1 Motion and Time

Let's Learn
Time
Measurement of time using
.Standard units of measuremer simple pendulum
Measurement of time Motion

Tune In
How many times have you heard the following statements:
Time is precious. Don't waste it.
Do you wake up on time to go to school?
How much time do you spend on the internet?
You will realise that
These are frequent statements or questions which though important.
all these statements clearly depend on one concept.
Can you name this essential concept?

Introduction
statements are related to time.
The word 'time' is so often
It is clearly evident that all these into
should know how this concept of time came
used in our daily lives.Don't you think we

existence?

Time time is also one of the most

imnortan+ ht
current and temperature,
Like length, mass, electric essential and
Tundamental to us that it affects all
Time is so
fundamental physical quantities.
aspects of human life.
time?
But how do you define derines numerous other quantities of s c i a n e .
Time also
Time is the period between two events.
m o t i o n s in
the universe c a n only occur throuah tima
Furthermore,
all possible
Such as speed.
thus inseparable.
Iotion and time are

horol.
Did You Know? m e a s u r e m e n t

of time is called Eson

includes the study
and
ke a watchmaker, a cloc
n e science that timekeeping appararus r e kn.
of horology,
horology, a
are known horoloaists,
Who professionally
deals with
studies
e science of
t hthe science as

researcher
who
and da sci SCientific

193
We know that time is a physical quantity and it can be measured. Each physical quantity
uantity has
one or more units of measurement.

For example, when we buy apples from a market, the apple vendor would ask vou " .
you, "How
many kilograms of apples do you want?" Here kilogram is a unit of mass and it meae.
sures
the amount of apples. Similarly, time has units of measurement like, seconds, minutes, etr 1
etc.I
short a unit of measurement of a quantity tells us one thing about the quantity such,
as
magnitude, scale, size, extent, degree, enormity, level and amount.

Standard Units of Measurement

Over the course of time and depending upon the geography of the various locatione
ons,
human society has developed many units of measurement for various quantities. Durina
9
this development, many individual quantities are measured in different units. For
example
depending upon the place, distance can be measured in hand span, cubit, yard, etc. These
types of primitive units may be convenient in everyday life, but they are not dependable as they
differ from one person to the other. Thus, there was a need for certain units of
measurement
called the standard units of measurement which could be
uniformly used by everyone.
In 1960, the General Conference of Weights and Measures recommended that a
common
system of measurement should be used all over the world. This
system was called the SI
system. SI is the abbreviation of Systeme International d'Unites' in French. The standard
basic units under this system are as
given in the table.
Quantity Unit Abbreviation Did You Know?
Length metre m
The SI Unit is made up of 7
Mass
kilogram kg base units that define the
Time second 22 derived units with
S special
Temperature kelvin K names and symbols.

The SI system is used uniformly all over the world for all
scientific work. However, in everyaoy
measurements, other systems are still in use; for
the CGS example, FPS system (foot, pound, seco
system (centimetre, gram, second) and the MKS
which use the same standard system (metre, kilogram, secoi
units for length, mass and time as the SI
in spite of kelvin system. For exainp
being the SI unit of temperature, there are some other commonly used units
such as degree celsius (C) or degree farenheit (°F).
Multiples and Sub-Multiples of SI Units
There various instances where
are required to
shorter and larger variant of these SI units are
measure different reu
quantities at different scales.

194
For example, wnen
someone wants to
note down the of the Sun in d
look like: mass kilograms, it wo
The
T
2,000,000,kg)000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg9
mass of the Sun (2x10s0 is 2 followed by thirty zeroes. This is very long and equauy
inconvenient ror s e in
calculations. In order to reduce such
multiples ofSI units are used. A difficulty, multiples ana sudr
few of them are presented in the following tables.
Multiples of standard SI units:

Multiple Prefix
10 or 1,000, 000, 000
Symbols
giga G
10 or 1,000, 000
mega M
10 or 1,00o kilo
102 or 100
hector |h
10 or 10
deca Da

Sub-Multiples of Standard SI Units

Sub-multiple Prefix Symbol

101or deci d
10

102or centi
100

103 or 1 milli m
1,000

micro
10 or
1,000,000
N
10 or nano
1,000,000, 000

Measurement of time
observed the repetitive movement of the Sun in the el
From the time when humans first
we started to think about the passage of time. Humans stated keeping a record of timo by

natural phenomena
of the
such as the movement Sun, phases
the af

tracking a variety of or animals and birds, the flowerina

flooding of rivers, migration
Moon and seasonal rain, the
CiVIisations are accompanied with the a d m
of various cement
Or
plants, progression
etc. The
through the ages
int Ways of
measurement oftime
nual between
between o
one sunrise and the next is called a day. The
n e sunrise
interval
For examp
nple, the unit oftime into
night. Similarly, the time interval
thetime betuen
sunrise is called
called
toSLunrise
time
e period from one
sunset

195
 new moon and the next is called a month. 60 seconds (s) = 1 minute (min)
the
A year is measured as the time taken by 60 minutes (min)
1 hour
=
(h)
Earth to complete one revolution around the 24 hors l = 1 day
hours (h)
time are
Sun. Such commonly used, units of 7 days = 1 week
listed below in the table. Between 28 to 31 days = 1 month
Now-a-days, we measure time with the 12 months = 365 or 366 days = 1 year

help of the clocks or watches and by 10 years 1 decade

using calendars. Humans have been using 10 decades or 100 years = 1 century

numerous devices for the measurement of 10 centuries or 1000 years = 1 millennium

time since ancient times. Let us study some

of these devices which are presented below.

Check Your Progress

1. What is the symbol of the SI unit - kilogram? O

2 2 minutes is equal to O seconds.
3. 2.5 hours = 150 minutes 9000 seconds.(true/false)
Sundial or Shadow clock
A sundial or a shadow-clock was used a long time ago to
measure the intervals of time shorter than a day. The device
worked on the principle that as the position of the Sun in the
sky changed, so did the position and length of the shadow
cast by an object.

Let us perform the following activity to observe how the length

Fig.12.1: Sundial
of the shadow changes with the change in the position of the
Sun.

The decrease and increase in the length of the shadow during the daytime were used to
measure time in sundials. The sundial has a triangular metallic plate called a gnomon fixed
vertically at the centre of a circular plate. The device is placed in the open in such a
that
way tna
the gnomon points in the north-south direction. The shadow of the
gnomon on the circuia
scale shows the time at that particular moment. Sundials indicate the time quite accuratey
but the problem is that they cannot be used after sunset or on a cloudy day. Also they can nnot

be carried along to different places. Such sundials can be seen in New

Delhi, Jaipur and

196
 Activity 1

Aim: To study the

movement of the
shadow of a stick under the Sun the
:day. througnou
Materials: 1 metre long stick and
: Procedure:
a
measuring tape.
. On a sunny day, take stick and fix it
a
on the
ground in an open space.
Make sure that the sunlight is not
obstructed
by any tree or a building.
Observe the shadow of the stick at various
intervals of time.
am 5 pm
10 am noon 2 pm
:. Measure the length of the shadow with the
Fig.12.2: Movement of the shadow of a
help of a measuring tape. stick under the sun

Observation:
You will observe that the length of the shadow of the stick is the smallest at noon
when the Sun is just above it.

It is the longest in the morning and evening when the Sun is low in the sky.
The shadow of the stick falls in the direction opposite to that of the source of light;
that is, the Sun.

: Conclusion:
The shadow moves according to the change in the position of the Sun relative to the

stick.

Hourglass device used to

sand timer, or a clock) is a
An hourglass (or sand-glass, clocks which worked
The Romans used sand
measure the duration of time.
of sand takes a constant time
that a definite quantity
0n the principle chamber. It cannot be used
lower
chamber to the
O fall from the upper measure the predetermined
but can be used to
ind the exact time, measurement of time
was the unit of
time
time
ne interval. That
constant
chamber is completely emptied, Fig.12.3: Hourglass
ig.12.3: Hourglass
the upper
Com hour. Once the time again.
ommonly called an
down to recordthe
upside
thehourglass is turned

197
Water clock
is also known as Clepsydra. To stopper to-
A water clock
control rate of
the fact that equal
measure the time, it uses flow
take the
interval of 24-hour
amounts of water
same
water supply Fclock face
Water clocks
time to flow through an opening.
overflow tube
existed as early as 1600 BC, but these water gear
accurate. Water clocks are transfer
clocks were not very rod
outflow.
of two types: inflow and

outflow water clock, a container is filled float

In an

with water. The water is then drained slowly

and evenly out of the container. This container

has lines or markings that are used to show
Fig 12.4: Water Clock
the passage of time. As the water leaves the
container, an observer can see the level of water with respect to the markings and tell how
much time has elapsed. An inflow water clock works basically the same way, except instead of
flowing out of the container, the water is filled up. As the container gets filled, the observer
can see where the water meets the lines and tell how much time has

elapsed.
Candle clocks
Candle clocks have been used since antiquity. For the measurement
of time, a candle clock uses a slow burning thin standard candle with
many markings. Each marking indicates the passing of a unit of time as
the candle burns throughout the day and night/A candle clock w
effective way to measure time indoors despite the rain, night, or any Fig 12.5: Candle cdoc
other environmental conditions

Did You Know?

CSIR-National Physical Laboratory or National Measurement Institute

ofIndia is responsiDe
for maintaining the Indian Standard Time (IST) for commercial and official uses. A Dala
ot Cesium (Cs) atomic clocks and a Hydrogen maser are used for the purpose of t
keeping. These clocks are so accurate that they would lose or gain one second in dbout
three lakh years. All
government owned and large number of private radio services and
television networks in India broadcast the exact time.

198
 Check Your Progress

1. The length of the shadow does

not change with
OS
(True/False) change in the position of the Sun.
change po>
:

2. Name two devices that were used to

measure time in the olden
days.
Measurement of time using a
simple pendulum
talian astronomer, Galileo Galileithe first one to prove that the motion of a
was
is periodiC and that it
takes the same time penduu
to complete one oscillation. This fact of simple
pendulum was used in the development of pendulum clocks. A pendulum clock was tirst

invented in 1656 by the Dutch Scientist and

inventor, Christian Huygens.
Asimple pendulum is a simple deviçe which consists of a point mass suspended from a bar
using a string of negligible mass.

Point of suspension

Length of the pendulum

A
n an rnrn seos one us ecme.
Bob
Fig 12.6: Simple pendulum

bob. When the bob of the pendulum is at B, it is

The above figure shows a freely suspended
said to be in its mean position.
slightly and released, it begins to hact
When the bob of the pendulum is displaced
move

of a simple pendulum is called oscillation. When the

and forth. The back and forth motion
and
0ob moves from one position
Did You Know?
position, itis
said to rou Nnow
eturns to the same
clocks and stopwatches are used in
complete one oscillation.
For example Stop
when the bob moves from position b to laboratories and sports to measure short intervals
then from C to A and then back to o f time accurately. They can be started and

oscillation. Similarly, stopped at wil. They are actually the improved

COunted as o n e form or W i s t
watches and measure time
from position o
When the bob moves
1/10th ofa second.
back to A is
also 1/10th ofa second.
and then comes

199
 to complete one
Thus, the time taken by the pendulum scillation
cc.

counted as one oscillation.

is called the time period of that pendulum.

oscillation and time period of a simple pendulumin
in detail
Let's do an activity to understand

Activity 2

Aim: To determine the time period of a simple pendulum.

Materials: a long cotton string, a metal bob, stop watch, a clamp with stand.

Procedure:
Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
Keep the length of the string fixed for the entire experiment.
Release the bob from position A and allow it to oscillate.
Record the time period of oscillation of the pendulum with the
an
help of a ston
watch.
Repeat the experiment few times and record the time period.
Refer to Fig 12.6 given on the previous page.
Observation:
:You will observe that the values of all the recorded time
of the
periods of different oscillations
simple pendulum are equal.
Conclusion:
The pendulum always takes the same time to
complete one oscillation.
The time taken by the pendulum to complete one oscillation
string. With an increase or decrease in the depends upon the length of the
or decreases, respectively.
length the
of thestring, time period also increases
Motion
Every object takes a certain time to
each other. change its position. Thus, motion and time are related to

Let us
explore the relationship between motion
and time.
station to another and
covers a distance of 10
Suppose a train is moving from one
km during the
Some time to
cover this journey. Here, the train also take
take all possible journey, because motion and time are inseparable entities.
all movements
examples of motions which
you can think of, and
Similaiy
require a certain amount of time and analyse it, you will find
A body or an they occur
together.
object is thus said to be in motion
to time when its position
and its surroundings.
However, if we look around changes with re pect
our classroom, we nings
can see

200
Unitch as desks, lackboard, table,
takes
oftoare said to be at rest. books, pens and pencils that do not appear to move.
gs are
inese
Thus, an object is said to at
speed
its osition
with time or with
be rest, when it does not change
travel to respect its surroundings
slow and Fast
that
wecompare the motion of different
objects, we will find that all of them do not te
vel with the same speed. We know
travel
distance that a moving body requires a certain amount of time
to change its positi
to change
position between any two given points. Suppose your friend atakes about
ninutes to walk and reach school and you take more than 15 minutes to cover thne
min. me

distance, then we can classify the motions as fast and slow. Here, the motion of your triend

is fast, whereas you are slow. Thus, the motion of an obiect with respect to another oDject
depends upon factors as follows.
1 The distance covered by the object
2 The time taken to cover the distance

As a consequence, we can conclude the following:

1 A body which covers a given distance in less time is said to move faster and the one
which takes a longer time to cover the same distance, is said to move slower.

2. A body which covers more distance in a given interval of time is said to move faster than
the one which covers less distance in the same interval of time.

Concept of Speed
While moving in a car, you must have heard your mother telling your father not to exceed the

speed limit. Does your father drive at the same speed throughout? No, the speed of the car

is not uniform as it depends on traffic, the road type and various other factors. You may have
than that of a train, the speed of a train is more
heard that the speed of an aeroplane is more

than that of a car and speed of a car is more than that of a bicycle. What exactly is speed?

tells how fast slow an object is moving. Thus

concept in motion which
or
Speed is a very basic
speed can be defined as follows.
in unit time is its speed. in other words, the
The distance covered by a moving body
travels divided
body is the total distance it by the total time it
speed of the moving

as follows.
T
ne speed of an object can be expressed
Total distancecovered (d)
S p e e d (s) = -
or s
Total time taken (t)

the above expression as followe

s.
from
TheS
ne SI unit of speed can be derived

201
 (d)
Speed-Total distancecovered
Total time taken (t)

Substituting the right hand of the above expression with the SI units, we get
Speed = metre
second
=
m/s or ms
Therefore, the unit of speed is m/s or ms' (metre per second).
Let us do an activity to measure the speed of an object practically.
Activity 3
Roll a ball from one end of
Switch on the stopwatch the moment the ball starts
a room.
rolling. Stop the watch when the ball reaches the other end of the room. Note the
taken by the ball to cover time
the entire length of the room. Now find the
using the formula of speed. That is, speed of the ball
Speed=Otaldistance covered (d)
Total time taken (t)

Measurement of Speed
Vehicles such as
buses, scooters and bikes have
cars,
speedometers. These devices show the speed indicating devices called
there is an instrument called speed vehicles in km/h. Inside the
of
odometer which records the speedometer
distance covered by the vehicle in
kilometres. These devices are used to
measure speed and
Let us see how to calculate
distance.
speed and other related quantities.
A car takes 50
minutes to reach a school. The
covered a distance of 10 km. What odometer of the car shows that
is the the car has
speed of the car?
Given: Time (t) =
50 minutes= 50/60 hours =
0.83 hours
Distance (s) =
10 km
To find out:
Speed (s) =?
Solution: Substituting the given values in the formula of speed, we get,
10
0.83 2.05 km/h

Therefore, the speed of car is 12.05

Can km/h.
we calculate the distance if time
and speed are
Sum. given? Let us do it through the follow
202
 A boy ridees.a
bicycle to go to his
ok him 3 hours. How far did friend's
n a ' s house
at aa speed of 6 km/h and this journey
he travel? spe
Given: Speed (s) 6 km/h
Time (t) =
3 hours
Speed
To find out: Distance (d) = ?
(s)
Solution: As we know,
=

Substituting
Speed (s)
40
Total distance covered (d)
Total time taken (t)
km/h s=

the
Rearranging the above equation, we get,
d =Sxt given
1
Substituting the given values values
in the above equation, we get
0.4
d 6x 3 =18 km in

the
hours
Therefore, he travelled 18 kmn.
Let us calculate the time required to cover a distance, if distance
above and speed are given.

A school bus travels at 40 km/h to cover a distance of 16 km. How much time will the

bus take to cover this distance? equation,

Given: Distance (d) = 16 km

we

get

To find out: Time (t) =?

Solution: If we rearrange the expression of speed from time, we get

t d
S

t
40

into minutes, we get

convert hours
if we
t 0.4 x 60 24 minutes
to cover the distance ok 1e .

bus will take

24 minutes
km.
Hence, the

203
 Check Your Progress

1. Define speed.

2. When the bob of a pendulum moves from one position and returns to the same

position, it is said to complete one oscillation. (true/false)

3. When an object travels at the speed of 2 m/s and covers a distance of 10 metres,
then it takes seconds.

Uniform and Non-Uniform Motion

In our
everyday life we encounter several objects either in motion or rest like mountains,
trees
rivers, humans, trains, cars, buildings, etc. All
objects that are in motion have a very special
characteristic that is they
change their position with respect to time. The motion of the objects
can be further
categorised into uniform motion and non uniform motion.
A body moving in a
straight line covering equal distances in equal intervals of time is
said to be moving in uniform motion. For
example, if a truck covers a distance of 50 km
every hour, its uniform speed is 50 km/h.

1h 1h 1h 1h

0 km 50 km 100 km 150kmn 200km

Fig 12.8: Uniform motion

Thus, after 2 hours, the truck will distance of 100 kilometres.

cover a
escalators in tall
Similarly, the lifts and
buildings and malls have uniform motion.
A body covering equal distances in
unequal intervals of time or vice-versa is said to be
moving in non-uniform motion. A motion along a straight line can be non-uniform. For
example, if a truck covers 50 kilometres in its first hour, then it takes 2 hours to cover the
next 50 km, and then takes 3 hours to cover another 50 km, then it is said to be
moving at
non-uniform speeds.

1h 2h 3h 1h
0 km 50 km 100 km 150km 200km
Fig 12.9: Non-uniform motion

204
 speed of all vehicles
he keeps changing during their when a body Is
movinging with non-uniform speed, rng their journey.
journey. Inin uthis case,
then we find the time taken
r
cover
that
distance, to find the "d and total
distance covered and
tne total distance covered
to
average speed.
let
Solve the following numerical problem and
find the average spee
from its terminal at
train starts fro
starts
for the
A 5 am. It travels with
of 40 kilometres
hour, and the speed
hen travels with a speed of 50 kilometres a
for the next hour. Find its
first hour,
its Find
average speed.

Given: Total distance covered =

40 + 50 90 km
Total time taken 1 +1=
2 hours
To find out: Average speed =?

Solution:
Solution: Since, Average speed = otal distance covered 90=45 km/h
4 5 km/h
Total time taken
Hence, the average speed of the train is 45 km/h.

Distance-Time Graph
Adistance-time graph is a way of representing the motion of an object in the form of a grapn.
The Y- axis of the graph is used to plot the distance, whereas X-axis is used to plot thetime
This illustrates how far an object moved and how long it took to reach that far. This is a quick
in uniform
method to analyse the motion of an object. The distance-time graph of an object
in non-uniform
motion is always a straight line, whereas, the distance-time graph of an object
motion is a curved graph.

Let us consider the following example.

Tom and Richard are in two different cars with different speeds. They start
travelling
destination is also the same. The distances covered by
from the same spot and their
are given in the following table.
them during different time intervals
Richard Tom
Time in the
clock Distance covered by the car in km Distance covered by the car in km
5.00 pm 00
00
18
5.30 pm 20
15
6.00 pm 40
54
6.30 pm 60 41
7.00 pm 80
98
7.30 pm 100
120
8.00 pm 120
distance
versus
based
time based on the data given in the table.
Let us plot two graphs of

205
 140 Scale
X-axis: 1cm 10 min
120
Y-axis: 1cm 20 km
100

80

60
40

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time
Fig. 12.10: Distance -time graph for uniform motion
140
Scale:
120 X-axis: 1cm 10 min
Y-axis: 1cm 20 km
100

80

60

40

20

10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time
Fig. 12.11: Distance -time graph for non-uniform
motion
The distance and time of Tom's car is
plotted in the above distance-time graph. This graph
shows the variation in the distance covered
by the car. Also, the car does not cover equal
intervals of distance in equal intenvals of time. The
graph is thus not a straight line and is an
example of a non-uniform motion.
Word Galaxy

Measurement: it is the numerical comparison of an unknown

afixed known quantity of the same quantity with
type
Unit: it is a standard in
segment which a quantity is
measured
Bob: a metallic ball that is
hung to one end of a
pendulum
Suspended: hung from above

206
 At a Glance

AA unit
unit of
of m measurement of a
aanitude,
mac Scale, size, quantity tells
udntity tells us
us one
one thing
thing about the quantity Sucn ds
abou ue
extent, degree,
unit iis
The SI unit the standard enormity, level and amount
unit of
Metre, kilogram, second, kelvin,
measurement adoptedpted by
by the wora
world.
etc. are some
Sundial, hourglass, water clock and candle examples of standard SI units
clock are examples of ancient time
devices. nicd suring
When the boD of a pendulum moves from one position and returns to the same
it is said to complete one
oscillation. posu
.The time period of a simple
pendulum does not change if the length of the string is
Motion is a change in the position of an TMEd.
object with respect to time and its
The distance covered by a surrounag
moving body in a unit time is its speed.
,

. The SI unit of speed is metre

per second (m/s).
The concept of speed is used to
distinguish between fast and slow objects.
A body moving in a
straight line covering equal distances in equal intervals of time is said
to be moving in uniform motion.
A body covering equal distances in unequal intervals of time or vice-versa is said to be
moving in non-uniform motion.
A time-distance graph shows the distance travelled and time taken by an object.
The distance-time graph of a uniform motion or constant speed is a straight line.

Let's Exercise

1. Tick () the correct option.

a. An object is travelling in a straight line. The motion of this object is:

i. non uniform motion. . uniform motion

or non-uniform motion
iv. none of these
ii. either uniform
b. The speed of light is about 3,00,000 km/s and it takes about 8 minutes to travel from
the Sun to the Earth. The distance between the Earth and the Sun is about
ii. 18 milion km
i. 24 million km
iv. 170 million km
i . 145 million km
measurement which
is not primitive.
Cldentify the unitof i Metre
Yard iv. Cubit
ii. Hand span

207
 d. The correct relation between speed and time is
Distance
Speed x Distance = Time ii Time =
Speed
ii. Speed = Distance x Timne
iv. Distance = Time
Speed
e. Which of the following cannot be used to measure time during night:
i. clepsydra ii. hourglass
ii. candle watch iv. sundial

f. Which of the following distance-time graph shows uniform motion

i.
ii.

Time Time
ii.
iv. None of the above.

Time

2. Match the following.

Column A
Column B
a. Odometer i. Hourglass
b. Average speed ii. Oscillation
C. Clock ii. A distance measuring device
d. Pendulum
iv. km/s
3. Fill in the blanks with the words
given in the brackets.
a. The SI unit of. is metre. (speed/distance)
b. A simple pendulum shows. - motion. (oscillatory/circulatory)
C. The sundial has a triangular metallic plate called- fixed vertically at
the centre of a circular plate. (circular plate/gnomon)

208
 State whether the
d.a. A
following statements are
re True (T) or False ((F).
moving Doay requires a
certain amount of time to
The SI unit of time is
b. Shree
Th change its
posiO
hours.
C. A Simple
Distinguish pendulum always takes the same time
lengthtravels
of the
string is fixed. to complete one
oscillatio ,
d. The distance a covered
between
by an object is alwavs plotted on the Y-axis of a time
graph. distd
distance

e. All objects have uniform motion.

uniform
of

sAnswer the following questions12

in one word or a
a. When do we state km
sentence.
that an object is
motion at rest? (

b. Give atleast two

examples of earlyfromclocks which are equally effective indoors ds v"
as outdoors. and
cWhat
C. is the working
omoclock\ Xndu ner

principle of clepsydra?nousE
d. On what factor does the time non-uniform
period of a simple pendulum depend upon
to
e. Where are odometers situated in
vehicles? d
6. Answer the following questions in short. School

a. What is the motion.

difference between speedometer and odometer?by

b. What are the two facts on which the motion of a

an object depends?
bus
C. Define the following quantities:
at
i. motion
20

ii. speed
km/hr

and
7. Answer the following questions in detail.
a. Compare the terms fast motion and slow motion.

b. Describe the working of a candle clock.

C. Describe a distance-time graph.
8. Solve the following numerical sums.
a. A train travels at 120 km/hour. In what time Will it cover a distance of 1200 km2

returns home at 16 km/hr.

209
 i. Calculate the time required to reach school from home.
i. Find out the time required to reach home from school.
ii. Determine the average distance of the entire
journey.
9. Diagram based
questions.
a. Observe the diagram and answer the following questions

C nu waurmemen sen * ne*asrm uea meun A

B
i. Describe oscillation with the
help of the above diagram.
ii. Explain at least two ways when the bob shown in the
diagram can complete one
oscillation.
ii. Firstly, the bob of a given pendulum is stroked gently and after that it is stroked
with fierce force, will the time periods of the pendulum be the same in both the
conditions? Explain.
10. Practical based questions.
a. Answer the following questions based the
on
activity of the shadow of a stick under
the Sun throughout a day.
i. During which part of the day will the shadow of the stick be the
longest?
ii. State the factors which the
on
length and the position of a shadow depends.
11. Value based
question.
A large number of accidents in which people
killed, get handicapped permanently O
are

injured occur on the roads due to over speeding. To curb these accidents and in order to
save precious human lives,
government has placed certain speed limit on the roads. Speed
limit is a rule that bars vehicles from exceeding the speed
beyond a certain reasonable limi
a. When the speed limit of a road is 55 km/h, bus
a moves continuously for 40 minute

210
 with a speed of 40 km/h and after
Calculate the total a that moves
t moves with a
distance covered the speed 50 km/h for 20 minutes.
b. How long will a car by bus.
take to travel da the
speed limit distance of on aa road, where
speea nit of the road
limit fE kilometres
of 120 kilometres
road is 65 y h for first 100 kilometres and then the speed
ic
. limit Is
only s0 km ror km/h for first 100 kilor
rest of the distance? The top speed of the car is merely km/h.
12. HOTS (Higher Order
a. Plot a distance-time
Thinking Skills)
graph on a graph paper using the data
following table. Also given n the
identify type of the motion.
the
Timein minutes
0 20 40 60 80
Distance travelled in km
o7 14 21 28
b. Draw a distance-time graph for the
following cases
i. An object is at rest.
i. An object is moving upwards with a constant speed.
13. Life skills
a. Make a presentation on the various primitive clocks except those mentioned in the
chapter and discuss their chronology and locations where they were used.
b. Make a list of various objects which perform uniform motion in day-to-day life and
discuss why they perform uniform motion?
My Project Idea
'*°°°**°°°*°*'°****°°***** ****************.**° ********* *************

Design a working model of a clepsydra or a waterclock. The internet

can be used for the research. A brief procedure is also given below
Take a 2 litre plastic water bottle and cut it into two halves.
Make an opening (about 3 mm in diameter) in the middle off

the lid of the bottle.

Turn the upper part of the bottle along with the lid upside down
of the bottle.
and place it inside the lower part
upper part in the of the bottle
Fill the (or coloured water)
water
inverted position.
which is already in the
water fall in a definite period
Now, measure how many drops of
of time.
intervals of time on the lower part of
Accordingly mark equal
the bottle.

211
 Meet the Scientist

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was a well-known Italian

physicist, engineer and astronomer. He studied motion
and various quantities associated with motion during
his life time in detail with numerous experiments. He is
also credited for the invention of various devices like
thermoscope, military compasses, telescope, etc.
Galileo worked extensively on
pendulums during his
lifetime. He was the first to notice that the
angle of the
swinging movement of a
pendulum changes over time.
Also the amount of time required for the pendulum to
swing in one direction and
then return to its
original starting point remains constant.
Due to his great contribution in the various fields of physics and
often
astronomy, he is
regarded and called by various names like "father of scientific method", "father
of observational astronomy", "father of modern
* * * ***** *

physics", etc.

WEBLINKS

https://www.iau.org/publications/proceedings_rules/units/
https:/ www.timecenter.com/articles/when-time-began-the-history-and-science-of-sundials/
https://www.smashinglists.com/10-early-firsts-in-timekeeping-devices/
As on 30.04.2019

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