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Six Sigma Jobs The capability indices of Ppk and Cpk use the mean and standard deviation to estimate Site Membership
probability. A target value from historical performance or the customer can be used to
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estimate the Cpm.
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That spread being centered around the midpoint is part of the Cpk and Ppk calculations. to access entire site
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FULL Site Access The midpoint = (USL- LSL) / 2
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The addition of "k" quantifies the amount of which a distribution is centered. A perfectly
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centered process where the mean is the same as the midpoint will have a "k" value of 1. Templates & Calculators
Sample Problems
Pp and Ppk use an estimate for sigma that takes into account all or total process variation
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including special causes (should they exist) and this estimate of sigma is the sample standard
Project Pitfalls deviation, s, applies to most all situations. This estimation accounts for "within subgroup" and
Project Acceleration "between subgroup" variation.

Power/Sample Size The overall process performance indices, Pp and Ppk, most often use the sample Six Sigma
standard deviation, s, formula as an estimate for sigma. There are other methods available for
Hyp. Test Flowcharts
estimating the overall (total) process sigma. Certifications
Cost of Inventory
The Cpk and Ppk will require two calculations, selecting the mininum is the value use as
Financial Savings baseline and to compare to customer acceptability level. These can be calculated using
Icebreakers unilateral or bilateral tolerances.

Multi-Vari Study Shown in the table below is the formula for bilateral tolerances where a LSL and USL are
Fishbone Diagram provided. If only one specification is provided (unilateral) then the value used for Cpk and Ppk
is provided by the calculation that involves the specfication limit provided.
SMED
Pp and Ppk are rarely used compared to Cp and Cpk. They should only be used as relative
Normalized Yield
comparisons to their counterparts.
Z-score
Capability indices, Cp and Cpk, should be compared to one another to assess the differences
DPMO over a period of time. The goal is to have a high Cp, and get the process centered so the Cpk
Spearman's Rho increases and approaches Cp. The same applies for Pp and Ppk.

Kurtosis Cpk indicates process capability on "short term" or "within subgroup" of data which is not
CDF inclusive of the effect of variation between the subgroups. Ppk takes into account both and is Six Sigma Modules
not limited to only the variation within each subgroups like Cpk.
COPQ
The following presentations are
The pitfall with Ppk is variation within subgroups can not be separated so that is why it can
Histograms available to download
hep to use Cpk and Ppk to determine where the variation is coming from: within or between
Post a Job subgroups.
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Cpk and Ppk account for centering of the process among the midpoint of the specifications.
DEFINE Phase
However, this performance index may not be optimal if the customer wants another point as
Green Belt Program 1,000+ Slides
MEASURE Phase Basic Statistics
the target other than the midpoint. The calculation of Cpm accounts for the addition of a target
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