GEOCHEMISTRY

What is meteorite?
Rocky materials which composed of chondrules present in the solar system.
CHONDRULES: it is the building block to the meteorite chondrules are tiny particles just like
minerals in the rocks on the earth aggregate of chondrules constitutes the meteorite. Meteorites were
first recognized by V.M Goldsmith in 1937 who used the data by from meteorite to compile first table
of cosmic abundant elements. Meteorite are dominant composed of elements by i.e O, Si, Fe, (>10%)
Mg, S, Ni, Ca More than 80 minerals are known from meteorites but many these mineral are in to
amount and in accessory.
The common minerals of meteorites are kaomacite 4-7% Ni Taenite has 30-60% Ni, Triolite.
Meteorite also contain olivine orthopyroxene pigeomite Si3, Dipsoid, and plagioclase and alumina-
silicate.
CLASSIFICATION OF METEORITE.
Classification of meteorite is based on its composition and structure sometime the word chondrites is
also used for meteorites. Meteorite are characterized by presence of chondrules which are smaller
1mm in diameter chondrules are spheroidal in shape usually composed off olivine with lesser a.5ount
of pyro oxen meteorite are also meteor meteorite are also called as terrestrial rocks.
What is the word cosmic?
Cosmic is a word used for rocky particle within the atmosphere these are usually used for these
minerals present in the solar system .impact metamorphism, as result of this metamorphism high
pressure polymorph silica called as Coesite, ,Steschovite, are produce these are the characteristic
mineral of impact metamorphism similar the high pressure polymorph carbon.
TYPES OF METEORITES;
(a)Chondrites meteorite; these are on a rocky bodies of the solar system formed as aggregate of solar
system material. These normally composed of 80% chondrules.
(b) Achondrite; these are just in chondrites meteorite but very little amount of chondrites.
(c) Iron meteorite; the meteorite formed by process of melting of Fe-components in the solar system.it
is composed OF 7% chondrules.
(d) Stony iron meteorites; this type of meteorites composed of hard and composed portion of the
fragments present in the solar system meteorite are more or less undifferentiated that has remain
unchanged for the last 4.5 these meteorite are formed approximately and simultaneously with sun.it is
thought that small droplets of olivine and pyroxene condensed and crystallized form hot solar in the
form of small sphere called as chondrules.
Combine with material that condensed form the solar nebula forming a matrix that constitute
chondrites and chondrites parent material called as <asteroids>with respect to chemical composition,
.chondrites resemble.
ASTEROID
Remnants of material present in the solar system which normally represent the original nature
of meteorite the proper definition was explained as in 1933. Major task of geochemistry to investigate
the composition of the earth as who and its various components to uncover the laws that control the
distribution various elements in the earth crust. The complete knowledge periodic time tube is cover
in. geochemistry is the science that uses the tool and principle of chemistry to explain the mechanism
behind the major geological system such as the crust and its ocean .
Geochemistry uses the tool of chemistry to understand the process within the earth the wide fields of
geochemistry included.
A] Trace elements geochemistry [B}Isotope Geochemistry [c] Sediment geochemistry [D]
organic and inorganic geochemistry [E]Marine geochemistry [F]Biochemistry
[G]Environmental geochemistry ‘ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTERY’ It involute the determination of
relative and absolute concentration of the elements and their isotopes in the earth’s crust and also an
the earth’s surface [BIOCHEMISTRY ]To study the effect of life in the contents is applicable in
pharmaceutical laboratories {ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRAY}the study of process and c0mpthat are
derived form or once living organisms [MARINE GEOCHEMISTERY]this branch of geochemistry
involve the of various elements in sheds including copper surfed are through atmospheric terrestrial
and aquatic interaction[ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY ]This include application to
environmental hydrological and environmental studies [Geochemistry deals with the internal
composition of all associated minerals in the earth crust geochemistry is much more advance subject
which is totally related with the chemistry of mineral different geochemical analyses are conducted
for all rocks types [E.G] metamorphic ligneous sedimentary in order to understand the behaviour and
composition of these rocks through major oxides minor oxides and trace elements the major oxides
studied in rock are sio2 AL2O3 Mgo Na2o ,tiO2and P2O5etc the example of trace elements are
SR,CR,MO,W,AG,AU, ZR, and ZN etc while the rare earth elements {REES}are Uranium
[U]thorium [TH], lead [PB] and organ [AR]etc geochemistry need much more care as compared to
other science vbc sometime small proportion of element disturbed can make much more ambiguity
[NOT CLEAR]in the analysis and interpretation
X- RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD) Is related with the emission of form the source which strike the
rock sample in powder form which interact with the atoms and of internal composition of rocks
sample in powder form and give the results on detector in form of diffraction this result on detector in
form of diffraction this related with the incident and diffraction this related with the incidents and
diffraction rays after interact with the atoms and ions the sample ‘d’’ is the spacing Between two
atoms and is the Wavelength of wave and theta (Q) is the angle between incident and diffracted rays
which developed the Braggs law. X-RAY diffraction (XRD) is a fundamental technique used in
geochemistry. XRD used quantitative study of a rock sample in geology. XRD works the principle of
Braggs law which is npi = 2sin Q
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (AAS)
AAS is the elemental technique used in rock specimens and is used for both major elements and trace
elements e.g the elemental analysis for ‘Ca’ ‘Mg’ and Fe in trace elements the concentrates of ‘Mn’
and ‘Al’ is analyses.
PROCEDURE:- First the rock sample should be collected from field and then should be tests in the
laboratory after become crushed and pulverized into powder for analysis this sample should go
through AAS 0.5gram of sample powder should be taken AAS which will then dissolved in a strong
dissoluble solution called as ‘Aqua Regia Solution’. The sample after this the solution will be placed
on hot plate for 2 hour, after the completion of digestion, the solution will be removed from the hot
plate and then filtered after filtering, 100ml distilled water should be added to sample which is now
favourable solution ready for AAS analysis for example the dolomite sample should be analysed to
identify Mg, Ca, Fe and Mn in dolomite sample.
S. No Ca (ppm) Mg (ppm) Fe (ppm) Mn (ppm)
Sample 1 72 22.3 8.5 1.56
Sample 2 24 48 13.56 192
Sample 3 25 62.4 99 1.2
FLOW TO PREPARE SOLUTION FOR AAS
1 take 0.5gram of sample powder. 2 add 10ml HF (hydroflauric acid) the powder sample. 3 heat it for
one hour plate. 4 again add 2ml HclO4 till the past formation. 5 again add 10ml HF and heat is for
10mints. 6 add 10ml distilled water and fill it in 250ml flask. Now solution is ready for AAS analysis.
AAS analysis is used to check out the concentration of economic mineral concentration Au, Cu, Ni,
Pb, Cr etc in ppm.