1.30 Transmission Lines and Waveguides Z3 = V Zr0c Zioe ~Zisc) ‘The input impedances of open and short circuited lines are Zyoc = Zqcothy! Zo tanh y/ foyt ag nh 8 (etleet!) Zioc = 20 “yr _-yF | Let -e¥' ) and Zisc = Zo* tanh y! (el et!) Since a line is a symmetrical network, Zioc = Zr0c [Z1=Zy] - on The shunt element Z3 = «{Zroc Zioe ~ Ziso Zo ( Zo - \V ianhy? (tanh yt ~ Zotanhy? a Zo 62 = \V any? ~ 20 ZoNV coth? yi-1 The series elements for the equivalent T section are Z, = 2, = Loc Zs Zo sinh yl = Zycothy! — "Transmission Line Theory 1.31 Hi N — [a Zz = Zy tant The T section equivalent for the transmission line is shown in Fig.1.9- nat Zo tanh yli2 Zotanhyli2 | | | Zo i tanh yl Fig. 1.9. T section equivalent for a transmission line Ax section network is shown in Fig.1.10. Fig. 1.10. 2 section network The input impedance may be measured at either ports while the other port may be shorted or opened. £4 (Zp*Zo) ZatZgrZo 8, ZZy sc ~ 7, +Zy Ze (Za - Zs) Zy+ZgtZeo Zioc Zr00 Zosc = Lek. ( ZaZs ) (ZoZa* Zc@n*Zn)) Tees (aeIl Zat+Zy+Zo) Ly Fee. ~ ZatdptTransmission Lines and Waveguides ; _ Zy@ptZ) _2aZp and Zoe“ Zisc = Z+Zy4+2o Ca+Zy) 2 2n4 2p) Zp *Z-La ba Cnt lat Zo) (ZqtZgt Zo ZqtZp) _ DE By Dea Z? Bet Ti Zip Fie 22 Diy Ly Zh Lyi Big Zin (ZatZpt+Zo Za tZp) “2 Ze Zroe~Zise ~ E+Zqy+ Ze) Eat Ze) Multiplying with Zyoc, 2 nt Ze) \( Zi Ze 2r0c @roe~Zise) = BtZ) (Gastar Za Gat 22: Ze ~ (Zy+Zy+ZeyP Liles V420c Zioc~Ziso) = 7.4% y+Zo Zisc Z20c _ Eats 2Zo)/ Ent Zg* Zo) A Zo0c Zioc— 2,2) (Za+Zpy* Zo) 2 Ziq Zisc Z20¢ Zr00~V Z20c Zioe —Z ise) Zisc Z20¢ Zr00-\ Z200 Zr0e~ Z ise) : &, Zioc~\V 2200 Zioe ~ Zisc) aS V Z20¢ Zi10c - Zisc) _ 2cZa*Zp) ZrLc Zyt+ZgtZ) ~ Zy+ZgtZQ Z Ze (Za+Zg+Zo) La Zg@ol (Za + LgtZo) Zp Zo! (Zat+Zg+Zo) Zy ZptZo) (Z4+Zg+Zo) ~ (Zya+Zg+Zo) ZxiZigTransmission Line Theory 1.33 ZyZy ~ @y4Zy+Ze Zisc Z20¢ — 2a2y Ze! Ex+Zy+Zo Zroe- NV Z20c Zioe~Zisc) Fa Zp! (Ly +Zy> ZiscZ20¢ i Zioc ~ V 2200 Zoe ~Z se) Zs ——— VZo0cZsc = Zo Z Digg,» a toc £20 “tanh y7 Zisc = Zq tanh yl sinh y? ZiscZ, Ag bg eG = 2 toe VW 2200 Zi0¢~ Zisc) 22 2 20 (ats tanh y! ~ sinh y/ tanh y/ ~ sinhy7 SL Zoe"! -e7"!) (e! +e! 2) Wz _ wr 2 1 Zyl se UVM? xg (e 2 goa y 9 yl, ze! Zo (6? +e en? ae M24 )134 Transmission Lines and Waveguides Zo/ sinh yl Zy = Zqsinny? The equivalent x section for a line is shown in Fig. 1.11 Zysinhy! | _ Va ZgtZ) | vo OZR, ig @gtZo l=" "32 0 But K = Then V = l= cident wave and reflected wave with definite maxima These two equations comprise of and minima along the line. The term involving e” is the incident wave whereas the term involving e ™ is the reflected wave. The reflected wave depends upon the reflection coefficient. The voltage and current distributions for open circuit and short circuit conditions are shown in Fi 12. It also shows the distribution for proper matching Ry = Ry.Transmission Line Theory 1 («© Receiving end | Fig. 1.12. Voltages and currents on dissipationless tine (a) Open circuit (6) Short circuit (c) RR=Ro1.36 Transmission Lines and Waveguides SOLVED PROBLEMS Example IJ | An open wire telephone line has R = 10 ohm / km, L = 0.004 H/km, C= 0.008 x 10-6 F/km, and G= 0.4 x 10-4 ohm/km. Determine its Z, cand Bat | KHz. Solution ; Series impedance, Similarly, shunt admittance Y = G+joc = 0.4 x 10-6 +72 x 3.14 x 1000 x 0.008 x 10% = [0.4+/50.24] x 10-6 Y = 50.24x 10 4 89,54° G Z Characteristic impedance, Z, = \} $ V 27.04 4 68.3° \j 50.24 x 10 2 89.54 Propagation constant = V 27.04 Z 68.3° x 50.24 x 10-6 2 89.54° = V204x S024 x 16% zc BS EBSA = 36.85 x 103 2 78,92° = 0.0368 2 78.92° y = 0.007 +/0.0361 per km Therefore, the attenuation constant is @& = 0.007 neper/km and the phase constant is B = 0.0361 radians/kmTransmission Line Theory 1.37 The characteristic impedance of a uniform transmission line is 2000 ohm at frequency of 1 KHz, At this frequeney the propagation constant was found to be 0.054 460° Determine the values of line constants R, L, G and C. 2000 chms. y=0.054 2 60° Solution : Tis given that = 2x3.14x 1000 = 6280 6280 yxZ, ft is known that, = 0.054 4 60° x 2000 = 108 2 60° = $4+ 93.53 ohms /km Equating real and imaginary parts, we have R= 54 ohms/km @L = 93.53 93.53 L= 6280 Hm L = 14.89 mH/km Also, Gtjoct = Equating real and imaginary parts, G = 13.5 x 10% mhos/km oC = 23.38% 10-6 23,38 x 10-6 = FRB ROE Tog a3 page G aa 3.723 x 10° Fk C = 3.723 mF/km Example 1.3 | The constant of a L.F transmission line per km are R = 6 ohms, L= 2.2 mill, C= 0.005 mF, G= 0.25 x 10-6 mhos. Calculate at he frequency of I KH:, (I) the terminating impedance for which no reflection will be setup in the line, (ii) the attenuation in db suffered by signal at 1 KH, while travelling a distance of 100 km when the line is properly terminated and the phase velocity with which the signal would travel, Solution : (i) When the transmission line is terminated by its characteristic impedance, there is no reflection. Therefore, the terminating impedance will be Z,, which has to be calculated,1,38 Transmission Lines and Waveguides Series impedance Similarly shunt admittance, y Characteristic impedance. Zo Z 0 Propagation constant y Since 2x 3.14 x 1000 6.28 x 10? R+joL 6 +j6.28 x 103 x 2.2 x 103 = 6+/138 15.04 2 66.5° Q G+joC 0.25 x 10-6 +/6.28 x 10? x 0.005 x 10° (0.25 + 31.4) x 10% 31.42 x 106 2 89.5° G [z Ni 15.04 2 66.5° _ 314x106 2 89.5° 15.04 66.5° — 89.5° 314x106 2 0.692 x 103 4-11.5° 692 Z-11.5° ZY _—————— VV 15.04 Z 66.5° x 31.42 x 10-¢ 2 89.5° AJ 15.04 x 31.42 x 10-6 gE 21.73 x 103 2 78° 0.0046 + 0.0215 at jp 0.0046 neper/km 0.0215 radians/km ohms (a) Attenuation suffered while travelling, 100 km (b) Phase velocity Vp, by which the 100 xa = 100 x 0.0046 nepers 0.46 x 8.06 db 3.99 db signal would travel 6.28 x 108 g B ~ 0.0215 2.9 x 105 km/sec* Transmission Line Theory 1.39 Example 14 | A 10% voltage drop across in 3 ku of a uniformly loaded transmission line terminated by its characteristic impedance and there is a phase change of 30°over the same distance at a frequency of 800 Hz. Find the value of () the line attenuation in db/km, (ii) the velocity of propagation. [V4 Solution : (i) Atenuation in db = 20 logiy | 7 | for3 km L YRS Since voltage drop is 10% 90 Va = 799 XVs = 0.9 Vg . Attenuation indb = 20 logig = 20x [1—0.942] = 200.458 = 0.916 db for 3 km For line of | km, a= ons db/km = 0.3053 db/km (ii) Phase change for3 km = 30° +. Phase change/km = 2 = 10° B = 10° T fan = = radi: = 10x 730° radian = Tg radian @ _ Inx 800 LVp- 2 = OMe z 18 = 36x 800 Vp = 28800 km/sec Example 1.5 | An open wire line which is 200 km long is properly terminated. The generator at the sending end has V= 10V, f = 1 KHz and internal impedance of 500 ohms. At that frequency Z, of the line is (700 —j 100) and y= 0.007 + j0.04 per km. Determine the sending end voltage, current und power and the receiving end voltage, current and power. Vz = 10V, Z, = 500+/0 ohm (700 — 100) ohms140 Transmission Lines and Waveguides Hs] = | ve _| Si | Zy%Zz | | 10 | 500 + 700-7100 - — 0, ¥(12002+ oop 1204.2 [Ij] = 83x103A = 83mA [Vg] = [Ig Ze] = 83x 10-3 sf (700)? + (1007 [Vs| = 5.869V iz,, Average power entering the line, Ps = |Ig(?-Rg = (8.3 x 1037 x 700 = 48223 x 10-6 Py = 48.22mW 1 = 200km It is known that, Va = Vg etl = Vg e@tihy 2 ‘Thus the magnitude of Vp is 1.45 V V5! JBI $.869 x 90.007 «200 g-/0.04 « 200 145 e8 1.45 2-8 radians J rms and B =~ 8 radians. The line is B. = 1.2734 long, and Vz lags Vs by 1273 Hz. In so far as the position of sending voltage is concemed, 27 rad result. Therefore Hal Ug] ians or 360° can be subtracted without changing the 1.45 24-172 V 1.45 2-98.5° V 10 — 7 100 VY 7002 + 1002 T7072 [Ya] _ 145 |Z, | 7 707 2.05 mA [- Zg=Zq]Transmission Line Theory \A1 The average power absorbed by the terminating load is Pa = [Ig?-Rg = (2.05 x 10-3)? x 700 Py = 2.94mW [Example 1.6 | A telephone tine has resistance of 20 ohms, inductance of 10 mH, capacitance of 0.1uF and insulation resistance of 100 K ohm/km. Find the input impedance at angular frequency 5000 radian/see., if the line is very long. Given that, R = 20ohms a = 10mH = 10°H G= Tie = 10% ohm C= O1nF = 01x 106 = 107F @ = 5000 radians/sec ince the line is very long, it approximates to an infinite line, The input impedance of an nfinite line as explained is the characteristic impedance of the line. Hence Z,, must be found. <. Series impedance, Z = R+joL = 20+/5000 x 102 = 20+j50 Z = 53.85 2 68.2° Q Shunt admittance, Y = GtjoC = 10-5+75000 x 10-7 = (10 +/500) x 10~ Y = 500 10-6 4 88.9° & fz eee 59.85 2 68.2° 500 x 10-6 Z 88,9° 68.2° ~ 88.9° = 1077x108 ZS Using thisin Z, Z, = 328.1 ~ 10.4° ohms A12 km line is terminated by its characteristic impedance. At a certain frequency the voltage at 1 km from the sending end is 10% below that at the sending end. Find the voltage across the load impedance interms of percentage of ihe sending end voltage. Since the line is terminated in its Z,, it can be considered as equivalent to an infinite line. Therefore, Va Vg eo %* where V is the voltage at a distance x km from the sending end. It is given that, x=1 km, V = 10% less than Vs. That is1.42 Transmission Lines and Waveguides Vv Using these values, 09Vs 09 90 = Too Vs = 0.9 Vs =x Vsx e e when x= 12 km, it follows from the same equation Vi = Vs eX? Since the line is 12 km long V, will be the voltage across the load impedance Substituting the value of e~’ = 0.9 in the above expression, VL Vi Vi V5 (9.9)? Vg x 0.2821 28.21% of Vg This V;, is 28.21% of the sending voltage Vs Example 1.8 | At 8 MHz the characteristic impedance of a transmission line is (40 — j2)Q and the propagation constant is (0.01 + j0.18) per meter. Find the primary constants. @= o Z ‘0 Rtjel R+joL Given: R+joL = R oL 50.24 x 106 x L 2x314 x8 x 106 50.24 x 106 40—j2, y=0.01+/0.18 Zyx7 (40 —j2) x (0.01 + 70.18) 0.76 + 7.18 0.76 ohm/m 7.18 7.18 718 50.24 x 108 0.1429 pH/m “y _ 0.18 2 86.82 Z, 40 2-286 4.5 x 105 2 89.06 7.38 x 10-4 + 7449.9 x 10-4 7.38 x 10-4 mho/meter 449.9 x 10-4 449.9 x 10-4 50.24 x 108 8.95 x 10710 F/mTrans sion Line Theory 1.43 TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. What are the primary constants of a transmission line ? The four line parameters resistance (R), inductance (L), capacitance (C) and conductance (G) are termed as primary constants of a transmission line. 2, What are the secondary constants of a transmission line ? Propagation constant {y) and characteristic impedance (Z,) are the secondary constants of a transmission line, 3. When will a transmission line deliver maximum power to a load ? A transmission line will deliver maximum power to a load when the load resistance is equal to the characteristic resistance. 4, Name the types of line distortion. Line distortion is usually of two types : 1, Frequency distortion 2. Delay distortion 3. Write the condition for a distortionless line. The condition for a distortionless line is R G L Cc 6. What are loaded line: To achieve distortionless condition in transmission line, inductance L has to be increased Increasing the value by inserting inductances in series with line is termed as loading and such lines are called loaded lines. 7. Define wavelength and velocity of wave. The distance the wave travels along the line while the phase angle is changing through 2a radians is called a wavelength. 2n a= 'B Velocity of propagation is defined as = 2 on) 8. What is phase distortion or delay distortion ? All the frequencies applied to a transmission line will not travel uniformly, some of them may be delayed more than others. This phenomenon is known as delay or phase distortion.1.44 Transmission Lines and Waveguides 9. What is frequency distortion ? A complex voltage transmitted on a transmission line will not be attenuated equally and the received waveform will not be identical with the input waveform at the transmitting end. This variation is known as frequency distortion. 10. How can distortion be reduced in a transmission line ? Frequency distortion is reduced by the use of equalisers. Delay distortion is avoided by the use of a coaxial cable. II. Write an expression for characteristic impedance. Rijol 2 = G+ 12. What is called an infinite line ? It is to a hypothetical line which has input impedance equals to the characteristic impedance. A finite line terminated in a load equivalent to the characteristic impedance appears to the sending end as an infinite line. 13. Name the types of waveform distortions. Waveform distortion is usually of two types. 1. Frequency distortion 2. Delay distortion 14, Define propagation constant. Propagation constant per unit length may be defined as the natural logarithmic of ratio of the sending end current or voltage to the receiving end current or voltage. (1,) Vs InP = h (F a) Nn It is a complex quantity y= a+j6 where o is attenuation constant B is phase shift y = VZ¥ = VR+jol) (G+joC) 15. List the different methods of loading. The different miethods of loading are y 1, Lumped loading 2. Continuous loading 3. Patch loadingTransmission Line Theory 1.45 16. Mention the relation between characteristic impedance and primary constant of a transmission line. faiswa z= | R+jol | GFj0c 17. Write the formula for velocity of propagation. 7 sinh yl + cosh yl where Z,, is the impedance of loading coil Z, is the characteristic impedance y is the propagation constant Zis the distance between two loading coils 20. When does reflection take place on a transmission line ? When the load impedance (Zp) is not equal to characteristic impedance (Z,) of the transmission line, (i.e, Z_ #Z) reflection takes place. 21. Define reflection coefficient. Reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio of the reflected voltage to the incident voltage at the receiving end of the line. Ve K=~ Vs Za eo 2 ZatZ,1.46 _ Transmission Lines and Waveguides 22. Define SWR. The ratio of maximum to minimum magnitudes of voltage or current on a line having standing waves is called the standing wave ratio (SWR). | Minas |, | nae | swR= iy | =|7. | | Vain | | Aawia | 23, How are practical lines mae appear as infinite lines ? ‘A finite line terminated in a load equivalent to the characteristic impedance appears at the sending end as an infinite line. 24. Define reflection factor. Reflection factor indicates the change in current in the load due to reflection at the mismatched junction. 25, Define reflection loss. Reflection loss is the reciprocal of reflection factor in nepers or dB. Reflection loss = ny q 26. What is meant by waveform distortion ? If the received waveform on a transmission line is not identical with the input waveform at the sending end, it is called waveform distortion. This is due to the fact that all frequencies applied on the transmission line are not equally attenuated and are not delayed equally. 27, What is inductive loading ? The inductance of a transmission line can be inercased by the introduction of loading coil at uniform intervals so that the transmission line is distortionless. This is known as inductive or lumped loading 28. The open circuit and short circuit impedances of a transmission line at 1500 Hz are 800 2— 30° Qand 400 2-10 °Qrespectively. Calculate its propagation constant. Zoe = 800 4-30°Q 400 Z-10°Q ZscTransmission Line Theory }.47 Propagation constant/unit length Z, y = tanh! Zoa tanh! 4 | 400-2= 10° anny 800 Z—30° = tanh"! 0.5 4 20° 29, Give the general equation for the input impedance of a dissipation line, Zpcosh y+ Z, sinh yl 2s = Zo | 7 cosh yl + Zp sinh yd where Z, is the characteristic impedance Zp is the receiving end impedance y is the propagation constant is the length of the transmission line from the sending end 30. Write the expressions for the characterisite impedance and propagation constant for the dissipationtess line. (G Propagation constant y= VIC let jo] woes L Characteristic impedance Z, = c 32 How will you find out the propagation constant if the values of open and short circuited impedances are given ? Propagation constant can be determined from the following expression. — | tanh yf = anh ¥, \V Zoe 32. Determine the values of VSWR in the case of (a) Zz=0 and (b) ZR= (@) Z,=0, |K|=1, SWR=0 (b) Zp =Zy K=0, SWR=1 33. Give the relationship between the input impedance and characteristic impedance of an infinite line. (Zp cosh yi + Zy sinh yf \Z, cosh yl + Zp sinhTransmission Line Theory _1.49 SUMMARY Equivalent circuit of a transmission line $n Z = R+joL Y = Gtjoc Primary Constant Secondary Constant Resistance (R) Characteristic Impedance (Zg) Inductance (L) | Propagation constant (7) Capacitance (C) | Conductance (G) Voltage and current equations at any point on a transmission line V = Vacosh yw + Ig Zy sinh yx VR gcosh ys + 7° sinh 3x 0 Propagation constant y = ZY = V(R+jaL) (G+jac) Characteristic impedance Z, = Propagation constant y = | RG— @LC +(RG — LC)? + @ (LG+ CRY 2 Attenuation constant a. = \1.50 _ Transmission Lines and Waveguides Phase shift B= line LG = CR L_R CG pg | Para an Distortionless | | Distortion line |Telephone cable} | meters | | Te, A ViR+ jal) (G+ ja) | \forc a RG=07LC+V(RG— oLG+ CRP Campbell's equation —_— 77, sinhyl + cosh Z, tanh yl Z, coth yf Z, = tanh y= Reflection coefficient K= Reflection factor ke Reflection loss = in { neperTransmission Line Theory _| Z,+Z | = | a 2% Z | = log Voltage and current equations on transmission line in terms of reflection coefficient. CatZf a hd fp Zgt Zo) [ ye ere Standing wave ratio S= R Il ~ Wael LV, ‘max || Vinin | EXERCISE Derive expressions for attenuation and phase constants after obtaining an expression for the characteristic impedance. State and explain Campbell’s formula for the loading cables. 3, Explain the term SWR and derive its expression in terms of reflection coefficient for a lossless line. 4. Derive an expression for the propagation constant and the velocity of propagation for an ordinary telephone cable. 5. Show that a line will be distortionless if CR = LG. 6. Explain the purpose of loading a telephone cable. 7. Briefly explain about waveform distortion. 8. Derive the condition to be satisfied for a distortionless line 9. Develop the differential equations governing the voltage and current at any point ona uniform transmission line. Solve these to obtain the voltage and current in terms of the load current and voltage. 10. Describe how inductive loading helps to achieve a distortionless condition for a transmission line.1.52 Transmission Lines and Waveguides 11. Explain the wave propagation in the zero dissipation line with waveforms of voltage and current for various loads. 12. Derive an expression for the reflection co-efficient in terms of characteristic impedance Z, and terminal impedance Zp. 13. Derive an expression for the input impedance of a transmission line. Assume the length of the line as ‘/’, characteristics impedance Z, terminated with Zp. 14. Derive an expression for the reflection coefficient in terms of characteristics impedance Z, and terminal impedance Zp. 18. Derive the equations for a and 8. Obtain the conditions for distortionless lines. 16. Show that for any uniform transmission line the following relations are valid. Zq=r[Zoo% Loy and tanh yl = V Z. oo