G=Clr+pcla -F) ol Sale + Da- Fy G Gay) If the clement of interest resides in the crystals of several minerals, its distribution between the solid phases and the remaining liquid is deseribed by the bulk distribution coetficient Swyp, . where is the weight fraction of each of the /minerals and D;'s the distribution coefficient of the element in each of those minerals. Therefore, in the case of an ig. Aeous rock composed of cxystals of several minerals i Cates bu-my! (1-43) Alternatively, c! in Eg. 1.40 ean be replaced by: C=cyp Pron +¢'D4-# D b b DUP) FAD) D (48) Ifthe element of interest is present in the crystals of ‘Several minerals, then D must be replaced by the bul distribution coefficient D asdetined by Eq. 1.42 (Wood and Fraser 1976; Henderson 1982). Incase the crystals are completely removed from the liguid as soon as they form (fractional crystallization), the concentration of a chemical element in the residual Iiquid changes in accordance with the Rayleigh equation: where D must be replaced by the bulk distribution coef- ficient when the element of interest resides in the crys- fals of more than one mineral. Since €!=¢"/D, the Rayleigh equation can be restated in terms ofthe con- entration of the trace element in the solid phasese 3) o Both crystallization models assume that the distei= bution coefficients remain constant throughout the 1.11 Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization 5 process. This assumption is invalid because distribution ‘oefficients vary in response to changes in the chemical compositions ot both the liquid and the solid phases and are also sensitive to temperature and pressure, In addi- tion, bulk distribution coefficients depend om the chang- ing proportions among the crystallizing phases. Never theless, the Rayleigh model has been widely used lo ex plain the chemical evolution of cooling magmas and of the rocks that are produced (Gast 1968; Shaw 1976; Acth 19763 Allegre etal. 1977; Drake aud Holloway 1978; Minsterand Allégre 1978; Hanson 1978), An example of the effects of fractional crystalliaa tion of magnia is presentedin Fig. 1.12 based on Eq, 1.46. ‘The crystallizing phases are plagioclase and clinopyrox- ene ang the bulk distribution coefficient for Rb is as sumed to remain constant at D(Rb) = 0.063, Conse quently. the concentration of Rb in the solids increases as documented in natural systems by Figs. 1.10 and 1. The bulk distribution coefficient of Sr is assumed to vary from 0.73.(F= 1.0 10.06) to 15 (F=0.6 100.3), and finally to 2.9 (F = 0.3 to 0} because of changes in the values of D(Sr) of plagioclase and clinopyroxene in ac cordance with Blandy and Wood (i991) and Sun et a (1974), Consequently. the Sr concentration of the solids increases slowly at first (F=1.0 to 0.6) and then rises rapidly at F= 0.6 a8 (Sr) changes from 0.73 01.5, Con- sinued crystallization depletes the liquid in Srand causes the Sr content of the crystals to decline. At F= 03, D{Se) risesto 29and theSr concentrations of both the residal liquid and the late-stage crystals approach zero as the final liquid crystallizes. Although Fig. 12 is greuily oversimplitied, it does Feproduce the typical features of the distributions of Rh and Sr in differentiated igneous rocks. The model does not include the crystallization of other minerals (oliv ine, apatite, amphiboles and micas)sit assumes that crys tals are completely removed trom the liquid and that ‘he composition of the magma is not changed by as: similation of crustal rocks or by mixing with other mag- ras, See =e 1.11. Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization The chemical differentiation of magmas may take place during their formation, during subsequent migration ‘toward the surface, and in magma chambers in the conti rental erust where they may form a variety oF igneous rocks by fractional crystallization, The isotope compo: sitions of Sr and of some other elements (e.g. Ne, Pb, Os; 0, and S) of igneous rocks can be used to determine whether magmas assimilated minerals of the continen- tal crust a5 they dilferentiated. The energy required to assimilate minerals of crustal racks is provides partly by the heat transported by the magmas from source re- gions in the mantle into the crust and partly by the laGunpten 1 Chemical Properties and Isotope Systematics Fig. 1.12. ign of mag tbe Ra aa Se Concentrations of te sls tase on Raplesgh stilton Bis1)-073 (4,149). The insu eoscen trations ofthe iu Choe pp RU ad pp iz “he idea plagioclase 2 (aland iniracne Rb (0, pag ge fart were varied as fll Fe vot oun MS bagi ‘ta 03, Dior plagio al se} 30,0 eae ge Sesto, tse pag = wie se) = 0, Sepa St «itt The reiting bulk dist 2 ign coeticients (D(S1] and BGR) are shown on the di gram tent heat of crystallization oF minerals that form in the cooling magma The evidence for melt crustal xenoliths in basalt magmas has been docu- mented by many investigators inclading Holmes (1936), Wyllie (2962), Siguedsson (1968), Maury and Bizouard Lay74),Al-Rawiand Carmichael (1976), MeBieney (1978), Kayset al (.981),and otiers-Since he liquids tempera ture of basalt magma (about 200 °C) is higher than the melting temperature of eldspar and other 1 crustal rocks, melting of crustal xenoliths and felsic eall- rocks in contact with basalt maya is likely (Watson 1982). The process of simoltanteaus assimilation and frac: tional crystallization of magma (AEC) was modeled by Taylor (2980) and DePacko (1981). “The change in the isorope composition of © of a bs- salt magma as result of sinmaltancous assimilation and fractional crystallization depends on: and recrystallizaion of erals in 1. The isotope composition of the magma and af the country rock being assimilated (e.g, 00 = +5.7%0 in the magma and +19.0%o in the country rock} 100 +80 60 40 0 Fration of uid temaling 2, The weight ratio af cumulate minerals crystallized bby the magma and ofthe wallrock thar is assimilated (og. 5g of crystals per gram of assimilated wall- socks), The weight ratio of cumulate to wallroek must be Jargeenough to providesufficientheat to melt one geem ot wallrock, The magnitude of this ratio depends sig nificantly on the temperature of the country rack be- cause less heat is required to assimilate ho! cocks than is required (assimilate cold rocks. Taylor (1980) aso assumed that isotope fractionation of © between the cumulate crystals and the melt i negligible and that magna; the country rocks, and the cumulate crystals have virtually the same concentration of O. Model calculations by Taylor (1980) in Fig. 1.3 demonstrate that the 60 value of the hybrid magma inereases Seepwise and reaches +20%@ when 40% of the magena has crystallized, and rises to +1.0%e when 89% has crys: tallzed The effect of assimilation ot crustal rocks by basalt magma on its *'Se/"Sr ratio and Sr conceatration ean