Digital Voting Using Blockchain Technology

1.INTRODUCTION

In every democracy, the security of an election is a matter of national security.

The computer security field has for a decade studied the possibilities of electronic
voting systems , with the goal of minimizing the cost of having a national election,
while fulfilling and increasing the security conditions of an election. From the dawn
of democratically electing candidates, the voting system has been based on pen and
paper. Replacing the traditional pen and paper scheme with a new election system is
critical to limit fraud and having the voting process traceable and verifiable.
Electronic voting machines have been viewed as flawed, by the security community,
primarily based on physical security concerns. Anyone with physical access to such
machine can sabotage the machine, there by affecting all votes cast on the afore
mentioned machine.

A blockchain is a distributed, immutable, incontrovertible, public ledger. This

new technology works through four main features:

 The ledger exists in many different locations: No single point of failure in the
maintenance of the distributed ledger.
 There is distributed control over who can append new transactions to the ledger.
 Any proposed “new block” to the ledger must reference the previous version of
the ledger, creating an immutable chain from where the blockchain gets its name,
and thus preventing tampering with the integrity of previous entries.
 A majority of the network nodes must reach a consensus before a proposed new
block of entries becomes a permanent part of the ledger.

These technological features operate through advanced cryptography,

providing a security level equal and/or greater than any previously known database.
The blockchain technology is therefore considered by many, including us, to be the
ideal tool, to be used to create the new modern democratic voting process.

This project evaluates the use of blockchain as a service to implement an

electronic voting (e-voting) system. The project makes the following original
contributions: (i) research existing blockchain frameworks suited for constructing

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blockchain- based e-voting system, (ii) propose a blockchain-based e- voting system

that uses “permissioned blockchain” to enable liquid democracy.

 Preliminaries Of E-Voting And Blockchain: This section explains the

liquid democracy and its design consideration. We then provide an overview
of blockchain and smart contract technology and its capabilities as a service
for implementing an e-voting system for liquid democracy along with an
overview of Zero-Knowledge proofs and their use cases in such systems.

 Liquid Democracy Design Considerations : The main idea in a liquid

democracy [6] is that the voter has the power, at any given moment, to review
the way his vote was cast in terms of a specific legislative proposal or a bill.
This allows people with domain-specific knowledge to better influence the
outcome of decisions, which should lead to an overall better governance. The
concept of liquid democracy could be a possible answer to the public requests,
but there are technical and social barriers in the way. The solution to the
technical concerns associated with the liquid democracy concept could be vital
for the evolution of democracy as we know it.

Below, we list our envisioned essential requirements that need to be fulfilled

by an e-voting system in order for it to effectively be used in a national election:
 An election system should not enable coerced voting.
 An election system should not enable traceability of a vote to a voters identifying
credentials.
 An election system should ensure and proof to a voter, that the voters vote, was
counted, and counted correctly.
 An election system should not enable control to a third party to tamper with any
vote.
 An election system should not enable a single entity control over tallying votes
and determining an elections result.
 An election system should only allow eligible individuals to vote in an election

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Blockchain as a Service

The blockchain technology was introduced in 2008 when Satoshi Nakamoto

created the first cryptocurrency called Bit-coin. The Bitcoin blockchain technology
uses a decentralized public ledger combined with PoW(Proof-of-Work) based
stocastic concensus protocol, with financial incentives to record a totally ordered
sequence of blocks, the blockchain. The chain is replicated, cryptographically signed
and publicly verifyable at every transaction so that no-one can tamper with the data
that has been written onto the blockchain. The blockchain structure is an append-only
data structure, such that new blocks of data can be written to it, but cannot be altered
or deleted . The blocks are chained in such a way that each block has a hash that is a
function of the previous block, providing the assurance of immutability.

Whereas the Bitcoin blockchain publishes all elements of the entire chain, in
general other types of blockchain can be public, private or consortium based. Public
blockchains grant access to read and ability to create a transaction to any user on that
network. This type is mostly used for cryptocurrencies (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum,
Dogecoin and Auroracoin). Consor- tium blockchain is a “partially decentralized”
blockchain, where the consensus process is controlled by a pre-selected set of nodes.
Imagine a consortium of 15 financial institutions, each of which operates a node of
which 10 must sign every block in order for the block to be valid. The right to read
the blockchain can be public or restricted to the participants. Private blockchain limits
not only the write access but the read access as well, to specific participants who can
verify their transaction internally. That makes the transaction on a private network
cheaper, since they only need to be verified by few nodes that are trusted and with
guaranteed high processing power. Nodes can be trusted to be very well-connected
and faults can quickly be fixed by manual intervention, allowing the use of consensus
algorithms which offer finality after much shorter block times.

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2.LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Sven Heiberg, Ivo Kubjas, Janno Siim, and Jan Willemson,“On Trade-offs of
Applying Block Chains for Electronic Voting Bulletin Boards”-2018.

This paper takes a critical look at the recent trend of building electronic
voting systems on top of block chain technology. Even though being very appealing
from the election integrity perspective, block chains have numerous technical,
economical and even political drawbacks that need to be taken into account. Selecting
a good trade-off between desirable properties and restrictions imposed by different
block chain implementations is a highly non-trivial task. This paper aims at bringing
some clarity into performing this task. We will mostly be concentrating on public
permissionless block chains and their applications as bulletin board implementations
as these are the favourite choices in majority of the recent block chain based voting
protocol proposals.

2. MacNamara, Paul Gibson, and Ken Oakley ,“The ideal voting interface:
Classifying usability”-2014.

This work presents a feature-oriented taxonomy for commercial electronic

voting machines, which focuses on usability aspects. Based on this analysis, we
propose a ‘Just-Like-Paper’ (JLP) classification method which identifies five broad
categories of E-Voting interface. We extend the classification to investigate its
application as an indicator of voting efficiency and identify a universal ten-step
process encompassing all possible voting steps spanning the twenty-six machines
studied. Our analysis concludes that multi-functional and progressive interfaces are
likely to be more efficient versus multi-modal voter-activated machine.

3. J.P Gibson , R Krimmer , V.Teague & J.Pomares , “A review of E-voting the

past , present & future”-2017.

This paper reviews the past, present and future of on-line voting. It reports on
the role of technology transfer, from research to practice, and the range of divergent
views concerning the adoption of on-line voting for critical elections.

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4. Xiaoyu Ma , Jiting Zhou , Xiumei Yang and Guangyuan Liu , "A Blockchain
Voting System Based on the Feedback Mechanism and Wilson Score", -2020.

A blockchain voting system based on the feedback mechanism and Wilson

score is proposed to solve the problem of the malicious votes behavior. Firstly, the
relatively accurate supporting rate and ranking for candidates are obtained using the
Wilson score. Secondly, different feedback coefficients are calculated according to
the above parameters. Finally, the account points are adjusted according to the
feedback coefficients. The feedback mechanism is designed in the voting smart
contract, and the smart contract is deployed on the blockchain to ensure the
enforcement of the feedback mechanism. A fully functional smart contract is designed
and briefly verified in this project.The experiment is conducted under the K-out-of-L
type of weighted voting. Experimental results show that the Wilson score can
accurately modify the candidates supporting rates, and the feedback mechanism can
effectively suppress malicious votes.

5.Kashif Mehboob Khan,Junaid Arshad ,Muhammad Mubashir Khan, "Secure

Digital Voting System based on Blockchain Technology "-2018

Electronic voting or e-voting has been used in varying forms since 1970s with
fundamental benefits over paper based systems such as increased efficiency and
reduced errors. However, there remain challenges to achieve wide spread adoption of
such systems especially with respect to improving their resilience against potential
faults. Blockchain is a disruptive technology of current era and promises to improve
the overall resilience of e-voting systems. This paper presents an effort to leverage
benefits of blockchain such as cryptographic foundations and transparency to achieve
an effective scheme for e-voting. The proposed scheme conforms to the fundamental
requirements for e-voting schemes and achieves end-to-end verifiability. The paper
presents details of the proposed e-voting scheme along with its implementation using
Multichain platform. The paper presents in-depth evaluation of the scheme which
successfully demonstrates its effectiveness to achieve an end-to-end verifiable e-
voting scheme.

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3.PROBLEM STATEMENT

 Anonymous Voting:Each vote may or may not be contain any choice per
candidate,should be anonymous to every one including the system
administrators,after the vote is submitted through the system.
 Individualized ballot processes:How a vote are depicted with in the involving
net applications or databases continues to be an open discussion where as a
transparent text message is that the worst plan,a hashed token is wont to offer
obscurity and integrity.Meanwhile,the vote ought to be non-reputable,that
can’t be bonded by the token resolution.
 Ballot casting verifiability by (and only by) the voter: the elector ought to be
ready to see and verify his/her own vote, when she/he submitted the vote.This
is often vital to realize so as to forestall or a minimum of to note, any
potential malicious activity. This counter live, expect for providing suggests
that of non-repudiation, can sure boost the sensation of trust of the voters.
These issues area unit partly self-addressed in some recent applications.
 High initial setup costs: Though sustaining and maintaining on-line selection
systems is way cheaper than ancient elections, initial deployments could be
pricy, particularly for businesses.
 Increasing security problems: Cyber attacks cause an excellent threat to the
general public polls, nobody would settle for the responsibility if associate
degreey hacking try succeeds throughtout an election. The DDoS attacks are
documented and largely not the case within the elections.

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4.EXISTING SYSTEM

 In the current framework the conducting of election using Electronic

Voting Machine(EVM) where the election is running manually.
 In this system the voter has to visit to the booths to vote . The voter has to
manually register into voter list also the vote counting has to be done
manually.
 In spite of the fact that (EVM’s) are said to be secured there have been
numerous allegations and reports of election irregularities regarding
(EVM’s).

 Electronic Voting Machine (also known as EVM) is voting using

electronic means to either aid or take care of the chores of casting and
counting votes.

 An EVM is designed with two units: the control unit and the balloting unit.
These units are joined together by a cable.

 The control unit of the EVM is kept with the presiding officer or the
polling officer.

 The balloting unit is kept within the voting compartment for electors to
cast their votes. This is done to ensure that the polling officer verifies your
identity. With the EVM, instead of issuing a ballot paper, the polling
officer will press the Ballot Button which enables the voter to cast their
vote.

 A list of candidates names and/or symbols will be available on the

machine with a blue button next to it. The voter can press the button next
to the candidate’s name they wish to vote for.

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5. PROPOSED SYSTEM

In our work, a digital voting system using blockchain technology is proposed.

its builds on the blockchain-based electronic voting system that doesn’t entirely
replace the current voting but rather integrates within the current system. the main
activities in this election process are as follows:

1. Election creation: in this the election administrators create election ballots using a
decentralized (dAPP)This decentralized app interacts with an election creation smart
contract, in which the administrator defines a list of candidates and voting districts.
This smart contract creates a set of ballot smart contracts and deploys them onto the
blockchain, with a list of the candidates, for each voting district, where each voting
district is a parameter in each ballot smart contract. When the election is created, each
corresponding district node is given permission to interact with his corresponding
ballot smart contract

2. Voter registration: in this the registration of voter phase is conducted by the

election administrators. When an election is created the election administrators must
define a deterministic list of eligible voters. This requires a component for a
government identity verification service to securely authenticate and authorize eligible
individuals. Using such verification services, each of the eligible voter should have an
electronic ID and PIN number and information on what voting district the voter is
located in. For each eligible voter, a corresponding wallet would be generated for the
voter. The wallet generated for each individual voter should be unique for each
election the voter is eligible for and a NIZKP could be integrated to generate such
wallet so that the system itself does not know which wallet matches an individual
voter

3. Vote transaction: in this when an individual votes at a voting district, the voter
interacts with a ballot smart contract with the same voting district as is defined for any
individual voter. This smart contract interacts with the blockchain via the
corresponding district node, which ap- pends the vote to the blockchain if consensus is
reached between the majority of the corresponding district nodes. Each vote is stored
as a transaction on the blockchain whereas each individual voter receives on the
blockchain holds information about whom was voted for, and the location of

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aforementioned vote. Each vote is appended onto the blockchain by its corresponding
ballot smart contract, if and only if all corresponding district nodes agree on the
verification of the vote data.

4. Tallying results: in this the tallying of the election is done on the fly in the
smart contracts. Each ballot smart contract does their own tally for their
corresponding location in its own storage. When an election is over, the final
result for each smart contract is published.

5.Verifying vote: in this each individual voter receives the transaction ID of his vote.
Each individual voter can go to his government official and present their transaction
ID after authenticating himself using his electronic ID and its corresponding PIN. The
government official, utilizing district node access to the blockchain, uses the
blockchain explorer to locate the transaction with the corresponding transaction ID on
the blockchain. The voter can therefore see his vote on the blockchain, verifying
that it was counted and counted correctly.

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6. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

in this, we devised a blockchain-based electronic voting system, optimizing for the

objectives and considerations identified. In the following we start by identifying the
roles and component for implementing an e-voting smart contract. In this our
objectives of the proposed system are as follows:

6.1. Election as a Smart Contract:

Defining a smart contract includes identifying the roles that are involved in
the agreement (the election agreement in our case) and the different components and
transactions in the agreement process. We start by explaining the election roles
followed by the election process.

6.2.Election Roles:
The elections in our proposal enable participation of individuals or institutions
in the following roles. Where multiple institutions and individuals can be enrolled to
the same role.

 Election administrators: Manage the lifecycle of an election.

Multiple trusted institutions and companies are enrolled with this
role. The election administrators specify the election type and create
aforementioned election, configurate ballots, register voters, decide the
lifetime of the election and assign permissioned nodes.
 Voters: For elections to which they are eligible for, voters can
authenticate themselves, load election ballots, cast their vote and
verify their vote after an election is over. Voters can be rewarded for
voting with tokens when they cast their vote in an election in the near
future, which could be integrated with a smart city project.
 District nodes: When the election administrators create an election,
each ballot smart contracts, representing each voting district, are
deployed onto the blockchain. When the ballot smart contracts are
created, each of the corresponding district nodes are given permission
to interact with their corresponding ballot smart contract. When an

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individual voter casts his vote from his corresponding smart contract,
the vote data is verified by all of the corresponding district nodes and
every vote they agree on are appended onto the blockchain when block
time has been reached.
 Boot nodes: Each institution, with permissioned access to the
network, host a boot node. A boot node helps the district nodes to
discover each other and communicate. The boot nodes do not keep any
state of the blockchain and is ran on a static IP so that district nodes
find its peers faster.

6.3.Election Process:
In our work, each election process is represented by a set of smart contracts,
which are instantiated on the blockchain by the election administrators. A smart
contract is defined for each of the voting districts of the election so multiple smart
contracts are involved in an election. For each voter with its corresponding voting
district location, defined in the voter’s registration phase, the smart contract with the
corresponding location will be prompted to the voter after the user authenticates
himself when voting.

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7. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

 System : Core i3

 Hard disk : 40GB

 Ram : 4GB

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS;

 Operating system : Windows 10,8

 Front end : html,css,jsp,jquery
 Back end : php
 Database : MYSQL
 Tool : Netbeans 7.2.1

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8. DATA AND FLOW CONTROL MODULES

DATA MODULE

Fig. 8.1: Election roles and process

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FLOW CONTROL MODULE:

Fig. 8.2: Voter authenticates himself and casts vote

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Fig. 8.3: Block added to the blockchain

To introduce a method of secure authentication, our pro- posed system is

designed to use electronic ID authentication via Auðkenni[25], which is an Icelandic
service provider for identity verification. Auðkenni utilizes the Nexus software and
RFID scanners. When a user registers for an electronic ID, a user chooses a PIN
number for its corresponding ID consisting of 6 numbers. A user will therefore
identify himself in the voting booth by scanning his ID and providing his
corresponding PIN number to authenticate himself to the system.
 Any computer in any voting district can be used by any eligible voter to vote,
since the wallet for the corresponding voter has information on which
voting district the voter is supposed to vote from. For a user to successfully
authenticate, a valid ID and PIN number needs to be presented at a voting
district using a card reader and the nexus software.
 If the authentication is successful, the corresponding smart contract is
prompted for the ongoing election. The ballot for the aforementioned
election is a smart contract which has a list of the candidates a voter
can choose from.

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 When a voter has selected a candidate and casts his vote, the voter
proceeds to sign his vote by re-entering the corresponding PIN number
for his electronic ID.
 After the voter has signed his vote, the vote data proceeds to be verified
by the corresponding district node, which the voter is interacting with
the smart contract through. If the aforementioned district node accepts
the vote data, the vote data must be agreed upon by the majority
corresponding district node.

If the majority of district nodes agree upon the vote data, consensus for the
particular vote has been reached. The user then receives the transaction ID for the
corresponding transaction of his vote in the form of a QR-code and the option to
print the transaction ID. When the vote is casted and has been verified, a function
in the smart contract adds one vote to the party which was voted for. This
functionality of the smart contract structure is utilized to determine the election
result in each of the voting districts. Figure 8.2 is a visual representation of the
steps we just elaborated.

 All transactions which were received and verified in the ongoing block
time are deployed onto the blockchain after the block time has reached its
time limit (see Figure 8.3). With each new block added to the blockchain,
each district node updates his copy of the ledger.

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9.MERITS AND DEMERITS

9.1 Merits:

1) Blockchain-based voting system can address many of the problems faced in

today’s election and promises new opportunities, from securing transparency
making the voting process more accessible, affordable and safe.
2) Electronic voting system in general could solve some of the problems
elections face today. These problems include not giving equal access to all
because of e.g. handicap, work, long waiting time, distance to voting places or
the cost of getting there. If it was possible to vote from phones, it would be
easier and more accessible for people to cast their votes no matter where they
work or live.
3) When a voter has selected a candidate and casts his vote, the voter proceeds to
sign his vote by re-entering the corresponding PIN number for his electronic
ID.

9.2 Demerits:

1) But reflections about the risks of using electronic voting systems also needs to
be taken seriously in order not to increase risks and security vulnerabilities in
the voting process.
2) To successfully DDos a distributed system such as we have proposed, the
attacker must DDoS every single bootnode in the private network. The
individual or institution would be immediately located if that would occur.
Each node is implemented with a Byzantine fault tolerance algorithm,which
helps locating failed nodes in the system.
3) Each individual is identified and authenticated by the system by presenting an
electronic ID from Auðkenni and the corresponding 6-digit PIN in the voting
booth. Without supervision, an individual could vote for multiple people, if the
individual had knowledge of the PIN for each corresponding electronic ID he
has to further address this vulnerability in the near future, a biometric scan
could be introduced.

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10.APPLICATION

1. Election scheme, proposed a multi-authority secret-ballot election scheme

which would guarantee privacy, universal verifiability and robustness, where
voters would participate using a PC, where the main consideration is the effort
required of a voter[11].
2. In this model, voters cast their vote by posting ballots to a bulletin board. The
bulletin board works as a broadcast channel with memory to the extent that
any party can access its content but no party can erase anything from the
bulletin board. The ballot does not reveal any information on the vote itself
but is ensured by an accompanying proof that the ballot contains a valid
vote. The final tally, the sum of all votes, which occurs when the deadline
is reached, can then be obtained and verified, by any observer, against the
product of all submitted ballots. Which would ensure universal verifiability,
due to the homomorphic properties of the encryption method used.
3. While this proposal can scale up to large elections better than the previous
ones, it does have limitations. The proposal doesn’t provide any coercion
resistance, as the election takes place on a PC at home, like the Ethereum
smart contract, the coercer can stand over the shoulder of the voter.
4. Multiple ballots can be listed together through a voter pool smart contract
where each voter pool smart contract can f.x. represent each polling place. An
individual voter therefore registers at the polling place and then interacts with
the voter pool smart contract through the voter dAapp.

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11.EXPECTED RESULTS

1. Timing is very important in voting schemes; technical capabilities and the

infrastructures should be reliable and run at the highest possible performance
to let remote voting be synchronous.
2. The blockchain technology may address many issues regarding e-voting
schemes mentioned in above section and make e-voting cheaper, easier, and
much more secure to implement. It is a considerably new paradigm that can
help to form decentralized systems, which assure the data integrity,
availability, and fault tolerance. Some state that “the blockchain technology is
bringing us the Internet of value: a new, distributed platform that can help us
reshape the world of business and transform the old order of human affairs for
the better.” .This technology aims to revolutionize the systems. The
blockchain systems are formed as decentralized networked systems of
computers, which are used for validating and recording the pure online
transactions. They also constitute ledgers, where digital data is tied to each
other, called the blockchain. The records on the blockchains are essentially
immutable.
3. To address voter tampering, blockchains generate cryptographically secure
voting records. Votes are recorded accurately, permanently, securely, and
transparently. So, no one can modify or manipulate votes. Furthermore,
blockchains preserve participant’s anonymity while still being open to public
inspection. Although nothing is totally secure, tampering is nearly impossible
with blockchains.

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12.CONCLUSION

The idea of adapting digital voting systems to make the public electoral
process cheaper, faster and easier, is a compelling one in modern society. Making the
electoral process cheap and quick, normalizes it in the eyes of the voters, removes a
certain power barrier between the voter and the elected official and puts a certain
amount of pressure on the elected official. It also opens the door for a more direct
form of democracy, allowing voters to express their will on individual bills and
propositions.

In this project, we introduced a unique, blockchain-based electronic voting

system that utilizes smart contracts to enable secure and cost efficient election while
guaranteeing voters privacy. We have outlined the systems architecture, the design,
and a security analysis of the system. By comparison to previous work, we have
shown that the blockchain technology offers a new possibility for democratic
countries to advance from the pen and paper election scheme, to a more cost- and
time-efficient election scheme, while increasing the security.

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13.REFERENCE

[1]. Ahmed Ben Ayed(2017);A Conceptual Secure Blockchain –Based Electronic

Voting System; International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications
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[2]. Pavel Tarasov and Hitesh Tewari(2017);The Future of E-Voting; IADIS
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[3]. Zibin Zheng1, Shaoan Xie1, Hongning Dai2, Xiangping Chen4, and Huaimin
Wang3(2017);An Overview of Blockchain Technology : Architecture,
Consensus, and Future Trends; IEEE 6th International Congress on Big Data.
[4]. Jesse Yli-Huumo1, Deokyoon Ko2, Sujin Choi4*, Sooyong Park2, Kari
Smolander3(2016); Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology?—
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[6]. Michael Crosby, Google,Nachiappan, Yahoo,Pradhan Pattanayak,
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[7]. Freya Sheer Hardwick, Apostolos Gioulis, Raja Naeem Akram, and
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[8]. Kibin Lee, Joshua I. James, Tekachew Gobena Ejeta, Hyoung Joong
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[9]. Aayushi Gupta1*, Jyotirmay Patel2, Mansi Gupta1, Harshit Gupta1(2017);
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3115 Vol. 7, No. 1 (2017).

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