Ginger farming

guide

(GCP/RAS/296/JPN)
Ginger farming guide
(GCP/RAS/296/JPN)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Bangkok, 2019
FAO. 2019. Ginger farming guide – GCP/RAS/296/JPN. Bangkok.

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Contents

Site selection and management 1

Planting materials 2
Land preparation and farm establishment 3
Soil management 4
Farm maintenance/pest and disease management 5
Fertilizer and nutrient management 7
Agrochemicals and chemicals 8
Workers' welfare, health, and safety 11
Harvest and postharvest 13
Packaging and transportation 15
Leaf symptoms of nutritional disorders in ginger 16
Nitrogen deficiency 17
Physiological leaf scorch 17
Potassium deficiency 18
Phosphorus deficiency 19
Phosphrous toxicity 20
Manganese deficiency 21
Boron toxicity 22
Manganese toxicity 23
Calcium deficiency 24
Sulphur deficiency 24
Iron deficiency 25
Manganese deficiency 26
Boron deficiency 27
Zinc deficiency 28
Copper deficiency 29
Molybdenum deficiency 30
Control measures of common pests and diseases 31
Attributes 33

iii
 Site selection and management

 Choose sites that have no history of pest  Prepare a property layout map or farm
and diseases, especially soft rot and plan.
bacterial wilt.
 Check for hazards (physical, chemical,
 Fallow the land for at least three years and biological). Identify risks. Formulate
before being sown with ginger. hazard control procedures.

 Make sure the area will not be contaminated

by other farms on higher ground, whether
by soil or water run-off.

 Make sure site is suitable. Conduct

soil testing and analysis. Check for IMAGE 3

contaminants that may affect ginger

cultivation.

 Do not locate ginger plots near livestock IMAGE 4

operations or areas where animal waste Fallow for three years

can contaminate them. No history of soft rot and bacterial wilt
Not vulnerable to soil and water run-off

 Rich, deep, fertile soil (dark

brown/ dark red color),
well-aerated, good texture
 Sandy or loamy mixtures
 Moist, well-draining soil, not
prone to water logging
 pH 5.5-6.5
IMAGE 5

IMAGE 1
Good soil can be molded into a ball that breaks easily
On slope prone to be washed with slight pressure
away in heavy rains – terraces
should be constructed

Put in place physical anti-erosion

structures (bunds, terraces, buffer IMAGE 6
strips, windbreaks, etc.) or diversion
ditches to protect produce fields IMAGE 2
Soil should not be at risk of waterlogging.

1
 Planting materials

 Plant only mature, clean, and disease-free IMAGE 8

rhizomes, with two to three buds each.

 Keep records of planting materials

indicating variety and source/s.

 Treat rhizomes with Trichoderma or other

bio-agents to reduce risk of infection.

 Record all seed treatment (products)

applied together with the pests and Trichoderma from the Department of Agriculture
diseases targeted. IMAGE 9

 Store seed rhizomes in a clean and dry

place.

IMAGE 10

IMAGE 7
Mixing ratio: 16 litres of water per
Disease-free good quality planting material 5 to 7 75-gram packs of trichoderma

2
 Land preparation and
farm establishment
 Plow the land twice and then harrow to
make soil loose, friable, and pulverized

 Layout the field along the contour line. CONTOUR LINE

 Construct drainage where necessary to

prevent water run-off.

 Minimize risk of soft rot infection. Apply

bio-agents, such as Trichoderma (100 IMAGE 12

packs per hectare 75 grams per pack), four

to six weeks before planting. Record the
location, date, product, application rate
and method, and operator name.

 Apply fully decomposed organic fertilizer

(3-5 tons/hectare) in your farm. Keep
record of application.

 Follow correct planting density depending

on slope of land and soil type. Record date
of planting, planting density, and variety.

IMAGE 13

IMAGE 11
Drainage and raised bed to prevent water stagnation.

3
 Soil management

 Employ cultivation practices that minimize

soil compaction.

− Reduce tillage. Avoid overworking the

soil.
− Use sharp and correctly-adjusted IMAGE 14 IMAGE 15

tools to till the soil.

− Apply organic mulches, or protective
covers.
− Use crop rotations to improve soil
structure.
IMAGE 16 IMAGE 17

 Employ cultivation practices that minimize

soil erosion.

− Cultivate rows across the slope.

− Construct terraces on slopes prone to
being washed away by heavy rains.
− Use mulching mat or organic
protective covers to hold vegetation IMAGE 18 IMAGE 19

on slopes.
− Plant trees and bushes on farm
border.
− Establish permanent grass or
vegetation cover on areas that are
not cropped
IMAGE 20 IMAGE 21

4
 Farm maintenance/pest and
disease management
 Do not allow water stagnation in the field.

 Observe regular weed management.

 Apply disease-free mulching materials,

whenever feasible and viable, to help
suppress weeds, improve moisture
retention, and add organic content to the
land.

 Observe and implement farm hygiene and

sanitation. IMAGE 22

Uproot and destroy infected rhizomes.

− Prevent soil contamination. Wash soil
off of farm equipment and brush off
soil particles from shoes.
− Avoid working in the fields when
plants are wet to minimize bacterial
spread from diseased plants to IMAGE 23

healthy ones..
− Sanitize tools, especially if used in
handling infected plants, raw manure,
and the like.
− Keep animals away from the ginger IMAGE 24

plots.
Perform regular hand weeding.
Apply mulching.

IMAGE 25

Use of herbicides – last resort.

Follow safety instructions. IMAGE 26

5
 − Do not allow water to stagnate.
− Maintain cleanliness of the farm.
Inspect for rats and rodents, including
possible breeding places of mosquitoes
and other pests.
− Use only well-composted organic
fertilizer or manure.
− Use only disease-free mulching
materials.

 Uproot and destroy immediately infected

rhizomes and plant parts.

− When symptoms appear, collect, bag

and destroy, or pile, diseased material
away from farms.
− Cull piles should be placed away from
production fields and waterways. If
possible, cover with a plastic tarp to IMAGE 27

speed up microbial decomposition

Integrated Pest Management
and minimize pathogen spores from
escaping.

 Implement integrated pest management

system.

6
 Fertilizer and
nutrient management
 Use appropriate type and quantity of
fertilizer, based on soil analysis and
recommendations provided by technically
competent authorities.
IMAGE 28 IMAGE 29

 Record all fertilizer applications per field Have soil analyzed.

or ginger plot. Consult technician to know what fertilizer and quantity is
recommended for your ginger plot.

 Keep labels detailing major nutrient Read the label.

content for all fertilizers used on the Follow instructions on how to
ginger plot. mix and apply fertilizer.
IMAGE 30

 Keep labels detailing chemical content, Keep copy of the label as

including heavy metals, for all inorganic documentation for nutrient
fertilizers used on the ginger plot. and metal contents. IMAGE 31

 Ensure that facilities for storage, mixing

and loading of fertilizer and for composting
of organic material are located and
constructed and maintained in a manner
to minimize the risk of contamination to
production sites and water sources.
IMAGE 32

 Conduct food safety and environmental Keep records of all fertilizer application.
risk assessment on organic fertilizer use.
Keep records of the risk assessment.

 Do not apply untreated organic materials,

including human sewage, on ginger plots.

IMAGE 33

Use only treated and dried manure.

7
 Agrochemicals and chemicals

Read the label especially  Use only government approved pesticides

mixing and application for ginger.
instructions before use.
 Purchase chemicals from registered and
licensed suppliers.
IMAGE 34

 Use only the recommended dosage.

 Calibrate spray equipment – pumps and

nozzles – for accuracy. Check frequently
IMAGE 35 IMAGE 36 for malfunction.
Calibrate, handle, clean and maintain properly all

equipment for chemical application  Never mix or load pesticides near a drinking
Never mix chemicals
 water well, pond, stream, ditch, or other
water sources.

 Train properly persons handling or applying
pesticides. Keep training records.

 Sprayers must carry a supply of clean

IMAGE 37
water with them. This is for cleaning items
Use personal protective equipment when applying
 (e.g. gloves and nozzles) and rinsing small
pesticides spills at the application site.
Know what to do in case of accidents and poisoning

 Pesticide sprayers must wear the
Plan an application route. Stay out of
freshly treated areas.
appropriate protective gear.

 Sprayers must plan an application route

that avoids passing through spray or vapor
drift.
IMAGE 38

Always direct the spray downwind of

the operator. Spraying into the wind
will result in operator contamination.

8
 Record pesticide applications, stating
pest to be controlled, date of application,
quantity used, method of application, and
pre-harvest intervals.

 Observe the pre-harvest interval and re-

entry periods.

 Wash equipment and spraying clothes

after every use. Dispose washing water IMAGE 39

away from the field to avoid contaminating For your safety, observe Re-entry Interval (REI)

produce. People should not perform any labor in the treated areas

without appropriate PPE
 Dispose surplus chemicals away from the
field to avoid contaminating produce. Never store pesticides in

Ensure that surplus chemicals do not pose containers that once held
health threat to households. food, drink, or medicine

Store pesticide product in


 Do not reuse empty chemical containers. a way that will elimonate
Collect in a secure place and dispose IMAGE 40 cross contamination
according to ordinances and regulations.

IMAGE 41

Do not reuse empty chemical containers


Protect your life and your family, dispose properly empty

chemical containers

9
 IMAGE 42
 Pesticide storage facilities should be: (i)
clearly identified; (ii) well ventilated; (iii)
securely closed to prevent unauthorized
entry clearly identified; and (iv) with
floors that facilitate cleaning up of spills.

 Store pesticides in their original

containers. Make sure labels are intact.

Store pesticides away from food, fresh produce,
and the reach of children.
 Do not store pesticides with food, animal
feed, seeds, fertilizers, packaging
material, water or other material, to avoid
contamination.

 Store liquids and solid formulations

separately, and away from dry substances.

 Keep an inventory of all pesticides. Follow

the ‘first in first out’ principle.

 Securely close containers to avoid spillage.

 Do not transport pesticides with food for

IMAGE 43 human or animal consumption.

Low cost, effective and safe storage for pesticides

IMAGE 44

10
 Workers’ welfare, health,
and safety
 Inform workers about the terms and
conditions of their employment. Wages
must be as per labour laws.

 Do not employ children.

 Working hours should not be detrimental

IMAGE 45

to the physical and mental health of the

workers.

 All workers should be trained, especially

on health and safety, good agricultural
practices, hygiene, and first aid.
IMAGE 46

Working hours should not be detrimental to

 All farm vehicles, equipment and tools, the physical and mental health of workers.
including electrical and mechanical
devices, are adequately guarded,
maintained, and inspected on a regular
basis, for potential hazards to users.

 Follow safe manual handling practices to

minimize the risk of injury from lifting
heavy objects, excessive twisting, and
reaching movements.
IMAGE 47

 Potential hazards are clearly identified by

warning signs.

 First aid kit is available. Emergency

procedures are known to all workers.
IMAGE 48

First aid kit is available.

11
 Ensure that there is an adequate supply of
safe drinking water at the workplace.

 Produce-handling facilities should be

designed to allow for comfortable working IMAGE 49

positions.

 Smoking and eating should be restricted to

designated areas.

 Toilets and hand washing facilities are

readily available and are maintained in a
hygienic condition. IMAGE 50

12
 Harvest and postharvest

 Harvest ginger following recommended

pre-harvest intervals.

 Harvest ginger at maturity time, according

to the quality required by the market or IMAGE 51

buyer.

 Sort out the inferior from good quality

ginger.
IMAGE 52

 Clean storage areas thoroughly before

harvesting and storing produce.

 Clean all harvesting containers. They must

be made of non-toxic materials.
IMAGE 53

 Do not use harvesting containers for

 Water used on ginger pre-harvest and postharvestactivities
storing non-produce items.
shall be free from harmful contaminants
 Assessment of the source of water should be done
 Practice good hygiene and sanitation. at least annually

 Do not allow sick workers to harvest or

handle produce.

 Do no allow pets, farm and wild animals,

to roam in the production and postharvest IMAGE 54

areas.

IMAGE 55

Remove infected ginger to avoid contamination.

Sort harvest according to quality.

13
 Use only potable water for post-harvest
operations.

 Wash ginger thoroughly. Clean from debris,

shoots, and roots.
IMAGE 57 IMAGE 58

 Use only approved post-harvest tech-

niques and treatments when storing or
packing ginger.
 Record sanitation standard operating
procedures (SSOPs) for postharvest
treatment.
Harvested produce must be
Postharvest facilities should
thoroughly cleaned of soil,
be cleaned and maintained in
debris, and other foreign
hygienic conditions.
materials.

 Clean and regularly maintain produce- ATLEAST ONCE A WEEK

handling facilities and equipment (floors,
walls, storage areas, pallets, containers,
etc.). IMAGE 59 IMAGE 60

 Do not mix and store waste or reject Documented sanitation standard operating procedures.
produce with good quality rhizomes.

 Clean and disinfect waste disposal areas.

 Record cleaning procedures, including the

dates when these were actually done.

IMAGE 56 IMAGE 61

 Fence to protect farm from animals. Observe personal hygiene and sanitation.

14
 Packaging and transportation

 Transport ginger using clean and odor-free

containers and equipment, which are easy
to lift and can be thoroughly cleaned.

 Stack produce on pallets to facilitate

ventilation, minimize damage, as well as
avoid contamination.
IMAGE 63

 Clean and sanitize vehicles for transporting

produce before loading. IMAGE 64

 Do not transport ginger with vehicles

used for transporting toxic substances,
pesticides, or live animals.

IMAGE 62 IMAGE 65 IMAGE 66

Trays and containers should be clean. Stocking/drying of ginger Vehicles for transporting must be clean and not used for
should be such that ginger will not be in contact with ground. transporting toxic substances.

15
 Leaf symptoms of nutritional
disorders in ginger
Definition of terms

Chlorosis Loss of green color in the leaf. Affected areas are said to be chlorotic,
which may vary in color from yellow to almost white, depending on the
disorder involved. Chlorotic areas may also be tinged with other colors,
such as red or brown.

Deficiency Disorder resulting from an insufficient supply of a mineral element

essential for healthy growth.

Necrosis Death of tissue. Usually follows chlorosis, but tissues sometimes

become necrotic without first becoming chlorotic.

Pseudostem The true stem in ginger is a very small structure at the base of the
shoot. The main above ground portion is a pseudostem, made up of
tightly rolled leaf bases.

Shoot Above ground portion of the plant consisting of the pseudostem plus
leaves.

Toxicity Disorder resulting from a poisonous excess of some substance in

the plant’s environment. Some elements that are essential for plant
growth are capable of producing toxicities when supplied in excessive
amounts.

Source: Department of Agriculture, University of Queensland, Diagnosis and Corrections of Nutritional Disorders in Ginger, 1975

16
 
NITR
ROGEN DEFICIE
ENCY 
   
Nitrogen
Leaaves are a  deficiency
paler gree
en than no
ormal   
 
andd may be q quite yello ow in the case   
of ssevere defficiency 
 Leaves are paler green than normal. May
  
be quite yellow in the case of severe
Wh hen very h eavy rain occurs sh
deficiency. hortly 
afteer the app plication o of nitrogen n, 
much of the  applicatio on may be e lost 
 When very heavy rain occurs shortly after
by leaching a and the lea
the application ofaves will s start 
nitrogen, much of the
to tturn yellow w. In thes
application may bee cases, a  
lost by leaching and
furtther nitro gen applic cation ma y be 
the leaves will start to turn yellow. In these IMAGE 67

made.  Howe
cases,ever, care  should be
a further nitrogen e  may  
application
 
takken not to  fertilize e
be made. However,excessively
care should bey with 
taken not
to fertilize
nitrrogen as le excessively
eaf burnin with nitrogen
ng and red duced  as
leaf burning
yield may ressult.   and reduced yield may result.
 
NITR
  ROGEN DEFICIE ENCY 
   
 
  Leaaves are a paler greeen than no
Physiological leaformal 
scorch
 
 
andd may be qquite yello
ow in the case   
 
of ssevere defficiency 
PHY
 
SIOLOG
 The GICAL L of the
LEAF
tips and margins SC
CORCH
leaves are
  burnt.
  Wh hen very heavy rain occurs sh hortly 
afte
Scoer the app
orching of plication o
 This isthe tips a of nitrogen
caused by toond margin n, 
ns of 
much exposure
 
to the  
mu ch of the 
thee leaves  applicatio
sun and on may be
high nitrogen supply. e lost 
  by leaching aand the leaaves will sstart 
Thiturn yellow
to t w. In thes
 Severity
s is caused d by too m e cases, a
can be reduced
much expo  
by shading
osure  the
furtther nitro
to tthe sun an gen applic
plants, raising cation ma
the humidity
nd high nittrogen sup y be 
by misting,
pply 
IMAGE 68

 
   made.  Howeand lowering the supply
ever, care  of nitrogen.
should be e 
 
tak
Sevverity can fertilize e
ken not to  be reduce excessively
ed by shad y with 
ding 
nitrrogen as leeaf burnin
thee plants, raaising the ng and red
humidity duced 
by 
yie
misld may res
sting, and sult.  
lowering the supply of 
 
nitrrogen 
 
   
 
 
  17
 
PHYSIOLOG
  GICAL LEAF
L SC
CORCH
POTA
ASSIUM
M DEFIC
CIENCY
 
From eearly to m mature staages:
  Potassium deficiency  
 
Plants tend tto be smalller and daarker   
greeen than u usual.   
  From early to mature stages:
If deficiency becomes severe, tips 
andd margins 
 Plants of the low
tend wer leaves
to be smaller s  green
and darker
devvelop a yellowish‐brrown motttling 
than usual.
andd later die. 
 
 If deficiency becomes severe, tips and
margins  become i
Deaad tissues of the lower leaves develop
irregular i n  a
yellowish-brown
shaape and offten show marking, and later
wing patchees of  die.
redddish brow wn color 
 Dead
  tissues become irregular in shape and
often show
Leaaf surfaces patches ofn crinkled 
s are often reddish brown color.
and 
thee leaf tips ttwisted 
   Leaf surfaces are often crinkled and the
Som leaf tips twisted.
metimes, w when the plants aree well 
IMAGE 69

 
groown beforee the deficciency app pears, 
 Sometimes,
thee bottom o when
one or two the plants
o leaves m may well
are
rem grown
main free o before the
of sympto deficiency
oms but ap appears,
part the
bottom one
from this the or two leaves
e pattern o may remain
of sympto om  free
devvelopmentt is unchanged.  symptom
of symptoms. But the pattern of
  development is unchanged.
Ginnger  tends  to  remove  large 
 Ginger
amounts  of  tends to remove
potassium large amounts
m  from  th of
he  soil. 
App potassium from the
plication  of  weell  comp soil. Application
posted  of
well-composted chicken
chiccken  dung  can  help  restore  dung can help
restore potassium in the soil.
pottassium in n the soil.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18
19 
 
PHO
OSPHOR
RUS DEF
FICIENC
CY
 
   
Phosphorus
Affe
ected plan deficiency
nts tend to
o be smal ler   
 
and
d darker green in coolor than   
heaalthy plantts.    
   Affected plants tend to be smaller and
darker greeen
As tthe deficie in colonomes more
ency beco than healthye plants.
sevvere, the tips and m margins of tthe 
 Smaller
leav and darker green
ves at thee lower pa in color
rt become e  than
chlo healthy
orotic and plants.
d eventually die.  
Chlorotic leaves are paale, yellow w, or 
 As the deficiency
yellow‐whitee.  becomes more severe, the
  tips and margins of the leaves at the lower
part become
On soils of hi chlorotichorus fixin
igh phosp and eventuallyng  die.
cap Chlorotic leaves
pacity (e.g are pale,
., some re yellow, orhigh 
ed soils), h yellow-
white.
ratees of phossphorus ap pplication n may  IMAGE 70

be necessaryy particulaarly if the ssoils 
 Soils
havve not prewitheviously re
high phosphorus fixing rge 
eceived lar capacity
(e.g.,
amounts of p some
phosphatic fertilizerr.  of
red soils), high rates
  phosphorus application may be necessary,
  particularly if the soils have not previously
  received large amounts of phosphatic
  fertilizer.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19
20 
 
 PHO
OSPHOR
RUS TOX
XICITY
 
O
OSPHOR
  RUS TOX
XICITY
Phosphorus toxicity
Inittial sympto oms appear on the lower 
leavves with tthe tips an nd marginss of 
ttial sympto oms appe
theese leaves 
 Initial becoming ar on the  on lower 
g chlorotic
symptoms appear c and 
the lower
avves with t the tips an
eveentually dy nd margins
ying. The c chlorotic as of 
areas 
leaves. The tips and margins of these
ofte en contain
eese leaves leaves n bright ye
becoming ellow spot
become g chlorotic
chlorotic, ts or 
andc and 
eventually
pattches and 
eentually dy die. Thehave a rat
ying. The cchlorotic ther diffus
areas often
chlorotic a se 
contain
areas 
edgge.  bright yellow spots or patches, and have a  
teen contain n bright yeellow spotts or 
rather diffuse edge.
 
ttches and  have a rat
Exccess phosp phorus ma ther diffus
ay adverse se 
ely 
gge. affeect the gro
IMAGE 71

phosphorus inger eithe
may adversely  
 Excess owth of gi er affect
the growth of ginger,
direectly or byy immobilizing elem either directly
ments 
or by immobilizing elements, such as
c succh as copp
cess phosp phorus ma ay adverse
per, zinc, o or iron tha ely 
at 
copper, zinc, or iron that form insoluble
form insolub
feect the gro ble phosph
owth of gi hates in th
inger eithe he 
er 
phosphates in the tissues.
tisssues. 
reectly or byy immobilizing elem ments 
   In previously planted farms, which may
c In ppreviously
ch as copp per, zinc, o
y planted f
or iron tha
farms whi
at  ch  of
have already received high dosage
rm insolub ble phosph
may have alr ready rece
phosphorus,
hates in th
high eived high
he   
rates of phosphorus
ssues. 
IMAGE 72

dossage of ph hosphorus s, high rate es of 

fertilizer may be unnecessary. In some
pho osphorus f fertilizer m
cases, it can even bemay be 
detrimental to crop
p unn necessary 
previously growth. and, in so
y planted f ome cases
farms whi s, can 
ch 
be  detriment tal to crop
ay have alrready receeived high  p growth.
 
ossage of ph
hosphoruss, high ratees of 
hoosphorus ffertilizer m
may be 
nnnecessary and, in so ome casess, can   
  detrimenttal to cropp growth.
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
20
 
 
 
MAG
GNESIUM
M DEFIC
CIENCY
Y 
 
Ginger crop ps sufferin ng from 
m Manganese
magnesium deficiency
m deficienccy have br right 
yeellow to w white chlorrosis of th he 
leeaves 
   Ginger crops suffering from magnesium
Th deficiency
he lower l have bright
eaves are yellow s to white
e first ones
chlorosis of the leaves.
afffected an nd showingg the mosst 
seevere sym
mptoms. 
 The lower leaves are first ones affected
 
and show the most severe symptoms.
Syymptoms commencce at the leaf tip 
annd work bback towar
 Symptoms start atrds the lea
the leaf tipaf base
and work
  back towards the leaf base.
Seeverely afffected leaaves may 
IMAGE 73

deevelop irr
 Severelyegular wa leaves mayd  develop
affectedater soake
arreas which h later die
irregular e  areas, which later die.
water-soaked
 
Dead tissuees are usu
 Dead tissues ally brow
are usually brown inn in 
color.
olor. 
co
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  21
 
ORO
ON TOX
XICITY 
Boron toxicity
The chlorotic area iis usually a light 
color and  patches o of it are offten 
pure whit
 Thete. After d eath, the 
chlorotic area is usually atissue 
light color
may turn 
andbrown.  
patches of it are often pure white.
After death, the tissue may turn brown.
Boron toxxicity causses chlorossis and 
 Boron toxicity causes chlorosis and
eventual  death of tthe margin ns and 
eventual death of the margins and tips of
tips of the
e lower leaves. 
the lower leaves.

IMAGE 74

22
 ng the marrgins, and the 
tipss and alon
affeected tissu
ue eventu
ually dies
 
Manganese
An excessive toxicity
 supply off mangane ese can 
advversely afffect the grrowth of gginger 
eithher directly (manganese toxiccity) or 
 Older leaves
by interfering become
g with the chlorotic at
e iron nutr the tips
rition 
and along
of tthe plant.    the margins. The affected tissue
  eventually dies.
Draainage and d soil acidity are thee two 
 Too much
main factors  manganese
controllin can adversely affect
ng the 
the growth
avaailability o f mangan of ginger,
ese to gineitherger. 
directly
(manganese toxicity), or by interfering
Und der waterrlogging co onditions, 
with the iron nutrition of the plant.
norrmally inso oluble higher oxides of 
manganese a are converted to a ssoluble 
 Drainage and soil acidity are the two main
IMAGE 75

form and tox xic levels. 
factors controllingGood drai inage  of
the availability
mportant 
is im in preven ting mang ganese 
manganese to ginger. Under waterlogging
toxxicity on so oils of high
conditions, h mangan
normally insolubleese higher
conntent oxides of manganese are converted to
  a soluble form and toxic levels. Good
Maanganese t toxicity ca
drainage an often b
is important e 
in preventing
corrrected by y liming. H
manganese on soilssince 
toxicityowever, s of high
manganese
liming also re contente availabillity of 
educes the
ironn, copper,, and zinc,, excessivee use 
 Manganese
of lime can c toxicityciencies o
ause defic can often bef other 
corrected
by
tracce elemenusing lime. However, liming
nts.  Thus, the aim sshould  also reduces
the availability
be to use the e smallest  of iron, copper,of lime 
amount o and zinc.
thaat will just bring the  problem under of
Too much lime can cause deficiencies
other trace elements. The aim should be
conntrol. Conttact your m municipal 
to use the smallest amount of lime to put
extension offficer for th he right do osage. 
 
the problem under control. Contact your
  municipal extension officer for the right
  dosage.
 
 
 
 
 
 

24 
23
 
 Thee first sign
Thee first signn of calcium
n of calcium m deficien
m deficien ncy is 
ncy is 
usuually the a
usuually the appearanc
ppearance of nume
e of nume erous 
erous 
Thee first sign n of calcium m deficien ncy is 
sma
sma all, irregu lar chlorot
all, irregular chlorot tic spots 
tic spots 
usuually the a
Calcium ppearanc e of numeerous 
deficiency
tow
tow wards the tips and m
wards the  tips and m margins off the 
margins of f the 
sma
upp
all, irregu
per leaves
lar chlorot
s. These sp
tic spots 
pots coinc cide 
uppper leaves s. These sp pots coinc cide 
tow
wards the 
with the dep
h the dep tips and m margins of
pressions in the upp
n the upp f the 
per 
wit pressions i per 
upp  The
per leaves first sign
s. These sp of calcium
pots coinc deficiency
cide  is
sur face of th
surface of th e leaf. The
e leaf. The
usually e tissue in
e tissue in
the appearance n the 
n the 
of numerous small,
wit
spo h the dep
ots eventu pressions i
ually dies a n the upp
and the sp per 
pots 
spoots eventu ually dies a
irregular and the sp
chlorotic pots 
spots towards the tips
sur face of th
may join toge
y join toge e leaf. The
ether into
andether into e tissue in
o larger ar
margins ofo larger ar n the 
eas of 
the upper leaves. These
ma eas of 
spoots eventu
affeected tissu ually dies a
spots coincide
ue. Somet and the sp
with the pots 
depressions
times the shape  shape the
in
affe
ected tissu ue. Somet times the 
ma
of ay join toge
upper
affected le ether into
surface ofo larger ar
eaves beco eas of 
the leaf. The tissue
omes irreg
in the
gular. 
of a
affected le eaves beco
spots eventually omes irreg
dies and thegular. 
spots may
affeected tissu ue. Somettimes the shape 
join together into larger areas of affected IMAGE 76

of a
Youaffected le
ung emerg eaves beco
ging leave
tissue. Sometimes
omes irreg
s become
the shapee 
gular. 
e of affected
Youung emerg ging leave s become
ser leaves
seriously affe
iously affe becomes irregular.
ected and, in extrem
ected and , in extrem me 
me 
You
casung emerg
ses, may sh ging leave
hrivel and s become
d die befor e 
re 
casses, may sh hrivel and
 Young
d die befor
emerging , in extrem
leaves become
re  seriously
ser iously affe
emerging fro
erging fro ected and
om the pse eudostem me 
m. they may
em om the pse
affected. In eudostem
extreme m. 
cases,
casses, may sh hrivel and d die beforre 
shrivel and die before emerging from the
em
Roo erging fro
ots of affe om the pse
ected planeudostem
pseudostem. ts tend to m. 
o be 
Rooots of affe ected plan ts tend to o be  IMAGE 77

stunted and 
stu nted and brownish 
brownish in color.in color.
Rooots of affe
 Rootsected plan
of affected ts tend to
plants tend o be 
to be stunted
stunted and  and brownish 
brownish in color.in color.

ULP
ULPPHUR
PHUR DDEFICIEN
D
Sulphur
DEFICIEN NCY  
deficiency
NCY
ULP
SulPHUR DEFICIEN
Dciency resNCY
phur defic  
ults to chl
lorosis 
Sulphur deficciency results to chllorosis 
 Sulphur
of tthe upper  deficiency results to chlorosis of
leaves.  
Sulthe upper 
of t leaves.  
phur deficciency res ults to chllorosis 
the upper leaves.
of t
Thethe upper 
e sulphur d leaves.   leaves aree 
deficient l
Thee sulphur d deficient l leaves are
 The sulphur-deficient leavese are usually
usu
usu ually paler
ually paler r in color than nitrog
r in color t han nitrog gen 
gen 
The palerdeficient l
e sulphur d in color than nitrogen
leaves are e  deficient
def
def ficient leav
ficient leav ves and m
ves and m
leaves. They
may be alm
may be alm
may be almost
most 
most 
white
usu
whually paler
ite in the r in color t
case of se han nitrog
evere defic gen in the
ciency. 
wh
defite in the 
casecase of se
ficient leav evere defic
of severe deficiency.
ves and m may be alm ciency. 
most 
 
wh ite in the case of seevere deficciency. 
 
IMAGE 78

24
N DEFIC
CIENCY 
ee first sym
RON mptom is th
N DEFIC
IronCIENCY he paling 
deficiency
  of the 
ssue betweeen the veins of the upper 
avves giving g these lea
Thee first symmptom is th aves a dist tinctive 
he paling  of the 
iped appe First, the
arance.  
tisssue betwe tissue between the
een the veins of the upper veins of the
upper
leavves giving leaves becomes
g these lea pale. It then
aves a dist appears
tinctive 
as
striped appe stripes.
arance.  
 tthe disord der becom mes more ssevere, 
ee areas bet
 tween the e veins los
When the disorder se their 
becomes worse, the
As tthe disordder becom
eeen color. With seve mes more s
erely affec severe, 
cted 
areas between the veins lose their green
thee areas bet
ants, the u color.tween the
pper leave e veins los
With es may be
severely e  se their 
affected plants,
m gre
een color. 
most white With seve
e and may erely affec
upper leavesy resemble
may be almost cted 
white. They
e those 
plants, the u
may pper leave
resemble es may be
those of e 
sulphur-deficient
s
sulphur de eficient leaaves. 
most white
alm e and mayy resemble
leaves. e those 
of ssulphur deeficient leaaves. 
on n deficien
   cy usually y arises fro
Iron deficiency results om the 
when another
eesence of a
Iron an excess 
excess
n deficien of anothe
element y arises fro
cy usually er 
is present.om the 
Too much
ement such h as mang
manganese ganese or 
or phosphorus
preesence of aan excess of anothe can
er interfere IMAGE 79

o
osphorus w withh as mang
iron nutrition.
which inte
element such erferes wi
ganese or  th iron 
ttrition. wit
pho th iron nu
osphorus w trition. 
which inte erferes with iron 
 Iron deficiency may be cured, either by
nuttrition. witth iron nu
applying sulphur totrition. 
lower the soil pH, or by
onn deficiency may be
spraying irone correcte d 
salt on to the leaves.
h Iron
n deficien
her by app cy may be
plying sulp e correcte
phur to low d 
wer the 
eith
her by app
ill pH or by  plying sulp
spraying  phur to low
iron salt o wer the 
on to 
soill pH or by spraying iron salt o
ee leaves.  on to 
thee leaves. 

IMAGE 80

25
AN
NGANESSE DEFIICIENCY
Y 
Maain sympto oms occurr towards the 
Manganese
basse of the le deficiency
eaf. The chlorosis u sually 
starts at the leaf margin about h half 
wayy along th he leaf theen spreadss 
tow  Main symptomsnd the leaf
wards the midrib an occur towards the base
f base 
of the leaf. The chlorosis usually starts at
forming a chlorotic V‐sshaped arrea with 
the leaf margin, about half way along the
its aapex towa
leaf,ards the le eaf base. S
spreads towards Small 
the midrib and the
neccrotic spot ts usually  develop a along 
leaf base, forming a chlorotic V-shaped
thee veins wit
areathin the ch hlorotic ar
with its apex towards therea. 
leaf base.
Small, dying spots usually develop along IMAGE 81

ming reduc
Lim theces manga
veins, withinanese 
the chlorotic area.
avaailability. A
As such, exxcessive u use of 
 Liming
lime may cau reduces manganese
use a deficciency of  availability. As
such,
manganese.    excessive use of lime may cause a
deficiency of manganese.

26
ORO
ON DEF
FICIENC
CY 
 
 
o main symptoms aare: (i) thee 
Two
ORO ONBoron
DEF
spaacing betw
deficiency
FICIENC CY
ween the leaves is re
  educed 
 
 
 
owwards the top pseud dostem; and (ii)   
 
hee upper leaaves deveare: (i) the
Two o main sy
 Themptoms a
two main symptoms e 
lop small  rough 
are: (1) the  
 
spaacing betw ween the l eaves is re  
circcular whit spacing between
ish spots c the leaves
caused by y educed 
is reduced
 
 
tow
bre wards the 
eakdown o top pseud
towards the
of the tissu top pseudostem;
ue inside t nd (ii) 
dostem; athe  (2) the
and
 
 
upper
thee upper lea leaves develop
aves deve small rough
lop small  circular,
rough   
eaf f. These sp pots appe ear transpa arent   
 
whitish
circen affecte spots,
cular whited leaves a
ish spots c caused
caused byy d  of the
by breakdown  
wh tissue are viewe
inside theue inside t
leaf. These spots  
bre
aga eakdown o
ainst the li of the tissu
ight.    the  appear  
 
transparent when affected leaves are  
leaff. These sp pots appeear transpaarent   
viewed against the light.   
whthe early s
n t en affecteed leaves a
stages of t are vieweency, 
the deficie d    
agaainst the li
hee plants ar ight.   
 Inre darker g
the early stages of the deficiency,
green and  the  the   
 eavves tend t   
plants are darker green
to be thickker and stiffer  and the leaves IMAGE 82

  
In tthe early s
haan usual.   stages of t
tend to be the deficie
thicker and ency, 
stiffer than usual.   
thee plants arre darker ggreen and the    
 Apply
leavves tend t boron in ker and st
to be thick the smallest amount,
iffer  just   
Bor ron should d be applie ed in the 
enough to correct the problem. Too much   
thaan usual.  
smaallest amo ount that w
boron is toxic towill just co orrect 
plants. The range between   
 
hee problemsafe. Excess b
and unsafeoron is tox xic to 
is rather narrow. Consult   
Borron should d be applie ed in the    
plants and th he “safe” r
an range betw
extension officer ween 
for correct dosage
smaallest amo ount that w
and will just co
analysis. y is rather  orrect    
defficiency an nd toxicity   
thee problem. Excess boron is toxxic to 
narrrow. Conssult extension officeer for 
IMAGE 83

plants and th he “safe” rrange betw ween   

corrrect dosagge and an nalysis.   
defficiency an nd toxicityy is rather   
narrrow. Conssult extension officeer for 
corrrect dosagge and an nalysis. 

27
INC
C DEFICI
Zinc IENCY
deficiency
 
 
 
CZinc defic
ZINC DEFICI IENCY  ses stunting of 
ciency cau
the plant,
 Zinc , reduced  spacing b
deficiency stunts etween 
plant growth. It will  
the upper
Zinc defic r leaves, a
shorten and the 
the spacing
ciency cau between ng of 
ses stunti the upper  
leaves;
developm broad
ment of bro
the plant, chlorotic
, reduced oad chloro stripes
spacing botic  will also
etween 
develop
stripes be between e main ve
etween th the main veins of the
eins of 
the upper r leaves, a and the 
leaves.
the leaves s.  
developm ment of bro oad chloro otic 
 stripes beetween the main veeins of 
 Zinc deficiency in ginger is the opposite
Zinc deficien
the leaves cy of ging
s.   deficiency.er can be 
of boron There are no small IMAGE 84

disttinguished
  d from boron deficieency 
circular spots on the upper leaves, no  
wh
Zinich also ca
leaf auses a bu
c deficien cy of ging
stiffening unching of
affectedf leaves 
er can be 
when leaves are
 
 
at tthe top of 
disttinguished the plant
pulledd from bo
through thet, by the a
fingers, andbsence 
ron deficie ency 
there are  
of s
whsmall circu ular spots 
ich also ca auses a bu
chlorotic on the up
unching of
stripes on pper 
f leaves 
the upper leaves.  
leav  
at tves, absen
the top of  nce of leaf f stiffeningg when 
the plantt, by the a bsence 
affeected leav

of ssmall circuves are pu
Compared to iron lled throu
deficiency,
ular spots on the up ugh the 
pper  in
chlorosis
fing
leav zinc the presen
gers, and t
ves, absen deficiency shows
nce of leaf only the major
nce of chl
f stiffening orotic 
g when  veins
stri remaining
pes on thves are pu
affeected leav green.
e upper leeaves.  
lled throu ugh the 
 
finggers, and t the presen nce of chlorotic 
The  Liming
e chlorosis reduces
s may be d the
stripes on the upper leeaves.   availabilityhed 
distinguish of the soil
zinc in plants. Excess lime use may lead  
from that du
  e to iron d deficiencyy by the   
to zinc deficiency. However, excess zinc
fact
Thet that in ir
e chlorosis ron deficie
s may be d ency both 
distinguish major 
hed   
IMAGE 85

is toxic to plants so the aim should be to  

and
frod minor ve
applyeins tend t
m that du the smallestto remain
e to iron d deficiency
amount that  green 
y by the 
will just
 
 
factrticularly 
(pa t that in ir
ron deficie
in the ear ency both 
rly stages)   major   
correct the deficiency.  
and
wh d minor ve
ereas with eins tend ticiency on
h zinc defi to remainnly the 
 green   
(pajor veins r
rticularly remain gre
in the earrly stages)    
ma een. 
wh ereas with h zinc defiiciency on nly the 
ma
Lim jor veins r remain gre een. 
ming reducces the avaailability o of the 
 
soill zinc in pl ants. Exceessive limiing may 
be ming reduc
Lim ces the ava
a factor leeading to z ailability o
zinc defici of the 
iency. 
soil
How wever, excess zinc iis toxic to ing may 
l zinc in pl ants. Exce essive limi plants 
be  a factor le
so tthe aim sh eading to z zinc defici
hould be tto apply th iency. 
he 
How
sma wever, exount that w
allest amo cess zinc iis toxic to 
will just co plants 
orrect 
so tthe aim sh hould be t
thee deficienccy.  to apply th he 
smaallest amo ount that w will just co orrect 
28
thee deficienccy. 
OPPER DE
EFICIEN
NCY 
OP PER DEEFICIEN
Copper
Keyy symptom NCY
deficiency
ms are the  
e withering
g and 
dryying of the e leaf tips, failure off the 
leavves to unrms are the
Keyy symptom roll fully, a e withering
and the trag and 
apping 
 Leaves
dryying of the do not unroll fully whenf the 
the plant is
of tthe tips ofe leaf tips,  failure of
f younger leaves in t the still 
leav copper
ves to unr deficient.and the tra
roll fully, a It results in tangled
apping leaf
rollled section n of the o
arrangement, lder leave
where tips of es, 
young leaves
of tthe tips of
res ulting in af younger eaf 
a tangled l leaves in tthe still 
entangle with older leaves.
rollled section
arra angementt.  n of the older leavees, 
 res ulting in a
a tangled l
 Other symptoms includeeaf  mottled chlorotic
arra
Oth angement
her symptand t.  
oms inclu
closer spacingde mottle ed  on the
of the leaves IMAGE 86

 chlo upper
orotic and part of the spacing of
d a closer  pseudostem. f the 
Othher sympt
leavves on the oms inclu de mottle
e upper paart of the  ed 
chloorotic and
 Like.  iron, manganese, and f the 
pseeudostem. d a closer  spacing of zinc, the
leavves on the
  e upper pa
availability art of the 
of copper decreases as the soil
pseeudostem.acidity increases. Copper deficiency can
.  mangane
As w with iron, ese, and ziinc, the 
be brought on by excessive use of lime or
 
avaailability o f soil copp per decreaases as 
As w phosphorus.
with iron,  mangane ese, and zi inc, the 
thee soil aciditty increasses. Coppeer 
avaailability o
defficiency ca f soil copp
an be brou per decrea
ught on by ases as 
 Copper is not readily lost fromy the soil by
the
e soil acidit
exccessive use ty increas
e of lime a
leaching.
ses. Coppe
and/or 
A single
er 
application of copper
defosphorus. 
pho ficiency ca an be brou
  may cureught on byy 
sulphate
exccessive usee of lime aand/or 
pho
Cop osphorus.    copperost from t
much
 Too t readily lo
pper is no is toxic. Usethe soil 
only when IMAGE 87

thereAs such, a
by leaching. A is evidence of copper deficiency.
a single 
Coppper is no
plication o
app
the smallestost from t
Applyt readily lo amount tothe soil 
of copper ssulphate m
correct the
may 
deficiency.
by leaching. A As such, aa single 
servve to corrrect coppeer deficienncy for 
appplication o
sevveral seasoof copper ssulphate m
ons. Since excess comay 
opper is 
servve to corr
toxxic, it shourect coppeer deficien
ncy for 
uld only bee applied w
when 
sevveral seaso ons. Since
theere is evideence of co  excess co
opper is 
opper defiiciency 
tox
andxic, it shou
uld only be
d then thee main aim e applied w
m should b when 
be to 
theere is evide
appply the sm ence of co
mallest amoopper defi
ount that iciency 
will 
andd then thee main aim m should b be to 
corrrect the ddeficiency.. 
appply the sm mallest amo ount that will 
corrrect the ddeficiency.. 

29
MOL Molybdenum
LYBDEN
NUM DE deficiency
EFICIENCY 
Keyy symptom ms includee bleaching of 
 The tips and margins of the younger
thee tips and margins o of the youn nger 
leaves look bleached among molybdenum-
leavves, and the develo opment off 
deficient plants. Narrow discolored lines
narrrow chlor rotic lines  on the leaaves. 
also develop on the leaves.
 
In ccontrast w with iron, m
 In contrast withmanganes se, zinc, 
iron, manganese, zinc,
and d copper i n which a
and copper, vailability
availability y 
of molybdenum
deccreases wi ith increas
increases sing soil a
with increasing cidity, 
soil pH. Liming IMAGE 88

with molybdgingerenum, ava ailability 
soils will reduce the possibility of
incrreases wit th increas
molybdenum ing soil pH
deficiencies H.   crop
affecting
Hen growth.
nce, liming g ginger soils will teend to 
red
duce the p possibility of molybd denum 
defficiencies aaffecting ccrop grow wth. 

30
 Control measures of
common pests and diseases
Pests and diseases may be avoided if farmers follow GAP. It is important that everybody in the
village implement GAP.

Most of the diseases of ginger are spread through soil and water contamination. If farmers can
prevent pests and diseases from occurring, they will also not need to buy chemicals so they also
protect their health and that of their family.

The table below describes the control measures for common pests and diseases of ginger. It should
be remembered though that chemical control is the last measure to be considered.

Control measures for common pests and diseases

Pests and Control measures

disease Cultural Biological Chemical
Soft rot − Use of resistant − Planting of perennial − Seed treatment with
varieties or seasonal flowering mancozeb (0.25%)
− Crop rotation with corn plants (basil, marigold, by dipping the seed
and other non-host sunflower etc.) along rhizome for 30 minutes
crops. the border to enhance − Mancozeb soil treat-
− Plant disease free seed the population of ment
rhizomes. biocontrol agents for
− Use raised beds to managing pests and
reduce risk of water diseases
stagnation during rainy − Trichoderma treatment
season (rhizome and soil) +
− Soil solarization prior neem cake.
to planting Soil treatment: Drench
− Use of well composted soil with Trichoderma
manure to increase @ 100 packs (75 gram
the population of pack) per hectare.
beneficial micro- Seed treatment: Mix
organism 5 g of Trichoderma
− Treat the rhizomes per litre of water per
with hot water at 47° C kilogram of rhizome.
for 30 minutes. Dip rhizomes for 15
− Proper drainage minutes and air dry for
− Uproot infected plants 24 hours under shade
and destroy it before planting.
− Mulching with green
lagundi at time of
planting and after two
to three months

31
 Control measures for common pests and diseases

Pests and Control measures

disease Cultural Biological Chemical
− Field sanitation/ − Manure applied should
phytosanitary also be treated with
measures Trichoderma; no raw
manure

Bacterial wilt − Soil solarisation − Mancozeb soil treat-

− Planting of disease- ment
free seed rhizomes.
− Crop rotation with
non-host crops like
corn.
− Avoid crop rotation
with tomato, potato,
chilli, and peanut as
these plants are hosts
for the wilt pathogen
− Rhizome treatment
with hot water
− Proper drainage

Rhizome fly − Use of healthy rhizome Conserve natural bio-

for planting agents such as lady bird
− Removal and beetle, spiders, etc.
destruction of rotting
rhizomes along with
the maggots from the
field after the harvest
of the crop may help to
check the breeding of
the pest.
− Intercropping with
corn and other non-
host crops can reduce
or lessen pest attacks.

Rhizome scale − Collect and destroy

damaged leaves

Leaf roller − Intercropping with − Conserve the natural

corn and other non- bio-agents such as lady
host crops can reduce bird beetle, spiders,
or lessen pest attack etc.
− Collect and destroy the
larvae, egg masses
− Do not allow the weed
host to grow near the
field

32
Control measures for common pests and diseases

Pests and Control measures

Disease Cultural Biological Chemical
host to grow near the
field

Nematodes − Intercropping of mari- − Application of neem

gold cake before planting
− Deep ploughing
− Solarisation

Shoot borer − Use the attractant − Conserve the natural

plant for natural bio- bio-agents such as lady
control conservation. bird beetle, spiders,
− Cut open the shoot etc.
and pick out the cater-
pillar and destroy.
− Spray neem oil (O.5%)
at fortnightly intervals
if found necessary.
− Mulching with green
lagundi

Leaf spots − Pluck and remove the − Bordeaux mixture 1%

leaf and/ or uproot the or mancozeb 0.2%.
infected plants and
destroy it.
− Green mulching to
reduce soil splashes.
− Provide shade 30-40%
to minimize the disease

White grub − Uproot infested plants

and collect and destroy
the larvae.
− Use well composted
manure
- Install light traps
immediately after first
monsoon showers
− Tilling of the
soil during land
preparation
− Solarisation
− Mechanical collection
and destroying
− Leaving the land fallow

33
Attributes
Page Image Contributor
1 1 Original image from wikiHow to Prevent Soil Erosion; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
2 Original image from wikiHow to Conserve Soil; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
3 1_ginger_bacterial_wilt_field_1.JPG from hawaiiplantdisease.net
4 image-details-popup.asp from alamy.com
5 Illustration by Esteban Idrovo
6 Original image from wikiHow to Care for a Spider Plant; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
2 7 wikiHow to Grow a Ginger Plant
8-10 Photo by Ivan Idrovo
3 11 FAO, Guidelines “Good Agricultural Practices for Family Agriculture”
12 wikiHow to Prevent Soil Erosion
13 http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_spice%20crops_ginger_productiontech.html
4 14 Original image from wikiHow to Fix Composted Soil; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
15 Original image from wikiHow to Prevent Soil Erosion; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
16 Original image from wikiHow to Fix Compacted Soil; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
17 Original image from wikiHow to Use Crop Rotation in Gardening; redrawn by Christopher
Bayani
18-20 Original image from wikiHow to Prevent Soil Erosion; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
21 Original image from wikiHow to Fix Compacted Soil; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
5 22 Photo by P. Latham
23 Original image from FAO, Guidelines “Good Agricultural Practices for Family Agriculture”;
redrawn by Christopher Bayani
24 Original Illustration by Esteban Idrovo; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
25 Original image from Good Farming Practices for Coffee; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
26 Original image from wikiHow to Control Weeds; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
6 27 AESA based IPM Ginger from the Ministry of Agriculture - India
7 28 Original image from wikiHow to Use Commercial Fertilizer; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
29 Illustration by Esteban Idrovo
30 Original design from 931905012.gif from soils-fertilizers-and-compost.html
Mhscience.weebly.com; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
31 wikiHow to Use Commercial Fertilizer
32 www.gapinaction.org/ www.globalgap.org
33 Original image from Good Farming Practices for Coffee; redrawn by Christopher Bayani
8 34 Illustration by Cristopher Bayani
35-38 Illustration by Esteban Idrovo

34
 9 39 Illustration by Esteban Idrovo
40 6-pesticidestorage_kathleenmoore_ccby20.jpg from shelf.xldev.us
41 Illustration by Cristopher Bayani
10 42 Original design from ILO WIND Manual; redrawn by Esteban Idrovo – change in colors made.
43 Original photo from Smallholder Guide for GlobalGAP – Plant Protection Module by
GlobalGAP. Redrawn by Esteban Idrovo - sharpened image and contrast; changed bottles
in 2nd shelf.
44 Photo by Ivan Idrovo
11 45 https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ASB-Philippine-Labor-
Contracts-revised-banner.jpg
46-48 Illustration by Cristopher Bayani
12 49-50 Illustration by Cristopher Bayani
13 51-52 Photo by Ivan Idrovo
53 Illustration by Cristopher Bayani
54 Illustration by Cristopher Bayani; Photo by Debbie Dominguez
55 Illustration by Esteban Idrovo
14 56 Illustration by Esteban Idrovo
57-58 Illustration by Cristopher Bayani
59 wikiHow to Write a Standard Operating Procedure
60 Original image from wikiHow to Keep Your Kitchen Clean and Safe; redrawn by Christopher
Bayani
61 Original image from wikiHow to Practice Good Hand Hygiene; redrawn by Christopher
Bayani
15 62 https://www.freshplaza.com/article/157577/China-No-increase-in-ginger-plantings-this-
season/
63-64 Photo by Ivan Idrovo
65-66 Illustration by Cristopher Bayani
17-30 67-88 Source: Department of Agriculture, University of Queensland, Diagnosis and Corrections of
Nutritional Disorders in Ginger, 1975
Front Cover "Gingerito" illustration by Esteban Idrovo
Back Cover Photos by Ivan Idrovo and Debbie Dominguez

35
Notes

36
I N S I D E B A C K C O V E R