Summer Training Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award in Electrical Engineering

Project title
Maintenance Department (Breaker section)
Training Organization
(USSPL) Unique Switchgear Services Pvt Ltd
Place
Gama 1, Greater Noida, Up.
Training Duration
From:- 01/07/2021 To:-
Name of Officer :- Mr.Jayram bohra.
Internal Guidance :- Mr.Bittu Kumar Singh.

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 Declaration
This report was written by Ashish Verma , a student in the Electrical
Engineering Department at Laxmi Devi Institute of Engineering and
Technology (LIET).it has not been altered or corrected as a result of
assessment and it may contain errors and omissions. The views
expressed in it together with any recommendations are those of the
student.

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 INDEX
TOPIC PAGE NO
Declaration 2
Index 3

Acknowledgement 4
Abstract 5
Introduction 6
Types of circuit breakers and their importance 7
What is a circuit breaker? 8-9
Basic working of types of circuit breakers 10-11
Arc Phenomenon 12
Why Arc Happens? 13
Classification of circuit breakers 14
Air circuit breaker 15-18
SF6 circuit breaker 19-20
Vacuum circuit breaker 21-22
Oil circuit breaker 23-31
HVDC circuit breaker 32-33
Standard circuit breaker 34-35
Conclusion 36

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The internship opportunity I had with USSPL was a great chance for
learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider as a very
lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it.
I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful
people and professionals who led me through this internship period.

Bearing in mind previous I am using this opportunity to express my

deepest gratitude and special thanks to the MD of USSPL who in spite
of being extraordinarily busy with his duties, took time out to hear ,
guide and keep me on the correct path and allowing me to carry out my
project at their esteemed organization and extending during the
training.

I express my deepest thanks to JR BOHRA, DIRECTOR for their careful

and precious guidance which were extremely valuable for my study
both theoretically and practically.

I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career

development. I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best
possible way, and I will continue to work on their improvement, in
order to attain desired career objectives. Hope to continue cooperative
with all of you in the future,

Sincerely,

Ashish verma

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 ABSTRACT
This report is a summary of all the work experience I have been able to
gather during my summer training program at USSPL

This report contains some of the observation and some of the tests that
are carried out on maintenance of Siemens different types of breakers

This report is separated into different parts with each part I have
mentioned everything I have learnt in each day throughout my summer
training

This report also contain what I is taught by the various analysts I

worked with and Informations I got from text books , online during my
summer training.

This report contains different types of test conducted for the proper
working of breakers

In conclusion, this training report is the summary of what I have learnt

during my industrial training programme.

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 INTRODUCTION
USSPL (Unique Switchgear Services Pvt Ltd ) is the company started by
MR. JAYRAM BOHRA a director which deals with the Siemens High
voltage and Low voltage AC and DC circuit breakers as Siemens limited
is one of the leading multinational company offering full range of
energy solutions

A circuit breaker is only as strong as its weakest link. In the case of

breakers, you definitely want these to be the weakest link. Short circuit
occur when the voltage rating of a device in the circuit is exceeded
which causes arcs. When the device arcs, it gets extremely hot and
could potentially cause a fire. Therefore, circuit breakers are put in
place to handle arcing situations.

No matter what brand of breaker you own, Industrial Test, inc. can
repair or service it. Breakers, like all electrical equipment, need regular
preventive maintenance. Outdoor breakers need continuous
maintenance due to use and interruptions due to faults. Explosive gases
can build up in OCBs, which can have disastrous results. Don’t your
expensive electrical equipment deteriorate because of neglect.
Problems can be found and corrected with regular inspection and
servicing, therefore, preventing thousands of dollars in down time and
costing reapirs.

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 TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
AND THEIR IMPORTANCE
In the electrical and electronic world, there are many cases where
mishap takes place. It will leads to severe damage to buildings , offices,
houses, schools, industries, etc. trusting voltage and current are not
correct, through safety measures are taken. Once circuit breakers are
installed it will control the sudden rise of voltage and current. It will
help from any accident. Circuit breakers are like the heart of the
electrical system. There are different types of circuit breakers where
these are installed according to the rating of the system. In the house ,
different kinds of circuit breakers are used and for industries, another
types of circuit breaker is used. Let us discuss the different types of
circuit breakers and their importance in details.

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WHAT IS A CIRCUIT BREAKER ?
An electric circuit breaker is a switching device that can be operated
automatically or manually for protecting the electrical power system. In
the modern power system, the design of the circuit breaker has
changed depending upon the huge currents and to preventing from the
arc while operating.

The electricity that is coming to the houses or offices or school or

industries ar any other places from the power distribution grids from a
large circuit. Those lines which are connected to the power plant
forming at one end arc called the hot wire and the other lines
connecting to the ground forming another end. Whenever the electrical
charge flows between these lines it develops potential between them.

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For the complete circuit, the connection of loads (appliances) offers
resistance to the flow of charge and the whole electrical system the
house or industries will work smoothly.

Any over current or voltage. The reason for heating the wire are too
much charge flowing through the circuit or short-circuiting or sudden
connection of the hot end wire to the ground wire would heat the wire,
causing a fire. The circuit breaker will prevent such situation which
simply cut off the reaining circuit.

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 BASIC WORKING OF TYPES OF
CIRCUIT BREAKER
Well, we are aware of what is a circuit breaker. Now this section
explains on working principle of the circuit breaker.

As an element engineer, it is crucial to know the operation of this

devices, not only an engineer but for the people whole are into this
domain, they need to be aware of this. The device includes a pair of
electrode, the circuit gets closed and when these contacts are not
together, the circuit moves into a close state. This operation is
dependent on the worker’s necessary whether the circuit has to be in
an OPEN or CLOSE state in the initial phase.

When there happens any damage or when the worker thinks to OPEN,
then the logical indicator stimulates the trip relay that disconnects both
the contacts by providing movement to the movable coil that is faraway
to the constant coil.

This operation seems to be so simple and easy, but the real

complication is that when a couple of contacts are far together then
will be huge temporary potential variation in between a couple of
contacts that facilitate large electron transitins from high to low
potentisl. Whereas this temporary gap between the contacts operates
ad dielectric for the electrons to move from one to another electrode.

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When the potential variation is more than the force of dielectric
strength, then there will be a movement of electrons from one
electrode to another. This ionizes the dielectric mode that might direct
to the creation of huge ignition between the electrodes. This ignition is
termed as ARC. Even this ignition stays for a few microseconds, it holds
the ability to damage the entire breaker device causing damage for the
whole equipment and casing. In need to be extinguished beforehand of
the circuit getting damaged.

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 ARC PHENOMENON
During the operation of circuit brakers, the arc is the one that needs to
be clearly observed. So, the arc phenomenon in circuit breakers take
place at the time of faulty cases. For instance, when there is an
extensive flow of current across the contacts before the defensive
approach takes place and initiates the contacts.

The moment when the contents are in OPEN condition, then the
contacts area gets quickly decreased and there happens increment in
the density in the density of current because of huge SC current. This
phenomenon directs to the temperature rise and this generation of
heat is enough to ionizing interruption medium. The ionized medium
performs as the conductor and arc get held up in between the contacts.
The arc creates a minimal resistance path for the contacts and there
will be a flow of huge current throughout the time the arc exists. This
condition damages the operation of the circuit breaker

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 WHY ARC HAPPENS ?
Before knowing arc termination approaches, let us evaluate the
parameters that are accountable for the happening of arc. The reason
are.

 The potential variation that exists between contacts

 Ionization particles those are in between contacts

This potential variation that is in between the contacts is enough for

the existence of an arc as the distance of the contacts is minimal. In
addition, the ionization medium holds the ability to preserve the arc.
These are the reason for the arc generation

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 CLASSIFICATION OF CIRCUIT
BREAKERS

The different types of high voltage circuit breakers include the following

 Air circuit breaker

 Sf6 circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breaker
 Oil circuit breaker
 Air circuit breaker

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 AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER
This circuit breaker will operate in the air, the quenching medium is an
arc at atmospheric pressure. In many countries, the air circuit breaker is
replaced by an oil circuit breakers. About the oil circuit breaker, we will
discuss later in the article. Thus the importance of ACB is still a
preferable choice to use an Air circuit breaker up to 15KV. This is
because; oil circuit breaker may catch fire when used at 15V

The two types of air circuit breakers are

 Plain air circuit breaker

 Airblast circuit breaker

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 PLANE AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER
A plain air circuit breaker is also called a Cross-Blast Circuit Breaker. In
this, the circuit breaker is fitted with a chamber that surrounds the
contacts. This chamber is known as the arc chute.

This arc is made to drive in it. In achieving the cooling of the air circuit
breaker, an arc chute will help. From the refractory material, an arc
chute is made. The internal walls of the arc chute are shaped in such a
way that the arc is not forced into proximity. It will drive into the
winding channel projected on an arc chute wall.

The arc chute will have many small compartments and has many
divisions which are metallic separated plates. Here each of the small
compartments behaves as a mini-arc chute and the metallic separation
plate act like arc splitters. All arc voltages will be higher than the system
voltage when the arc will split into a series of arcs. It is only preferable
for low voltage applications.

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 AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER
Airblast circuit breakers are used for a system voltage of 245 kV, 420kV,
and also even more. Airblast circuit breakers are of two types:

 Axial blast breaker

 Axial blast with sliding moving contact.

AXIAL BLAST BREAKER

In the axial blaster breaker, the moving contact of the axial blast
breaker will be in contact. The nozzle orifice is fixed to the contact of a
breaker at a normally closed condition. A fault occurs when high
pressure is introduced into the chamber. Voltage is sufficient to sustain
high-pressure air when flowed through the nozzle orifice.

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ADVANTAGES OF AIR – BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER
 It is used where frequent operation is required if lesser arc energy
 It is risk – free from fire
 Small in size
 It requires less maintenance.
 Arc quenching is much faster
 The speed of the circuit breaker is much higher.
 The tie duration of the arc is the same for all values of the current.

DISADVANTAGES OF AIR – BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER

 It require additional maintenance
 The air has relatively lower arc extinguishing properties
 It contains a high capacity air compressor.
 From the air pipe junction, there may be a chance of air pressure
leakage
 There is the chance of a high rate of re – striking current and
voltage chopping.

APPLICATION AND USE OF AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER

 It is used for the protection of plants, electrical machine,
transformers, capacitors, and generators
 An air circuit breaker is also used in the electricity sharing system
and GND about 15Kv
 Also used in Low as well as High current and voltage applications.

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 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
In the SF6 circuit breaker, the current-carrying contacts operate in
sulfur hexafluoride gas is known as an SF6 circuit breaker. It is an
excellent insulating property and high electro-negativity. It can be
understood that, the high affinity of absorbing free electrons. The
negative ion is formed when a free electron collides with the SF6 gas
molecule; it is absorbed by that gas molecule. The two different ways of
attachment of electron with SF6 gas molecules are

SF6 + e = SF6
SF6 + e = SF5- + F

The negative ions which are formed will be much heavier than a free
electron. Therefore, when compared with other common gases overall
mobility of the charged particle in the SF6 gas is much less. The mobility
of charged particles is majorly responsible for conducting current
through a gas. Hence, for heavier and less mobile charged particles in
SF6 gas, it acquires very high dielectric strength. This gas good heat
transfer property because of low gaseous viscosity. SF6 is 100 times
more effective in arc quenching media than an air circuit breaker. It is
used for both medium and high voltage electrical power system from
33KV to 800KV.

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TYPE OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS IN SF6
 Single interrupter SF6 circuit breaker applied up to 220
 Two interrupter SF6 circuit breaker applied up to 400
 Four interrupters SF6 circuit breaker applied up to 715v

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 VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER
A Vacuum circuit breaker is a circuit in which a vacuum is used to
extinct the arc. It has dielectric recovery character, excellent
interruption, and can interrupt the high-frequency current which
results from arc instability, superimposed on the line frequency current.

The principle of operation of VCB will have two contacts called

electrodes will remain closed under normal operating conditions.
Suppose when a fault occurs in any part of the system, then the trip coil
of the circuit breaker gets energized and finally, the contact gets
separated.

The moment contacts of the breaker are opened in a vacuum, i.e. 10-7
to 10-5 Torr an arc is produced between the contacts by the ionization
of metal vapors of contacts. Here the arc quickly gets extinguished, this

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happens because the electrons, metallic vapors, and ions produced
during the arc, condense quickly on the surface of the CB contacts,
resulting in quick recovery of dielectric strength.

ADVANTAGES
 VCB’s are reliable, and long life
 They can interrupt any fault current.
 There will be no fore hazards.
 No noise is produced
 It has a higher dielectric strength.
 It requires less power for control operation.

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 OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER
In this type of circuit, breaker oil is used, but mineral oil is preferable. It
acts better insulating property than air. The moving contact and fixed
contact are immersed inside the insulating oil. When the separation of
current takes place, then carrier contacts in the oil, the arc in the circuit
breaker is initialized at the moment of separation of contacts, and
because of this arc in the oil is vaporized and decomposed in hydrogen
gas and finally creates a hydrogen bubble around the arc.

This highly compressed gas bubble around and arc prevents re-striking
of the arc after the current reaches zero crossings of the cycle. The OCB
is the oldest type of circuit breaker.

DIFFERENT TYPE OF CIRCUIT

BREAKERS IN OIL TYPE
 Bulk oil circuit breaker
 Minimum oil circuit breaker

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 BULK OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER
(BOCB)
In the BOCB, oil is used to arc the quenching media and also for
insulating media in between earth parts of circuit breaker and current-
carrying contacts. The same transformer insulating oil is used.

The working principle of the BOCB says when the current-carrying

contacts in the oil are separated, then an arc is generated between the
separated contacts. The arc which is established will produce a rapidly
growing gas bubble around the arc. The moving contacts will move
away from the fixed contact of the arc and this results in the resistance
of the arc get increased. Here the increased resistance will cause
lowering the temperature. Hence the reduced formations of gasses
surround the arc.

When the current passes through zero-crossing the arc quenching in

the BOCB takes place. In the totally airtight vessel, the gas bubble is
enclosed inside the oil. The oil will surround with high pressure on the
bubble, this results in highly compressed gas around the arc. When the
pressure is increased the deionization of the gas also increases, which
results in arc quenching. The hydrogen gas will help in cooling the arc
quenching in the oil circuit breaker.

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ADVANTAGES
 Good cooling properties because of decomposition
 Oil has high dielectric strength
 It acts as an insulator because the earth and the live parts.
 The oil used here will absorb will absorb arc energy while
decomposing

DISADVANTAGES
 It will not permit high speed of interruption
 It takes a long arching time.

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 MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT
BREAKER
It is a circuit breaker that utilizes oil as the interrupting media. The
minimum oil circuit breaker will place the interrupting unit in an
insulating chamber at the live potential. But insulating material is
available in the interrupting chamber. It requires less amount of oil so it
is called a minimum oil circuit breaker.

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ADVANTAGES
 It requires less maintenance
 It is suitable for both automatic operation and manual.
 It requires a small space
 The cost of breaking capacity in MVA is also less.

DISADVANTAGES
 Oil deteriorates because of carbonization.
 There is a possibility of explosion and fire
 As it has a smaller quantity of oil, so carbonization increases.
 It is very difficult to remove gases from the space between the
contacts.

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Furthermore, circuit breakers are classified based on different types
and those are:

BASED ON VOLTAGE CLASS

The initial categorization of circuit breakers is dependent on the
functional voltage that is to be utilized. There exist mainly two kinds of
voltage-based types of circuit breakers and those are:

 High Voltage – To be implemented at voltage levels more than

1000V. These are further divided into 75kV and 123kV devices.
 Low Voltage – To be implemented at the voltage levels below
1000V

BASED ON TYPE OF
INSTALLATION
These devices are also divided depending on the installation location
which means either enclosed or open-air locations. In general, these
are operated at an extremely high level of voltages. Enclosed circuit
breakers are designed to be employed internally to the building or
those that have weather impervious compounds. The crucial variation
that is in between these two kinds is the packing constructions and
compounds whereas the internal design such as the current holding
equipment and functionality is almost similar.

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 BASED ON TYPE OF EXTERNAL
DESIGN
Depending on the physical constructional design, the circuit breakers
are again of two types:

Dead Tank Type – Here, the switching equipment is located in

the vessel at the base potential and this is enclosed by the shielding
medium and interrupters. These are mostly in use in US states.

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Live Tank Type – Here, the switching equipment is located in the
vessel at the maximum potential and this is enclosed by the shielding
medium and interrupters. These are mostly in use in Europe and Asian
states

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 BASED ON TYPE
INTERRUPTING MEDIUM
This is the crucial categorization of circuit breakers. Here, the devices
are classified depending on the arc destruction approach and on the
interruption medium. In general, these both appeared as the crucial
parameters in the construction of circuit breakers and they ruled the
other constructional factors. Mostly, oil and air are used as the
interruption mediums. Apart from these, there are also Sulphur
Hexafluoride and vacuum acting as interruption mediums. These two
are most in use these days.

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 HVDC circuit breakers
It is a switching device which obstructs the general flow of current in
the circuit. When there happens any damage, the creates distance
between the mechanical contacts in the device and so the circuit
breaker moves into OPEN condition. Here, the circuit breaking is
somewhat complicated as the flow of current is only unidirectional and
does not exist null current. The crucial usage of this device is to
obstruct the high voltage range of DC in the circuit. While the AC circuit
seamlessly obstructs the arc at the condition of the null current
because the dissipation of energy is almost zero. The contact distance
needs to regain the dielectric ability to endure the temporary recovery
level of voltage.

In the case of DC circuit breaking devices, the issue is more complicated

as DC wave will not have null currents. And obligated arc obstruction
leads to the development of huge transient recovery voltage levels and
it restrikes having no arc obstruction and causes final damage to the
mechanical contacts.

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In the construction of HVDC device, mostly one has withstood three
problems and those are:

 Obstruction of arc’s restriking

 Intemperance of stored energy

 Generation of artificial null current

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STANDARD CIRCUIT BREAKERS
The device crucially observe the functionality of the device. These
standard circuit breakers are of single – pole and double – pole.

SINGLE – POLE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

These devices hold the features of

 Mostly used in household applications

 Safeguards single energized wire

 These deliver almost 120V of voltage to the circuit

 They hold the ability to manage 15 amps to 30 amps

 Single pole breakers are in three varieties and are full-size (having
a width of 1 inch), half-size (having a width of half-inch), and twin
(having one-inch width consisting of two switches and manages a
couple of circuits).

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DOUBLE POLE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
These devices hold the features of

 These deliver almost 120V/240V of voltage to the circuit

 They hold the ability to manage 15 amps to 30 amps

 Mostly used in huge applications like heaters and dryers

 Safeguards two energized wires

In this article, the different types of circuit breakers, i.e. Air Circuit
Breaker, SF6 Circuit Breaker, Vacuum Circuit Breaker, and Oil Circuit
Breaker have been discussed in a short detail just to understand
the basic concept about these circuit breakers. And their subdivision is
also discussed along with advantages and disadvantages. We have
discussed every concept very clearly. If you have not understood any of
the topics, you feel any information is missing, or to implement any
electrical projects for engineering students, please feel free to
comment in the below section.

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 CONCLUSION
On the whole, this internship was a useful experience for me. I have
gained new knowledge, skills and met many new people. I achieved
several of my learning goals. I got insight into professional practices
currently advocated in the industry. I learned the different facts of
working within a well established industry. Related to my study I
learned more about the manufacture, assembly and testing of breakers

Furthermore I have experienced that it is if important that education is

objective and that I have to be aware of the industrial aspect of the
topics I study. This internship program was not one sided, but it was a
way of sharing knowledge, ideas and opinions.

This training was also good to find out what our strengths and
weaknesses are. This helped us to define what skills and knowledge we
have to improve in the coming times. I can confidently assert that the
knowledge i gained through this training is sufficient to contribute our
future endeavours. At last this training has given me new insights and
motivation to pursue a career in core electrical departments.

With warm regards

Yours faithfully

Ashish verma

3rd year EE diploma

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