ANSI/IEEE €37.011-1979 An American National Standard JEEE Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis Sponsor ‘Switchgear Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved June 2, 1977 IEEE Standards Board Secretariat Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers National Electrical Manufacturers Association Approved July 18, 1978 American National Standards Institute Published by ‘The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 845 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017American National Standard ‘An American National Standard implies a consensus of those sub- ‘stantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer ‘and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standard of not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions, CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. ‘opsright 1978 by ‘The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc [No part ofthis publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronie etricoal system oF otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisherForeword (This Foreword is not 2 part of ANSI/IEEE C37.011-1979, American National Standard Application Guide for ‘Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-Voltage Circult Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.) ‘The development of standards for the rating, testing, and manufacture of high-voltage circuit breakers began almost simultaneously with the application of the first circuit breakers in early power supply systems. A number of engineering and manufacturers trade organizations were interested in standards for high-voltage circuit breakers as well as other types of electrical equipment and worked to develop standard requirements for capabilities, sizes, and testing procodures. Among these groups were the AIEE!, the National Electric Light Association (NELA), the Electric Power Club (a predecessor of NEMA — the National Electrical Manufacturers Association), the Association of Edison Iuminat- ing Companies (AEIC), and the Edison Electric Institute (EEI). ‘During the years up to 1940, these organizations adopted and published a number of standardiza- tion proposals concerning rating, testing, and other requirements for high-voltage circuit breakers. In 1941, a unified series of standards for circuit breakers, based on those of AIBE, AIC, and NEMA, were published for trial use by the American Standards Association (ASA). This comprised the first American Standard for high-voltage circuit breakers. In 1945, this series was issued as an approved American Standard with the familiar C37 number identification. This series included sections on rating, preferred sizes, testing, and application of circuit breakers. In 1952 and 1953, this series of standards was revised and supplemented by additional sections, forming the complete, basic group of American Standards for high-voltage circuit breakers. At the time of publication this group of standards included: ANSIC374.1953 AC Power Circuit Breakers (included definitions, rating basis, and some ‘test requirements) ANSIC37.5-1953 Methods for Determining the RMS Value of a Sinusoidal Current Wave and Normal-Frequency Recovery Voltage, and for Simplified Calculation of Fault Currents ANSIC37.6-1953 Schedules of Preferred Ratings for Power Circuit Breakers ANSIC37.7.1952 _Interrupting Rati ANSIC37.8-1952 _ Rated Control Voltages and their Ranges ANSIC37.9.1953 Test Code for Power Circuit Breakers, ANSIC37.121952 Guide Specifications for Alternating Current Power Circuit Breakers Factors for Reclosing Service Under these original standards, the basis of the interrupting rating was established by 6.11 of ANSI (37.4-1958 as the highest current to be interrupted at the specified operating voltage and was the “...rms value including the de component at the instant of contact separation as deter- mined from the envelope of the current wave.” Since this standard based the interrupting rating on the total current including de component at the instant of contact separation, it has become known as the “Total Current Basis of Rating.” For circuit breaker application, a simplified method was available in ANSI C37.5-1953, which listed multiplying factors for use with the system symmetrical fault current to derive a maximum. possible total rms current which could be present at contact separation. This current was used to ‘choose the required circuit breaker rating from those listed in ANSI C37.6-1953, or subsequent revisions. The factors recognized typical system characteristics and circuit breaker operating times. *AIBE (American Institute of Electrical Engineers) merged with IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) Janvary 1, 1968 to form the joint onjanization IEEE (Institute of Electrieal and Electronies Engineers).In 1951, the AIBE Switchgear Committee began to give consideration to the development of a circuit breaker rating method based on symmetrical interrupting currents. ‘This work was initiated with the goal of: (1) Simplifying application where high-speed relaying and fast clearing circuit breakers are used (2) Bringing American standards into closer agreement with accepted international standards (IEC-Intemnational Electrotechnical Commission) to avoid confusion on rating differences (3) Requiring that circuit breakers are proven to demonstrate a definite relationship between asymmetrical interrupting capability and symmetrical ratings During the course of this work, principally in a working group of the AINE Power Circuit Breaker Subcommittee, numerous reports of the proposals on the new rating, testing, and application ‘methods were made to the industry as a whole through committee sponsored papers at AIEE meet- ings in 1954, 1959, and 1960. Suggestions made in discussions were considered by the working group and incorporated where practicable. The principal change from the 1953 “Total Current” standard was in the basis of rating. 4.5.1 of ANSI C37.04 established the Rated Short Cixcuit Cur- rent as “the highest value of the symmetrical component of the... short-circuit current in rms amperes, measured from the envelope of the current wave at contact separation, which the eircuit breaker is required to interrupt at rated maximum voltage...” Certain related capabilities were also required, including operation under specified conditions of asymmetry based on typical circuit, characteristics and circuit breaker timing. This rating structure became known as the Symmetrical Current Basis of Rating as compared to the previous Total Current Basis of Rating. However, as the new ratings were developed, it became apparent that changes from the older to the newer standard could not occur overnight due to requirements for rerating and retesting of many PCBs. It was, therefore, decided to retain both rating structures, with the understanding that all new circuit breaker developments would be directed toward the symmetrical standards, The circuit breakers based on the total current standards would be transferred to the new standards as work progressed in rerating programs. This transfer is being carried out and ANSI C37.6 and ANSI 37.06 have been revised accordingly a number of times. ‘The symmetrical current group of standard sections was published in 1964 and was given ANSI €37.04, €37.05, C37.06, etc, designations. ‘These sections and the corresponding 1958 sections were: Total Current Standard Symmetrical Current Standard _ "Subject ANSIC37.4 ANSI 37.03 Definitions ANSI 37.04 Rating Structure ANSI C37.04a, ANSI C37.5, ANSI C37.05 Measurement of Voltage and Current Waves ANSI 37.6 ANSI C37.06 Preferred Ratings ANST (37.068 ANSIC37.7 ANSI 37.07 Reclosing Factors ANSI.C37.8 (included in Control Voltages ANSI C37.06) ANSIC37.9 ANSI C37.09 Test Code ANSI 37.090 ANSEC87.5 ANSI.C37.010 Application Guide (Section 3) (expansion of material previously in 37.5)Sections .04a, .06a, and .09a, also issued in 1964, were addenda concerned with supplemental dielectric capability requirements. In ANSI C37.06-1964 and subsequent revisions prior to 1971, circuit breaker symmetrical current {interrupting ratings were derived from ratings in ANSI 037.6-1961 by a relationship following a middle ground position between the total (asymmetrical) current of the former rating method and the full range of related requirements of the new rating method. For a given breaker this derivation ‘was expressed by the formula: ited shor cet came = fog (= ominaatae —) rated maximum voltage where Tigo, = _ interrupting rating in amperes appearing in ANSI C37.6-1961 F = 0,915 for 3 cycle breakers 0.955 for 5 cycle breakers 1.0 for 8 cycle breakers Rated short circuit current was tabulated for rated maximum voltage rather than for nominal voltage as had been the case under the total current basis of rating, It was stressed that this derivation was for the numerical conversion only and that a given circuit breaker, designed and tested under the total current basis of rating, could not be assumed to have these capabilities under the symmetrical current basis of rating without approval of the manu- facturer. In the revision of ANSI C37.06 published in 1971, several simplifications were introduced, includ- ing the use of a new method for selection of interrupting current ratings for outdoor circuit breakers 121 RV and above. Values for rated short circuit current were chosen from the R-10 preferred number series, and the use of a reference nominal 3-phase MVA identification was discontinued. Also ‘the rated voltage range factor K was changed to unity, 1.0, to simplify rating and testing procedures. In the intervening years since the official publication of the primary sections of the symmetrical basis of rating standard for high-voltage circuit breakers, a number of revisions, additions, and improvements have been developed and published. Many of these additions were in subject areas ‘of major importance in the rating, testing, and application of circuit breakers and were published as ‘complete standards containing appropriate definitions, rating performance criteria, rating numbers, test procedures, and application considerations. This was done to avoid delay in publication and the necessity of reprinting other existing standards as each of these was completed. The result has been the publication of @ substantial number of individual supplementary standards. The basic subject areas considered in these supplementary standards, and their initial publication dates, are shown below: ANSI C37.071-1969 Requirements for Line Closing Switching Surge Control ANSIC37.072-1971 Requirements for Transient Recovery Voltage ANSIC37.0721-1971 Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage ANSI.(37.0722-1971 Transient Recovery Voltage Ratings ANSI C37.073-1972 Requirements for Capacitance Current Switching ANSI C37.0731-1978 Application Guide for Capacitance Current Switching ANSI C37.0782-1972 Preferred Ratings for Capacitance Current Switching ANSI C37.074-1972 Requirements for Switching Impulse Voltage Insulation Strength ANSI C37.076-1972 Requirements for Pressurized Components ANSIC37.078-1972 Requirements for External InsulatingANSI C37.0781-1972 Test Values for External Insulation ANSIC37.079-1973 Method of Testing Circuit Breakers When Rated for Outof-Phase Switching A goal of work recently completed, and represented by the 1979 publication of these standards, has been the editorial incorporation of all the supplementary standards listed above into the proper primary standards documents. For circuit breakers rated on a symmetrical current basis, the con- solidated standards sections are: ANSI/IBEE (37.041979 Rating Structure ANSI 037.06-1979 Proferred Ratings and Related Required Capabilities ANSI/IEBE C37.09-1979 Test Procedure ANSI/IEEE (37.010-1979 Application Guide — General ANSI/IEEE C37.011-1979 Application Guide ~ Transient Recovery Voltage ANSI/IEBE C37.012-1979 Application Guide — Capacitance Current Switching ‘The present ANSI (37,05, Measurement of Current and Voltage Waves, is incorporated into ANSI/IEEE (37.09; ANSI C37.07, Interrupting Capability Factors for Reclosing Service, is incor porated into ANSI/IEEE C37,04, ANSI C37.06, and ANSI/IEEE C37.09. Definitions which have ‘been in C37.03-1964 are now in ANSI C37.100-1972. Standards are presently being developed in a number of additional subject areas, which will be initially published as supplementary standards and incorporated into the primary subject document at some future date. Included among these subjects are requirements for current transformers, a guide for synthetic testing, sound level measurements, and seismic capability requirements. For circuit breakers still rated on a total current basis, as listed in ANSI C37.6, the existing standards ANSI 37.4, ANSI C37.6, ANSI C37.7, and ANSI C37.9 will continue to be applicable, Documents pertaining to guide specification and control schemes, which apply to both groups of ratings, are included in the ANSI C37 series as shown below: ANSI (37.11.1972 Requirements for Electrical Control on AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis and a Total Current Basis, ANSI (37.12-1969 Guide Specifications for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis and a Total Current Basis Periodic review of all these standards takes place through the normal ANSI procedure that standards are reaffirmed, revised, or withdrawn within no more than five year intervals from the original publication date Suggestions for improvement gained in the use of this standard will he welcome. They should be sent to the American National Standards Institute 1490 Broadway New York, NY 10018 ‘The basic data included in this consolidated document is the result of contributions made by ‘many individuals over many years. AL the time of approval, however, the American NationalStandards Committee on Power Switchgear, C37, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel: ©. L, Wagner, Chairman J.P. Lucas, Secretary 4. E, Beehler, Executive Vice-Chairman of High-Voltage Switchgear Standards W.E, Laubach, Executive Vice-Chairman of Low-Voltage Switchgear Standards W. R. Wilson, Executive Vice-Chairman of IEC Activities Organization Represented [Name of Representative Association of Iron and Steel Engineers 4M, Tilman Electric Light & Power Group... pondeso0 43, B, Bechler HG. Daron Fru D. Hendrix R. Solis G. Adgate (Ant) ECapra (Al) Lindsey (Att) Ramm (Al) 3. Maier HL. Fahnoe E, Friedrich W, Walsh F. White 3. Beachy (Alt) ‘A. Mathews (AI) A MeMaster (Alt) © Musgrave (Alt) P, Colsiaco W. Dunham G: Portman Wilson Wilson 3. Huber ‘A. Naysmith 'W. Seetbach (Alt) ©. St. Clair Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [National Electrical Manufacturers Association. ‘Testing Laboratory Group. . ‘Tennessee Valley Authority U.S. Department of the Army . H. Bruck U.S, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. EM. Tomsle U.S. Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command D.M, Hannemann pp REM 2OURP OPOEROREE spEAmAE ‘The personnel of the C37 Subcommittee on High Voltage Circuit Breakers which reviewed and approved this document were as follows: F. G. Schaufelberger, Chairman 4.4. Fayed, Secretary 4. E, Bechler D. R. Kanitz D. 6. Craghead W. B. Laubach M.A. Duro GN. Lanter C.4, Dvorak FW. Smith RE. Friedrich D. L: Swindler RD. Hambrick W. R, WilsonThe basic source documents used in this consolidated document were prepared by various Work- ing Groups of the Power Circuit Breaker Subcommittee of the IEEE Switchgear Committee. The personnel of the subcommittee at the time of consolidation were as follows: G.N. Lester, Chairman H.W, Ander GP. Gusglione HK Reid SVB, Bechler RD, Hambrick A.B Rishworth B.A. Benenson GR W.N, Rothenbiahler LE, Brothers we E.G. Schautelberger BG. Colelarer L, HN. Schneider 4.C: Coon, B ELF, Solorsana C.F. Cromer Mi. C1 trun OR. Cusick z. ELF. Veverka A. Dupont 3 CL. Waener C14. Drorak ‘A D. i Webster 3. Finley A. ALC Wert RE, Friedrich a A. Wilson, Je TF Garvity L. W. Wilson W.F. Giles LE. BLP. Winer KL Gay G6. Perkins 8. Zanzie 3G. Recklett ‘The Working Group of this subcommittee responsible for the editorial consolidation work on this standard consisted of: N.B. Reed W.N. Rothenbuhlor F.G, Schaufelberger The personnel of the Working Group of the Power Circuit Breaker Subcommittee of the IEEE ‘Switchgear Committee and the High-Voltage Circuit Breaker Technical Committee of the NEMA ‘Switchgear Section, which prepared the basic document, were as follows: IEEE F. R. Solis, Cholrman 4°, Booher WA. Carter CM, Clevenger RG. Colclarer ALN. Elasen TERE (Advisors) R, H. Amundson LA. Bednarik E,W. Bochne. C3, Bevel NEMA, W, J. Smith, Chairman 1, Fisk BLE, Frink FB, Johnson WE Laubach F, Witz, Secretary 4. Holley N, Lester a & a RSS WR, 8 i 4.M, Fleisiner ED, Hambriek ©. Naet NE. Reed ELB, Rietz 4, G, Weer, Secretary ET, Mecursy EB, Riete AG, Shields RIB Shores When the IEE Standards Board approved this standard on June 2, 1977, it had the following ‘membership: William R. Kruesi, Chairman Tevin |. Howell, Jr, Vice Chairman Ivan G. Easton, Secretary William B. Andeus R, 0. Duncan Donald 7. Michael dean Jacques Archambault Charles W. Flint Voss A. Moore Mark Barber ‘ay Forster William 5. Morgan Edward J. Cohon Ralph |. Hanser William J; Neiswender Warren if Cook Joseph T.. Koop finger Ralph M. Showers Louis Costrell Irving Kolodny Robert A. Soderman HLL. Curtis Benjamin J. Leon Leonard W, Thomas, St David B. Dobson ‘Thomas J. Martin BW. Whittington.Contents SECTION 1. Scope . 2. Purpose 8, Transient Recovery Voltage . 3.1 General .. : 5 3.2 Transient Recovery Voltage Considerations : 3.2.1 Effect of Circuit Parameters on Transient Recovery Voliage. 3258 Bifot of Grout Breaker on Transient Recovery Voltage « 3.2.3 Transient Recovery Voltage Tests . 3.8 Method of Rating and Application . 8.3.1 Selection of a Circuit Breaker coe 8.8.2 Bffect of the Asymmetry on Transient Recovery Voliage: 8.4 Calculating Circuit Transient Recovery Voltages. . 3.4.1 Examples of Circuit Equivalent Determination . 8.4.1.1 Transformer Effective Capacitance and Resonant Frequency 345-188 kV Autotransformers. . 8.4.1.2 Transformer Effective Capacitance and Resonant Frequency 13.8—188 kV Generator Transformer... 3.4.1.8 Bus Capacitance Equivalent, 7 3.4.1.4 Effective Source Inductance 8.4.1.5 Line and Cable Equivalent. . 3.4.1.6 Transient Wave Reflections and Travel Time. 3.4.1.7 Line Reactor Representation. . 3.4.2 Examples of Transient Recovery Voltage Calculations . 3.4.2.1 Oscillatory Consideration . : 3.4.2.2 Three-Phase Underground Fat Bus Circuit Breaker . 3.4.2.3 Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault at Circuit Breaker Line Side Terminals. ... 3.4.2.4 Three-Phase Grounded Fault at Line Side of Series Reactor . 3.4.2.5 Three-Phase Ungrounded Bus Fault. ... 3.4.2.5.1 Tie Transformer Circuit Breaker oe 3.4.2.5.2 Line Side Circuit Breaker . ue 3.4.2.6 Single-Phase Grounded and Three-Phase Ungrounded Short Line Faults... (20 8.5 Circuit Breaker Application... . : : 3.6 Short Method of Calculating TRV Limits... 2... 3.7 Typical Values of Capacitance for Various Equipment . 3.7.1 Typical Values of Capacitance for Apparatus... 3:72 Method for Caleulating Ettective Value of Capacitanc 8.7.2.1 Method for Transformers . 3.7.2.2 Method for Generators . 5 3.7.2.8 Method for Circuit Breakers . . 3.7.2.4 Method for Instrument Transformers 3.7.2.5 Method for Current-Limiting Reactors 4, References. .... 5 oreo 500 5. Revision of American National Standards Referred to in this Document .FIGURES PAGE Fig 1 — i é==-/_-__ ‘Transient Recovery Voltages. . Fig2 System Reactive Ohmnic Values and Voltage Assumptions. Fig 3 Measured Capacitance of an Autotransformer..... Figd Measured Capacitances of Generator Transformer. Fig 5 Line Conductor Configuration . Fig6 Traveling Waves at Discontinuity. Fig 7 Equivalent Cireuit..... nee Fig8 Equivalent Circuit of Grounded Reactor. .... Fig9 _Bus Fault Transient Single-Phase Equivalent of System. Fig 10 ‘Transient Equivalent of a Bus Fault . Fig11 ‘Transient Recovery Voltage — Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault at Bus Point (A) of Fig 1... Fig12 Transient Equivalent for a Faulé a the Line Terminals of a Circuit Breaker .- Fig 13 Transient Recovery Voltage ~ Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault on Gireuit Breaker Terminal at (B) of Fig 1. Fig 14 Transient Equivalent for a Grounded Line Reactor Fa Fig15 ‘Transient Recovery Voltago for Three Phase Grounded Reactor Fault at (O) of Fig 1 (No Damping Considered). Fig 16 ‘Transient Equivalent of an Ungrounded Line Reactor Fault... Fig17 ‘Transient Equivalent for the Tie Transformer Bus Fault Fig18 Transient Equivalent of Fig 17 . Fig19 Breaker TRV for Fig 17 Fig20_ Line Voltage Distribution... --- ‘ Fig21A Line Side Voltage at the Cizcuit Brekaers vs Time: Fig 21B —Single-Phase Equivalent of a Short-Line Fault. . Fig21C Line Terminal Voltage vs Time . Fig22‘Three-Phase Equivalent of a Short-Line Fault Fig 28 Line Voltage Distribution for a Three-Phase Ungrounded Shori-Line Fault... Fig24 Combining ex, ea, and es Voltages to Obtain Line Terminal Voltage = Time. Fig 25 Short-Line Fault Recovery Voltage at Point (B) of Fig 1 Cone ueey Fig 26 Rate and Voltage Multipliers for Fractions of Rated Current Fig 27 Ratios of Lumped Equivalent Capaeitanee for Different Circuits Fig 28 Transformor Winding Capacitance to Ground — Range of Values for Various BILs of the Highest Voltage Windings «2. .....0cceeecceeeeeeee 27 TABLES ‘Table 1 Outdoor Bushing Capacitance to Ground . Table 2 Generator Armature Capacitance to Ground Table 3 Instrument Transformers Capacitance (Primary Winding to Ground and fo Secondary with I Terminale Shorted and Grounded). 7 Table 4 Phase Bus Capacitance ....... vowAn American National Standard IEEE Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis NOTE: Refer to ANSI/IEEE C37.04-1979, Rating ‘Structure for AC Tligh-Voltage Circuit Breakers, for re quirements for transient recovery voltage and tefer to ANSI’ C37.06-1979, ‘Schedules of Preferred Ratings ‘and Related Required Capabilities for AC High-Voltage Gireuit, Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Batis, for preferred transient recovery voltage ratings and related vequired capabilities, 1. Scope ‘This standard covers the application guide for transient recovery voltage requirements for ac high-voltage circuit breakers rated above 1000 volts and on a symmetrical cur- rent basis ‘The capability limits of these circuit breaker interrupting devices are determined largely by the transient recovery voltages. The guide for application is not included in other exist- ing circuit breaker standards. 2. Purpose ‘The purpose of this standard is to provide an application guide on requirements for transient recovery voltage for ac high-voltage circuit breakers rated on a symmetrical current basis. Familiarity with other American Na- tional Standards! applying to circuit breakers is assumed, and provisions of those standards are indicated herein only when necessary for clarity in describing application requirements. ‘American National Standards are available from the ‘American National Standards Inaiitute, 1480° Broad: ‘way, New York, N.Y. 10018. 3. Transient Recovery Voltage 3.1 General. During the interruption process the arc voltage, which occurs across the termi- nals of a pole of a circuit breaker prior to current zero, approaches the normal-frequen- ey pole-unit recovery voltage occurring after current zero, in a manner called the transient recovery voltage. If the circuit breaker is able to withstand the transient recovery voltage, and also the normal-frequency pole-unit re- covery voltage, the circuit interruption will be successful. ‘Transient recovery voltages can be oscilla- tory, triangular, or exponential and can occur ‘as a combination of these forms. The most severe oscillatory or exponential recovery volt- ‘ages occur across the first pole to open of a cir- cuit breaker interrupting a three-phase un- grounded symmetrical fault at its terminal, when the system voltage is maximum. There- fore, only 3-phase ungrounded terminal faults, need be considered when determining the transient recovery voltage capabilities of a circuit breaker. The triangular recovery volt- ‘ages are associated with line faults. The in- itial rate of rise of the recovery voltages for line faults becomes greater the closer the fault is to the circuit breaker; however, the magni- tude of this line side triangular wave decreases as the rate of rise increases. Generally, the source recovery voltage is much slower and only the triangular recovery voltage is effec- tive in the early time of the transient recovery voltage. The amplitude of the recovery volt- ages for these line faults is determined on a single-phase basis during their early portions.ANSI/IEEE, caz.014-1979 ‘The ability of a circuit breaker to withstand ‘these triangular wave forms (shortline fault recovery voltages) depends a great deal on the type and design of the circuit breaker. A test procedure to demonstrate this capability is outlined in 4.6.5.4 of ANSI/IEEE C37.09- 1979, Test, Procedure for AC High-Voltage Cir- cuit Breakers. However, because different circuit breaker designs have different recovery voltage char- acteristics, this test does not conclusively demonstrate any given circuit breaker’s short- line fault interrupting ability for all short-line faults, Section §.11.4.2 of ANSI/IEEE C37.04- 1979 further clarifies a circuit breaker’s short- line fault interrupting capabilities, 8.2 Transient Recovery Voltage Considerations 3.2.1 Effect of Circuit Parameters on ‘Transient Recovery Voltage. The circuit break- cr transient recovery voltage, following current zero on a circuit breaker interrupting opera- tion, is controlled usually by the L and C con- stants on each side of the breaker. For instance, circuit arrangements having 2 large lumped inductance with only a low value of capat tance to ground between it and the breaker produce a high-voltage oscillation at a high frequency. If the voltage across the in- ductance due to the flow of short-circuit cur- rent is high, the peak of the high-frequency voltage oscillation at the breaker terminal will be high. For fault location beyond the terminals of a circuit breaker, transients occur at both terminals of a pole unit. The difference between these two transients is the transient recovery voltage. ‘The matter of circuitry that will produce lower recovery voltage rates caused by natural circuit oscillation near the circuit breaker terminals should be given consideration in the station or system design. The following may be done: (1) Avoid the location of lumped inductances such as reactors near a circuit breaker terminal (2) If lumped inductance must be located close to a breaker terminal, some additional capacitance to ground may be added between the breaker terminal and the inductance equip: ment to keep the natural circuit oscillation suf- ficiently low. In many cases, a short run of cable, a wall bushing, or 100 ft or longer run of bus will be sufficient. 3.2.2 Effect of Circuit Breaker on ‘Transient Recovery Voltage. The circuit transient recov- ‘TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE POR AC HIGH-VOLTAGE, ery voltage can be modified or changed by the circuit breaker’s design or by the circuit break- ers action. Therefore, the transient recovery voltage measured across the terminals of two different types of circuit breakers_under identical conditions can be different. To ree- ‘ognize the modifying abilities of each of the various circuit breakers, when either calculating an actual transient recovery voltage or when specifying a rated value for the circuit breaker, would be an immense task ‘To simplify both rating and application, the power system electrical characteristics are de- fined or calculated ignoring the effect of the circuit breaker. Thus, the transient recovery voltage which results when an ideal circuit breaker interrupts is used as the reference for both rating and application. ‘This transient recovery voltage is called the pole-unit circuit, transient recovery voltage. An ideal circuit breaker has no modifying effects on the elec- trieal characteristics of a system and, when conducting, its terminal impedance is zero; at current zero its terminal impedance is in- finite. 3.2.8 Transient Recovery Voltage Tests. It is possible to obtain the circuit transient recov- ery voltage by current injection techniques when the system is deenergized; or by measur- ing the transient recovery voltage response during interruption by a circuit breaker that has characteristies which approach the ideal circuit breaker, or, by measuring the actual transient recovery voltage of a circuit breaker and recognizing the circuit breaker’s recovery voltage modification ability, calculating the actual circuit transient recovery voltage. The ability of any given type of circuit breaker to modify this cireuit transient recovery voltage is considered in ANSI/IBEE C37.04-1979 and ANSI/IEEE (87.09-1979. Bach circuit breaker is tested to demonstrate that it has the ability to successfully interrupt under most system circuit conditions. 8.8 Method of Rating and Application ‘3.3.1 Selection of a Circuit Breaker. The transient recovery voltage ratings for circuit, breakers are applicable at the rated symmetrical short circuit current and at the maximum rated. voltage of the circuit breaker. For fractional values of the rated symmetrical short circuit current, related transient recovery voltage capability multipliers are given in Table 7 of ANSI C37.06-1979.CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS ‘The transient recovery voltage ratings define a withstand boundary. The circuit transient recovery voltage and crest points of (1-cosine) ‘waves that exceed this boundary at rated short circuit current, or the modified boundary for currents other than rated, represent conditions in excess of the circuit breaker’s rated or re- lated capability. Either a different circuit breaker must be used, or the system must be modified in such a manner as to change its transient recovery voltage characteristics. ‘The ‘addition of capacitors to a bus or line is one method that can be used to change the sys- tem’s recovery voltage characteristics. 3.3.2 Effect of the Asymmetry on Transient Recovery Voltage. ‘The transient recovery volt- ages that occur when interrupting asymmetrical current values are generally less severe than when interrupting the related symmetrical current. Circuit breakers have the capability of interrupting these asymmetrical currents providing the circuit breakers are applied with- in their rating. 3.4 Calculating Circuit Transient Recovery Voltages. The calculation of circuit transient ANSI/TEEE. ca7.011-1979, recovery voltages (system recovery voltages unmodified by the action of the circuit break- er) is complex. First it is necessary to deter- mine the effective inductances and capaci- tances at the frequencies of the transient recovery voltage near the circuit breaker lo- cation; the number of lines or cables con- nocted to the bus at the time of the fault, their equivalent surge impedance, their length, and their remote terminations and intercon- nections; the magnitude of the fault cur- rent, and the amount that is contributed from the ‘local sources. Next, after arriving at an equivalent 3-phase representation of the transient system, analog representation, digital computers or hand calculations may be used to arrive at the circuit transient recovery voltage of the system. To illustrate a method of calculating tran- sient recovery voltages, a station was derived to illustrate the effects of the various elements which affect the transient recovery voltages. Fig 1 shows the connection diagram, length of lines, line termination, fault contributions and nameplate data. OCBs are oil, circuit! Fig 138 kV System to Demonstrate Various Procedures for Gatclating Transient Recovery Voliages auto sasey_ rts Sauer ska Eb | sxe _ aT a 27 MILE sas.is0 9260.0 200m pH i528 351" 8 Sana LE Sise bas 9 some ana sencraron some TeNSroe ‘ska | ACB | JOMILE ay J wet $ 138-138 KV ce (8) te) Bone soma ma Bt p20 MILE FICTITIOUS oce oS Feet. See ar it EGDVERT VOLT“ | 24 aus Putt 17 KAANSI/TREE Ceno1i979 ‘TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE POR AC HIGH-VOLTAGE OHMS AT I38KV FOR FIGURE | SYSTEM 17.85. 20 120 260 v a ig 2 ‘System Reactive Ohmic Values and Voltage Assumptions breakers of dead tank design and ACBs are air blast circuit breakers of live tank design. It is assumed, but not shown, that the voltage between the generator and its step-up trans- former remains constant beeause of auxiliary loads connected at this juncture: Fig 1 also indicates the location of the faults, identified by A, B,C, D, and B, that are used for caleu- lations in the following sections. Fig 2 shows ‘the reactive ohmic values and voltages assumed to produce the fault currents. In the calculation of the transient recovery voltages, the effect of resistance has been noglected. Resistances reduce the amplitude of the transient recovery voltage generally to the extent that each succeeding crest of an oscillatory voltage is reduced 10 to 20 pereent. of that of the previous crest. Changes in the wave shape and amplitude of the transient recovery voltage are also affected by system loads, bus inductances, line capacitances and. proximity of earth and other conductors. ‘These effects have not been included in these calculations since they generally tend to re- duce the severity of the transient recovery voltage, The following examples illustrate the vari- ‘ous techniques for the reduction of system elements to equivalent transient circuits and the basic techniques for calculating recovery voltages. Reactance = HVE? yyy) Inaueianee = Resetane ohms) =881- conan 31 Examples of Cireut Bquialent De termination 3.41.1 Transformer Effective Capacitance and Resonant Frequency 345-138 kV Auto- transformer. ‘The capacitance values shown in Fig 3 were obtained from 60 Hz measurements; for typical values see 3.7. Determing the effective 138 kV winding capacitance: Since the 13.8 kV winding is Fig 3 Measured Capacitance of an Autotransformer 10CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS sax, tT ~T 130Ky i [™ Fig 4 ANSI/IEEE, 37.011-1979, pn =3000F p" 2009F Gq 12800 OF PER PHASE Cy. 1H 700 DF PER PHASE 1g: 230009F PER PHASE Measured Capacitances of Generator Transformer floating, the distributed capacitance of the total winding is: 4 (Cu NC * Cr) Om * Cyn *Caa * Co = 3950 pF, that of the 188 kV winding, C is 3950 (S45- 138)/345 = 2370 pF. From [1]? (Appendix 1, Figs 1, 2, Curve A, reproduced as Fig 27), it can be shown that fifo = /CFIC® * Con), where C* is the lumped equivalent capacitance of the distributed winding capacitance C, with transformer isolated from 138 kV system. It is noted that the lumped equivalent capacitance C* is dependent on the resonating frequency of the transformer and since the addition of the bushing C,,, to C* will change the fre- ‘quency, it is assimed the ratio of the frequen- ey change will be f/fo = 0.9, then from the curve C*/C is found to be equal to 0.39, thus C# = 2370 (0.89) = 928 pF. The transformer bushing capacitance C,,, of 300 pF and the assumed C* = 928 pF combine to form C* + Cyy = 1228 pF. Rechecking, the ratio of Hifo = CFIC + Con) = V/928/1228 = 0.86. ‘This is close to the assumed value of 0.9, there- fore, C* = 930 pF. The effect of the bushing con the 345 kV terminal is neglected. It should be noted that if the tertiary winding is con- nected to potential transformers the value of Cr, may be increased. ‘The natural resonant frequency of the trans- former would be: 2Nambers in brackels refer to those of the references listed in Section 4 of this guide. u 1 fo" FEO : aor : ~ BTOOEBAN TES) ~ 79 900 ‘The inductance of 0.0234 H was obtained from Fig2. 3.4.1.2 Transformer Effective Capacitance and Resonant Frequency 13.8 — 133 kV Gen- erator Transformer. The measured values are shown in Fig 4. ‘The distributed capacitance, C,, of the 138 KV winding is: Cut (Crp *Cn) Cup ¥ Cry *Cy = 11,550 pF per phase Other 138 kV capacitances: Cp" Che + transformer bushing = 300 breaker bushing 300 40 ft of bus 120 switch and insulators = 200 and the total, C5 920 pF To find the equivalent capacitance C* (see Fig 27 and the previous example) assume f/fo = 0.9, then C* 11550 (0.39) = 4500 pF. [4500 v 4500 + 921 ‘This is close to 0.90, therefore C* = 4500 pF. From Fig 2, X,.= 7 9, and L = 7/377 0.0186 H. The natural frequency of the gen- erator transformer is, 10° fo = eJOOIBETSADD) ~ 16 000 He =0.91ANSI/IEEE. c37.011-1979 8.4.1.8 Bus Capacitance Equivalent, Bsti- mation of single phase bus capacitance exclud- ing power transformers: 4 oil circuit breakers X 2 bush- ings/circuit breaker x 300 pF/ bushing = 2400 pF 2 air circuit breakers X 100 pF/ circuit breaker = 200 pF 250 ft bus and switches X 3.0 pF /ft = 150 pF 25 post insulators X 10.0 pF = 250 pF 12 switches X 2 supports/switch X 90 pF /support = 2160 pF 1 potential device = 1000 pF 2 transformer bushings X 800 pF bushing 600 pF 7360 pF Estimation of the effective bus capacitance including the power transformers: Let C* of the generator transformer = (11 550)(0.85) = 4020 pF (see 3.4.1) Let C* of the tie transformer = (2870)(0.35) = 840 pF (see 3.4.1) Here the ratio of f/fo of 0.4 is assumed and from Fig 27 the ratio of CH/C is 0.35. Adding these two values and the lumped capacity of 7860 pF, a total effective bus capacitance Cy of 12220 pF is obtained. As a check, the ratio of f/fo of tie transformer is found to be Hfo = \/840/12220 = 0.26, and f/fo of gen- erator transformer is fifo’ = 4020/1220 = 0.57, The effective bus capacitance is assumed to be approximately equal to 12000 pF. Even though the ratios of f/fo for each bank do not approach 0.4, their averages do. BA.1.4 Effective Souree Inductance. See [1], equations 6 and 7, page 42 Eo KuKue ViolB KK, +K,, 1K) From Figs 1 and 2, La Sav? = 802 12 ‘TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC HIGH-VOLTAGE BI is the local source contribution, K, is the ratio of the generator bank contribution to that of the total local transformer contribu- tions. Ly is equal to 0.01035 H. Stated another way, La is the parallel combination of the source inductances that are active in producing the transient recovery voltage. Te, deel Figs Line Conductor Configuration 3.4.1.5 Line and Cable Equivalent, 'The line surge impedance (Z) for line transient con- sideration for the configuration shown in Fig 5 looks like a resistance ([2],, page 533) that may bbe approximated by’ and for cables Z = 50.2. fe s808 ‘Thus if three transmission lines are connected to a bus their phase to neutral equivalent would be equal to a 450/32 resistance. This representation of lines is correct until the first wave reflection from the nearest remote ter minal is received. 3.4.1.6 Transient Wave Reflections and ‘Travel Time. For the transient wave (see [2], age 527) refer to Fig 6. ‘The time for a wave to go out and back is: 0.7 M VuR us where ‘M= miles k= dielectric constant for overhead lines uk = 1.0 for cables k = 4, u& 1.0, Vuk = (See [1], pages 26 and 27.) ‘The returning reflections are modified when the effect of the bus inductance or line termin-CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS Fig6 ‘Traveling Waves at Discontinuity al transformer inductance is considered (see [5]). An example of the inductances effect is considered in 8.4.2.2. 3.4.1.7 Line Reactor Representation. From Fig 2, X, = 2.0, and L, = X1/2nf = 2/377 = 0.0053 H. Me wer red Fig7 Equivalent Circuit ‘The time constant of the circuit, T, = L/R = 0.0053/450 = 11.8 us. At 37, this circuit for practical purposes looks like a resistance, 87, is 86.3 us in this case. See Fig 7. For a 3-phase grounded fault between the reactor and line, assume a distributed capaci- tance of 3000 pF as shown in Fig 8. 13. ANSI/IEEE. ca7.011-1979, Lp 00534 Cp300 3000. OT pF ope Fig8 Equivalent Circuit of Grounded Reactor 9, then from [1], page 30, Assuming f/fo 1170 pF, CF = 3000 (0.39) ~ J in70 + 300 te 10° °* SaJEn CR | 2x0.0083 (1170) = 64x 10° He Shunt line reactors appear as open circuits to transient recovery voltages because of their large inductance and therefore large time con- stants. 3.4.2 Examples of Transient Recovery Volt- age Calculations. The following transient recov- ery voltage calculations are for the system shown in Figs 1 and 2, and for fault locations A,B,C, D, and E. 3.4.2.1 Oscillatory Consideration. Fig 9 combines the equivalent components derived in 3.4.1. Thé system is oscillatory if: 4Z2C, z Le! Fig 9 Bus Fault Transient Single Phase ‘Equivalent of SystemANSI/IBEE. cazo1asie This is a rearrangement of [3], page 596, formula 78a. Neglecting the series reactor- resistor combination + (2) 2 000 0.01035 10° = 0.106 the circuit is not oscillatory. 3.4.2.2 Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault at Load Side Terminals of a Bus Cireuit Breaker. First pole to open. Again neglecting the reac- torline combination, the transient 3-phase equivalent is for a fault at (A) of Fig 1, as shown in Fig 10. Fig 10 ‘Transient Equivalent of a Bus Fault This equivalent is correct until the first re- ‘lection. ‘This equivalent is different than the single-phase equivalent because the S-phase ‘ungrounded fault connects all of the three sin- gle-phase equivalents. To be oscillatory, soe 34.2.1. -u fi zon JE Actually Z = 225 ©, therefore this equiva- lent is not oscillatory. ‘The effect of the bus capacitance is to delay the transient recovery voltage by a time of ZC, ‘or in thie ease (225)(8183) 10° 5 or 1.83 ps: therefore since the delay is small, the effect of C can be neglected (see [1], page 99). It is anticipated that in practical cases the time de- lay Ty, will be at least as great as the standard value. However, if in some.case this does not prove to be true, either the circuit should be modified or the manufacturer should be con- sulted concerning the capability of the circuit breaker. The recovery voltage will be exponen- 4 ‘TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC HIGH-VOLTAGE tial having an initial rate-of ise of: Ry =VTwlZ, 10% kV ius = VE(BTF) (17) (225) 10° = 2.04 kV/s (See [3], page 85.) The exponential crest volt- age will be E, = V2 lealg kV = V2 (17) (377) (0.015525) = 142 kV "The time constant equals B._ 142 Ry 204 9.5 us ‘The reactorine combination would begin to 1o0k like a resistor (see 3.4.1.7), Dut for these purposes it will still be considered infinite. The retuming traveling wave will have an approxi- mate time constant of (69.5) + (11.8) = 81.3 1s, and can be neglected. This exponential rise is impressed on each line and their returning ef- fects will now be considered. 3.4.2.2.1 10 Mile Line, Since this line is transformer terminated, it can be considered an open circuit (thal is, Zz = =). The reflected wave front will then be identical with and sue perimposed on the incoming wave. In actuality, the transformer will initially appear as an open circuit to surges and then change to a short- circuit. This transposition is exponential having a time constant of L of the transformer divided by the surge impedance of the line. Since the line is 10 mi long, it will take 107 ys for the wave to be reflected back to the bus. The front of the wave will be positive and added to the original outgoing wave. The voltage at the re- mote end will have reached two times the crest value of the incident wave. That portion of the returning wave that will be transmitted through the bus and out on the other two lines (neglect- ing the effects of bus inductance and capaci- tance and the line with the reactor) is: (See 8.4.1.5.) ‘The wave reflecting back on the line is: las — Zs |Z, 82s, ‘The second reflection will enter the bus in 214 us and will add to the line voltage. This second 1 cheCIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS. WEGLECTING ANSI/IEEE 37.01.1979, art woyeraner 2 | con Fm an 2 | seat we y | omaen “ S 38 7Tcausten recover gE /Souiaee § } oh pervect , \Z Eoac Time weaoseconos aed : Brscron Ue che Fig 11 ‘Transient Recovery Voltage — Three Phase Ungrounded Fault at Bus Point (A) of Fig 1 transmitted wave will be eg = "/ @-=% (—" a1) =~%h ‘The inclusion of the bus inductance will have the effect of reducing the magnitude of the complete TRV. When the bus inductance is considered, the transmitted voltage waves at the bus will be a more complex function of time (see [5]). For an incident wave of e; = E. (1 —e~ 2a), the first transmitted wave is of the form: 228, zt Tat © oa where L,. is the bus inductance and n is the number of transmission lines connected to the bus (not including the line for which the re- flection is being studied). ‘A comparison of the two methods of ealeu- lating transient recovery voltages is shown in Fig 11. When the effects of bus inductance are included in the ‘TRV calculations, the mag- nitude of the transmitted wave at the bus is reduced considerably. The initial rate-of-rise of the wave is not affected because the bus in- uctance will intially appear as an open circuit to the traveling wave. Fig 11 also shows the circuit breaker TRV capability which will be discussed in a later Section. It is apparent that the calculated TRVs exceed the circuit breaker capability as shown by the shaded area of the curve. Al- though the TRV capability is exceeded by both 15 calculation methods, the severity of the TRV is greally reduced when bus inductance is in cluded in the calculations. The inclusion of bus inductance may be sufficient to make marginal breaker applications suitable. The inductance of transformer terminated lines could also be included by a similar reasoning. 3.4.2.2.2 27 Mile Line. This line is termi nated in a bus that has two additional lines, thus the voltage reflected back from the remote bus will be: Zh, 2/2—-Z 1 eg ag = () Zaz 7 ge) (Gee 3.4.1.6.) This wave will ative at the fault- ed bus in 27 (10.7) = 290 ns, and will enter the bus with the same factors as in the 10 mi line, that is: a 2 eo Ben=% ( seo where the latter ¢; is the initial bus voltage. 3.4.2.2.3 40 Mile Line. The first re- flected wave will return in 40 (10.7) = 428 us, and will not be considered. A composite of these various voltages is shown in Fig 11. It can be seen that these calculations are conservative and that some method of accounting is needed to keep track of the numerous modified reflec- tions. Such a method is outlined in [4]. 3.4.2.3 Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault at Cireuit Breaker Line Side Terminals (see (B) ofANSI/IERE, Caz.o13-1979 TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR AC HIGH-VOLTAGE Fig 12 ‘Transient Equivalent for a Fault at the Line Terminals of a Circuit Breaker circuit 200} BREAKER, CAPABILITY: 109| POLE UNIT CIRCUIT ‘TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE KV 706) TIME IN MICROSECONOS C CALCULATED RECOVERY| VOLTAGE Fig 13 ‘Transient Recovery Voltage — Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault on Circuit Breaker Terminal at (B) of Fig 1 Fig 1), The transient 3-phase equivalent cir- cuit for the first pole to open and neglecting the reactor-line combination and assuming the line side bushing capacitance remains on the bus side is shown in Fig 12. This equivalent is. ‘good until the first reflection retums from the remote ends, The resistance 450/3 represents the three phases of the faulted line. From this figure the initial rate of rise is: Ryy © VE wey 10-8 V2 (377) (17) (2893) 10-* = 262kV/us, 16 ‘The crest voltage remains the same at 142 kV. ‘The time constant = 142/2.62 = 54.0 ys. The recovery voltage is shown in Fig 13. 84.2.4 Three-Phase Ground Fault at Line Side of Series Reactor (see (C) of Fig 1). The transient S-phase equivalent for the first pole to open is in accordance with Fig 14. The fault current is 15 kA, The circuit driving voltage B= V Blaby = V% (15) (377) (0.01565) = 125.5 kV of which 10.35/15.65 X 125.5 is the source