JOURNEY THROUGH TIME A HISTORY TEXTBOOK9. 10. 11 12. 13, 14. 15. 16. 7. 18. 19. The Revelation of Medieval India The Era of Regional Kingdoms The Turkish Invasions.. The Delhi Sultanate Legacy of the Mughals India After the Mughals, Towns, Traders and Artisans Tribes and Tribal Societies .... Religious Movements in Medieval Period .<7i.20 Magnum Opus of Medieval India An Architectural Trail .....cbiade: Democracy and Equality Democracy ~ Its Institutions The State Government...... Government and Health... Gender and Women Empowerment... Democracy and Media Indian Market: Indian Markets and Its Mediators_ 1. The Revelation of Medieval India la © Nomenclature of India © Economic developments © Sources for reconstructing history © Religious developments © Political developments © Social developments © Analyse this coin in detail. What information do you obtain from this coin? Discuss in groups. The term ‘Medieval’ is derived from the Latin word medium aevum, meaning relating or belonging to the Middle Ages. The history of India is divided into the ancient, medieval and modern periods. The medieval period is the one that lies between the ancient and the modern periods. The medieval period of Indian history broadly extends from the eighth century CE to the eighteenth century CE. Events from the medieval period had a profound impact on every walk of life, be it polity, society, religion, culture and economy. The entire period is further sub-divided into the early medieval (700 CE-1200 CE) and the late medieval (1200 CE-1750 CE) periods. {The Early Medieval The Late Medieval | ‘ Period a E Period j Nomenclature of India The Republic of India was known by varied names at different points in history. During ancient times, Bharatavarsha or the land of Bharatas and Jambudvipa were some of the names used to refer to India India was known as Hind and Hindustan around 11th century CE to the Persians and the Arabs. Further, the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire began to call their Indian territory as Hindustan. However, the meaning of Hindustan during medieval period was significantly different from what we understand today. a Seen ee oeir ‘raj, a medieval scholar, used the term Hindustan in the thirteenth century to Minhaus Sah node Punjab, Haryana andthe land between the two rivers, the Gang, one venue, which were a part of the Delhi Sultanate. In the early sixteenth century, Emperor Babur used the term Hindustan to denote the geography, oe coe vegetation and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent. It was during the British Raj that Hindustan became synonymous with India, The present-day name India was given to the country by the Greeks. It is derived from the Greek word, Indo, meaning the region beyond the river Indus or Sindhu, the Sanskrit name of the river. They used the name of the Indus river to name the region. 3. What is the Sanskrit name of the river Indus?) sq\\) Sources for Reconstructing History History is the study of the past. To study the past, historians depend on a variety of sources. Sources differ according to the period of their study and the nature of their investigation. The characteristics of ancient, medieval and modern periods differ significantly and are based on the changes they underwent. Hence, the source materials of these three periods also differ, Historians have to be careful while studying the sources in order to draw accurate facts. For the Purpose of study, sources of the medieval period are divided into two types: archaeological sources and literary sources. Archaeological sources The scientific study of the material remains of the past is known as archaeology, The archaeological sources include temples, forts, palaces, Mosques, tools, utensils, weapons, coins, inscriptions, sculptures and paintings. They give us an insight into the political, social, economic, religious and cultural history of the period. gp 7h ok 5 3 Inscriptions are a treasure house of historical data. They are found in various languages and scripts scattered all over India. They provide valuable information such as the royal proclamations, teligious instructions, and the details of grants given. There are innumerable inscriptions found on the temple walls. Besides thestone inscriptions, several copper plate inscriptions belonging to the medieval period have been discovered. Grants issued by kings such as Krishnadeva Raya were recorded on copper plates. These are extremely useful to construct the history of the Vijayanagara Empire. Coins are of great help to study the medieval period. The writings on the coins give information about the language and the script, names of kings, titles, date of issue, place of issue and the emblem of the dynasties. The depictions of deities on coins furnish information about the religious policy and personal teligious faith of the kings. Coins are often taken to study the types of metals used, artistic skills, economic i i a 5 Fig. 1.2: Mohur of Akbar prosperity, trade and financial condition of that eet ee we Pe Gculptures are anothe? important archaeological source of the period. Accrtitical analysis of sculptures would help us to know about the growth and development of the socio-cultural history of the period. Painting was another art form that was encouraged by the medieval kings. The Paintings exhibit various aspects of medieval life such as the prevalent customs, traditions, food habits, jewelry, dresses, etc. of the time) We can find a large number of monuments and buildings belonging to the medieval period. Each dynasty had its own architectural style. Many South Indian rulers encouraged temple : "al buildings. These historical monuments speak about the grandeur, 13 Sculpture at_ | architectural skills, economic affluence, culture and religious beliefs of Brihadeshvara Temple the period. Smo 04 ee ie nary ere LE Fig, 1.4: The Red Fort2. Name the two types of sources. {\’ 3. Is coin an archaeological source Y : — a Reo) source: cheaper eee no dearth of historical records on medieval India| Paper hada ly becam ee and easily available during this period. Hence, a large number of literary nine ie Literary sources include court chronicles, biographies, autobiographies, ee locores 7 travellers, correspondence of the kings and other court records. Many of these e placed in libraries and archives, Chronicles SA A chronicle is a historical record of events arranged in a chronological order. A continuous cl d vents f ‘ost Of the Monarchs employed ronoTogical record of the major events is avallable because most Of the rrionarc ° m ae . = court chroniclers who maintained profuse records of the activities happening during their reig: Most of these literary records are found in Persian, Turkish, Sanskrit and many other languages. ‘Some of the well-known chronicles of the medieval period are as follows: ‘% Tabagat-i-Nasiri by Minhaj-us-Siraj is a general history of the Islamic world and is named : after the reigning Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud. * * Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi by Ziauddin Barani is a si ignificant historical work which narrates the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Re/atarangini by Kalhana is foremost amongst the chronicles in Sanskrit. It deals with the history of Kashmir. Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh by Abd al-Qa ir Badauni is written in three volumes, It throws light on the reign of Babur, Humayun and Akbar, Alamgimamah by Mirza Muhammad Kazim is an oficial history for the first ten years of Aurangzeb’ reign, * Autobiographies and biographies ‘gtaphies of the period are Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi by Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Tuzuk-i-Baburior Baburnama by Babur, Tu: 2uk-i-Jahangiri by Jahangir, Some of the examples of biographies are as follows: IS a great source of stud) Rajputs and Muhammad Ghori, Hi i ‘nse help in understanding life before the establishment of the Turkish rule. 7 CM Gee“ Humayunnama by Gulbadan Begum is significant to study the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir. , * Ain-i-Akbariby Abul Fazl furnishes information about the administrative system of Emperor Akbar's empire. 0. Accounts of foreign travellers rn \Foreign travellers who visited India during the medieval period have left very valuable inform regarding the politcal, social and economic condition of India. | ation + [Ibn Batutah was one such traveller who wrote detailed information of his travels under the title Rihla (The Travelogue). It contains very useful accounts of geographical, judicial, political, military institutions, as well as social and economic conditions of Le [Domingo Paes and Duarte Barbosa's (both Portuguese) who visited Vijayanagara city Have left the eye-witness accounts of the splendour of the Vijayanagara city, the king, the common people and the trade and commerce) “Abdur Razzak’s travel accounts are also very useful to study the history of Vijayanagara. ‘> The work of several other European travellers such as Marco Polo, Nicolo Conti and Niccolao Manucci (alltalian), Captain William Hawkins, Sir Thomas Roe, and Ralph Fitch (all English), Bernier and Tavernier (both French) have also made references about India and its people in their travel accounts. Perce Nicolo Conti visited Vijayanagara about the year 1420 or 1421 CE. He described the city in following words - “The great city of Bizengalia is situated near very steep mountains. The circumference of the city is sixty miles; its walls are carried up to the mountains and enclose the valleys at their foot, so that its extent is thereby increased. In this city there are estimated to be ninety thousand men to fit to bear arms." (Excerpt taken from ‘A Short History of Muslim Rule in India’ by Ishwari Prasad) | + Analyse the given excerpt and share your observations in class. ndigenous literature We also have noteworthy indigenous literature written in different languages such as Sanskrit, gali, Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, etc. The literature composed by the Bhakti and Sufi saints was ages providing ample of scope for the historians to understand marily in the local lang 's Ramacharitmanasa is an important literary work to le existing religion and society. Tulsidas': dy the cultural history of the medieval perio’ )Rapid Round k r i ini ao 1. Who is the chronicler of Rajatarangini? halla ; an 2. Who has written Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi? 3») Uy 4 3, Which country was Domingo Paes from? (psi!) Political Development ope) vy sorasta 0h al ; {the medieval period of Indian history witnessed the rise aiid fall of sever ‘i the Pratiharas, the period marks the struggle for power between regional powers, ee oe Roenpeeel Rashtrakutas, the Palas and the Cholas. During this period, a group of peoP ene, rose to prominence. They belonged to the Kshatriya clan,J Kou dbyMun 4 : i, followed by Muhamma The late medieval period begins with the invasion of Mahmu ‘of Ghazni, follo Ghori.)The arrival of the Turks laid the foundation of Delhi Sultanate. Core Delhi Sultanate led to the emergence of the Mughal Empire and various king ee kin = parts of the country. The other politically dominant powers include the Vijayanag: 19 as well as Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, Ahoms, etc. Feudalism or the development of granting land to nobles by the rulers, who in return would get tributes and military help was a significant feature of medieval India. Econo! Development The political turbulence of the medieval period brought changes in economic life too. Land revenue being an important source of state revenue, medieval rulers made efforts to assess it more systematically. Growth of trade and commerce helped to develop new towns and cities as the significant centres of administration and trade. The people-who came from outside India introduced new elements in the field of technology. For example, the Persian wheel in irrigation, the spinning wheel in weaving and firearms in combats) They brought severalnew food items such as potatoes, corn, chillies, tea and coffee with them: 6M Religious Development X } — pment Religion played a very dominant role in medieval Islam, revival of Hinduism, many reli Further, the birth of Sikhism was ani Period. The period witnessed the advent of igious reforms in the form of Bhakti and Sufi movements. jother major development of the period, Social Development The developments in every sphere of life had its Profound impact on the medieval society too. The society was largely divided into aristocrats, priests, and soldiers, etc, Unique development of art and aiMost weavers, musicians, etc. proliferated. They were grouped into sub-castes (/atis) now. = nit of the workers were classified as untouchables. There were also various tribal commu! Od p)O-4- § such as scattered all over India. q The position of women deteriorated during the medieval period) Inhuman pra child marriage, polygamy, sat, etc had worsened the life of women. In spite of these con tions, some women possessed considerable power. But, that was largely restricted to the ruling class or the upper class. The journey was not easy for them too. Women such as Raziya Sultan, Rani Durgavati, etc, have fought against all odds and left their mark on the history of medieval India. Rapid Round 1. Which clan did Rajputs belong to? Kyhrchonyo. Lorn, . What was the important source of state revenue ting the medieval period? f Ov . Who introduced new elements in the field of ened coulis co Wy . Who have left the mark in the history of medieval India? {); OL Au RWN Global Connection The Middle Ages | The Middle Ages, medieval time in Europe was a long period of history. The term is used to refer to the period between the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century CE and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 15th century CE. The fall of the Roman Empire resulted in the decline of Roman culture and knowledge. However, the time after the Romans is $! 7 istorians. The period of coming out of the Dark Age is termed as Renaissance literally means rebirth. It was rebirth of education, science, at, iterature, music, and a better life for people in general. Great leaders such as Charlemagne and major events such as Black-Rlague and the rise of Islam were the important features of the Middle Ages. Word Galaxy Se archives - a place where historical records are kept autobiography - a book about a person’ life, written by that person biography - the life story of a person written by someone else correspondence - letters, especially official or business letters indigenous - native ‘omenclature - a system for naming things proliferate - increase rapidly in number Tevelation — a fact that is made known MG. GEA Laethe early (700 CE-1200 CE) medieval period the Medieval period the late (1200 CE-1750 CE) medieval period social developments inscriptions nomenclature of India religious developments The Revelation of Medieval India 1 : archaeological sculptures and paintings economic developments monuments and buildings Aguas chronicles political autobiographies and biographies | developments literary 1. Choose the appropriate option. a) ‘Medieval’ is the term derived from a W/ Latin word ii) Swiss word iii) German word iv) Indian word b) The present-day name India was given to the country by the ~W/ Greeks ii) Americans Germans iv) Indians ©) The scientific study of material remains of the past is known as i) anthropology ~W/ archaeology iii) biology iv) psychology d) The Ain-i-Akbariis written by i) Gulbadan Begum ~iiAbul Faz| ii) Emperor Babur iv) Chand Bardai Eeethe blanks. a) During the —Ebisthsnyindustn became synonymous with India. b) The arrival ofthe Turks laid the foundation of Cain Subba sto, 0) Asin. Bisttato wot detailed information of his travels under the title ‘Rihla’ @) Qoxcattis \S\y- was another art form that was encouraged by the medieval Kings. 3. Match the columns. Column A Column B | a) Tabagat-i-Nasiri i) Ziauddin Barani | b) Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi ii) Abd al-Qadir Badauni || ©) Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh iii) Mirza Muhammad Kazim d) Alamgirnamah iv) Minhaj-us-Siraj 4, Answer Ba folindine quetions in 1085 0 words. a) Define chronicle. b) What type of practices had worsened the life of women in the medieval period? ©) Why are more literary sources available for the study of the medieval period? d) Name any two new elements introduced in the field of technology during the medieval period. 5. Answer the following questions in 50 to 70 words. a) Describe the importance of coins as a source. b) Briefly describe the indigenous literature of the medieval period. ©) What kind of information is obtained from the study of sculpture and paintings? d) How are the accounts of foreign travellers useful to historians? 6. Give reasons. a) Inscriptions are a treasure house of historical data. b) The medieval period of Indian history witnessed the rise and fall of several dynasties. 7. Imagine yourself to be a historian. Why do you think a historian has to be 4 careful while studying the sources?8. Life Skills 7 What attempts would you make to protect historical sources from deterioration? How wil your endeavor serve as an example for others? 9. Project Work: Collect the pictures of artefacts and monuments of places that you have Visited. What information do they provide us? Make a project based on your analysis 10. Make a Chart: Make an illustrative chart on the coins of medieval India and the information they provide to reconstruct history, such as a term used to refer a Coin, name of the kingy queen who issued the coin, and the year in which the coin was issued. 11. KWL Chart: Complete the table after reading the chapter. | What do You Knew about | What do You Want to Know | What did You Leama ‘about | Sources of Medieval History? | about Sources of Medieval History? Sources of Medieval History? Pecelho Mea Hie BU 2g Al Biruni Al Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Period. He distinguished himself as a historian, geographer, scientist, linguist, chronologistand philosopher. He was well versed in mathematics, physics, astronomy and natural sciences. He accompanied Mahmud of | Ghazni on his invasions into India, where he lived for few years. His stay "in India helped him to acquaint himself with the culture and history of India. During his Stay, he wrote his most famous work on India known as Kitab ul-Hind. His work throws light on various aspects of Indian life including religion, social life, manners and customs, weights and measures, etc. WEBLINKS, —— htte//www.importantindia.com/2880/sources-of-medieval-indian-history/ http://ccrtindia.gov.in/literaryarts.php As on 30/04/2019 Se2. The Era of Regional Kingdoms © The Rashtrakutas © Tripartite struggle © The Palas © The Rajputs ~Z © The Pratiharas © Case Study - The Cholas © Administration of the kingdoms India is a vast country. According to you, who is responsible for the governance and administration of India? Do you think the same system was prevalent during the medieval period? Discuss in class. The early medieval period witnessed the emergence of many new kingdoms. Indian feudalism was the defining feature behind the emergence of these regional kingdoms. From the seventh century onwards, there was a noticeable increase in the number of land grants made in different parts of the country. The practice of donating lands was not only restricted to the petty lords but was also extended to the Brahmin priests and Buddhist monks for religious purposes. These grants were recorded on copper plates and were handed over to those who received the land. These grants were largely given by the kings, members of the royal families, etc. As a result of these profusely made land grants, this period gave rise to big landlords or chieftains who came to be known as samantas or subordinates. They were not only expected to bring valuable gifts for their kings or overlords but also to remain present at their courts and provide military assistance to them. In due course of time, the samantas acquired power and wealth and proclaimed themselves as maha-samanta, maha-mandaleshvara (the great lord of a region or ‘circle’). They were always in the look out for the opportunity to free themselves from their overlords and to establish their own kingdoms, for example, the emergence of the Rashtrakutas in the Deccan. The Rashtrakutas The Rashtrakutas were subordinate to the Chalukyas of Karnataka. However, Dantivarman I or Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief, overthrew the rule of Kirtivarman, a Chalukyan king, and laid the foundation of the Rashtrakuta kingdom in Deccan. Dantidurga was not a Kshatriya by birth. In order to seek a separate caste identity for himself as a Kshatriya, he performed a ritual known as hiranya-garbha (literally, the golden womb) with the help of Brahmanas. His successor Krishna I was a great conqueror. He established the Rashtrakutas as the dominant power in the Deccan. EGU Re2. The Era of Regional Kingdoms _— on sbi anes The Rashtrakutas ° © Tripartite struggle ® The Palas © The Rajputs Rajaraja | Concept Map SS the Rashtrakutas the Palas Rajendra | provincial administration the Pratiharas rural administration Case Study - The Cholas The Era of Regional Kingdoms agriculture and irrigation administration of the kingdoms revenue system temple architecture _)\ tripartite struggle sculpture inscriptions 1. Choose the appropriate option. a) The Rashtrakutas were subordinate to the Chalukyas of i) Karnataka ji) Kanauj iil) Malwa iv) Bihar b) was the last powerful Pala ruler, i) Madanpala li) Dharmapala ill) Devapala iv) Mahipalat 0) was the earliest prominent king of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty. i) Kakkuka ii) Devraja iil) Nagabhatta iv) Mihira Bhoja d) The Chauhans arose as vassals ofthe ie ) Rashtrakutas ii) Palas iii) Cholas iv) Gurjara-Pratiharas i a2. Fill in the blanks. a) The empire included a large portion of South India. b) The________ were composed by learned Brahmanas. ©) According to the _____, Pala rulers were great patrons of Buddhist learning and religion. d) was a great conqueror who succeeded Dantidurga. 3. Match the columns. Column A Column B a) Mandalams i) Large townships b) Valanadus ii) Provinces ©) Nadus iii) Districts d) Taniyur iv) Villages 4. Answer the following questions in 10 to 20 words. a) What is nagaram? b) How did Dantidurga lay the foundation of the Rashtrakuta Kingdom? ¢) Who was also known as Rai Pithora? d) What Information do we get from the inscriptions of Uttaramerur? Answer the following questions In 50 to 70 words. a) Discuss the tripartite struggle. b) What kind of rural government existed during the rule of the Cholas? ©) Write about Amoghavarsha I of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. d) Describe the revenue system of the Cholas. 6. Give reasons. a) Indian feudalism was responsible for the emergence of the regional kingdoms. b) The art of sculpture achieved a high standard in south India during the Chola period. ©) Rajendra I's greatest achievement was his naval expedition to Sri Vijaya. 7. How would the course of history have been different if feudalism had not prevailed in the early medieval period?8. Life Skills Have your ambitions ever caused problem for others? Would you do things differently jy you got the opportunity? (ve itto know it ; 9. Group Discussion: Divide the class into five groups belonging to five different dynasties (the Rashtrakutas, the Palas, Pratiharas, the Rajputs and the Cholas). Arrange a group discussion emphasising on their achievements. 10. Creative Writing: Imagine you are a feudal chief of medieval India. Write a letter to the king discribing the stepes that you will take who avoid costants wars and to restore peace and harmony. 11. Map Work: On an outline map of India, mark the extent of major regional kingdoms of the early medieval period of India. “People Who Made History Kalhana Kalhana was a Kashmiri Brahman. In Sanskrit, the meaning of Kalhana is blessed. He was known for his scientific and critical approach. His noteworthy contribution in the field of Indian literature is Rajatarangini. It was written in the middle of the twelfth century CE. His work deals with the kings of Kashmir. It is written in a poetic form in Sanskrit. The entire book is divided into eight chapters. Each chapter is referred as taranga (wave). Kalhana has discussed the life of the people; exploits of the kings and the unsettled political conditions prevailing during their times. He studied various sources before writing his great work. Rajatarangini is considered as one of the monumental works for the study of history of that region. WEBLINKS httpy//www.historydiscussion.net/empires/the-history-of-chola-empire-indian-history/718 http://knowindia.gov.in/culture-and-heritage/medieval-history.php As on 30/04/2019 ooo3. The Turkish Invasions © The Advent of Arabs in Sind © Muhammad Ghori and his | © Mahmud of Ghazni and his expeditions campaigns © Case Study - The Somnath Temple © Factors responsible for the success of Muhammad Ghori A treasure thought to be worth billions of rupees has been unearthed from the secret underground chambers of Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple in Kerala. © How was the wealth amassed beneath the temple? © Why was the wealth kept in the underground chambers of the temple? © Whom does the wealth belong to? During the medieval period, rulers built large temples to demonstrate their power and resources Sometimes, these temples were very rich. So, when rulers attacked one another's kingdom they frequently targeted temples. Similarly, these temples became target of the invaders such as the Turks. The Advent of Arabs in Sind The birth of Prophet Muhammad (the founder of Islam) at Makkah (Mecca) in Arabia marked the emergence of Islam. The successors of the Prophet were called Khalifas or Caliphs and the * empire set up by them is known as the Caliphate (sometimes referred as the Arab kingdom) The Umayyad dynasty was the first Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the Caliphate. They had their capital at Damascus. The Umayyad Caliphs were succeeded by the Abbasid Caliphs Who shifted their Caliphate to Baghdad. Under the Abbasids, the Arab empire emerged as the Most prosperous, powerful and prestigious empire. The advent of Islam into South Asia was through the Arabs during the reign of Umayyads. In 711 CE, an Arab expedition led by Muhammad bin Qasim captured Sind, who later extended his conquest further into Multan. However, the occupation of Sind did not lead to further conquests and ended with the death of Muhammad bin Qasim. The Arabs could not extend their influence to other parts of the then India. The chief reason was the resistance offered by the Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas.By the end of the 9th century, the power of the Abbasid Caliphate declined. The Arab empire split into a series of independent kingdoms ruled by the Turks. The Turks, who earlier serveg the empire as palace guards and mercenary soldiers emerged as king makers. These new rulers assumed the title of ‘Sultan’. The Turkish Invasions Ss Around the 11th century, the Turkish invasions in India began with the expedition of Mahmud of Ghazni. Mahmud of Ghazni and his expeditions Mahmud ascended the throne of Ghazni, Afghanistan in 998 CE. He was a powerful and ambitious ruler. He wanted to expand his kingdom and to protect the same; he needed money to build a strong, large and well equipped army. His interest in India was to acquire wealth as India was noted for its wealth and the fertility of the Punjab plains. His campaigns were aimed primarily to seize its treasures and replenish the Ghazni treasury. Fig. 3.1: Mahmud of Ghazni SERS Mahmud''s initial raids were against the Hindushahi rulers who Mahmud of Ghazni is said} 2¢ that ane held Peshawar and a Punjab. He defeated the to have made seventeen} 'indushahi rulers Jaypala and his son, Anandpala and got a expeditions into India. large tribute from them. Asa result, his rule spread over most of the Punjab. Later, most of his raids were directed at plundering the rich temple towns. He sacked and plundered Nagarkot, Thanesar, Mathura, Kanauj, and Kalinjar in Bundelkhand. In 1025 CE, he attacked and sacked the famous city of Somnath. It was also a port and had a renowned temple. He returned to Gh; azni with immense booty and Wealth. He transformed his capital Ghazni with the wealth he had looted. Case Study - The Somnath Temple Mahmud's most famous and terrible expedition was the attack on the Somnath Temple. The temple is located on the southern coast of Saurashtra in Gujarat. It is one of the twelve yotirlings of Lord Shiva. The temple was known for its rich treasures, Its said that people from distant places came here for worship. According to an Arab source, Somnath was a celebrated city of India. The Somnath Temple was one of the wonders of that place in which the idol called Somnath was placed. In 1025 CE, Mahmud made a plan to raid Somnath and reached Somnath in the middle of December. The Indians put up a stiff resistance to Protect their sacred temple, Mahmud looked upon the idol with wonder and gave orders to seize the treasures that included manyidols of gold and silver and vessel sets with jewels. The value of the things found in the temple and of the idols was estimated to be more than twenty thousand dinars. The temple was later rebuilt by the Hindus but it had to face attacks during the rule of later medieval kings. Mahmud was very curious to know about the people he conquered. He gave a responsibility to a scholar named Al Biruni to write about the continent. Al Biruni consulted many Sanskrit scholars while writing his Arabic work, Kitab u/-Hind. Fig, 3.2: Present-day Somnath Temple Mahmud died in 1030 CE, at Ghazni. Masud, the son of Mahmud, was an inefficient and weak ruler. After Mahmud’s death, the empire disintegrated rapidly and was restricted to Ghazni and Punjab. The inclusion of Punjab in Ghazni’s kingdom paved the way for further Muslim conquests. Although the Ghaznavids continued to plunder Gangetic valley and Rajasthan, they were no longer in a position to pose a serious threat to India. 1. Who were the Khalifas or Caliphs? 2. Who led the first Arab expedition to India? 3. Where is the Somnath Temple located? Muhammad Ghori and his campaigns a en Ghor was a small principality in present-day Afghanistan. The Ghorids were the vassals of Ghazni. By the middle of the twelfth century, they became powerful enough to challenge the successors of Sultan Mahmud ruling in Ghazni. Ghiyasuddin Ghori, the founder, conquered Ghazni and annexed it to Ghor. In 1173 CE, he made his brother, Shahabuddin Muhammad (also known as Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam), the incharge of Ghazni. Muizzuddin Muhammad, popularly known as Muhammad Ghori, secured his position at Ghazni Fig.33:MuhammadGhori_/ and turned towards India, The first invasion of Muhammad hori was directed against Multan. He captured the city and then occupied Uch and Sind in his Subsequent conquests. a EeIn 1178 CE, Muhammad Ghori led an unsuccessful expedition against Anhilwara, capita of Gujarat. He realised that it was impossible to annex India through Sind and Multan. Therefor, he felt the need to establish a suitable base in Punjab. Accordingly, he campaigned Qaing Khusrav Malik (the last ruler of Ghaznavid dynasty) to put an end to Ghaznavid rule and annexe Punjab to his territory. The Battles of Tarain The conquest of Punjab provided Muhammad a convenient base to march into Delhi, However it was not easy for him as the Chauhans (Chahamanas) were progressively on the rise in Non, India. Prithviraj, the Chauhan prince of Ajmer, who ruled the territory between Ajmer and Delhi was alarmed by the rapid success of Muhammad. In 1191 CE, a battle was fought at Tarain near Thanesar in which Prithviraj routed the Ghori forces and wounded Muhammad seriously Muhammad Ghori organised a large force to revenge his defeat. Prithviraj appealed al| the kings of Northern India to join him against Muhammad Ghori. Many kings except Jaichandra ruler of Kanauj, lent him their help. In 1192 CE, the two armies clashed again in a furious battle fought in Tarain. The Rajputs fought bravely but the battle proved to be a disastrous one for them. Muhammad attacked and captured Ajmer and with the defeat of Prithviraj, the kingdom of Delhi also fell into his hands. Thus, Delhi and Eastern Rajasthan came under the influence of Turkish rule. The Second Battle of Tarain was a decisive battle and regarded as one of the turning points in Indian history as it laid the foundation of the Turkish rule in India. After the battle of Tarain, Muhammad returned to Ghazni entrusting the affairs of the conquered territories in India in the hands of his trusted slave, Qutbuddin Aibak. In 1194 CE, Muhammad returned to India and Qutbuddin helped his master to attack Kanauj. Muhammad killed Jaichandra in a battle fought at Chandawar near Kanauj, and annexed the territory to his kingdom. Further, Qutbuddin consolidated and extended his master’s empire to other parts of Northern India by capturing various places such as Bayana, Gwalior, Kalinjar, Mahoba, Khajuraho and Anhilwara. Thus, al important places of Northern India came under the control of Turks. Meanwhile a Khalji officer, Bakhtiyar Khalji, established Ghori rule in East India by overthrowing the Sena dynasty of Benge! cary "1. Where did Muhammad invade first? | 2, Name the battle that was fought between Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan. 3. Who was Qutbuddin Aibak? Factors Responsible for the Success of Muhammad Ghori ———— css oF Muhammad Sort % Political disunity among the Indian kings and lack of effective leadership was one of the chief reasons for the success of Muhammad Ghori. The Indian kings fought for their ov” kingdoms and not for the country as a whole. k EE a Cg° Fighting was only restricted to a Particular caste, Kshatriyas, which proved harmful for the Indian states because it restricted the recruitment of the troops. ~ The administrative and military organisation of the Indian states was affected by the growth of feudalism. A king had to depend on the feudatory chiefs for any kind of assistance. They rarely acted in co-ordination whereas the tribal structure of the Turks and the development of the igta and khalisa systems helped the Turks to maintain large standing armies. Did You Know Igta was a piece of land assigned to Turkish chiefs for the purpose of collection of land revenue and taxes due to the state, The system when the sultan collected revenue directly from land was known as Khalisa. ~ The Rajput rulers were in no way inferior to the Turks. They did put up a strong resistance and defeated the Turks number of times but they lacked the strategic vision. They rarely paid attention to the developments outside India (especially Central Asia) and restricted themselves within the Indian periphery, Mahmud's seventeen expeditions made him conquer a number of places in India. He did not establish his rule over many of his conquered territories except Punjab. He was not only a great conqueror but also an eminent patron of art and literature. By taking advantage of the prevailing political conditions of India, Muhammad Ghori established a permanent kingdom in India. A new chapter in Indian history began with the establishment of the Turkish rule in India. Poll Re urate The Toltec Civilization The Toltec people were semi-nomadic people. They lived in the region around present-day Mexico city from 900 CE to 1200 CE. They formed another urban civilization. An early Toltec leader founded a capital at Tula. The geographical location of Tula made it an important trade centre. The Toltec were = fierce warriors. Their military imagery also Fig. 34 Tltec Warrior Columns at Tula Feflected into their art and architecture. They were the dominant power in the region but their dominance did not last. In less than three centuries, Tula was abandoned due to some climate change and social conflict.Word Galaxy — expedition -ajourney undertaken by a group of people with a particular purpose, especially that of exploration, research or war plunder ~ steal goods from (a place or person), typically using force and in a time of way, disorder principality - a state ruled by a prince Ne the advent of Arabs in Sind Case Study - The Somnath Temple Mahmud of Ghazni the Turkish invasions Muhammad Ghori factors responsible for the success of Muhammad Ghori 1. Choose the appropriate option. a) _________ was the first Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the Caliphate i) Umayyad dynasty ii) Abbasid dynasty iii) Samanid dynasty iv) Chauhan dynasty b) Mahmud won his initial battle against i) Anandpala ii) Jaypala iii) Devapala iv) Prithviraj ©) —__________ attacked and sacked the famous city of Somnath. i), Mahmud of Ghazni ii) Muhammad Ghori iil) Prithviraj iv) Jaypala SSSd) The Ghorids were the vassals of i) Chauhans ill) Abbasids ii) Palas iv) Ghazni 2. Fillin the blanks, E Abbasid Caliphs shifted their Caliphate to__ b) In 1173 CE, Ghiyasuddin made his brother the incharge of Ghazni ¢) The conquest of rovided Muhammad er pl uhammad Ghori a convenient base to d) The i inferic ) —————— Tulers were in no way inferior to the Turks. 3. Match the columns, [ Column A Column B | a) 1025 CE i) Battle of Tarain |b) 1178 ce il) Attacked the Somnath Temple | 9 isi ce ili) Expedition against Anhilwara | fq 1194 ce iv) Attacked over Kanauj } 4, Answer the following questions in 10 to 20 words. a) What was the interest of Mahmud Ghazni in conquering India? b) Who did not help Prithviraj against Muhammad? ©) What was a chief reason for the success of Muhammad Ghori? d) Define igta. 5. Answer the following questions in 50 to 70 words. a) Describe the Arab conquest of Sind. b) Give an account of Somnath expedition led by Mahmud Ghazni. ©) Write a brief note on Prithviraj Chauhan. d) How did the officers help Muhammad Ghori in his territorial expansion? 6. Give reasons. a) Growth of feudalis Indian states. ne cree ee a ETI m affected the administration and military organisation of theb) The Second Battle of Tarain was regarded as a decisive battle in Indian history, al to Indi ©) The Ghaznavids were no longer in a position to pose a serious threat to India, 7. Do you think Mahmud of Ghazni was a great conqueror than Muhammad of Ghorit Why? 8. Life Skills What precautions and measures would you take if you come across any nforesee, circumstances in life? ( Doitto know it oe 9. Makea Timeline: Create an interesting timeline of all the important conquests of Mahmyg Ghazni and Muhammad Ghori. 10. Research Work: Collect information about the present-day Somnath Temple and make, fact fle on it. 11. Creative Writing: Imagine you are a soldier in the army of Muhammad Ghori. Write an ee witness account describing the Second Battle of Tarain. “— Firdausi Firdausi was a highly renowned Persian poet. He was born ina village Ga near Tus in the province of Khorasan (now in North Eastern Iran). He was the author of Shahanamah (the Book of Kings). It narrates the history of old Persia until the Arab conquest of the region, The work was originally composed for the princess of the Samanid dynasty but after the fall of Samanids, he dedicated his work to the new ruler Mahmud of Ghazni. Firdausi gave his life in Preserving the language and heritage of Persia when the Persian (Farsi language was endangered due to the threat caused by the Arabs. His work became one of the most significant and influential masterpieces of Persian literature. WEBLINKS http://www.indianetzone.com/25/arab_invasion_sind.htm http://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/history/mahumud -ghazni.htm! As on 30/04/20! eT