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you can trace the development of Chinese art over 1,600 years from one dynasty to the next because
each dynasty built own caves to record its own features. The site along with Longmen Grottoes, Yungang
Grottoes and Maijishan Grottoes are four greatest Buddhist grottoes in China.
More than 50,000 collections emerged from the discovery of the so-called “Library Cave” in 1900, and
were dispersed around the world. So far, most of the its manuscripts and relics are collected by museums
and libraries in Beijing, London, Paris, Paris, St . Petersburg and Japan.
In 1987, the UNESCO listed the Mogao Caves as the World Heritage Sites. It declared -“As evidence of the
evolution of Buddhist art in the northwest region of China, the Mogao Caves are of unmatched historical
value. These works provide an abundance of vivid materials depicting various aspects of medieval
politics, economics, culture, arts, religion, ethnic relations, and daily dress in western China.”
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For independent travelers, you can take public bus from Dunhuang Hotel which departs every half hour
and charges 8 RMB. Taxi is also available, and may charges about 40 RMB.
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Sightseeing Shuttle Bus
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The original construction of Mogao Caves can be traced back to the fourth century CE. In 366, a Buddhist
monk called Le Zun traveled in Dunhuang. One day he came across a mountain above of which there are
thousands of Buddhas bathing in the golden light. He decided to build a cave for meditation here. After
the rst cave built by Le Zun, many other monks joined Le Zun, and later in Northern Liang formed a small
community of monks. As the site became more and more famous, ruling families of later dynasties, such
as Northern Wei, Northern Zhou, also joined the constructions of caves. The construction of Mogao
Caves ourished during Sui Dynasty as a large number of caves were built by both ruling families and
folks. The Tang Empire was the heyday when the amount of caves exceeded any other dynasties with
more than a thousand caves. Later as the decline of Silk Road in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the Mogao
Caves were almost abandoned, only served as worship site for local pilgrims.
The Mogao Caves originally consisted of meditation caves for Buddhist monks, but later many other
kinds of caves were built. The most important ones are the consecrate caves which are themed by
Buddhism, including Chinese Buddhism, Tibetan Budhism, Indian Buddhism, etc. The caves, sponsored by
important clergy, local ruling elite, even the Chinese emperors, have large space inside, and were
exquisitely painted to represent famous events and stories of Buddhism.
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Beautiful Murals in Mogao Caves
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Around in 1892, the Taoist Wang Yuanlu traveled to Mogao Caves, and found the site abandoned and out
of maintenances. He decided to stay here, and guarded the caves. On June 25, 1900, Wang Yuanlu found
a hidden cave behind a main cave while he was cleaning the sand. Inside the small cave were enormous
manuscripts, paintings and other relics. Considering the preservation of such as large treasure and
seeking for support, Wang took some manuscripts to the local o cials. But none of o cials took it
seriously. The governor of Gansu order Wang to reseal the cave in 1904.
Wang Yuanlu’s discovery spread into an archaeologist group led by the Hungarian-British archaeologist
Aurel Stein. In 1907, Stein visit Wang and bought a large number of manuscripts with a very low price
since Wang had trouble with raising funds to build a Taoist temple. Other groups of explores came one
after another. In 1908, the French Paul Pelliot spent little money buying more than 10,000 items from
Wang. The plunder didn’t stop that explores from Japan and Russia took thousands of other manuscripts
from Mogao Caves in 1911 and 1914. The rest of manuscripts were escorted to Beijing, and now are kept
in China National Library.
Until now, many museums and libraries in Beijing, London, Paris, St. Petersburg and Japan are collecting
most of its manuscripts and the relics.
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Wang Yuanlu (left) and the French Archaeologist Paul Pelliot in the Library Cave
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Mogao Caves
So far, there are in total 492 caves built in different dynasties with different features. Murals, colorful
sculptures are the best highlights of each cave. The Followings are some most outstanding caves which
are open for publics.
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Nine Storey Temple - Facade of Cave No.96
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▶ Opening Caves: No.9, No.16, No.17, No.25, No.29, No.46, No.55, No.61, No.71, No.94, No.96,
No.171, No.334, No.148, No.202, No.203, No.231, No.237, No.244, No.246, No.249, No.251,
No.257, No.259, No.292, No.296, No.314, No.329, No.332, No.335, No.340, No.341, No.384,
No.397, No.407, No.409, No.420, No.427, No.428, and No.445.
▶ Opening Hours: ❶ Magao Caves Digital Exhibition Center: 07:30 - 15:00 (Apri 1st to Oct. 31st );
08:30 - 15:00 (Nov. 1st to Mar. 31st) ❷ Mogao Caves Area: 08:00 - 18:00 (Apr. 1st to Nov. 30th);
09:00 - 17:30 (Dec. 1st to Mar. 31st)
No. 148 – located on the southern cliff, this cave was built during late Tang Dynasty, and houses a giant
sleeping Buddha which is 16 meters in length. Many sculptures of important gures in Buddhist legends
standing behind the Buddha statue and showing different expressions.
No. 96 – this is the symbolic cave of Mogao Caves. Exterior is the famous 9-storey tower, while inside the
cave is the highest Buddha of Mogao Caves which is 33 meters high and expresses the beauty standard
of Tang Dynasty – chubbiness and elegance.
No. 16 & 17 – unique cave-in-cave structure. The No.16 cave is usual, the only feature is the exterior of
three-storey tower hanging on the cliff. The northern corridor of No. 16 is the No. 17 Cave – the famous
Library Cave which used to house more than 50,000 items of manuscripts and relics.
So far, only about 40 caves are open for tourists. Apart from above caves, there are also some unique
caves. The No. 323 described the historical event of Zhang Qian’s diplomatic mission to Xiyu (the Western
Regions). The No. 237 has the mural of Playing Lute with Backhands.
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Giant Buddha Statue - Cave No.96
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One of another highlight of Mogaoku Museum is the Mogao Caves Duplication Exhibition. There are 8
caves duplicated by 1:1 proportion. Not only the size, but also the decoration, sculptures and murals were
perfectly represented in the new caves.
(/assets/images/gansu/dunhuang/mogao-caves-maps/map-of-the-mogao-site-musems-and-
exhibitions.jpg)
Reservation Required
To visit the Mogao Caves, travelers need to make a reservation. Only 6,000 visitors are allowed each day
(the tourist capacity might be enlarged in peak season). The visiting time in the caves is about 75
minutes. Well, don’t have to worry, your rest time will be fully used to visit the museums and the Digital
Exhibition Center. (about-
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Independent travelers can not make the reservation online or by telephone, which is so far only available
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Special Caves
Besides the essence in the Digital Exhibition Center, Museum, and caves area in Mogao Caves, there are
now 10 special caves in this tourist area. These special caves open to the public during some months to
avoid too many visitors for they are comparatively older and need better protection.
Notice of 2019 Opening Special Caves: Special caves opened are No.45, No.57, No.156, No.158, No.217,
No.220, No.254, No.275, No.321, and No.322. After visiting the common caves, you could also visit some
special caves with extra fees. Please know the detailed charge of each cave in site. However, please note
there would be some change of the cave number according to practical situation when you visit there in
site.
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Visiting these precious caves, you can appreciate the very ancient but still fantastic statues and frescoes
with abundant colors from Tang dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Such as the most
beautiful Buddha and Bodhisattvas among all caves, lifelike statues and portraits of Bodhisattva and
other paintings expressing the life situation of that period, and the perfect carving of faces, bodies,
clothes and gestures making each statue a perfect artwork in Cave 45; the fantastic sculpture of Buddha
Nirnava in Cave 158, which is the largest one and represents the outstanding skill of Buddha sculpture
works in the middle Tang Dynasty; the fabulous paintings of princes from various countries visiting the
very prosperous ancient China in Tang Dynasty in Cave 220, which indicated that China was not only in
very good prosperity but holding an open heart to the outside regions during then; Cave 275 tells about
the stories of Buddhism and the clothes as well as ornaments on the gures re ects the frequent
communication between Chinese people and the Western countries.
Moreover, you can pay more visits to admire the famous most beautiful Bodhisattva in Cave 57, featured
paintings still in bright color of mountains and water styles in Cave 217, etc.
▶ Note: Visiting the special caves does not need a reservation in advance. If you want to enjoy the special
caves with China Discovery, tell our travel guide or the guide in Mogao Cave Tourist Area when you are in
there, and they will arrange the visit for you. Although the special caves could be accessible in both peak
and off seasons, they might not open if there are too many visitors during July and September or other
protection work to preserve these gems.
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Dunhuang has a typical continental arid climate. It is dry, and has little rain all year around. There is large
temperature gap between daytime and night. Summer and autumn(May to October) are best season for
travel Dunhuang, because there usually sand storm in spring. And it is too cold in winter. Whenever you
are planning to visit Dunhuang, be fully prepared for the strong sunlight and wind.
If you are interested in these gem relics in the special caves, just contact our Travel Consultant (about-
us/contact-us.html) to book the ticket for you in advance. Only watching the special caves, you don’t need
to pay the ticket of Mogao Caves
Important Notes: 1)daily allowed visitors are limited (6,000), so it is required to make the reservation at
least 7 days in advance; 2) the price includes tour guide arranged by the site.
③ No Photography in Caves
Taking photo is not allowed when visiting inside the caves and Mogaoku Museum. But you can take
photos of outside the caves.
Since every special cave needs some time to enjoy its essence, it is advised to visit only about 3 to 4
caves in one day in order not to be so tired. And if you like these grottos very much, you can go there the
next day(s).
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Some travelers usually travel Dunhuang with other destinations in Gansu, such as Jiayuguan, Zhangye,
Lanzhou, etc. One can even travel from Dunhuang to Turpan, Urumqi of Xinjiang.
We have helped many global travelers enjoy their memorable wonderful trips to Gansu for the past few
years. Among them, Marcin and his friends traveled with us and spent 13-Day to explore the silk road
from Lanzhou to Khasgar, visiting Zhangye, Jiayuhuan, Dunhuang... in Gansu province, and shared us
their special travel story (travel-stories/marcin-13-days-china-silk-road-trip.html)! Travel with China
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Keep Reading
Mogao Caves Maps (gansu/dunhuang/mogao-caves/maps.html)
How to Get to Mogao Caves (gansu/dunhuang/mogao-caves/how-to-get-to-mogao-caves.html)
Mogao Caves Facts (gansu/dunhuang/mogao-caves/facts.html)
Mogao Caves Tickets (gansu/dunhuang/mogao-caves/tickets.html)
Yulin Caves (gansu/yulin-caves.html)
Mingsha Mountain Crescent Lake Nature Park (gansu/dunhuang/mingsha-mountain-crescent-lake.html)
Things to do in Dunhuang (dunhuang-tours/attractions.html)
Featured Activities in Dunhuang (dunhuang-tours/activities-in-dunhuang.html)
How to Get to & around Dunhuang (dunhuang-tours/transportation.html)
Dunhuang Weather & Seasons (dunhuang-tours/weather-seasons.html)
Dunhuang Maps (dunhuang-tours/maps.html)
Dunhuang Travel Tips (dunhuang-tours/dunhuang-faqs-tips.html)
Recommended Hotels in Dunhuang (dunhuang-tours/dunhuang-hotels.html)
Get from Dunhuang City to Mogao Caves (gansu/dunhuang/mogao-caves/dunhuang-city-to-mogao-
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Dunhuang Caves (gansu/dunhuang/dunhuang-caves.html)
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