| ‘ated Chemical Reaction Chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, and can often be described by a chemical equation. In every chemical reaction, there are participants known as reactants, which, by chemically reacting to one another, result in the creation ofa product Or products. Chemical reaction involves changes in the arrangement of atoms. The atoms in the reactants are rearranged. The atomic or molecular structure of the product is different from that of either the reactants. Towards the end of the chapter, the learners will be able to: describe the four general types of chemical reactions; * apply the principles of conservation of mass to chemical reactions; + alance equations given the formulas for reactants and products; "enumerate and explain the factors affecting the rates of chemical reactions; * Tecognize that all chemical reactions are accompanied by energy change; 1 ©. identify the chemical reactions involved in biological and industrial processes affecting + __lifeand the environment; z7. describe the chemical reactions involved in plant growth, scrib éffects of various factors on the rate of ch n te ; the how© {sss0" Chemical Equations Achemical equation is a chemist’s sh chemical reaction. With the nou jortha: equipped to write chemical eae iting equations. » Basic a a Fe pone reactants are always written on the left ri ‘Ow —>, a double arrow =>, or an a products " sign = usually separates the reactants from th ; le prod i Bpols ei micl eae lucts, Table 1.1 gives you the different neo ene description of julas of compounds, YOU are terms and symbols are needed in Table 1.1 Symbols Used in Equations | Symbols Used Male Read as plus or and; used between two formulas to show reactants combined or products formed Read as yields or produces; used to separate reactants Seer (on the left) from products (on the right). The arrow head points to the direction of change after a symbol or formula to Read as solid; write the substance is solid cs signify that the physical state of Read as liquid; written after a symbol or formula to 0 show that the physical state of the substance is liquid | or formula to tell jaseOus n after a symbol or f te of the substance is 9° itten after a symbol oF formula to ; write ead as aqueous: written art ! a ed that the substance |S dissolved in water Read as 9a5' writte that the physical statP Let us take for example the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen. A big explosion and the production of water is the result of the bur ‘ ni hydrogen gas in the presence of oxygen, a. To write the chemical equation for this reaction, 1. We must identify the reactants and the product, A reactant is a substance used up during a chemical reaction. A product is a substance formed after a chemical reaction. In the example given, hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen. The reactants are hydrogen and oxygen, This results in the production of water, which is the product. Reactants: hydrogen, oxygen Product: water 2. We must write the word equation: the reactants to the left and the product to the right. hydrogen + oxygen —> water 3. We must replace the names of the substances with their chemical formula. H+0,—>0H,O However, hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms are very uncommon in nature. They are found in nature as diatomic molecules instead. Diatomic molecules are molecules that are made up of only two atoms; thus, hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are written as H, and O,, respectively. Correcting the equation we get: 2H, +0, —+H0 Table 1.2 Diatomic Molecules : —________—_——_ Se" adh Bromine Br Chlorine Cl, Flourine 2 Hydrogen be oe lodine aa | Nitrogen || bai) sc N aaa] Oxygen ee,write the chemical formula for each reacti ion, 1. Solid aluminum Oxide forms j in exposed to the oxygen in the ae when fresh aluminum metal is Write the chemical equations of the following reactions: 1, When zinc metal is ad bubbles of hydrogen chloride is formed. 2. Solid mercury (Il) oxide decomposes to produce liquid mercury metal and gaseous oxygen.hergy and Chemical Reactions Some chemical reactions absorb energy; Conservation of Mass and Energy applies to tt others release energy. The Law of he chemical reactions. Chemical reactions observe energy conservation. Energy is neither created nor destroyed every time a chemical reaction takes place. Any energy released in reaction is present in the chemical bonds of the reactants. Any energy absorbed in a reaction becomes part of the chemical bonds of the products. There are numerous chemical reactions that release energy. These types of feactions are called exothermic reactions. Whenever you cook your food or use your car, energy is released. All exothermic reactions are true to this chemical pattern. original substance —> new substance + energy Heat, light or electricity energy is most often produced in exothermic reactions. Endothermic reactions are chemical reactions that absorb energy. These types of reaction are less common. For example, the water molecules absorb the electricity when electricity is added to water. Breaking apart into hydrogen and ‘oxygen is the chemical change that the water molecules undergo. The chemical description for the endothermic reaction is shown below: original substances + energy —> new substance Which of the pictures below show exothermic reaction? Endothermic reaction? 286 siesecnieio mae |Figure 2.1 (Top: Left-Right) antacid+water, taking a photograph using acam tacid-+water, takin ST ANCE water taking a photograph using a camera bottom: lf ght) ee Bod cane ee gis place in our daily environment and in the 1, Composition or Combination Reaction 2. Decomposition Reaction 3. Single-Displacement Reaction 4, Double-Displacement Reaction Types of Chemical Reaction A. Composition or Combination Reaction 2 i it hen two or more substances combine ion reaction takes place wi : ambi to pcumbinet complex molecule. The general equation for combinatcy reactions is A + 8 —> AB, where A and Bare ‘elements or compounds.Fe(s)+S —. Fes iS ~— ing on the reactants involved, a combination patter. reaction may Sohn 4, Metal +Nonmetal —— salt Fe,+ S(s) —i> Fee 2. Nonmetal Oxide +Water ——+ oxyacid $0,(g) + ,0(0 ——+ HS0,aq) 3. Metal + Oxygen ——+ ___ metal oxide 2Ma(s) + 0,(9) —+ 2MgO\(s) 4, Metal Oxide + Water ——+ ___ metal hydroxide CaO(s) + H,0(/) ——+ __Ca(OH)2(aq) 5. Nonmetal + Oxygen ——+ nonmetal oxide S(s) + 0,(9) —> S0,g) 6. Metal Oxide + Nonmetal Oxide ———+ salt MgO + SO, =. “§Mgsoy B. Decomposition Reaction One substance, usually compound, breaks down to form two or more substances which may be the elements or the compounds in a decomposition reaction. A catalyst, which may be in the form of heat, electricity, radiation or even enzyme, can aid or bring about a decomposition reaction. The general equation for decomposition reactions is AB —> A+Bwhere Aand Bare elements or compounds.Iris essential that you know a le inorder to foresee the possible poem types of f at ‘decomposition reactions consider the following reactions: willbe formed, mail Whenan oxide is heated, i ; Oxygen is Generally given offas one of the products. 2Hg0(s) A, 2Hgll) + 0g) 2 some carbonates (like limestone), wh dioxide. ), when heated, decompose to yield carbon Caco,s) A. cao + c0/4) some compounds such as baking soda (sodium h rbonate sodium bicarbonate) when heated decompose Hite fd ae water and a carbonate salt. Baking soda can be vii to ae ‘ish flame pecause of the production of carbon dioxide. aa 2NaHCO,(s) ————» Na2C0,(s) + H,0(0 + 0,9) or more molecules of water for each eat, readily decompose. 4, Hydrates are substances that hold ont salt. Consider formula unit. These compounds, when submitted toh The water is driven off, leaving the anhydrous (without water) the examples below. (s) +5 H20(9) a. CuSO, 5H,0 _ A, auso4 b. Na,CO,. 10H,0 = ASD Naicoralaala H,0(9) ment Reaction : acing another element in a compound is the ing 2rencwnassubstion ori .d by the general equation: C. Single-Displace acting by rePl displaceme” be represente One element re main feature ofasingle- reaction. This reaction can ac+BZincishigherthan cre ena of elements. Sodium can replace one hydrogen ion anduble-Displacement Double-displacement or j sitive ion of one compound ony mpound. This reaction may also | Note that in this reaction, there Ne metathesis or 7 whereas, in single-displacement reactions than ey namely, A, 8, C and D, The general equation is: PAI) Let us Do the Balancing of Chemical Equations Objectives: Read chemical equations. Identify elements by their chemical symbol. Count atoms, Identify the coefficients and subscripts in a chemical equation. Label the reactants and products of a chemical equation. Balance chemical equations. Material : One complete set of card like this. Note: Color scheme is VERY important for visualization during the activity. on 3x5 index | 2 orange Tred cards 6's reactants" | C2 | Fe N, | Naso, y i on 5x8 4red 2's | 2black7’s | seveards| CHs | FeO, | NH, | ©, 4blue3's | 2blue"+" Al GH. | oH, | Na 1 black 4green 4's | "yield" sign Al,O, CaCl, | HO | NaCl } P,Q» —_ 1 purple 2 purple 5' purple 5's "products"a (sso) tors Affecting the R emical Reactions wa speeding up a Chemical Reaction Essentially, a chemical reaction is the result of the collisions between molecules, Accordin: F ri collision model, if the collision is strong af0sh it ce break the chemical bonds in the reactants, resulting in the rearrangement of the atoms to form products, The more the molecules collide, the faster the reaction is, An increase in the number of collisions can be produced in two ways: either the concentrations of the reactants are increased or the temperature is increased. In either case, more molecules are colliding. An increase in the concentration and temperature can be applied together to produce an even faster reaction, but the rates of reaction can also be increased by the use of a catalyst, a substance that speeds up the reaction without participating in it either as a reactant or a product. Catalysts are, thus, not consumed in the reaction. One very important example of a catalyst is an enzyme, which speeds up the complex reactions in the human body. At ordinary body temperatures, these reactions are too slow, but the enzyme hastens them along. Thus, human life can be said to depend on chemical reactions aided by a wondrous form of catalyst. The rate of a chemical reaction 's affected by several factors like the concentration of reactants, pressure, temperature, catalyst, nature ofthe reactants, orientation ofthe reacting species, surface area, intensity of light and Nature of the solvent. The effects of these factors are discussed below. + Concentration of Reactants Therateofareaction's AgCl,, |+NaNO,., This reaction only involves the exchange of ions as shown below, hence, occurs very fast. AT NO + NB Clay §<———>_AQCL, |4.Na,.. #NO,, Whereas, the reactions between covalent compounds take place slowly because they require energy for the cleavage of the existing bonds. Example: The esterification of acetic acid occurs slowly since the breaking bonds requires energy, ws sa iaorientation of the Reacting Specie: S ction bi emit ants with proper dio le greater the probabil roa coer c tations (hegre oe ata between the of reaction becomes. a) @) G) The reaction is possible ai ae ©) since the colliding molecules are oriented properly. No reaction is possible the reactant molecules is not proper. igure 43 Reacting species to show he effects ofthe colliding molecules f the molecules affects the probability factor, p. The simple ide. Hence, their per orientations to colli if complex molecules. .cts the interaction between the reactan! ical reactions, which are catalyzed tivate the reactant molecules (or sites are called active sites and The orientation 0 ave more ways of pro| molecules hi higher than that of probability factor is The orientation factor als the catalysts. For example, int by enzymes, the biocatalysts, substrates) at 2 particular site on have definite shape and size. The size, stereochemistry and orientation of substrates MU: they can fitinto the active site of the enzyme. Only then will the reaction Pr This is also known as lock and key mechanism. The enzymes lose their activity upon nea ae certain chemical reagent is i the deforma This is duet the active site. its and 0 affet he case of biologi st be such that oceed. | or changing the pH, oF adding if the configuration of i ce area of the e in the surfa .d by grinding + Surface Area ith the increas! increase jon increases =H ahernec erties 0” itto a fine powder. on Example: The reaction Pet and hyarochon ds seconds if the Zinc I finely POW’ . slower when @ zinc wire is used. id will occur within reaction will be ween zinc etal is. Usually, the sol This is also true with the solid catalysts. employed in a finely powdered form while carrying out a ¢| ; reaction. : Example: Finely powdered nickel is used during the hydrogenation of oils, + Intensity of Light The rate of some photochemical reactions, which occur in the Presence light, increases with the increase in the intensity of the suitable light Used. With an increase in the intensity, the number of photons in light also increases, Hence, a bigger number of reactant molecules gets the energy by absorbing a bigger number of photons and undergoes chemical change. Example: The rate of photosynthesis is bigger on brighter days. However, some photochemical reactions involving the free radicals generated in a chain process are not greatly affected by the intensity of the light. Just one photon is sufficient to trigger the formation of a free radical, This, in return, initiates a chain process in which more free radicals are formed repeatedly in each cycle without the need of extra photons. + Nature of Solvents The solvents are used to dissolve the reactants and while doing, so they help in providing a more interactive surface between the reactant molecules which may be, otherwise, in different phases or strongly bonded in a solid phase. Usually, solvents help in breaking the cohesive forces between ions or molecules in the solid state. The polar molecules tend to dissolve more in polar solvents with more dielectric constants and react faster in them. Whereas, non- polar molecules prefer non-polar solvents. In the case of diffusion-controlled reactions, the viscosity of the solvent plays a major role. The rate decreases with an increase in the viscosity of the solvent. Enumerate the factors affecting the rate of reaction.