Electrical Safety Manual Cycle1 Fall 19-20

Laboratory Manual
Electrical Safety - EEE1021
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Name : ……………………………………………………………………………
Reg. No : ……………………………………………………………………………
Slot : ……………………………………………………………………………
Faculty : ……………………………………………………………………………
VIT – A Place to learn : A Chance to grow

Name of Laboratory : Electrical Workshop
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Course Name : Electrical Safety Laboratory
Course Code : EEE1021
Register Number : _____________________________
Certified that this is a bonafide work done by
_______________________________________of________________ Semester
B.Tech. _________________________________ during the academic year Fall
2018 - 2019 submitted for the practical examination held
on __________________ at VIT University, Vellore – 14.
Date : Faculty In – charge
Internal Examiner External Examiner

Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Ex. Date of
Title of the Experiment Marks Signature
No. Experiment
CYCLE - I
1 Study of Fuses and Types of Fuses
Study of Miniature Circuit Breakers

(MCB) and Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers
2 (ELCB)
Measurement of Insulation Resistance

3 Withstand of Cables
Measurement of Insulation Resistance

4 Withstand of Motors
Study of Earthing and Measurement of

5 Earth Electrode Resistance
CYCLE - II
6 Continuity Test for a given Electrical Circuit
Study of Various Types of Earthing:

(a) Sizing of Earth Strip for Earthing
7 Arrangement
(b) Sizing of Pipe and Plate Earthing as per IS
3043
8 Sizing and Selection of Neutral Link
Electrical Safety Precaution:

(a) Selection of Earth Mat
9 (b) Selection of Rubber Gloves
Types, Procedure of Operation, Maintenance

and Application of Fire Extinguishers
10
Total Marks Scored : ______________

Lab Subject Code : EEE 1021
CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
When the information about a circuit is required but details of the actual wire connections and
operation of the circuit are not, single line diagram representation of electric circuit is followed. A single line
diagram uses, single lines (indicate the path) and graphic symbols of components of an electric circuit. The
following table shows symbols of many of the commonly used electric components and parts.
MULTICELL ALTERNATING CURRENT, CONNECTION

GENERAL SYMBOL
CROSS, NO CONNECTION DIRECT CURRENT NEUTRAL
POSITIVE POLARITY NEGATIVE POLARITY EARTH
FAULT UNDERGROUND CABLE OVERHEAD LINE
FUSE TERMINALS RESISTANCE/RESISTOR
OR
Page | 1
VARIABLE RESISTOR IMPEDANCE CAPACITANCE, CAPACITOR
WINDING MOTOR DC GENERATOR
AC GENERATOR TRANSFORMERS WITH TWO AUTO-TRANSFORMER

SEPARATE WINDINGS
WINDING, STAR WINDING, DELTA CIRCUIT-BREAKER
ISOLATOR SOCKET OUTLET, 5A SOCKET OUTLET, 15A
PLUG VOLTMETER AMMETER
Page | 2
WATTMETER OHMMETER WATTHOUR METER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER LAMP
EMERGENCY LAMP
SPOT LIGHT FLOOD LIGHT
BELL BUZZER CEILING FAN
EXHAUST FAN FAN REGULATOR AERIAL
SINGLE-POLE-SINGLE THROW SINGLE-POLE-DOUBLE THROW DOUBLE-POLE-SINGLE

(SPST) (SPDT) THROW (DPST)
PUSH BUTTON MOMENTARY PUSH BUTTON MOMENTARY TRANSFORMER, IRON CORE

NORMALLY CLOSED (PBNC) NORMALLY OPEN (PBNO)
Page | 3
Exp. 1 - Study of Fuses and Types of Fuses

Aim:
To study, compare and analyze the role of fuse and various types based on its application
To compute the fuse ratings of re-wirable fuses and carry out a suitable experiment to determine
the blow-out of the fuse
Fuses:
Fuse is a device which is used to protect circuits from over current, overload and ensures the
protection of the circuit. There are many types of fuses available in the market, but the function of
all these fuses is same. Fuse consists of a low resistance metallic wire enclosed in a non-
combustible material. Whenever a short circuit, over current or mismatched load connection
occurs, then the thin wire inside the fuse melts because of the heat generated by the heavy current
flowing through it. Therefore, it disconnects the power supply from the connected system. In
normal operation of the circuit, fuse wire is just a very low resistance component and does not
affect the normal operation of the system connected to the power supply.
Types of Fuses:
There are different types of fuses available in the market and they can be categories on the basis of
different aspects. Fuses are used in AC as well as DC circuits.
Page | 4
Different Types of Fuses:
Fuses can be divided into two main categories according to the type of input supply voltage.
1. AC fuses
2. DC fuses
AC and DC Fuses
There is a little difference between AC and DC fuses used in AC and DC systems.

In a DC system, when the metallic wire melts because of the heat generated by the over current,
then an arc is produced and it is very difficult to extinguish this arc because of constant DC value. In
order to minimize the fuse arcing, DC fuse are slightly bigger than an AC fuse which increase the
distance between the electrodes to reduce the arc in the fuse. On the other hand, i.e. in the AC
system, voltage with 60Hz or 50Hz frequency changes it amplitude from zero to 60 times every
second, so arc can be extinct easily as compared to DC. Therefore, AC fuses are little bit small in
sizes as compared to DC fuses.
Fuses can also be categorized based on one time or multiple operations.
1) One time use only Fuse 2) Resettable Fuses
One time use only Fuse
One time use fuses contain a metallic wire, which burns out, when an over current, over load or
mismatched load connect event occur, user has to manually replace these fuses, switch fuses are
cheap and widely used in almost all the electronics and electrical systems.
Such types of fuses can be categories on the following basis.
 Current carrying Capacity of Fuse
 Breaking capacity
 I2t value of Fuse

 Response Characteristic
 Rated voltage of Fuse
 Packaging Size
Page | 5
Other Types of Fuses
 Cartridge fuses
Cartridge fuses are used to protect electrical appliances such as motors air-conditions, refrigerator,
pumps etc, where high voltage rating and currents required. They are available up to 600A and 600V
AC & widely used in industries, commercial and domestic distribution panels.
There are two types of Cartridge fuses. 1. General purpose fuse with no time delay and 2. Heavy-
duty cartridge fuses with time delay. Both are available in 250V AC to 600V AC and its rating can be
found on the end cap or knife blade.
Blade Type fuses:
This type of fuses (also known as spade or plug-in fuses) comes in plastic body and two metal caps
to fit in the socket. Mostly, they used in automobiles for wiring and short circuit protection. Blade
Type fuses: used in automobiles
Page | 6
Types of fuses include the simple re-wirable fuses, Resettable (SMD) fuses, Axial fuses, Thermal
fuses, HRC (High Rupturing Capacity), High Voltage fuses etc
Resettable Fuses |Image Credit: Wikipedia
Resettable Fuses:
Resettable fuse is a device, which can be used as multiple times without replacing it. They open the
circuit, when an over current event occurs and after some specific time they connect the circuit
again. Polymeric positive temperature coefficient device (PPTC, commonly known as a resettable
fuse, poly-switch or poly-fuse) is a passive electronic component used to protect against short
current faults in electronic circuits.
Application of such fuses is overcome where manually replacing of fuses is difficult or almost
impossible, e.g. fuse in the nuclear system or in aerospace system.
Resettable Fuses |Image Credit: Wikipedia
Page | 7
HRC Fuse (High Rupturing Capacity Fuse) and its Types:

This type of fuse contains a fuse wire in it, which carries the short circuit current safely for a given
time period. During this period, if fault is removed, then it does not blow off otherwise it will melt
and remove the circuit from electrical supply hence, the circuit remains safe.
The common material, which is used to make an HRC fuse is glass, though this aspect is not always
the case. Other chemical compounds are also used in HRC fuse manufacturing and construction
based on different factors. Its external enclosure is made fully airtight in order to avoid the effect of
atmosphere on the fuse materials. The major objection on HRC fuse is low and uncertain breaking
capacity of semi-enclosed fuse.
Fig: HRC Fuses |Image Credit: www.electricaltechnology.org
Construction and Operations of HRC fuse:

HRC Fuse consists of highly heat resistant material (such as ceramic) body having metal-end caps,
which is welded by silver current carrying element. The fuse body internal space is completely
packed with a filling powder. The material, which has filled the inside space, may be plaster of
Plaster of Paris, quartz, chalk, marble, dust and cooling mediums etc. Thus, it carries normal current
without overheating. The heat being produced vaporizes the silver melted element. Chemical
reaction taking place between silver vapor and filling powder results in high resistance substance,
which helps in quenching the arc in fuse.
Page | 8
Fig: HRC Fuse Construction and Operation|Image Credit: www.electricaltechnology.org
Types of HRC Fuses:

 NH Fuse
 Din type
 Blade contact
NH Type H.R.C Fuses:
NH fuse provides overload and short circuit protection for low and medium voltage. They provide
backup protection to motor starters and other equipment against short circuit and overload. They
are light in weight with compact dimension.
Din Type HRC Fuses:
Din type fuses are available in wide range of rated currents. DIN fuse are used for different
purposes with their characteristic at different temperature condition. They types of fuses
are available for different voltages level and can be used in transformer protection even
Page | 9
where there is no LV (Low-Voltage) Secondary or backup protection. They have excellent clearing
capability of ideal low over current with short-circuit performance. Other uses and application of
DIN fuses are in air and gas insulated switchgear, mining, transformers and Feeder sectionalizing.
Blade Type HRC Fuses:

This type of fuses (also known as spade or plug-in fuses) comes in plastic body and two metal caps
to fit in the socket. Mostly, they used in automobiles for wiring and short circuit protection. They
are light in weight. It contains low cutoff current. They are also used for short circuit and backup
protection of motors. They are available in different sizes and shapes with different current rating
capacity, which print on the top.
Fig: Types of HRC Fuses |Image Credit: www.electricaltechnology.org
Re-wirable Fuses:
Rewirable fuse is also known as “kit-kat fuse”. It is a simple reusable fuse used in the houses, offices
and in the protection of outdoor distribution transformers. It is a fully enclosed type fuse and is
available in a wide range of ratings. The fuse when blown out can be reused after replacing the fuse
element and the circuit can be restored quickly and easily. Renewable fuses are simple in
construction and operation but less reliable than HRC fuses.
Page | 10
Construction of Fuse with Fuse Holder:
Renewable fuse consists of a base and a separate fuse element carrier made of porcelain. The base
consists of two terminals one for incoming supply and the other for the outgoing supply. Similarly
fuse carrier also contains two terminals between which fuse element is connected. Usually one or
more strands of fuse wires are used as fuse element. The fuse base and the carrier are designed
such that each terminals of base coincides with a terminal of the fuse element. The circuit will be
closes only if the fuse carrier is inserted into the base and the fuse element is continuous.
Fig: Fuse Holders
Terminologies
 Rated voltage (Un) – the maximum nominal voltage that the fuse-link is designed to interrupt.
The fuse-link may have an a.c. rating, a d.c. rating or both
 Rated current (In) – the maximum value of current that the fuse-link will carry continuously
without deterioration under specified conditions
 Rated breaking Capacity – is the value of prospective current that a fuse is capable of breaking
at a stated voltage under prescribed conditions of use and behaviour. The fuse link may have an
a.c. breaking capacity, a d.c. breaking capacity or both and this is the maximum fault current that
the fuse-link is certified to break
 Conventional non-fusing current (Inf) – is the value of current specified which the fuse-link is
capable of carrying for a specified time (conventional time) without melting
Page | 11
 Conventional fusing current (If) – is the value of current specified (usually 1.6 x In) which causes
operation of the fuse-link within a specified time (conventional time). This was previously known
as the ‘minimum fusing current’
 Conventional Time – the time specified for which the fuse-link shall: a) Carry the conventional
non-fusing current without operating and b) Operate within when carrying the conventional
fusing current.
Conventional times for gG, gM, gU, gR and gS fuse-links are
 1 hour for ratings of 63A and below
 2 hours for ratings above 63A and up to 160A
 3 hours for ratings above 160A and up to 400A
 4 hours for ratings above 400A
 Minimum Breaking Current – The minimum value of current that the fuse-link can satisfactorily
interrupt at rated voltage
 Pre-arcing time (melting time) – the interval of time between the beginning of a current large
enough to cause a break in the fuse element and the instant when an arc is initiated
 Arcing time (of a fuse-link) – the interval of time between the instant of the initiation of the arc
in a fuse and the instant of final arc extinction in that fuse
 Operating time (total clearing time) – sum of the pre-arcing time and the arcing time
 Power dissipation (of a fuse-link) – The power released in a fuse-link carrying a stated value of
electric current (usually rated current) under prescribed conditions of use and behaviour.
Table for Standard Wire Gauge
(A) For Copper as Fuse Wire:
Page | 12
(B) For Lead-tin Alloy Fuse Wire:
(C) Tinned Copper Fuse Wires:
Page | 13
Fusing Factor:
The ratio of minimum fusing current and the current rating of fusing element
Fusing Factor Class Fusing Factor Application

P 1-1.25 Semi-conductor protection
Q1 1.25-1.5 General purpose;
Now replaced by utilization
category gG which includes a
cable overload test
Q2 1.5-1.75
R ≥ 1.75 Motor starter short protection;
Now replaced by utilization
category gM
Breaking Range and Utilization Category of Fuses:
The first letter indicates the breaking range:
 “g” fuse-links (full-range breaking capacity fuse-link, typically used for overload and short circuit
protection)
 “a” fuse-links (partial-range breaking capacity fuse-link, typically used for short circuit protection
only)
The second letter indicates the utilization category; this letter defines with accuracy the time-
current characteristics, conventional times and currents
Utilization Classes:
The following Utilization Classes are identified for fuses:
 gG - Full range breaking capability, general applications

 gM - Full range breaking capability, motor circuit protection
 aM - Partial range breaking capability, motor applications
 aR/gR - Semiconductor protection, fast acting
 gS - Semiconductor protection including cable overload protection
Page | 15
Fuse Types & Applications
Table: Application Chart for Choice of Fuses
Fuse-link characteristics
Time-current characteristic:
It is a curve showing the pre-arcing (melting), or operating, time as a function of current. The time-
current curve has a basic tolerance of ±10% in terms of current
Page | 16
Cut-off characteristic (peak current):
It is a curve showing the cut-off current as a function of prospective current. Cut-off current is the
maximum instantaneous value of current let-through by the fuse-link during one half cycle of
operation under the most onerous conditions of power factor and asymmetry. Note that the
prospective current is expressed in kA r.m.s, whereas the cut-off current is peak kA, so current
limitation does occur even when the cut-off current appears to exceed the prospective current.
I2t characteristic:
It is a curve or chart showing values of ‘pre-arcing’ and ‘operating’ let-through energy as a function
of prospective current and voltage, I²t is proportional to energy and is measured in amperes-
squared-seconds (A²s).
Page | 17
Additional Major Aspects of Fuse Rating Selection:
 Trip Characteristics:
 Quick Acting (F)
 Time Lag (T)
 Time-lag fuses trip at a slower rate at high currents
 Inrush Current:
 Many applications will have inrush or peak currents at start-up and sometimes during normal
operation
 Inrush current in the application should be measured and used to calculate the proper fuse
I2t value
 I2t is the amount of heat energy, in terms of current and time, required to melt the fuse link
Steps for obtaining the Fuse Rating due to Inrush Current:
Step 1: Choose the appropriate waveform that replicates the inrush current related to the
application
Some of the standard wave-shapes are shown in Figure:
Page | 18
Step 2: Calculation of the I2t-value of the application
Application example: Inrush current peak: Ip = 13 A, τ= 0.006 s
Step 3: Considering Pulse Deration Factor
 Continuous exposure to pulses of high current could prematurely age the fuse
Page | 19
 The number of pulses the fuse would be exposed to in the application should also be considered
when choosing a fuse
Application example: Total number of pulses in life cycle: 10,000
Step 4: Selection of the appropriate Fuse Rating based on the I 2t graph of the relevant
manufacturer
Following are the most common applications related to utility of fuses:
Motors, Air-conditioners, Home distribution boards, General electrical appliances and devices,
Laptops, Cell phones, Game systems, Digital cameras, LCD monitors, Power convertors, Scanners etc
Page | 20
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure for Calculating Fuse Rating and Range Selection:

A. Traditional Method:
Step 1: For the given application use the Fusing Factor to determine the nearest fuse rating
Step 2: Obtain the appropriate gauge (SWG) of the fuse link (for low rating – tinned lead
and for higher current ratings – tinned copper)
Step 3: Check the gauge with gauge measurement slider
Step 4: Install the rewirable fuse link into the fuse holder
B. Utilizing Characteristic Curves:
Step 1: For the given application use the application chart to determine the application
category of fuse
Step 2: Use the appropriate Current – Time characteristic curve to fix the fuse rating
Step 3: Obtain the appropriate gauge (SWG) of the fuse link (for low rating – tinned lead
and for higher current ratings – tinned copper)
Step 4: Check the gauge with gauge measurement slider
Step 5: Install the rewirable fuse link into the fuse holder
Page | 21
Exp. 2 - Study of Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB) and

Earth leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCB)
Aim: Study the applications, types and characteristics of various types of MCBs and ELCBs
MCBs or Miniature Circuit Breakers are electromechanical devices which protect an electric circuit
from an overcurrent. The overcurrent, in an electrical circuit, may result from short circuit, overload
or faulty design.
An MCB is a better alternative to a fuse since it does not require replacement once an overload is
detected. Unlike fuse, an MCB can be easily operated and thus offers improved operational safety
and greater convenience without incurring large operating cost.
MCBs are popularly used for load break, protection and isolation of a sub-circuit including motor
sub-circuits, lighting circuits and control circuits. The main usage area of MCBs is low voltage (LV)
side, i.e., mainly in domestic, light-industrial or commercial applications.
These are manufactured in 1, 2, 3 & 4 pole versions of different current and voltage ratings. Similar
to the HRC fuses, these are used for performing two major functions such as over current protection
and short-circuit protection.
Miniature Circuit Breakers are used to protect lower current circuits and have the following
specifications
 Current rating - Amperes

 Short Circuit Rating - Kilo Amperes (kA)
 Operating Characteristics - B, C or D Curves
Miniature Circuit Breakers are usually available in the range of 0.5A to 100A. An MCB's short circuit
rating is given in kiloamps (kA), and this indicates the level of its ability to work. For example a
domestic MCB would normally have a 6kA fault level, whereas those used in an industrial
application may need a unit with a 10kA fault capability.
Working Principle of MCB
The operation of the MCB includes two stages, i.e., thermal operation and short circuit operation.
The former operation based on the thermal effect of over current while the later operation is based
on the electromagnetic effect of over current.
Page | 22
All MCBs operate on the air-break principle where the arc between the contacts is forced into the
splitter plates through arc runners. This causes to spilt single arc into a series of arcs and then
extinguishes the arc by extracting the energy from the arc and by cooling it.
With the use of bimetallic strip, thermal operation is achieved in case overload conditions. When
overload current flows through the MCB, the bimetallic strip gets heated and causes to deflect. In
doing so, it moves the trip lever and releases the latch mechanism and hence the contacts open
under spring mechanism.
There are two arrangement of operation of an MCB. One due to thermal effect of over current and
other due to electromagnetic effect of over current. The thermal operation of MCB is achieved with
a bimetallic strip.
Whenever continuous over electric current flows through MCB, the bimetallic strip is heated and
deflects by bending. This deflection of bimetallic strip releases mechanical latch. As this mechanical
latch is attached with operating mechanism, it causes to open the MCB contacts.
Page | 23
During the short circuit conditions, the large fault current energizes the solenoid and the magnetic
field of the solenoid attracts the plunger which in turn strikes the trip lever and hence the
immediate release of the latch mechanism.
The arc is produced during the separation of the contacts at overload as well as short circuit
conditions. This arc is moved into the arc-cute stack under the influence of a magnetic field. So the
arc broken down into partial arcs in arc chutes and they no longer exist due to the voltage drop of
the arcs.
Types of MCB
MCBs are of following types
1. Single Pole
2. 1 Pole (with N)
3. 2 Pole (DP)
4. 3 Pole (TP)
5. 3 Pole with N (TPN)
6. 4 Pole (4P)
Page | 24
MCB Characteristic Curves
Characteristic curve is the curve between release current and tripping time. MCB have
Type B characteristic curves.
 Type C characteristic curves.

 Type D characteristic curves.
The characteristics are depicted below,
MCB Characteristic Curves
The classification of Type B, C or D is based on fault current rating at which magnetic operation
occurs to provide short time protection (typically less than 100ms) against short circuits. It is
important that equipment having high inrush currents should not cause the circuit-breaker to trip
unnecessarily, and yet the device should trip in the event of a short-circuit current that could
damage the circuit cables.
Fig: Types of MCB based on Charactersitic Curves
Page | 25
Type B:
These devices are generally suitable for domestic applications. They may also be used in light
commercial applications where switching surges are low or non-existent. Type B devices are
designed to trip at fault currents of 3-5 tomes rated current. For example a 10A device will trip at
30-50A.
Type C:
Such devices are the normal choice for commercial and industrial applications where fluorescent
lighting, motors etc. are in use. Type C devices are designed to trip at 5-10 times In (50-100A for a
10A device).
Type D:
These have more limited applications, normally in Industrial use where high inrush currents may be
expected. Examples include large battery charging systems, winding motors, transformers, X-ray
machines and some types of discharge lighting. Type D devices are designed to trip at 10-20 times
(100-200A for a 10A device).
Normal cable ratings relate to continuous service under specified installation conditions. Cables will,
of course, carry higher currents for a short time without suffering permanent damage. Type B and C
circuit breakers can generally be selected to achieve tripping times that will protect the circuit
conductors against normal surge currents in accordance with BS 7671. This is more difficult to
achieve with Type D devices, which may require a lower earth loop impedance (Zs) to achieve tile
operating times required by Regulation 413-02-08.
Surge currents
Surge currents in domestic installations are generally low, so that a Type B device is adequate. For
example Inrush currents associated with one or two fluorescent fittings or the compressor motor in
a refrigerator/freezer are unlikely to cause unwanted tripping. Fluorescent and other discharge
lamps produce surge currents and while one or two fluorescent are unlikely to cause a problem, the
block switching of a number of fluorescent lamps.
A shop, office or factory can produce substantial inrush currents. For this reason Type C devices are
recommended for these applications.
Page | 26
The magnitude of the surge current will depend on the lamp rating, starting system and type of
control gear used in the luminaires. Reputable MCB manufacturers produce tables listing the
number of fittings of a particular make and type that can be used with their devices.
Unwanted Tripping
Sometimes failure of tungsten filament lamps can trip Type B circuit breakers in domestic and retail
environments. This is caused by high arcing currents occurring at the time of failure and is generally
associated with inferior quality lamps. If possible the user should be encouraged to use better
quality lamps.
A Type C device may be substituted for a Type B device where unwanted tripping persists, especially
in commercial applications. Alternatively it may be possible to use a higher rating Type B MCB, say
10A rather than 6A. Whichever solution is adopted, the installation must be in accordance with BS
7671.
A change from Type C to Type D devices should only be taken after careful consideration of
the installation conditions, in particular the operating times required by Regulation.
Other Considerations:
Some imported products, claiming to have a 6kA short-circuit capacity, had failed dramatically
under test. In contrast the test procedures followed in British ASCTA (Association of Short Circuit
Testing Authorities) laboratories are among the most suitable in the world.
Type B devices should only be used in domestic situations where high inrush currents are unlikely
and Type C devices should be used in all other situations.
Page | 27
Table: Operating time ranges and current multiples for MCBs over fixed current section of
characteristic
Type B MCB
 This type of MCB will trip instantly at a rate of three to five times its rated current.
 These are normally used for resistive or small inductive loads where switching surges are very
small
 Therefore, these are suitable for residential or light commercial installations
 Lighting circuits (non-inductive/ small inductive loads)

Type C MCB
 This type of MCB will trip instantly at a rate of five to ten times its rated current.
 These are normally used for high inductive loads where switching surges are high such as
small motors and florescent lighting. In such cases, type C MCBs are preferred to handle
higher value of short circuit currents.
 Therefore, these are suitable for highly inductive commercial and industrial installations.
 Air conditioners
 Residential / Commercial Pumps
 Fans
 Lighting which uses ballasts with an inductive component

Type D MCB
 This type of MCB will trip instantly at a rate of ten to twenty five times its rated current.
These are normally used for very high inductive loads where high inrush current are very
frequent. These are suitable for specific industrial and commercial applications.
 The common examples of such applications include x-ray machines, UPS systems,
industrial welding equipment, large winding motors, etc.
Page | 28
Table: Typical applications based on types of MCB
Fig: Time/current characteristics of a typical MCB-Type C
Page | 29
Study of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
An ECLB is a kind of safety device used for installing an electrical device with high earth impedance
to avoid shock. These devices identify small stray voltages of the electrical device on the metal
enclosures and intrude the circuit if a dangerous voltage is identified. The main purpose of Earth
leakage circuit breaker (ECLB) is to stop damage to humans & animals due to electric shock.
Early earth leakage circuit breakers were voltage detecting devices, which are now getting switched
over with current sensing devices (RCD/RCCB). Generally, the current sensing devices termed as
RCCB and voltage detecting devices named as Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB). Forty years ago,
the first current ECLBs were introduced and about sixty years ago the first voltage ECLB was
introduced. For several years, both the voltage and current operated ELCBs were both referred to as
ELCBs due to its simple name to remember. But the applications of these two devices gave growth
to the significant mix-up in the electrical industry.
An ELCB is a specific type of latching relay that has a structure’s incoming mains power associated
through its switching contacts so that the circuit breaker detaches the power in an unsafe condition.
The ELCB notices fault currents of human or animal to the earth wire in the connection it guards. If
ample voltage seems across the ELCB’s sense coil, it will turn off the power and remain off until
manually rearrange.
Types of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
There are two types of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
 Voltage Operated ELCB

 Current Operated ELCB
Voltage Operated ELCB
The working principle of voltage ELCB is quite simple. One terminal of the relay coil is connected to
the metal body of the equipment to be protected against earth leakage and other terminal is
connected to the earth directly.
Page | 30
If any insulation failure occurs or live phase wire touches the metal body, of the equipment, there
must be a voltage difference appears across the terminal of the coil connected to the equipment
body and earth. This voltage difference produces a current to flow the relay coil.
If the voltage difference crosses, a predetermined limit, the current through the relay becomes
sufficient to actuate the relay for tripping the associated circuit breaker to disconnect the power
supply to the equipment.
Fig: Generic scheme for operation of voltage operated ELCB
Limitations of Voltage Operated ELCB:
 Typically these devices can detect and protect only that equipment or installation with which it is
attached. It cannot detect any leakage of insulation in other parts of the system.
Current ELCB or Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB):
In this CB, one CT (Current Transformer) core is energized from both phase wire and neutral wire.
The polarity of the phase winding and neutral winding on the core is so chosen that, in normal
condition mmf of one winding opposes that of another. As it is assumed that, in normal operating
conditions the current goes through the phase wire will be returned via neutral wire if there’s no
leakage in between. As both currents are same, the resultant mmf produced by these two currents is
also zero-ideally.
Fig: General Scheme for single phase current operated ELCB (or) RCCB
The relay coil is connected with another third winding wound on the CT core as secondary. The
terminals of this winding are connected to a relay system. In normal operating condition there would
not be any current circulating in the third winding as here is no flux in the core due to equal phase
and neutral current. When any earth leakage occurs in the equipment, there may be part of phase
current passes to the earth, through the leakage path instead of returning via mental wire. Hence
the magnitude of the neutral current passing through the RCCB is not equal to phase current passing
through it.
In the scheme depicted in figure below, a three winding transformer which comprises two
primary windings and one secondary winding is utilized. Neutral & line wires work as the
two main windings. A wire wound coil is the minor winding. The flow of current through the
minor winding is “0” in the stable condition. In this condition, the flux owed to the current
over the phase wire will be deactivated by the current through the neutral wire, meanwhile
the current, which flows from the phase will be refunded to the neutral.
When an error occurs, a slight current will run into the ground also. This creates confusion
between line and neutral current and that makes an unstable magnetic field. This
encourages a current flow through the minor winding, which is associated with that of the
sensing circuit. This will detect the outflow and direct signal to tripping system.
Page | 32
Fig: Typical wiring layout of Current operated ELCB
In a three phase Residual Current Circuit Breaker or Current ELCB, when this difference crosses a
predetermined value, the current in the third secondary winding of the core becomes sufficiently
high to actuate the electromagnetic relay attached to it.
Fig: General Scheme for three phase current operated ELCB (or) RCCB
This relay causes tripping of the associated circuit breaker to disconnect the power supply to the
equipment under protection. Residual current circuit breaker is sometimes also referred as residual
current device (RCD) when we consider the device by disassociating the circuit breaker attached to
RCCB. That means, the entire parts of RCCB except circuit breaker are referred as RCD.
Page | 33
Advantages of Voltage Operated ELCB:
 ELCBs are less sensitive to fault conditions and have few nuisance trips.
 While current and voltage on the ground line generally fault current from a live wire, this is not
continuously the case, therefore there are conditions in which an ELCB can annoyance trip.
 When an installation of the electrical instrument has two contacts to earth, a near high current
lightning attack will root a voltage gradient in the earth, offering the ELCB sense coil with
sufficient voltage to source it to a trip.
 These ELCBs are the necessity for a second connection and the opportunity that any extra
connection to ground on the threatened system can inactivate the detector.
Disadvantages of Voltage Operated ELCB:
 They do not sense errors that don’t permit current through the CPC to the ground rod.
 They do not permit an only building system to be simply divided into many sections with
independent error protection because earthing systems are typically used mutual earth, Rod.
 They may be skipped by outside voltages from something associated with the earthing system
like as metal pipes, a TN-C-S or a TN-S earth mutual neutral and earth.
 As electrical leaky utilizations like washing machines, some water heaters and cookers might
source the ELCB to trip.
 ELCBs present an extra resistance & an extra point of failure in the earthing system.
References:
[1] IEC 60269-Parts 1 to 5: 2011, “Low Voltage Fuses”
*2+ NFPA 70:2014, “National Electric Code”
*3+ British Electrical Manufacturers Association Guide (BEAMA), “Guide to Low Voltage Switch and
Fuse-gear Devices”
[4] BS 7671:2001 (2004), "On-Site Guide- Wiring Regulations", 16th Edition, IEE, 2004
[5] Brian Scaddan, "IEE Wiring Regulations- Explained and Illustrated", 6th Edition, Newnes, 2002
*6+ IS 9926; 1981, “Fuse wires used in re-wirable type electric fuses up to 650 volts”
[7] Weblink: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cstu2F03P_Q – “Miniature Circuit Breaker- How

does it work?”
[8] Weblink: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zH3gsVOtw2c – “Working of ELCB (How

Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker work) and Working of RCCB
Page | 34
Exp. 3 – Measurement of Insulation Resistance Withstand of Cables
Aim: To measure the Insulation Resistance withstand of cable and understand the
acceptance criteria for a healthy insulation of cables
Developed early in the 20th century, the insulation resistance (IR) test is the oldest and
most widely used test for assessing the quality of insulation. The IR test is the second test
required by the electrical safety testing standards. This test consists in measuring the
insulation resistance of a device under test, while phase and neutral are short circuited
together. The measured resistance has to be higher than the indicated limit from the
international standards.
A megohmmeter (also called insulation resistance tester, “tera-ohmmeter”) is used to

measure the ohmic value of an insulator under a direct voltage of great stability. Since the
insulation system cannot always be perfect a small current called the “leakage current” can
flow through the equipment which comprises this insulation. If the insulation deteriorates,
this leakage can become large whereby necessitating a high resistance to current, which in
turn necessitates the requirement to sustain high resistance for a long time.
Need for Insulation Resistance (IR) test & factors influencing insulation deterioration:
Harsh installation environments, especially those with temperature extremes and/or

chemical contamination, accelerate the process of degradation of insulation system that
protects the current carrying conductor of the equipment. Some of the major factors that
can influence the process of degradation of insulation include:
 Electrical stresses: Mainly linked to overvoltage

 Mechanical stresses: Frequent start-up and shutdown sequences can cause mechanical
stresses.
 Balancing problems on rotating machinery and any direct stress to the cables and the
installations in general (called “chafing”)
 Chemical stresses: The proximity of chemicals, oils, corrosive vapours and dust, in general,
affects the insulation performance of the materials.
 Stresses linked to temperature variations: When combined with the mechanical stresses
caused by the start-up and shutdown sequences, expansion and contraction stresses affect
the properties of the insulation. Operation at extreme temperatures also leads to aging
 Environmental contamination causes aging acceleration of insulation.
Page | 35
Wear and tear can reduce the electrical resistivity of the insulating materials, thus
increasing leakage currents that lead to incidents which may be serious in terms of both
safety (people and property) and the costs of production stoppages.
Hence, it is important to identify this deterioration quickly so that corrective steps can be
taken. In addition to the measurements carried out on new and reconditioned equipment
during commissioning, regular insulation testing on installations and equipment helps to
avoid such incidents through preventive maintenance. These tests detect ageing and
premature deterioration of the insulating properties before they reach a level likely to
cause the incidents described above.
This test is often used as a customer acceptance test, with minimum insulation resistance
per unit length often specified by the customer. The results obtained from IR Test are not
intended to be useful in finding localized defects in the insulation as in a true “HIPOT” test,
but rather gives information on the quality of the bulk material used as the insulation. Wire
and cable manufacturers use the insulation resistance test to track their insulation
manufacturing processes, and spot developing problems before process variables drift
outside of allowed limit.
Basics of IR Test Procedure:
Insulation resistance measurement is done using an IR tester. This is a portable tool that is
more or less an ohmmeter with a built in generator that’s used to produce a high DC
voltage. The voltage usually measures at least 500V, and causes a current to ow around the
surface of the insulation. This gives a reading of the IR in ohms. Insulation resistance
measurement is based on Ohm’s Law. (R=V/I).
By injecting a known DC voltage lower than the voltage for dielectric testing and then
measuring the current, it is very simple to determine the value of the resistance. In
principle, the value of the insulation resistance is very high but not infinite, so by measuring
the low current owing, the mega-ohmmeter indicates the insulation resistance value,
providing a result in kW, MW, GW and also TW (on some models). This resistance
characterizes the quality of the insulation between two conductors and gives a good
indication of the risks of leakage currents.
Page | 36
Working of IR Withstand Test Kit:
The voltage for testing is supplied by a hand generator incorporated in the instrument or by
battery or electronic voltage charger. It is usually 250V or 500V and is smaller in size.
 A test volt of 500V D.C is suitable for testing equipment operating at 440V A.C. Test
voltage of 1000V to 5000V is used for high voltage equipment (beyond 1kV).
 The current carrying coil (deflecting coil) is connected in series & carries the current
taken by the circuit under test. The pressure coil is connected across the circuit.
 Current limiting resistor – CCR and PCR are connected in series with pressure and
current coil to prevent damage in case of low resistance in the external source.
 In hand generator, the armature is moving in the field of a permanent magnet or vice
versa, to generate a test voltage by electromagnetic induction effect.
 With an increase of potential voltage across the external circuit, the deflection of the
pointer increases; with an increase of current, the deflection of pointer decrease so
the resultant torque on the movement is directly proportional to the potential
difference and inversely proportional to the resistance.
 When the external circuit is open, torque due to voltage coil will be maximum and
the pointer will read “infinity”. When there is short circuit the pointer will read “0”.
Fig: Generic Setup of Insulation Resistance Withstand Tester
Page | 37
Major Aspects in during Insulation Resistance Testing
A. Insulation Resistance Test for Electrical Components and Equipment
As per Indian Electricity (IE) Rules
 At a pressure of 1000 V applied between each live conductor and earth for a period of
one minute the insulation resistance of HV installations shall be at least 1 Mega ohm or
as specified by the Bureau of Indian Standards
 Medium and Low Voltage Installations:
 At a pressure of 500 V applied between each live conductor and earth for a period of
one minute, the insulation resistance of medium and low voltage installations shall be
at least 1 Mega ohm or as specified by the Bureau of Indian Standards] from time to
time.
Page | 38
As per Central Bureau of Irrigation & Power (CBIP) specifications
 Acceptable values are 2 Mega ohms per KV
IR Value for Electrical Cables and Wiring:
 For insulation testing, we need to disconnect from panel or equipment and keep them
isolated from power supply. The wiring and cables need to test between phases (phase to
phase ) and phasw with the ground (E). The Insulated Power Cable Engineers Association
(IPCEA) provides the formula to determine minimum insulation resistance values.
 R = K x log 10 (D/d)
 R = IR Value in MΩ per 1000 feet (305 meters) of cable
 K = Insulation material constant
 D = Outside diameter of conductor insulation for single conductor wire and cable
 D = d + 2c + 2b diameter of single conductor cable
 d – Diameter of conductor
 c – Thickness of conductor insulation
 b – Thickness of jacket insulation
Page | 39
IR Value Measurement (Conductors to conductor (Cross Insulation)
 The first conductor for which cross insulation is being measured shall be connected to
Line terminal of the megger.
 The remaining conductors are looped together (with the help of crocodile clips) i. e.
Conductor 2 and onwards, are connected to Earth terminal of megger. Conductors at the
other end are left free.
 Now rotate the handle of megger or press push button of megger. The reading of meter
will show the cross Insulation between conductor 1 and rest of the conductors.
Insulation reading shall be recorded. Now connect next conductor to Line terminal of the
megger & connect the remaining conductors to earth terminal of the megger and take
measurements.
IR Value Measurement (Conductor to Earth Insulation)
 Connect conductor under test to the Line terminal of the megger

 Connect earth terminal of the megger to the earth. Rotate the handle of megger or press
push button of megger.
 The reading of meter will show the insulation resistance of the conductors. Insulation
reading shall be recorded after applying the test voltage for about a minute till a steady
reading is obtained.
Page | 40
Insulation Resistance Withstand Test for HV test on new XLPE cable (As per ETSA
Standard)
Fig: HV test on new XLPE cable (As per ETSA Standard)
Page | 41
IR Value for Domestic /Industrial Wiring:
A low resistance between phase and neutral conductors, or from live conductors to earth,
will result in a leakage current. This cause deterioration of the insulation, as well as
involving a waste of energy which would increase the running costs of the installation.
The resistance between Phase-Phase-Neutral-Earth must never be less than 0.5 M Ohms for
the usual supply voltages.
The IR test between Phase-Natural to earth must be carried out on the complete
installation with the main switch off, with phase and neutral connected together, with
lamps and other equipment disconnected, but with fuses in, circuit breakers closed and all
circuit switches closed.
Two Phase Wiring:
Where two-way switching is wired, only one of the two stripper wires will be tested. To test
the other, both two-way switches should be operated and the system retested. If desired,
the installation can be tested as a whole, when a value of at least 0.5 M Ohms should be
achieved
Fig: Insulation Resistance Withstand Test for Single Phase Domestic Circuits
3 Phase Wiring:
In the case of a very large installation where there are many earth paths in parallel, the
reading would be expected to be lower. If this happens, the installation should be
subdivided and retested, when each part must meet the minimum requirement
Page | 42
Fig: Insulation Resistance Withstand Test for Three Phase Circuits
The IR tests must be carried out between Phase-Phase-Neutral-Earth with a minimum

acceptable value for each test of 0.5 M Ohms.
Min IR Value = 50 MΩ / No of Electrical outlet. (All Electrical Points with fitting & Plugs) Min
IR Value = 100 MΩ / No of Electrical outlet. (All Electrical Points without fitting & Plugs).
Table: Insulation Resistance Withstand Test requirements for Low Voltage Apparatus
References:
[1+ NFPA 70:2014, “National Electric Code”
[2] Brian Scaddan, "IEE Wiring Regulations- Explained and Illustrated", 6th Edition, Newnes,
2002
[3] “The Complete Guide to Electrical Insulation Testing”, Megger, 2006
[4] ANSI/NETA MTS-2011, “Standard for Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical
Power Equipment and Systems”, 2011
*5+ IEEE 43:2013, “IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing Insulation Resistance of Electric
Machinery”, 2013
*6+ IS 732: 2005, “Code of Practice for Electrical Wiring Installation”, 2005
Page | 43
Exp. 4 – Measurement of Insulation Resistance Withstand of Motors
Aim: To measure the Insulation Resistance withstand of cable and understand the
acceptance criteria for a healthy insulation of cables
Developed early in the 20th century, the insulation resistance (IR) test is the oldest and
most widely used test for assessing the quality of insulation. The IR test is the second test
required by the electrical safety testing standards. This test consists in measuring the
insulation resistance of a device under test, while phase and neutral are short circuited
together. The measured resistance has to be higher than the indicated limit from the
international standards.
A megohmmeter (also called insulation resistance tester, “tera-ohmmeter”) is used to

measure the ohmic value of an insulator under a direct voltage of great stability. Since the
insulation system cannot always be perfect a small current called the “leakage current” can
flow through the equipment which comprises this insulation. If the insulation deteriorates,
this leakage can become large whereby necessitating a high resistance to current, which in
turn necessitates the requirement to sustain high resistance for a long time.
Need for Insulation Resistance (IR) test & factors influencing insulation deterioration:
Harsh installation environments, especially those with temperature extremes and/or

chemical contamination, accelerate the process of degradation of insulation system that
protects the current carrying conductor of the equipment. Some of the major factors that
can influence the process of degradation of insulation include:
 Electrical stresses: Mainly linked to overvoltage

 Mechanical stresses: Frequent start-up & shutdown sequences can cause mechanical
stresses.
 Balancing problems on rotating machinery and any direct stress to the cables and the
installations in general (called “chafing”)
 Chemical stresses: The proximity of chemicals, oils, corrosive vapours and dust, in
general, affects the insulation performance of the materials.
 Stresses linked to temperature variations: When combined with the mechanical stresses
caused by the start-up & shutdown sequences, expansion and contraction stresses affect
the properties of insulation. Operation at extreme temperatures also leads to aging.
 Environmental contamination causes aging acceleration of insulation.
Page | 44
Wear and tear can reduce the electrical resistivity of the insulating materials, thus
increasing leakage currents that lead to incidents which may be serious in terms of both
safety (people and property) and the costs of production stoppages.
Hence, it is important to identify this deterioration quickly so that corrective steps can be
taken. In addition to the measurements carried out on new and reconditioned equipment
during commissioning, regular insulation testing on installations and equipment helps to
avoid such incidents through preventive maintenance. These tests detect ageing and
premature deterioration of the insulating properties before they reach a level likely to
cause the incidents described above.
This test is often used as a customer acceptance test, with minimum insulation resistance
per unit length often specified by the customer. The results obtained from IR Test are not
intended to be useful in finding localized defects in the insulation as in a true “HIPOT” test,
but rather gives information on the quality of the bulk material used as the insulation. Wire
and cable manufacturers use the insulation resistance test to track their insulation
manufacturing processes, and spot developing problems before process variables drift
outside of allowed limit.
Basics of IR Test Procedure:
Insulation resistance measurement is done using an IR tester. This is a portable tool that is
more or less an ohmmeter with a built in generator that’s used to produce a high DC
voltage. The voltage usually measures at least 500V, and causes a current to ow around the
surface of the insulation. This gives a reading of the IR in ohms. Insulation resistance
measurement is based on Ohm’s Law. (R=V/I).
By injecting a known DC voltage lower than the voltage for dielectric testing and then
measuring the current, it is very simple to determine the value of the resistance. In
principle, the value of the insulation resistance is very high but not infinite, so by measuring
the low current owing, the mega-ohmmeter indicates the insulation resistance value,
providing a result in kW, MW, GW and also TW (on some models). This resistance
characterizes the quality of the insulation between two conductors and gives a good
indication of the risks of leakage currents.
Page | 45
Working of IR Withstand Test Kit:
The voltage for testing is supplied by a hand generator incorporated in the instrument or by
battery or electronic voltage charger. It is usually 250V or 500V and is smaller in size.
 A test volt of 500V D.C is suitable for testing equipment operating at 440V A.C. Test
voltage of 1000V to 5000V is used for high voltage equipment (beyond 1kV).
 The current carrying coil (deflecting coil) is connected in series and carries the current
taken by the circuit under test. The pressure coil is connected across the circuit.
 Current limiting resistor – CCR and PCR are connected in series with pressure and
current coil to prevent damage in case of low resistance in the external source.
 In hand generator, the armature is moving in the field of a permanent magnet or vice
versa, to generate a test voltage by electromagnetic induction effect.
 With an increase of potential voltage across the external circuit, the deflection of the
pointer increases; with an increase of current, the deflection of pointer decrease so
the resultant torque on the movement is directly proportional to the potential
difference and inversely proportional to the resistance.
 When the external circuit is open, torque due to voltage coil will be maximum and
the pointer will read “infinity”. When there is short circuit the pointer will read “0”.
Fig: Generic Setup of Insulation Resistance Withstand Tester
Page | 46
Major Aspects in during Insulation Resistance Testing
A. Insulation Resistance Test for Electrical Components and Equipment
As per Indian Electricity (IE) Rules
 At a pressure of 1000 V applied between each live conductor and earth for a period of
one minute the insulation resistance of HV installations shall be at least 1 Mega ohm or
as specified by the Bureau of Indian Standards
 Medium and Low Voltage Installations:
 At a pressure of 500 V applied between each live conductor and earth for a period of
one minute, the insulation resistance of medium and low voltage installations shall be
at least 1 Mega ohm or as specified by the Bureau of Indian Standards] from time to
time.
Page | 47
As per Central Bureau of Irrigation & Power (CBIP) specifications
 Acceptable values are 2 Mega ohms per KV
Generic Aspects related to Measurement of IR Value for Electric Motor:
Winding insulation resistance
If the motor is not put into operation immediately upon arrival, it is important to protect it
against external factors like moisture, high temperature and impurities in order to avoid
damage to the insulation. Before the motor is put into operation after a long period of
storage, it is necessary to measure the winding insulation resistance.
During the measurement and immediately afterwards, some of the terminals carry
dangerous voltages and MUST NOT BE TOUCHED
Three points are worth mentioning in this connection are:
1. Insulation resistance
• The minimum insulation resistance of new, cleaned or repaired windings with respect
to ground is 10 Megohm or more.
• The minimum insulation resistance, R, is calculated by multiplying the rated voltage Un,
with the constant factor 0.5 Megohm/kV.
Example: If the rated voltage is 690 V = 0.69 kV, the minimum insulation resistance is: 0.69
kV x 0.5 Megohm/kV = 0.35 Megohm
2. Measurement
• Minimum insulation resistance of the winding to ground is measured with 500 V DC.
The winding temperature should be 25°C ± 15°C.
• Maximum insulation resistance should be measured with 500 V DC with the windings at
a operating temperature of 80 – 120°C depending on the motor type and efficiency.
3. Checking
• If the insulation resistance of a new, cleaned or repaired motor that has been stored
for some time is less than 10 Mohm, the reason might be that the windings are humid
and need to be dried.
Page | 48
If the motor has been operating for a long period of time, the minimum insulation
resistance may drop to a critical level. As long as the measured value does not fall
below the calculated value of minimum insulation resistance, the motor can continue
to run.
However, if it drops below this limit, the motor has to be stopped immediately.
In accordance with IEEE 43, clause 9.3, the following formula should be applied:
 Min IR Value (For Rotating Machine) =(Rated voltage (V) /1000) + 1
Insulation Resistance Withstand Test for Motors as per IEEE Standards:
Page | 49
Example-1: For 11KV, Three Phase Motor
 IR Value =11+1=12 MΩ but as per IEEE43 It should be 100 MΩ
Example-2: For 415V,Three Phase Motor
 IR Value =0.415+1=1.41 MΩ but as per IEEE43 It should be 5 MΩ
Insulation Resistance Withstand Test for Motors as per Indian Standards (IS):
 As per IS 732 Min IR Value of Motor=(20*Voltagep-p/(1000+2*kW)
Insulation Resistance Withstand Test for Motors as per NETA ATS 2007, Section 7.15.1:
IR Value of Submersible Motor:
Page | 50
References:
[1+ NFPA 70:2014, “National Electric Code”
[2] BS 7671:2001 (2004), "On-Site Guide- Wiring Regulations", 16th Edition, IEE, 2004
[3] Brian Scaddan, "IEE Wiring Regulations- Explained and Illustrated", 6th Edition, Newnes,
2002
[4] “The Complete Guide to Electrical Insulation Testing”, Megger, 2006
[5] ANSI/NETA MTS-2011, “Standard for Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical
Power Equipment and Systems”, 2011
*6+ IEEE 43:2013, “IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing Insulation Resistance of Electric
Machinery”, 2013
*7+ IS 732: 2005, “Code of Practice for Electrical Wiring Installation”, 2005
Page | 51
Exp. 5- Earth Electrode Resistance Measurement
Aim:
To understand the working of an earth-tester and measure the Earth resistance and
Apparatus Required
S. No. Description Range Type Quantity
Hand driven Earth (1–100

1 Tester )Ohms AC 1
2 Digital Earth Tester 3½ Digital 1
3 Spikes - - 4
4 Hammer - - 1
5 Wire stripper - - 1
6 Connecting Wires -- -- As Req.
Operating principle
The principle used in measuring the earth resistance is based on simple ohms law. 4
electrodes A, B, C, D are buried in the earth, the resistance of which is to be tested at the
distance of 20m from each other electrodes is shown in the figure.A.C. signal is applied to
electrodes A and B and the voltage developed across B and C due to flow of current
through the earth is measured by ammeter M. if current is constant, the voltage
measured will be directly proportional to the earth resistance.
Principle of measurement
To find out resistance of earth connection, the 3 terminal method is to be used. A current is
passed through the EARTH PLATE to an auxiliary electrode A in the earth at a distance away
from the earth plate. A second auxiliary electrode B is inserted between earth Plate and A,
the potential difference V between E and B is measured for a given current I, so that the
resistance of earth connection is V/I. the placing of the auxiliary electrodes is however
important. Following is the curve which gives a plot of distance B from E verses measured
resistance. When earthing resistance is low, the spacing between the earth plate and the
auxiliary electrode may be 20 to 30m. The exact value can be decided by actual experiment.
Page | 52
How to operate the instrument
To operate the instrument, first turn the range selection switch to 10Ω position.
The digital display reads zero. Connect the test leads to the four terminals as per procedure
for testing the given earth electrode. Press the TEST switch the LCD display will indicate the
resistance. if “LO BAT indication appears on the upper side of the display while pressing the
test switch, it indicates that the battery needs charging. After completing the testing, move
the selector knob to OFF position.
Procedure for testing
The digital earth testes has four terminals marked as E1, P1, P2 and E2. It is suitable
for measuring Earth resistance as well as earth resistivity.
Measurement of the earth resistance
To measure earth resistance, it should be used as three terminal type. Terminals E1 and P1 is to be
shorted and connected to the Earth Electrode whose resistance is to found. Connect as per figure
and take the reading by pressing the TEST switch. Note down the reading displayed on the LCD
display of the instrument.
Page | 53
Tabulation
Hand Driven Earth Tester
S. Dist. between. R1 R2 R3 Earth resistance

No. B and E (D in feet) at 52% D At 62% D At 72% D R E=(R1 + R2 + R3)/3
Average value
Model Graph
Result
Page | 54
APPENDIX
Model: DET-2000
Digital Earth Tester
Application
'CIE' Digital Earth Resistance Tester is designed to measure the resistance if earth used in power circuit,
Telecommunications, Railway Electrification, Domestic and Industrial electrical installations. The tester measures directly t he
resistance of the earth and also measure the ground resistivity. The study, elegant and compact body makes the instrument
portable, easy to use, Hand-held instrument.
Salient Features
Rugged ABS body
Easy to use hand held meter
Ni-cd Re- chargeable Cells
Facility as to make bench top type instrument
Confirms to ISS : 9223/1979
Four terminals {To measure earth resistance as well as specific soil resistivity}
Lo-Bat or indication appears on Display indicating that the indicating the cells
(batteries) have gone down, which can be recharged by connecting to 230V,
50 Hz AC mains supply through charging cord provided with the instrument
Technical Details
Display : 3½ Digits, LCD
Accuracy : 0% to 10% of the range ±3%
10% to 90% of the range ±1.5%
90% to 100% of the range ±3%
Dimensions (in mm) : 172 x 98 x 38 (Approx.)
Weight : 575 gm (Approx.)
Electrical Specifications
H. V. Test : 2KV AC (rms) for 1 min. between electrical circuit and containing case
Insulation Resistance : More than 25 Megohms at 500 V DC between electrical circuit & containing
Test case
Accessories
Standard Accessories : (i) Carrying Case

(ii) Charging Cord
(iii) Instruction Manual
Optional Accessories (at : • 4 Nos. M. S. Spike (45 cm Length) • 1 Nos. Hammer • 4 Nos. Cable (50 feet)
extra cost) • 1 No. Plier • 1 Nos. Screwdriver, all in one canvas bag
Dual Ranges
(a) 0 - 20 - 200 OHM (b) 0 - 10 - 1000 OHM (c) 0 - 100 - 1000 OHM (d) 0 - 5 - 500
OHM (e) 0 - 10 - 100 OHM
Any other combination of ranges can also be made on specific requirement.
Page | 55
Hand Driven Generator Type Model: CIE / 222M
Application
'CIE' Earth Tester permits direct measurement of the resistance of earth used in power circuits.
Telecommunication, Railway Electrification, Domestic & Industrial Electrical Installation, Lighting Protection Installation and
various other Electrical Systems. The tester performs equally well in Terrain where the conductivity of the soil is low, e.g., in
mountainous areas and in places where powerful stray earth current exist.
The four terminal instrument is specially designed for making straight forward and approximate soil investigation of the
kind needed in agricultural, geological research and in the planning of large civil engineering projects such as tunnels,
Drainage, Sewerage schemes, Tube-Railways etc.
Measuring accuracy of the instrument is not effected by stray alternating or back e.m.f. of earth electrolytic. The
instrument can also be used for measuring non-inductive or non-capacitive resistance.
Salient Features
Silent Generator with Collapsible Handle
Centrifugal Clutch (Governor) For Constant Output Voltage
Chuck Nut Locking Arrangement to Prevent Anti-Clockwise Rotation
Wide and Anti-Parallax Mirror Scale
Anti-Magnetic Aluminum Body with Protected Metallic Flap Over

Glass Window of Scale
Accurate, Reliable and Quick Response For Measurement of

Resistance of Earth
Accuracy CONFIRMS to IS : 923/1979
Graceful Appearance, Long Life & Strength Against Vibration & Impact
Technical Details
Scale Length : 80mm (Approx)
Accuracy : ±5% (as per IS: 9223/1979)
Generator Rotation Speed : 160 rpm
Weight : 2.5 kg (Approx)
Dimensions (in mm) : 110 x 128 x 190 (Approx)
Electrical Specifications
High Voltage Test : 2KV AC (rms) for 1 min. between Electrical Circuit & containing case
Insulation Resistance Test : Better than 25 Megohms at 500 V DC between electrical circuit & containing case
Types
Available in three (For measurement of Earth resistance) and four terminals (For measurement of Earth resistance &
soil resistivity both)
Ranges
(i) Available single range from 0 - 1 ohm to 10000 ohm ( Any one range)
(ii) Also available in multi ranges provided with range selector switch , to be chosen from 0 - 1 ohm to 10,000
ohm Any other ranges can also be made against specific requirement
Page | 56

Electrical Safety Manual Cycle1 Fall 19-20

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Safety Manual Cycle1 Fall 19-20

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Laboratory Manual

Electrical Safety - EEE1021

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VIT – A Place to learn : A Chance to grow

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name : Electrical Safety Laboratory

Course Code : EEE1021

Register Number : _____________________________

Certified that this is a bonafide work done by

B.Tech. _________________________________ during the academic year Fall

2018 - 2019 submitted for the practical examination held

on __________________ at VIT University, Vellore – 14.

Date : Faculty In – charge

Internal Examiner External Examiner

1 Study of Fuses and Types of Fuses

Study of Miniature Circuit Breakers

Measurement of Insulation Resistance

Measurement of Insulation Resistance

Study of Earthing and Measurement of

6 Continuity Test for a given Electrical Circuit

Study of Various Types of Earthing:

8 Sizing and Selection of Neutral Link

Electrical Safety Precaution:

Types, Procedure of Operation, Maintenance

Total Marks Scored : ______________

CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

MULTICELL ALTERNATING CURRENT, CONNECTION

CROSS, NO CONNECTION DIRECT CURRENT NEUTRAL

POSITIVE POLARITY NEGATIVE POLARITY EARTH

FAULT UNDERGROUND CABLE OVERHEAD LINE

FUSE TERMINALS RESISTANCE/RESISTOR

VARIABLE RESISTOR IMPEDANCE CAPACITANCE, CAPACITOR

WINDING MOTOR DC GENERATOR

AC GENERATOR TRANSFORMERS WITH TWO AUTO-TRANSFORMER

WINDING, STAR WINDING, DELTA CIRCUIT-BREAKER

ISOLATOR SOCKET OUTLET, 5A SOCKET OUTLET, 15A

PLUG VOLTMETER AMMETER

WATTMETER OHMMETER WATTHOUR METER

CURRENT TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER LAMP

BELL BUZZER CEILING FAN

EXHAUST FAN FAN REGULATOR AERIAL

SINGLE-POLE-SINGLE THROW SINGLE-POLE-DOUBLE THROW DOUBLE-POLE-SINGLE

PUSH BUTTON MOMENTARY PUSH BUTTON MOMENTARY TRANSFORMER, IRON CORE

Exp. 1 - Study of Fuses and Types of Fuses

Different Types of Fuses:

There is a little difference between AC and DC fuses used in AC and DC systems.

One time use only Fuse

 Current carrying Capacity of Fuse

 I2t value of Fuse

Other Types of Fuses

Blade Type fuses:

Resettable Fuses |Image Credit: Wikipedia

Resettable Fuses |Image Credit: Wikipedia

HRC Fuse (High Rupturing Capacity Fuse) and its Types:

Fig: HRC Fuses |Image Credit: www.electricaltechnology.org

Construction and Operations of HRC fuse:

Fig: HRC Fuse Construction and Operation|Image Credit: www.electricaltechnology.org

Types of HRC Fuses:

Din Type HRC Fuses:

Blade Type HRC Fuses:

Fig: Types of HRC Fuses |Image Credit: www.electricaltechnology.org

Construction of Fuse with Fuse Holder:

Fig: Fuse Holders

Table for Standard Wire Gauge