriches the rocks in Sr but has the opposite effect on the remaining liquid, Consequently, the $¢ cone tration of difforentiated igneous rocks Is a sensitive in dicatar 0 als front a cooling magma, The alkalic rocks in Table 1.1) are strongly enriched in Sr compared to the mafic to felsic suitesand also have somewhat higher Rb concentrations (Chap, 6). They y contain more K,O than NaO and ae cur in continental settings, some oceanic islands, and, more rarely, in subduction 2ones, According to Wilk sequential crystallization of different miner charactoristicallChnmue 1» Chemical Properties and luatope Systematics Fig. 1.11 CConcenteations of Rb an! St inthe rocks ofthe different sted Kiglapaitintsion & Labrador ploted ys. the loga # “0 titho of the percent salted | - ] hyoutume (3) The ce ee comps on 3 to krrosyenite The Rb co x + 420 ‘centrations remain nearly | formed fro final 10% of - heceidialmigaartictor- ig a vary ieregutly depending on | x Crystallization af ovinesed i x diggeaenmret . +R Halpern ue reaiuates x Lg nae mens oa |_& tev pagiediseant apt leo jawienpocetieneiee a 4 | I "3 La 3 i . tt Jan a oF | wo (1989, p 377) the enrichment of alkalic magmas in Kand in incompatible trace elements indicates that they are theproductsof small degrees of partial melting of anom: aloas source rocks in the mantle, Although the alkalic rocks constitute only a small fraction of the volume of igneous tocks on the continents, their unusual mineral composition has attracted the attention af petrologists who have proposed a complex classification containing many exotic names (Sorensen 1974; Streckeisen 1976} Fitton and Upton 1987 Foley etal. 1987; Rock 1991) Carbonatites are usually grouped with the alkalic rocks because they are commonly associated with them we field (Heinrich 1966). However most carbonates are alkali-poor and ate enrichyd instead in either Ca, Mg.or Fe (Woolley and Kempe 1989), Alkali carbonatite lavas occur on Oldoinvo Lengai,a volcano in Tanzania that erupted as recently as 1993; {Bell 1989; Dawson etal 1994). The carbonatites are strongly entiched in Sr (Van Gross 1975) with average concentrations of 7270 and 5830 ppm in calciocarbonatites and mag jocarbona 8 100 Sol 20 1 og PCS volume) tites, respectively (Table 1.11). Their Rb concentrations are low, consistent with their depletion in alkali metals, 1.10.3 Trace-Element Modeling Maginas may crystallize in such a way that the crystals reniain in equilibrium with the residual liquid (equilib- rium erystallization), Alternatively, the ezystals may be separated fom the liguid a5 s000 as they form ({rac tional crystallization), During equilibrium erystaliza tion a material balance is maintained such that the con an clement in a unit weight of the original mnggima Cl is related to its concentrations in the residual Jiguid (C) and in the crystals ((*) by the mass balance equation: d=crcu-F (40) where F is the weight fraction of liquid remaining, Ac- cording to Eq, 1.39, C= DC! and therefore: