PDF Aula 11 Circuitos Magneticos Compress

Tirfinbo Droquolgy
Crfvos (TDC)
Xropiroc & Xrosoltoc Ny:
K.WEIAOOB-_C-CFL

 Fltrmcugml Gmltolt
 Dulgmls md Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo
Crf vo
 Gmltrmb Irrilòkolts md TDC
 Xirts & Mporiml md i TDC
 Ippbfgiml Sorkflmbm`y dmr TDC
 Xmwor Flput Sorkflmbm`y dmr TDC

 Kifltolilgo md TDC
 Wqufrrob Giò Flcugml Kmtmr (WGFK)
 Xmwor Obogtrmlfg Gmlvortmrs
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) >
Gmltolt: (Gmlluoc)
 WG^ / Seyrfstmrs
 Flsubitoc @ito Nfpmbir Srilsfstmr (F@NS)
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) 7
Fltrmcugml
 Pmrafl` Xrflgfpib:
Xrf lgfpib:
 Seo spooc (l) md teo kmtmr gil no gmltrmbboc ofteor ny
icjusl` teo suppby droquolgy ( d ) mr teo luknor md pmbos
( p
p). Fl il IG flcugml kmtmr, teo sylgermlmus spooc,
wefge fs teo spooc it wefge teo stitmr obc rmtitos, fs
`mvorloc ny teo sfkpbo dmrkubi:
Fltrmcugml: (Gmlluoc)
 Seo ifr-ìp ux (Τ) md il IG flcugml kmtmr fs cfrogtby
prmpmrmlib tm teo ki`lftuco md teo suppby vmbtiò (T ) ilc
flvorsoby
flvorsoby prmpmrmlib tm teo droquolgy ( d ).
).
 Wm teo spooc gmltrmb md IG kmtmrs fs gmkpbfgitoc ny teo digt

teit nmte vmbtiò ilc droquolgy looc tm no gmltrmbboc
sfkubtilomusby, eolgo teo liko virfinbo vmbtiò, virfinbo
droquolgy (TTTD) gmlvortor.
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) ?
 Wm, tm kifltifl gmlstilt
gmlstilt kmtmr mutput tmrquo, teo ux colsfty
kust no aopt gmlstilt wefge koils teit teo rim T/d kust no
aopt gmlstilt.
 Seo cfrogml md rmtiml md teo IG kmtmr gil no rovorsoc ny

geil`fl` teo rfl` soquolgo pmwor obogtrmlfg vibvos md teo
flvortor stiò. Sefs fs sfkpby cmlo termuè teo obogtrmlfg
gmltrmb gfrguft.
 Mutput pmwor md teo IG kmtmr fs prmpmrmlib tm teo prmcugt
md tmrquo ilc spooc.
 Nisfg Gmlstrugml:
 Sypos md TWC:
(i) Pirc-Bomlirc systok
(n) Seyrfstmrs gmltrmbboc CG crfvo
(g) Tmbtiò smurgo flvortor (XIK) IG crfvo
(c) XPK vmbtiò smurgo (XPK) IG crfvo
 Gygbmgmlvortor:
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) 9>
 Seo Looc Md Seo TDC=
 Sm kitge teo spooc md teo crfvo tm

prmgoss roqufrokol
roqufrokolts.
ts.
 Sm kitge teo tmrquo md teo crfvo tm
prmgoss roqufrokol
roqufrokolts.
ts.
 Sm Wivo Olor`y & fkprmvo Ogfolgy.
 NOLODFSW MD TDC:
 olor`y sivfl`s

bmw kmtmr stirl` gurrolt
 ôcugml md teorkib ilc kogeilfgib strossos ml kmtmrs ilc
nobts curfl` stirts
 sfkpbo flstibbi
flstibbiml
ml
 efè pmwor digtmr
 Efè Xmwor Digtmr
 Xmwor gmlvortoc tm kmml, eoit, smulc, otg. fs gibboc roib pmwor ilc fs
koisuroc fl afbmwis (aP). Xmwor teit geiròs gipigftmrs mr nufbcs
ki`log obcs fs gibboc roigvo pmwor ilc fs koisuroc fl Afbmvmbts

Ikps ôigvo (aTI^). Seo vogtmr suk md teo aP ilc teo aTI^ fs teo
Smtib Xmwor (olor`y) ilc fs koisuroc fl Afbmvmbt Ikporos (ATI) (Dfùro
?). Xmwor digtmr fs teo rim md aP/ATI.
 Kmtmrs criw roigvo gurrolt tm suppmrt teofr ki`log obcs fl mrcor tm

giuso rmtiml. Oxgossfvo roigvo gurrolt fs ulcosfrinbo nogiuso ft
groitos iccfmlib rosfstilgo bmssos ilc gil roqufro teo uso md biròr
trilsdmrkors ilc wfros. Fl iccfml, ubfos mol polibfzo mwlors dmr
bmw pmwor digtmr. Cogroisfl` roigvo gurrolt wfbb flgroiso pmwor digtmr.
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) 9?
 Seo TDCs flgbuco gipigftmrs fl teo CG Nus teit
pordmrk teo siko dulgml ilc kifltifl efè pmwor
digtmr
looc tmmlicc
teo bflo
pmworsfcodigtmr
md teogmrrogml
TDC. Sefs obfkflitos
oqufpkoltteo
tm
teo kmtmr mr uso oxpolsfvo gipigftmr nilas. Fl
iccfml, TDCs mol rosubt fl efèor bflo sfco pmwor
digtmr vibuos teil gmlstilt spooc kmtmrs oqufppoc
wfte gmrrogml gipigftmrs.
 Criwniga md TDC:
 I cfsgussfml md teo nolots md TDCs mol boics tm i quosml
roìr
roìrcfl`
cfl` eirkmlfgs.
ulcorstilc Peol ovibui
emw eirkmlfgsovibuil`
l` TDCs,
iro ft fs fkpmrtilt
prmvfcoc ilc teo tm
gfrgukstilgos ulcor wefge eirkmlfgs iro eirkdub.
 Eirkmlfgs:
I eirkmlfg fs ily gurrolt dmrk it il flto`rib kubpbo md teo

dulcikoltib droquolgy. Dmr oxikpbo, dmr 48-eortz pmwor
suppbfos, eirkmlfgs wmubc no it 9>8 eortz (> x dulcikoltib),
958 eortz, >38 eortz, 788 eortz, otg.
 Peit Giusos Eirkmlfgs=
 TDCs criw gurrolt drmk teo bflo mlby weol teo bflo vmbtiò fs
`roitor teil teo CG Nus vmbtiò flsfco teo crfvo. Sefs mggurs
mlby loir teo poias md teo sflo wivo. Is i rosubt, ibb md teo
gurrolt fs criwl fl semrt fltorvibs (f.o., it efèor droquolgfos).
Tirfiml fl TDC cosf`l iogts teo eirkmlfgs prmcugoc. Dmr
oxikpbo, TDCs oqufppoc wfte CG bfla flcugtmrs prmcugo
cforolt bovobs md eirkmlfgs teil sfkfbir TDCs wftemut CG bfla
flcugtmrs. Seo TDCs wfte igvo drmlt olcs ubfzfl` trilsfstmrs
fl teo rogor sogml eivo kuge bmwor eirkmlfg bovobs teil
TDCs usfl` cfmcos mr sfbfgml gmltrmbboc rogors (WG^s).
Iro Eirkmlfgs Eirkdub=
 Eirkmlfgs teit iro kubpbos md > iro lmt eirkdub nogiuso teoy gilgob mut. Seo
siko fs truo dmr 7rc mrcor eirkmlfgs (7rc, 4te, 6te otg.). Nogiuso teo pmwor
suppby fs 7 peiso, teo tefrc mrcor eirkmlfgs gilgob oige mteor mut fl oige peiso
7. Sefs boivos mlby teo ?te, 0te, 99te, 97te otg. tm cfsguss. Seo ki`lftuco md teo
eirkmlfgs prmcugoc ny i TDC fs `roitost dmr teo bmwor mrcor eirkmlfgs (?te, 0te
ilc 99te) ilc crmps qufgaby is ymu kmvo fltm teo efèor mrcor eirkmlfgs (97te
ilc `roitor).

Eirkmlfgs gilfltordoro
eirkmlfgs gil giuso smko cfsturnilgos
wfte solsfvo fl obogtrfgib
obogtrmlfgs systoks. Efèor
ilc gmkkulfgimls mrcor
systoks,
wefbo bmwor mrcor eirkmlfgs gil giuso mvoreoil` md kmtmrs, trilsdmrkors, ilc
gmlcugtmrs. Seo mppmrtulfty dmr eirkmlfgs tm no eirkdub, emwovor, fs
copolcolt upml teo obogtrfgib systok fl wefge teoy iro prosolt ilc weoteor mr
lmt ily eirkmlfg solsfvo oqufpkolt fs bmgitoc ml teit siko obogtrfgib systok.
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) >8
Kub-Xubso TDCs (Gilgobbi
(Gilgobbiml)
ml)
 Seoro iro i kflfkuk md sfx rogors dmr i teroo peiso IG TDC. Seoro
gil no kmro, emwovor. Kiludigturors mor 9>, 95, >3, ilc 78 pubso
crfvos. I stilcirc sfx-pubso crfvo eis sfx rogors, i 9>-pubso crfvo eis
twm sots md sfx rogors, il 95-pubso crfvo eis teroo sots md sfx rogors
ilc sm ml. Fd teo pmwor gmllogtoc tm oige sot md rogors fs peiso
sefoc, teol smko md teo eirkmlfgs prmcugoc ny mlo sot md rogors
wfbb no mppmsfto fl pmbirfty drmk teo eirkmlfgs prmcugoc ny teo mteor
sot md rogors. Seo twm wivo dmrks oogvoby gilgob oige mteor mut.
Fl mrcor tm uso peiso seffl`, i spogfib trilsdmrkor wfte kubpbo
sogmlciry wflcfl`s kust no usoc. Dmr oxikpbo, wfte i 9>-pubso TDC, i
Cobti/Cobti-Pyo trilsdmrkor wfte oige md teo sogmlciry peisos sefoc
ny 78 co`roos wmubc no usoc.

 Ippbfgiml:
 Xipor kiafl` kigeflos.
 Goltrfduìb pukps.
 Gmmbfl` tmwor Dils.
 Gefbbors.
 Iggurigy:

Kmcorl obogtrfgib TWCs gil no usoc tm igguritoby kifltifl teo
spooc md i crfvol kigeflo tm wftefl ¹8.9%, flcopolcolt md
bmic, gmkpiroc tm teo spooc roùbiml pmssfnbo wfte i
gmlvolmlib xoc spooc squfrrob giò flcugml kmtmr, weoro
teo spooc gil viry ny is kuge is 7% drmk lm bmic tm dubb bmic.
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) >>
 Oxikpbo:
 Il ovoryciy oxikpbo, wefge fbbustritos teo nolots md
virfinbo spooc gmltrmb,

suge il flto`rib pirt md fsmur
teobfvos
kmtmrgir.
teit woFtsobcmk
eis nogmko
tefla
inmut teo togelmbm`y teit ft roprosolts mr teit ft fs
sfkpby i virfinbo spooc pbimrk. Ft fs usoc eoro tm
fbbustrito emw virfinbo spooc crfvos iro usoc tm
fkprmvo teo spooc, tmrquo ilc olor`y pordmrkilgo md
i kigeflo.
 Crfvor (Mporitmr)

Seo trig gmlcfmls ml teo rmic (teo prmgoss)
 Fl i gfty, ft fs logossiry tm mnoy spooc
bfkfts, ivmfc gmbbfsfmls ilc tm stirt,
iggoborito, cogoborito ilc stmp weol
roqufroc. Ml teo mpol rmic, teo kifl
mnjogvo fs tm òt tm i cosliml sidoby
fl teo semrtost ko wftemut oxgoocfl`
teo spooc bfkft.
 Swm kifl gmltrmbs1 Iggoboritmr & Nriao
 I kmtmrgir gmubc lmt no sidoby mporitoc fl gfty
trig mr ml teo mpol rmic wftemut teoso twm
gmltrmbs.
teo duob Seo
flputcrfvor kust
tm teo gmllumusby
ol`flo icjust
(teo crfvo) tm
kifltifl i gmlstilt spooc fl spfto md teo
geilòs fl teo bmic, suge is il upefbb, cmwlefbb
mr strml` wflc gmlcfmls. Ml mteor mggisfmls
eo kiy eivo tm uso teo nriao tm icjust teo
bmic ilc sbmw teo voefgbo cmwl tm stilcsbb.
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) >?
 Ilmteor fkpmrtilt fssuo dmr kmst crfvors fs teo
gmst md duob mr teo gmst md olor`y gmlsukpml.
Seo spoocteo
gmltrmbs fs gmltrmbboc
duob flputvfi tm
teo teo
iggoboritmr
ol`flo.teit
Ny
icjusl` teo iggoboritmr pmsfml, teo olor`y
gmlsukpml fs aopt tm i kflfkuk ilc fs
kitgeoc tm teo spooc ilc bmic gmlcfmls.
Fki`flo teo efè duob gmlsukpml md i voefgbo
usfl` i xoc iggoboritmr sol` ilc gmltrmbbfl`
teo spooc ny koils md teo nriao pmsfml.
Sorkflmbm`y:
 Xmwor fs teo rito it wefge wmra fs nofl` cmlo ny i
kigeflo. Fl WF ulfts, ft fs koisuroc fl wis. Fl rmtil`

kigeflos, pmwor gil no gibgubitoc is teo prmcugt md tmrquo
ilc spooc. Gmlsoquoltby, weol i rmtil` kigeflo suge is i
kmtmr gir fs it stilcsbb, teo mutput pmwor fs zorm. Sefs cmos
lmt koil teit flput pmwor fs zorm! Ovol it stilcsbb wfte
teo ol`flo rullfl`, teoro iro i luknor md pmwor bmssos teit
kilfdost teoksobvos is eoit olor`y. _sfl` WF ulfts, pmwor
ilc tmrquo iro robitoc ny teo dmbbmwfl` vory usodub dmrkubi,
wefge fs usoc oxtolsfvoby fl TWC ippbfgimls:
 Olor`y fs teo prmcugt md pmwor ilc ko ilc

roprosolts teo rito it wefge wmra fs cmlo mvor i
porfmc md ko. Fl WF ulfts ft fs usuibby koisuroc is afbm
Pi emurs (aPe). Fl teo oxikpbo md teo kmtmrgir, teo
duob gmlsukoc mvor i porfmc md ko roprosolts teo
olor`y gmlsukoc.
Olor`y (aPe) ; Xmwor (aP)ÐSfko (e)
Smrquo ‗ Wpooc gurvo md i TDC:
 Fl kmst virfinbo spooc crfvo ippbfgimls tmrquo, pmwor, ilc

spooc iro teo kmst fkpmrtilt pirikotors. Gurvos, wefge pbmt
tmrquo iìflst spooc ml i `ripe, iro mol usoc tm fbbustrito
teo pordmrkilgo md teo TWC iro gibboc teo Smrquo-spooc
gurvos.
 Seo spooc virfinbo fs usuibby pbmoc ibml` mlo ixfs ilc teo
tmrquo virfinbo ibml` teo mteor ixfs. Wmkokos, pmwor fs
ibsm pbmoc ibml` teo siko ixfs is teo tmrquo.
 Wflgo olor`y gmlsukpml fs cfrogtby prmpmrmlib tm pmwor,
olor`y copolcs ml teo prmcugt md tmrquo ilc spooc.
 Dmr oxikpbo, fl i kmtmrgir, coprossfl` teo iggoboritmr
prmcugos kmro tmrquo teit prmvfcos iggoboriml ilc
rosubts fl kmro spooc, nut kmro olor`y fs roqufroc
ilc kmro duob fs gmlsukoc.
 Iìfl usfl` teo kmtmrgir is il oxikpbo md i virfinbo
spooc crfvo, tmrquo‗spooc gurvos gil no usoc tm
gmkpiro twm ibtorlivo kotemcs md spooc gmltrmb
ilc tm fbbustri
fbbustrito
to teo cfor
cforolgos
olgos fl olor`y gmlsukpml
notwool teo twm strito`fos:
strito`fos:
 Wpooc gmltrmbboc ny usfl` crfvo gmltrmb: icjusl`
teo tmrquo md teo prfko kmvor. Fl priggo, tefs fs cmlo ny
icjusl` teo duob suppbfoc tm teo ol`flo, usfl` teo
iggoboritmr dmr gmltrmb, wftemut usfl` teo nriao. Sefs fs
ilibm`mus tm usfl` il obogtrfg virfinbo spooc crfvo tm
gmltrmb teo mw md witor termuè i goltrfduìb pukp.
 Wpooc gmltrmbboc ny usfl` bmic gmltrmb: icjusl`
teo mvoribb tmrquo md teo bmic. Fl priggo, tefs gmubc no
cmlo ny aoopfl` i xoc iggoboritmr sol` ilc usfl` teo
nriaos dmr spooc gmltrmb. Sefs fs ilibm`mus tm gmltrmbbfl` teo
witor mw termuè i goltrfduìb pukp ny termbfl` teo
ufc upstroik md teo pukp tm flgroiso teo eoic.
 _sfl` teo kmtmrgir is il oxikpbo, teo twm smbfc gurvos fl Dfùro
roprosolt teo crfvo tmrquo mutput md teo ol`flo mvor teo spooc
rilò dmr twm duob gmltrmb gmlcfmls:
• Efè duob pmsfml ‗ iggoboritmr dubb cmwl
• Bmwor duob pmsfml ‗ iggoboritmr piribby cmwl
 Seo twm ciseoc gurvos fl teo Dfùro 9.? roprosolt teo bmic tmrquo
geilòs mvor teo spooc rilò dmr twm kogeilfgib bmic gmlcfmls.
Seo kogeilfgib bmic fs kiflby cuo tm teo wflc rosfstilgo ilc rmic
drfgml, wfte teo rostriflfl` tmrquo md teo nriaos iccoc.
• Pflc & drfgml pbus nriao ML ‗ efè bmic tmrquo
• Pflc & drfgml pbus nriao MDD ‗ bmw bmic tmrquo
 Crfvo spooc gmltrmb, mw cogroisos ibml` teo gurvo I‗N ilc tm i pmflt
ml ilmteor Y‗E gurvo. Is teo spooc dibbs, teo prossuro/eoic rocugos
kiflby cuo tm teo rocugml md drfgml fl teo pfpos. I low stinbo mw md
Y9 k7/e fs roigeoc it pmflt N ilc rosubts fl i eoic md E>.
 Sermbo gmltrmb, il upstroik vibvo fs piribby gbmsoc tm rostrfgt teo
mw. Is teo
mw. t eo prossuro/eoic fs flgroisoc ny teo vibvo, teo mw cogroisos
ibml` teo gurvo I‗G. Seo low stinbo mw md Y9 k7/e fs roigeoc it
pmflt G ilc rosubts fl i eoic md E9.

Drmk
fs: teo wobb-almwl pukp dmrkubi, teo pmwor gmlsukoc ny teo pukp
Xukp Xmwor (aP) ; a Ð Dbmw (k7/e) Ð Eoic (k)

Xukp Xmwor (aP) ; a Ð Y Ð E
Insmrnoc Olor`y (aPe) ; a Ð Y Ð E Ð t
Dulgmls md TDC
9. Wtirt/Wtmp
>. Geilò Wpooc
7. Gmlstilt Wpooc
3. Bfkfts
?. îkpfl`
4. Dmrwirc/ôvorso
0. Wivo Olor`y
Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)
 Sefs sossfml gmvors teo nisfg dulgmls md il Tirfinbo

Droquolgy Crfvo (TDC) ml i 7-peiso IG (ibtorlil`
gurrolt) kmtmr. Xfgturoc inmvo fs il IG kmtmr.
 Seo 7-peiso kmtmr pfgturoc inmvo fs dmr gmkkorgfib

uso, nut fl ymur emko, IG kmtmrs iro usoc is wobb. I
viguuk gboilor usos il IG kmtmr tm gboil teo girpot1
i nbolcor usos il IG kmtmr tm prmgoss dmmc1 ilc teo
gbmteos cryor usos il IG kmtmr tm cry gbmteos. Fl oige
md teoso oxikpbos, emw fs teo IG kmtmr gmltrmbboc=

Peol
teok nygmltrmbbfl` kmtmrs
ippbyfl` IG flilc
pmwor, teorokmvfl`
emko wo ft, gmltrmb
usuibby
termuè i swftge. Mnvfmusby weol pmwor, 9>8 mr >38
TIG, fs ippbfoc tm teo kmtmr ft ruls. Pfte lm pmwor,
teo kmtmr stmps.
 Pfte teo uso md i Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (TDC) lmt mlby gil
teo IG kmtmr no stirtoc ilc stmppoc is fl teo emko, nut kmro
smpefsgitoc gmltrmbs iro iggmkpbfseoc. I TDC gil solc i
kmcubil` sf`lib tm teo kmtmr, wefge ibbmws i virfoty md spoocs
tm no cobfvoroc lmt just il ML/MDD sf`lib. Sefs virfoty md spoocs
gil no usoc tm kitge teo kmtmr tm i pirgubir tisa. Seoro iro i
luknor md dulgmls teit teo TDC iggmkpbfseos wfte gmkkorgfib
7-peiso IG kmtmrs, wefge iro gmvoroc fl teo piòs teit dmbbmw.
 Kmtmrs fl teo emko iro ibkmst ibwiys sfl`bo-peiso kmtmrs

wefge roqufro iccfmlib obogtrfg pirts tm rmtito teo ki`log
obc. Nogiuso md teoso oxtri pirts, sfl`bo-peiso kmtmrs cm LMS
mporito gmrrogtby wfte i TDC.
Sm ulcorstilc dulgml
Md i TDC noor, il
Oxikpbo md gmmbfl`
Smwor dil fs usoc.
Peit kust teo dil cm=

 Seo gmmbfl` tmwor fl teo pfgturo inmvo kust kifltifl

i gortifl tokporituro poreips 78¸G (5?¸D) dmr teo
gmlcolsor witor tokporituro. Bmmafl` it tefs
oxikpbo, soo fd ymu gil fcoldy smko md teo dulgmls
teit kust no pordmrkoc ny teo TDC, IG kmtmr ilc
dils= Fl mteor wmrcs, weit kust teo dils no inbo tm
cm=
 Dulgml #9 ‗ Wtirt ilc Wtmp

WSI^S
 Mlo dulgml md teo TDC fs tm stirt teo dils. Sefs gmubc no cmlo bmgibby
m teo aoypic md teo crfvo mr rokmtoby drmk i swftge. Sefs rokmto
swftge gmubc no i gmllumus sfl`bo pmbo- cmunbo-termw (WXCS) swftge
mr i kmkoltiry (puse numl) swftge.
WSMX
 Fl teo pfgturo inmvo, teo WXCS swftge fs usoc tm stmp teo pukp. Fd
teoro iro > sopirito puse numl swftgeos, mlo tm Wtirt ilc mlo tm
Wtmp, tefs irrilòkolt fs almwl is i 7-wfro Wtirt/Wtmp. Fd mlby mlo
swftge, i gmllumus swftge, fs usoc, teol ft fs rodorroc tm is i >-wfro
Wtirt/Wtmp. Fl teo pfgturo inmvo, sflgo teoro fs mlo swftge, sm tefs fs i
>-wfro Wtirt/Wtmp.
 Dulgml #> ‗ Geilò Wpooc

Seo TDC kust no inbo tm
Geilò teo ôdorolgo, Ez. Seo

ôdorolgo gmubc ibsm no
tokporituro
tokporituro mr XWF fd i
trilskfor woro iigeoc
tm teo TDC.
 Seo spooc md teo gmmbfl` tmwor dils kust no virfinbo tm ibbmw dmr i
sbmwor spooc weol teoro fs bfbo cokilc dmr gmmbfl` ilc i efèor
spooc weol kmro gmmbfl` fs loococ. Sefs ibbmws teo mporitmr tm kitge
teo spoocismdteo
fs almwl teoôdorolgo.
dils tm i pirgubir cokilc. rodorolgo
Fl kmst oxikpbos, Seo sol` md tefs
rodors tm spooc
spooc
fl Eortz (Ez), kixfkuk rodorolgo md 48Ez, ilc kflfkuk rodorolgo md
4Ez dmr dils ilc 95Ez dmr pukps. Ft gmubc ibsm no usoc fl roìrcs tm i
prossuro sol`, kixfkuk rodorolgo md 988psf (468aXi), kflfkuk
rodorolgo md 38psf (>0?aXi), fd i trilskfor woro iigeoc tm teo TDC.

 Fl teo pfgturo inmvo,
inmvo, teo cfspbiy md md il TDC, Wpooc fl Ez fs teo
rodorolgo.
rodorolgo. Seo pbus (+) aoy fs usoc tm flgroiso teo rodorolgo
rodorolgo kiafl` teo
dils `m distor ilc teo kflus (-) fs usoc tm cogroiso teo rodorolgo pmflt
sbmwfl` teo dils cmwl.
 Dulgml #7 ‗ Kifltifl i Gmlstilt

Gmlstilt Wpooc
 Bfèt bmic mr eoivy, teo crfvo semubc kifltifl teo siko

spooc.
 Dulgml md teo TDC fs tm kifltifl teo spooc md teo dils

roìrcboss md teo tokporituro ilc eukfcfty fl teo ifr. Seo
TDC iutmkigibby
iggmkkmcito gmkpolsitos
geilòs fl teo bmic.teo gurrolt ilc tmrquo tm
 Dulgml #3 ‗ Bfkfts
 Bfkfts ml gurrolt, tmrquo,

spooc, eoit ilc vmbtiò ilc
mteors prmtogt teo TDC &
kmtmr.
 Ft fs fkpmrtilt teit bfkfts no pbigoc ml il TDC. Wpooc bfkfts gil no

pbigoc fl teo prm`rik md teo TDC sm il mporitmr gil lmt `m noymlc
i kixfkuk spooc mr boss teil i kflfkuk spooc. Seo kixfkuk
spooc md teo dils semubc lmt oxgooc 48Ez, cuo tm oxgossfvo pmwor
gmlsukpml. Nogiuso md teo pmssfnfbfty md mvoreoil`, dils semubc
lmt no rul boss teil 4Ez. Dmr teo siko roisml is teo dils, pukps
semubc lmt no rul kmro teil 48Ez. Dmr bunrfgiml purpmsos i
pukp semubc eivo i kflfkuk spooc md it boist 95Ez.
 Fd teo dils òts stuga, teoro iro tmrquo bfkfts teit teo TDC kmlftmrs
stmppfl` teo kmtmr fd teoy iro oxgoococ. Gurrolt bfkfts iro ibsm
fkpmrtilt dmr prmtogml md teo crfvo ilc kmtmr. Fl teo pfgturo
inmvo teo kixfkuk rodorolgo fs sot tm 48 Ez. Lmgo teit fl teo
cfi`rik teoro fs i kflfkuk rodorolgo md 4Ez.
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) ?8
 Dulgml #? ‗ îkpfl`
 Sm rocugo kogeilfgib
woir, ft fs fkpmrtilt tm
gmltrmb teo iggoboriml,
(rikp up) ilc cogoboriml,
(rikp cmwl).
 Seo TDC ibsm rikps teo dils up ilc rikps teok cmwl. Peol
teo dils stirts, iggoboriml, ft fs fkpmrtilt teit teoro fs lm
succol jukp tm teo rodorolgo
rodorolgo spooc, mr teoro
t eoro gil no stross ml
teo òir nmxos. Fl teo oxikpbo inmvo, i rikp-up sbmwby
flgroisos teo spooc drmk stmppoc mr 8Ez up tm teo rodorolgo,
73Ez, mvor i gortifl ikmult md sogmlcs poreips 98. Fd tefs
rikp up fs tmm semrt, teo crfvo gil trfp ml il mvor gurrolt
ibirk mr tmrquo bfkft. Fd teo TDC fs trfppoc, teo dils stmp
stmp ilc ft
kfèt roqufro il mporitmr tm kiluibby rosot teo TDC. Kily
TDCs eivo il iutmkig rosot sol` md 9 ko tm fllfto
kos. îkpfl` fs vory fkpmrtilt dmr pukps, tm ivmfc witor
eikkor.
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) ?>
 Ibb rikp kos iro nisoc ml kmtmr spooc, 48Ez fl Postorl

Eokfspeoro, ?8Ez fl teo Ois
Oistorl
torl Eokfspeoro.
I rikp fs ibsm prosolt ml teo stmp sfco. Sefs fs rodorroc tm is i rikp

cmwl mr cogoboriml. Ft fs fkpmrtilt teit teo dils cm LMS stmppoc
inruptby. I rikp-cmwl md 48 sogmlcs kfèt no oltoroc fltm teo
prm`rik dmr tefs ippbfgiml. Fd teo rikp fs tmm semrt, teo crfvo gil
trfp ml mvor vmbtiò.
Ibb rikp kos iro nisoc ml teo kmtmr spooc, 48Ez fl teo Postorl
Eokfspeoro. Sefs koils fd teo teo rikp ko fs sot dmr 48 sogmlcs is
fl teo pfgturo inmvo, nut teo rodorolgo fs sot tm 78Ez (9/> md 48Ez), ft
tiaos 78/48 x 48somglcs (» teo ko) mr 78 sogmlcs tm rikp up. Fl
teo rost md teo wmrbc ?8Ez fs usoc dmr teo kmtmr spooc. _sfl` teo
siko rikp up ko (98)ilc rodorolgo (78), teo kmtmr teol tiaos
78/?8 U 48sogmlcs mr 74 sogmlcs tm rikp up tm 78Ez. Gibgubimls
Gibgub imls dmr
teo rikp cmwl ko wmubc no teo siko.
 Dulgml #4 ‗ Dmrwirc/ôvorso
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) ??
 DM^PI^C
Mlo dulgml md teo TDC fs tm mporito teo kmtmr
fl i dmrwirc cfrogml, tm kmvo teo ifr termuè teo
gmmbfl` tmwor ilc mut teo tmp. Fl fts codiubt (digtmry
sot) gmlcfml teo TDC fs mlby ibbmwoc tm `m
dmrwirc.
prmnboks.Wmko dils fd crfvol nigawircs kiy eivo
 ÔTO^WO
Fl teo gmmbfl` tmwor oxikpbo teo
dils looc tm mporito fl ôvorso fl
mrcor tm gmkpboto i codrmst gygbo,

weol teo mutsfco tokporituro fs
vory gmmb. Xmwor `mfl` tm teo kmtmr
kust no geilòc tm kmvo teo dils
dils
nigawircs (ôvorso).
(ôvorso). Fd teoro woro
lm TDC, > md teo 7 boics md teo
7-peiso kmtmr wmubc no swftgeoc
fl mrcor dmr teo kmtmr tm geilò
geilò
fts cfrogml ilc `m nigawircs.
Sefs swftgefl` md teo kmtmr boics fs
cmlo flsfco teo TDC.
 Dulgml #0 ‗ Wivfl` Olor`y
 Seo kmst fkpmrtilt dulgml
dmr teo TDC wfte tefs dil

ippbfgiml fs tm sivo olor`y.
 Fl kily ippbfgimls, pirgubirby flvmbvfl` dils ilc pukps, teo kijmr

dulgml md teo TDC fs tm sivo olor`y. Nodmro TDCs, gmmbfl` tmwor dils
kfèt eivo nool gygboc Ml it dubb pmwor, weol i tokporituro sol` fl
gmlcolsor witor md 7>¸G (68¸D), wis roigeoc. Peol teo witor gmmboc tm
>5¸G (5>¸D) teo dils woro turloc MDD gmkfl` niga ML weol teo
tokporituro rmso iìfl tm 7>¸G (68¸D). Sefs irrilòkolt usos i `roit coib
md olor`y ilc teo droquolt gygbfl` giusos i `roit coib md woir ml
oqufpkolt.
 I crfvo fs pbigoc ml teo dils, wefge sbmws teo dils cmwl tm poreips 78Ez
tm gmlstiltby kifltifl teo roqufroc gmlcolsor witor tokporituro. Seo
dils spooc up mr sbmw cmwl dmbbmwfl` cokilcs. Ml teo geirt inmvo, fd
teo dil fs rullfl` it 78Ez, eibd md teo dubb spooc, issukfl` lm drfgml
bmssos, teo olor`y bovob fs 9/5te teo EX it dubb spooc. Sefs siko olor`y
sivfl`s fs sool ml pukp ippbfgimls.
Gmltrmb Irrilòkolts dmr i TDC

9) Bmgib mr Eilc Gmltrmb
>) ôkmto mr Iutm Gmltrmb
7) Kub-kmtmr
3) Kistor/Wbivo
?) Gbmsoc Bmmp
4) Gisgico Gmltrmb ‗ Dfxoc Wtiòs
0) Gisgico Gmltrmb ‗ Tirfinbo Wtiòs
5) Nufbc Iutmkiml Wystok (NIW) - Olinbo
6) NIW ‗ Olinbo ilc ôdorolgo
98) NIW ‗ Worfib Gmkkulfgimls
dmr i TDC: (Gmlluoc)

Gmltrmb Irrilòkolts dmr
9) Bm
Bmgi
gibb (E
(Eil
ilc)
c) Gm
Gml
ltr
trmb
mb
 Bmgib mr Eilc gmltr
gmltrmb
mb koils gmltr
gmltrmbbfl`
mbbfl` teo
systok termuè teo aoypic ml teo TDC.
Gmltrmb Irrilòkolts dmr i TDC: (Gmlluoc)
 Fl teo pfgturo inmvo, i TDC, kmtmr ilc dil iro mporitoc drmk teo
aoypic ml teo drmlt md teo crfvo. Bmgib (Eilc) gmltrmb md teo TDC
koils teit mporiml md teo TDC fs gmkpbotoc strfgtby termuè teo
aoypic ml teo drmlt md teo crfvo, mr Bmgib Gmltrmb Xilob (BGX). Il
mporitmr kmlftmrs teo roicfl`s ilc gmltrmbs teo TDC ny usfl` tefs
aoypic. Ovol fd teo aoypic, BGX fs rokmtoby kmultoc iwiy drmk teo
crfvo, kixfkuk md 7k (98‖), teo gmltrmb irrilòkolt flsfco teo
prm`rik md teo TDC fs sbb gmlsfcoroc is BMGIB. Fd ily bflo fs binoboc is
BMGIB fl teo prm`rik, tefla AOVXIC.
>) ôkmto Gmltrmb

 Mteor irrilòkolts
irrilòkolts iro pmssfnbo flgbucfl` rokmto sf`libs. Fd
teoro fs i prmnbok wfte teo dil ilc ft kust no stmppoc
fkkocfitoby, ft kfèt no ko gmlsukfl` tm rul niga tm teo
TDC tm stmp ft. Wtmp swftgeos gil no pbigoc it aoy pmsfmls
tm stmp teo TDC, IG kmtmr ilc dil. Ft fs fkpmrtilt teit teo
TDC iggopt teoso stmp sf`libs is wobb is mteor rokmto
sf`libs. Seoso rokmto gmltrmb sf`libs gmko fl dmur typos:
9) Cf`ftib Flputs (CF)
iro >-pmsfml (ML/MDD) sf`libs
sf`libs solt fltm teo TDC. Seoso
gmkkilcs geoga sidoos,
sidoos, teol tobb teo TDC tm Wtirt, tm Wtmp, otg.
I CF roqufros >3T
>3Tcg
cg wefge fs suppbfoc ny i torkflib ml teo crfvo.
>) Ilibm` Flputs (IF)

iro prmpmrmlib
prmpmrmlib mr kmcubil` sf`libs solt fltm teo TDC. Seoso gmkkilcs
gmkkilcs
tobb teo TDC weit teo rodorolgo
rodorolgo spooc semubc no mr tobb teo TDC weit i
doocniga sf`lib fs cmfl` suge is stig
stig prossuro. Seoso sf`libs iro usuibby
drmk 8-98Tcg mr 3->8kI.
7) Ilibm` Mutputs (IM)
iro kmcubil` sf`libs solt ny teo TDC tm i covfgo suge is i kotor wefge
gmubc cfspbiy doocniga, spooc mr gurrolt.

3) Cf`ftib/ôbiy Mutputs (CM/^M)
iro >-pmsfml (ML/MDD) sf`libs solt ny teo TDC tm i covfgo suge is i bfèt
tm flcfgito il Ibirk, mr weol teo doocniga sf`lib eis roigeoc i gortifl bfkft.
Cf`ftib Mutputs eivo pmwor >3Tcg iigeoc ilc ôbiy Mutputs cm lmt eivo
pmwor, wefge iro almwl is ‒cry‛ gmltigts.
7) Kub-Kmtmr Mporiml
 Mlo TDC fs usoc tm mporito

3 sopirito dils. Seo TDC
kust no inbo tm eilcbo teo
kixfkuk Gurrolt dmr teo
3 kmtmrs.
 Fl teo oxikpbo inmvo oige md teo 3 IG kmtmrs fs teo siko sfzo ilc eis i
kixfkuk gurrolt ril`, Dubb Bmic Ikps (DBI) md 9? ikps. Seo TDC kust
no sfzoc dmr 48 ikps. Lmto flcfvfcuib mvorbmic prmtogml ml oige kmtmr.
3) Kistor/Wbivo (Boicor/Dmbbmwor)
Fl teo Kistor/Wbivo irrilòkolt

i Kistor mr Boic TDC kmlftmrs teo
prossuro solsmr ilc mporitos i
sfl`bo dil. Ft solcs i gmrrospmlcfl`
sf`lib tm ilmteor dmbbmwfl` suppby
dil. Doituros
Doituros md teo TDC wefge
woro rostrfgtoc fl teo kub-kmtmr
gil no usoc fl tefs irrilòkolt.
Fl teo pfgturo inmvo, teo TDC ml teo rst suppby dil fs teo Kistor/Boicor ilc ft òloritos
i rodorolgo sf`lib dmr mlo md fts ilibm` mutputs (IM). Seo TDC ml teo sogmlc suppby dil fs
teo Wbivo/Dmbbmwor, ilc ft kmlftmrs tefs 3->8kI rodorolgo sf`lib drmk teo kistor usfl`
teo sbivo‖s
sbivo‖s ilibm` flput (IF).
 Mlo TDC fs sobogtoc is i Kistor mr Boicor crfvo. Ft fs sotup tm solc i rodorolgo sf`lib
ilc ML/MDD gmkkilcs tm teo Wbivo mr Dmbbmwor crfvo. Fl teo oxikpbo inmvo, > dils
iro usoc dmr Wuppby Ifr ml i Tirfinbo Ifr Tmbuko (TIT) systok. Seo TDC mporil` teo
tmp dil fs gmlsfcoroc teo Kistor mr Boicor. Ft virfos fts spooc tm kitge teo stig
prossuro loocs fl teo suppby cugt. Seo nmmk dil ilc TDC, dmbbmws teo tmp suppby
dil ilc fs almwl is teo sbivo mr dmbbmwor. Seo sbivo gil kitge teo spooc tm wftefl
8.7Ez md teo kistor, mvor teo mporil` rilò drmk inmut 4Ez tm 48Ez.
 îteor teil ibwiys kitgefl` teo spooc md teo kistor TDC, teo sbivo TDC gil mporito
it i porgoltiò md teo rodorolgo. Fd i pmsfvo prossuro loocs tm no kifltifloc fl i

zmlo, teo sbivo TDC ml i roturl dil gil no sbfètby noeflc (-98% md rodorolgo) md teo
kistor TDC ml teo suppby dil. Seo suppby dil ibwiys ruls distor teil teo roturl dil
giusfl` i pmsfvo prossuro fl teo zmlo. Fl tefs bist ippbfgiml usfl` i vmbukotrfg
solsmr gmkpirfl` teo GDK (B/s) drmk suppby ilc roturl tm gmltrmb teo roturl dil
wmubc `fvo i kuge `roitor iggurigy teil teo Kistor/Wbivo irrilòkolt.
?) Gbmsoc Bmmp/XFC Gmltrmb
Fl tefs irrilòkolt i 3->8kI stig

prossuro trilskfor fs wfroc cfrogtby
fltm teo TDC. Sefs fs i Doocniga sf`lib
ilc fs ibwiys rodorroc tm is Gbmsoc
Bmmp. Seo TDC kmlftmrs fts mwl sf`lib
ilc rosubt.
_p tm tefs pmflt kmst md teo provfmus gmltrmb irrilòkolts eivo nool gbmsoc
bmmp, wefge koils teit teoro fs doocniga sf`lib kmlftmrfl` teo gmltrmbboc
virfinbo, `mfl` cfrogtby tm teo TDC. Gbmsoc Bmmp fs usoc dmr stilc ibmlo
gmltrmb. Fl teo oxikpbo inmvo, teo TDC kmlftmrs teo sf`lib gmkfl` drmk teo
3->8kI stig prossuro solsmr fl teo suppby cugt. Fl i virfinbo ifr vmbuko
(TIT) systok ft fs fkpmrtilt tm kifltifl Wtig Xrossuro fl teo cugt dmr prmpor
mporiml md teo TIT
TIT nmxos.
Fl ibb gbmsoc bmmp ippbfgimls, iccfmlib pirikotors kust no prm`rikkoc.

Seoso flgbuco i sot pmflt, ilc XFC sol`s. Fl tefs ippbfgiml, teo TDC fs
gmlstiltby gmkpirfl` teo stig prossuro sot pmflt, >.?‛wg, (4>? pisgibs) wfte
teo igtuib doocniga vibuo gmkfl` drmk teo prossuro trilskfor. Seo TDC
kmcubitos teo spooc md teo suppby dil tm kifltifl teit prossuro.
 Gmltrmbbor igml fs mlo md teo pirikotors teit kust no geogaoc

fl teo TDC. Seoro iro > sobogmls wefge iro is dmbbmws:
Lmrkib Gmltrmb (ôvorso Igl`)

wefge flgroisos teo spooc md teo dil weol teo sf`lib
cogroisos drmk teo prossuro solsmr, is fl teo oxikpbo
inmvo.
Flvorso Gmltrmb (Cfrogt Igl`)

flgroisos teo spooc md teo dil weol teo sf`lib flgroisos
drmk teo solsmr
Seoro fs ibwiys i cforolgo notwool teo sot pmflt ilc teo igtuib doocniga prossuro.
Sefs fs rodorroc tm is Msot, ‒m teo sot pmflt‛ mr orrmr. XFC sol`s iokpt tm
rocugo tefs orrmr.
‒X‛ stilcs dmr Xrmpmrmlib @ifl wefge gil no gmlsfcoroc is i kubpbfor md teo orrmr.
Seo efèor teo ìfl teo kmro iggurito, nut fd ft fs sot tmm efè, teo gmltrmb gil
nogmko ulstinbo ilc jfory. Pfte tmm efè md i ìfl sol`, teo TDC msgfbbitos
notwool kixfkuk spooc ilc kflfkuk spooc, ‒eull`‛ dmr teo gmrrogt spooc. Seo
ìfl kust no efè olmuè tm no solsfvo nut lmt tmm efè tm giuso eull`. Oige
ippbfgiml fs cforolt, nut i prmpor stirl` sol` dmr pukps fs 3.8 ilc >.8 dmr dils.
‒F‛ stilcs dmr Flto`rib wefge bmmas it teo orrmr mvor i gortifl ikmult md ko. Seo
bmwor teo luknor teo kmro droquoltby ft geogas teo orrmr. Fd teo F sol` fs tmm bmw,
teo kmtmr iìfl ippoirs tm no eull`. Nisoc ml kmst ippbfgimls, i pukp eis fts F
sol` dmr >8 sogmlcs ilc 78 sogmlcs dmr dils.
 ‒C‛ stilcs dmr corfvivo wefge, fd usoc, gmkpolsitos dmr kmkoltiry geilòs fl teo bmic. Fl
kmst ETIG ippbfgimls, tefs pirikotor fs lmt usoc, aoopfl` ft MDD.
5) Nufbcfl` Iutmki
Iutmkiml
ml Olinbo
Nufbcfl` Iutmkiml Wyst

Wystoks
oks
(NIW) gmmrcflito
gmmrcflito teo uso md
teo TDC wfte lukormus mteor
sgeocubos ilc gmkkilcs.
Fl teo pfgturo inmvo, i bmgib
Cfrogt Cf`ftib Gmltrmbbor (CCG)
olinbos/cfsinbos teo TDC
ny uso md i Cf`ftib Mutput.
98) Worfib Gmkkulfgi

Gmkkulfgimls
mls
Xirts & Mporiml md i TDC
9. TDC pirt md i Biròr Wystok

>. ôgor
7. Wm Geirò Gfrguft
3. Fltorkocfito Gfrguft (CG Bfla)
?. Nriao Gfrguft
4. Flvortor
0. Xubso Pfcte Kmcubiml
5. Gmltrmb & ôùbiml Wogml
Xirts & Mporiml md i TDC: (Gmlluoc)
9. TDC fl i Biròr Wystok

 Sefs sogml gmvors teo pirts ilc mporiml md teo Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (TDC).
Ft fs fkpmrtilt tm aoop fl kflc teit teo Crfvo fs just mlo pirt md i systok. Fl teo
cfi`rik inmvo, lmgo teo cfsgmllogt swftge, dusos, nypiss swftge, teorkib
mvorbmics, NIW, otg. ibb pbiy il fkpmrtilt pirt fl kiafl` il ippbfgiml wmra
gmrrogtby.
 Flsfco teo TDC teoro iro 3 kijmr sogmls: rogor, fltorkocfito gfrguft (CG Bfla),
flvortor ilc gmltrmb/roùbiml. Sefs dmurte sogml, gmltrmb ilc roùbiml,
fltordigos wfte teo mteor 7 sogmls.
 Fl vory òlorib torks teo mporiml md teo crfvo fs is dmbbmws. Xmwor rst `mos fltm
teo rogor, weoro teo 7-peiso IG fs gmlvortoc fltm i rfppbfl` CG vmbtiò. Seo
fltorkocfito gfrgufts teol skmmteols ilc embcs teo CG Tmbtiò it i gmlstilt
gmlstilt bovob
mr olor`y smurgo dmr teo flvortor. Seo bist sogml, teo flvortor, usos teo CG
vmbtiò tm pubso teo kmtmr wfte viryfl` bovobs md vmbtiò ilc gurrolt copolcfl`
upml teo gmltrmb gfrguft. Seo piorl md teo pubsos `mfl` tm teo kmtmr kiaos ft
ippoir sfkfbir tm il IG sflusmfcib
sflus mfcib wivodmrk.
wivodmrk.
>) ôgor Wogml

 Seo 7-peiso IG vmbtiò `mos fltm teo rogor sogml wefge fs kico up md i `rmup md ìtoc
cfmcos (sfbfgml rogors mr WG^s). Fl kmst TDCs, teoso cfmcos iro fl i `rmup md 4 is cfi`rikoc
inmvo. Mlo TDC kiludigturor eis strossoc teit teoro semubc no kmro sots md cfmcos, 9>, 95,
ovol >3.
 Cfmcos (C9 termuè C4) ibbmw gurrolt tm mw mlby fl mlo cfrogml weol olinboc ny teo ìto
sf`lib. Fl tefs cfi`rik, teo IG pmwor ml B9 `mos fltm Cfmcos C9 ilc C>. Nogiuso md teo pmsfml
md teoso cfmcos, gurrolt mw gil mlby `m up. Seo C9 cfmco gmlcugts weol teo IG fs pmsfvo
ilc C> gmlcugts weol teo IG `mos loìvo. Sefs crfvos teo tmp bflo (+) kmro pmsfvo ilc teo
nmmk bflo (-) kmro loìvo. Cfmcos C7 ilc C3 gmlvort B> pmwor tm CG ilc Cfmcos C? ilc C4
gmlvort B7. I vmbt mekkotor mr TMK gil no usoc tm koisuro tefs CG vmbtiò. Fl tefs typo md
gfrguft, teo CG vmbtiò fs 9.7? kos teo IG bflo vmbtiò.
Fd >38 Tig fs gmkfl` fl, 7>3 Tcg fs òloritoc.
Fd 758 Tig fs gmkfl` fl, ?97 Tcg fs òloritoc.
Fd 348 Tig fs teo bflo vmbtiò, 4>9 Tcg fs òloritoc.
Fd ?0? Tig fs teo bflo vmbtiò, 004 Tcg fs òloritoc.
 Nogiuso md bflo (pmwor gmkfl` fl) ilc bmic (pmwor tm teo kmtmr) geilòs, teo CG Tmbtiò
Tmbtiò bovob
fs gmlstiltby kmvfl` inmvo ilc nobmw tefs oxpogtoc vibuo.

7) Wm Geirò Gfrguft

 Ml biròr crfvos, >> ‗ 3?8aP (78 ‗ 488Ep), i pirt md teo rogor sogml fs almwl is teo
sm geirò gfrguft, wefge fs usoc tm pmwor up teo crfvo. Pfte tefs gfrguft, weol pmwor fs
ippbfoc, teo flruse md gurrolt fs rostrfgtoc `mfl` tm teo birò gipigftmrs fl teo CG Bfla, sm
teit teoy kiy geirò up sbmwby (wftefl i gmupbo md sogmlcs). Fd tefs gfrguft wis insolt, bflo
dusos wmubc no nbmwl ovory ko teo TDC wis stirtoc. Seo sm geirò gfrguft ml smko md
teo TDCs eis i rosfstmr mr twm fl bflo wfte teo gurrolt tm sbmwby ibbmw geir`fl` md teo
gipigftmrs. Sefs gurrolt rosfstmr ovol eis fts mwl sidoty, i teorkib swftge, wefge semrts mut
fd teo gurrolt ruse fs tmm efè fl teo sm geirò gfrguft. Seo semrtoc teorkib swftge nbmws
dusos ml teo sm geirò gfrguft provoll` teo crfvo drmk stirl`.
 Mlgo kifl pmwor fs ippbfoc tm teo crfvo, teo WG^s fl teo kifl rogor sogml rokifl m.
Seo kuge skibbor rogor sogml fl teo sm geirò gfrguft stirts, ippbyfl` CG pmwor
termuè teo gurrolt rosfstmrs geir`fl` up teo gipigftmrs fl teo CG Bfla. Peol teoso
gipigftmrs iro geiròc tm teo CG vmbtiò kflfkuk vibuo, teo gmltrmb sogml stirts teo
rfl` md teo WG^s fl teo kifl rogor. Nogiuso md teo ikp criw termuè teo gurrolt
rosfstmrs fl teo sm geirò gfrguft, ko fs loococ tm gmmb teok m, sm teo >> ‗ 3?8aP (78 -
488 Ep) crfvos iro bfkftoc tm > stirt por kfluto.


3) Fltorkocfito Gfrguft (CG Bfla)

 Seo Fltorkocfito Gfrguft ibsm almwl is i CG Bfla, gil no sool is i pmwor stmriò
digfbfty dmr teo loxt sogml, teo flvortor sogml. Seoro iro > kijmr gmkpmlolts
tm teo CG Bfla sogml, gipigftmrs ilc gmfbs. Fl teo cfi`rik inmvo mlby mlo
gipigftmr fs semwl
ibwiys usos nutibsm
CG gmfbs ft fsalmwl
ibwiysisi CG
sorfos
Bflomdôigtmrs
gipigftmrs.
mr Fltorkocfito sogml
CG gemaos. Dmr gmst
gmlsfcorimls, kmst mteor TDC kiludigturors cm lmt mor teoso CG Bflo
ôigtmrs is stilcirc oqufpkolt. mlo fs teo infbfty tm rocugo eirkmlfg lmfso
(fltordorolgo) ny 38% ilc teo mteor fs teo infbfty tm rfco termuè i tokpmriry
bmss md pmwor. Sefs ibbmws tefs crfvo tm ivmfc lukormus lufsilgo seut cmwls.
 Fl teo cfi`rik inmvo, lmgo teit teo rfppboc CG vmbtiò gmkfl` fl eis lmw nool
btoroc tm i robivoby gmlstilt vmbtiò. ôkoknor teit tefs CG Bfla Tmbtiò fs
9.7? kos teo flput vmbtiò. Seo vibuo md teo CG Bfla vmbtiò gil no roic drmk
teo cfspbiy ml teo drmlt md teo crfvo. Peol ovor wmrafl` irmulc teo crfvo ibwiys
no girodub ilc `fvo ft i eoibtey rospogt. Seo biròst crfvo prmcugos 4>8Tcg it 0?8
I.
?) Nriao Gfrguft
 Sefs Nriao Mpml, ibsm almwl is Cylikfg Nriafl`, fs usoc

wfte covfgos teit looc tm stmp mr geilò cfrogmls qufgaby,
suge is gmlvoymrs, emfsts ilc goltrfduòs. Ml crfvos teit eivo
teo nriao mpml, il iccfmlib F@NS trilsfstmr fs usoc tm
rokmvo oxtri pmwor gmkfl` niga fltm teo crfvo weol teo
kmtmr, wefge eis i birò flori, fs stmppfl` mr geil`fl`
cfrogml. Seo mlby ETIG robitoc ippbfgiml teit kfèt uso
cylikfg nriafl` fs dmr smko dils dmr nmfbor gmknusml. Sefs
mpml fs lmt roqufroc dmr teo vist kijmrfty md ETIG
ippbfgimls.
4) Flvortor Wogml
 Seo loxt pirt md teo TDC fs teo Flvortor sogml. Sefs sogml tiaos
teo CG vmbtiò drmk teo fltorkocfito sogml ilc, wfte teo eobp
md teo gmltrmb sogml, ros oige sot md F@NS (Flsubitoc @ito
Nfpmbir Srilsfstmrs) tm teo _, T ilc P torkflibs md teo kmtmr. Sefs
rfl` md teo F@NSs fs almwl is Xubso Pfcte Kmcubiml (XPK)
ilc fs cosgrfnoc fl teo loxt gmupbo md sbfcos.
 Lmgo fl teo cfi`rik inmvo teit solsmrs kmlftmr teo gurrolt

`mfl` tm oige torkflib md teo 7-peiso kmtmr. Seoro iro smko
kiludigturors, wem fl il iokpt tm gut gmsts, mlby eivo >
solsmrs ilc ùoss ml teo mutput tm teo 7rc. Seoro iro mteors teit
solsmrs ilc ùoss ml teo mutput tm teo 7rc. Seoro iro mteors teit
mlby kmlftmr teo mutputs weol teo rst rul gmkkilc fs `fvol.
 Ilmteor gmkpmlolt teit kiludigturor flgbuco iro,

teo kmtmr gmfbs, ml ily crfvo biròr teil 95.?aP
(>?Ep). Seoso gmfbs skmmte teo wivodmrk `mfl` tm
teo kmtmr. Seo skmmteor teo wivodmrk teo boss eoit
fs òloritoc it teo kmtmr ilc teo bmlòr teo kmtmr
bists.
 Kmtmr gmfbs, gurrolt solsmrs ilc kmtmr torkflibs

tork flibs iro bmgitoc
fl teo bmwor rfèt gmrlor md teo 3?8aP (488Ep) crfvo.

 Seo F@NSs iro kmultoc ml teo eoitsflas noeflc teo

gipigftmrs fl teo kfccbo md teo 3?8aP (488Ep) crfvo.
Seo pfgturo ml teo rfèt semws twm F@NSs wfte teo
gfrguft girc wefge fs usoc tm eobp gmltrmb teok, almw
is i slunnor girc. Seo pfgturo ml teo bo semws teo
F@NSs wftemut teo slunnor girc. Seo gmrrogt
kmull` piorl dmr teo 4 sgrows (cmlo fl i rmtil`
killor) ml oige fs grfgib, sm teit teoro fs prmpor
gmltigt notwool teo F@NS ilc teo eoitsfla.
0) Xubso Pfcte Kmcubiml

 Fl teo cfi`rik inmvo, i gbmso up vfow md teo

wivodmrk teit `mos tm teo kmtmr semws teo swftgefl`
droquolgy md teo F@NSs. Seo swftgefl`-piorl semwl
inmvo fs almwl is pubso wfcte kmcubiml mr XPK.
Is teo bol`te md ko fs flgroisoc dmr teo F@NS tm no
ML ilc teol MDD, teo kmtmr rospmlcs tm ft is i
sflusmfcib wivodmrk. Seo pmsfvo F@NS ros rst fl
teo cfi`rik dmbbmwoc ny fts loìvo gmultorpirt.
Mlby mlo kmtmr torkflib (_) fs semwl nut teo siko
typo md igvfty wmubc ippoir ml T ilc P.
 Fl teo cfi`rik inmvo mlby 0 pubsos iro semwl ml oige

sfco, nut igtuibby 90?8 pubsos mr kmro semubc no semwl.
Sefs XPK droquolgy gil viry drmk 7.?AEz tm 9? aEz,
wefge koils ft fs iucfnbo. Ft fs ibsm almwl is teo Girrfor
Droquolgy, wefge fs Tirfinbo ny kmst TDC
kiludigturors. I bmw girrfor droquolgy gil eivo il
illmyfl` lmfso, nut i efèor girrfor droquolgy òloritos
kmro eoit fl teo crfvo ilc kmtmr. Fd teo girrfor
droquolgy lmfso fs tmm bmuc pirgubirby wfte suppby dils,
BG btors gil no pbigoc notwool teo TDC ilc kmtmr ilc
teo lmfso stmps it tefs btor.
5) Gmltrmb & ôùbiml:

 Seo gmltrmb sogml gmmrcflitos ilc roùbitos sf`libs flsfco teo crfvo.
Sefs fs weoro lukormus gibgubimls iro gmkpbotoc tm prmporby swftge
teo F@NSs. Sefs gmltrmb sogml usos Togtmr togelmbm`y, wefge sopiritos
teo tmrquo prmcugfl` gurrolt drmk teo ki`lozfl` gurrolt. Fl teo
cfi`rik inmvo teo gurrolt `mfl` tm teo IG kmtmr fs nofl` kmlftmroc.
 Seo TDC eis i spogfib prm`rik, ib`mrftek, gibboc Iutmkig Kmtmr
Iciptiml (IKI), wefge cotorkflos teo obogtrfgib pirikotors dmr teo
gmllogtoc kmtmrilc
kust cogmupbo wefbo teoteo
spfl kmtmr fs itdmr
kmtmr i stilcsbb. Kily gmkpotmrs
tulfl`. Nogiuso teo IKI
koisuros teo rosfstilgo ilc roigtilgo md teo kmtmr‖s stitmr
ostinbfsefl` i kmtmr kmcob, teo ki`lozfl` gurrolt gil no gibgubitoc.
Sefs kmtmr kmcob fs usoc tm gibgubito teo sbfp ilc bmic gmkpolsiml.
 Seo gmltrmb sogml usos teo droquolgy (d), vmbtiò (T)

ilc peiso il`bo (teoti) tm gmltrmb teo flvortor. Sefs
koils teit teo tmrquo prmcugfl` gurrolt gil no
gmltrmbboc kmro igguritoby. Sefs rmnust solsmr-boss
roùbiml sgeoko fs gibboc Tmbtiò Togtmr Gmltrmb
(TTG+).
Ippbfgiml
Ippbfgiml Sorkflmbm
Sorkflmbm`y
`y
9. Wt
Wtir
irl`
l` Smr
Smrquo
quo ‗ EM,
EM, Nroia
Nroiaiw
iwi
iy, LM
>. Mpol mr
mr Gb
Gbmsoc Bm
Bmmps
7. Gbmsoc
Gbmsoc Bmm
Bmmp
p & XFC ‗ Igm
Igml,l, Wot
Wot pmf
pmflt
lt,, Mso
Msot,
t,
Xrmpmrmlib, Flto`rib, Corfvivo
3. Cf
Cf
or
orol
oltt Syp
Sypos
os md TD
TDCs
Cs
Ippbfgiml Sorkflmbm`y: (Gmlluoc)
9. Wtir
irl
l`
` Smr
Smrqu
quo
o
i) Efè Mvorbmic (EM)
• Efè Mvorbmic ibbmws 948% stirl` gurrolt dmr 9 kfl.
• Kmst GS ippbfgimls roqufro Efè Mvorbmic.
• Fd crfvo oxgoocs 948% mr 9 kfluto, TDC trfps.
n) Nroiaiwiy Smrquo
• Efè Mvorbmic eis i nroiaiwi
nroiaiwiy
y tmrquo teit ibbmws 958%
stirl` gurrolt dmr 8.? sogmlcs.
Fd crfvo oxgoocs
oxgoocs 958% mr 8.? sogmlcs, TDC trfps.
g) Lmrkib Mvorbmic (LM)

• Lmrkib Mvorbmic eis i stirl` tmrquo teit ibbmws
998% stirl` gurrolt dmr 9 kfluto.
>. Mpol mr Gbmsoc Bmmp

• Mpol Bmmp gmltrmb cmos LMS eivo i cfrogt doocniga sf`lib.
• Gbmsoc Bmmp eis i cfrogt doocniga sf`lib gmkfl` fltm teo TDC.
• Mpol Bmmp
 Fl teo oxikpbo inmvo, i stig prossuro solsmr fs wfroc tm i Cfrogt Cf`ftib

Gmltrmbbor (CCG). Nogiuso teo doocniga sf`lib, prossuro, `mos tm teo
Gmltrmbbor, i gbmsoc bmmp kust no sotup fl ft tm gmltrmb teo stig prossuro.
Sefs gbmsoc bmmp flsfco teo Gmltrmbbor kmlftmrs teo prossuro gmkpirfl` ft
iìflst i sot pmflt ilc teol gibgubitos i rodorolgo sf`lib. Seo Gmltrmbbor
teol solcs tefs rodorolgo sf`lib tm teo TDC dmr prmpor kmcubiml md teo dil.
 Seo rodorolgo sf`lib fs solt tm teo TDC, wefge fl turl gmltrmbs teo kmtmr ilc
dil. Fl tefs oxikpbo, teo TDC fs prm`rikkoc dmr Mpol Bmmp ilc ft rogofvos i
rodorolgo gmkkilc drmk teo Gmltrmbbor. Fd teo prossuro solsmr woro wfroc
cfrogtby fltm teo TDC, teol teo crfvo wmubc looc tm no prm`rikkoc dmr
Gbmsoc Bmmp fl mrcor tm eivo prmpor gmltrmb md teo dil.
 Seo systok fs i gbmsoc bmmp systok nogiuso ft solsos fts mwl igml, fts
doocniga, nut nogiuso teo doocniga sf`lib cmos lmt `m cfrogtby tm ft, teo TDC
fs prm`rikkoc dmr mpol bmmp.
• Gbmsoc Bmmp
 Gbmsoc Bmmp fs weoro teo gmltrmbbor flsfco teo TDC gil no usoc tm
kmcubito teo spooc md i kmtmr tm kifltifl i prmgoss. Ft fs teo jmn md
teo solsmr mr trilskfor tm koisuro i virfinbo, fl teo oxikpbo
inmvo, tefs fs stig prossuro. Sefs solsmr solcs i sf`lib (usuibby i 3-
>8kI) tm teo gmltrmbbor mvor i pirgubir rilò, fl tefs oxikpbo drmk
8‛ tm ?‛wg.
 Seo solsmr fs wfroc tm teo gurrolt flput md teo TDC, teo gmltrmbbor.
Sefs sf`lib fs prm`rikkoc fl teo TDC is teo doocniga sf`lib. Sefs

doocniga sf`lib kust no `fvol ol`floorfl` ulfts, drmk mur oxikpbo,
‒flgeos md witor gmbukl (‒wg)‛ mr ‒Xisgibs‛. Flsfco teo TDC teo
doocniga sf`lib kust ibsm no `fvol teo rilò teit kitgeos teo solsmr.
solsmr.
Peol teo solsmr soos 3kI ft fs 8‛wg (8 Xisgibs) ilc weol teo solsmr
soos >8kI, teo roicfl` fs ?‛wg (9>?8 Xisgibs).
 Seo TDC, gmltrmbbor, eis i sot pmflt, igml ilc XFC sol`s
(oxpbifloc bitor) tm gibgubito teo rospmlso logossiry tm
kifltifl teo
i sf`lib tm cosfroc
teo dil tmvibuo
spoocsool
up itmr teo solsmr.
sbmw cmwlSeo TDC solcsi
tm kifltifl
gortifl bovob. Seo dil, gmltrmbboc covfgo, rospmlcs tm kitge
teo sf`lib drmk teo TDC, gmltrmbbor. Ft spoocs up weol teo
bovob md teo stig prossuro cogroisos ilc sbmws cmwl weol
teo bovob md teo stig prossuro fs tmm efè.
7. i) Gmltrmb Igml
• Lmrkib Gmltrmb ‗ flgmkfl` sf`lib flgroisos1 TDC spooc

cogroisos.
• Flvorso Gmltrmb ‗ flgmkfl` sf`lib flgroisos1 TDC spooc
flgroisos.
7. n) Wot pmflt, Orrmr & @ifl

 Wot pmflt fs teo cosfroc vibuo mr rodorolgo md teo
gmltrmbboc virfinbo dmr i gbmsoc bmmp ippbfgiml. Fl
gmltrmbbfl` stig prossuro, semwl inmvo, >.88‛wg
(?88pi) fs teo
t eo cosfroc sot pmflt mr rodorolgo.
rodorolgo.
 Orrmr fs i cforolgo notwool teo sot pmflt, >.88‛wg

(?88pi) ilc teo igtuib doocniga prossuro, 9.5?‛wg
(34>pi) dmr tefs systok. Sefs cforolgo fs ibsm almwl is
Msot (mr m teo sot pmflt).
XFC @ifl:
 Xrmpmrmlib @ifl fs kubpbfoc ny teo orrmr tm groito il mutput.
Seo biròr teo prmpmrmlib ìfl, teo biròr teo mutput geilò dmr i
`fvol orrmr. Fd teo prmpmrmlib ìfl fs tmm skibb (8.89) tefs
kubpbfor kos teo orrmr eis lm oogt ml teo spooc md teo TDC. Fd
teo prmpmrmlib ìfl fs tmm birò (7.88 mr efèor) teo systok gil
nogmko ulstinbo, kmcubil` notwool kflfkuk spooc ilc
kixfkuk spooc wefge fs gibboc ‒eull`‛. I `mmc stirl` pbigo
dmr teo Xrmpmrmlib @ifl fs inmut 9.88 nut geilòs copolcfl` ml
teo ippbfgiml. Fd Xrmpmrmlib @ifl fs mlby usoc, wftemut F mr C
(oxpbifloc ml teo loxt sbfco), teo mutput fs robivoby gbmso tm sot
pmflt nut teoro fs ibwiys il orrmr.
Flto`rib @ifl fs nisoc ml teo efstmry md teo orrmr. Seo

flto`rib dulgml kifltifls i rullfl` tmtib md teo orrmr ilc
groitos il mutput nisoc ml tefs tmtib. Seo bmwor teo luknor
usoc dmr teo flto`rib ìfl teo kmro droquoltby teo orrmr fs
geogaoc ilc teo biròr fts fluolgo. Fd teo flto`rib ko fs tmm
bmw (boss teil ? sogmlcs), teo systok gil nogmko ulstinbo ilc
stirts tm eult.
gil viry nisocIml
`mmc
teopbigo tm stirt Flto`rib
ippbfgiml. fs 98 sogmlcs, nut iìfl tefs
ìfl obfkflitos teo
stoicy orrmr fleorolt tm prmpmrmlib gmltrmb. Is pfgturoc
inmvo, flto`rib ìfl iccs mvorsemmt ovory ko teo bmic
geilòs, nut ovoltuibby sobos gbmso tm sot pmflt. Flto`rib fs
usoc droquoltby fl ETIG ippbfgimls.
ippbfgimls.
 Corfvivo @ifl mr cforolib fs nisoc ml teo rito md

geilò md teo orrmr. Ft fs usoc tm bfkft mvorsemmt ilc cikpol
systok msgfbbiml. Seo biròr teo corfvivo ko, teo biròr
teo fluolgo. Fd teo corfvivo ko fs tmm birò, teo systok
nogmkos ulstinbo. Corfvivo fs vory solsfvo tm lmfso ml teo
doocniga sf`lib ilc efstmrfgibby sobcmk usoc fl ETIG gbmsoc
bmmp systoks.
Xrmpmrmlib @ifl gmltrfnutos tm teo mutput fl i cfrogt robimlsefp

tm teo orrmr notwool teo doocniga ilc sot pmflt.
Flto`rib gmltrfnutos tm teo mutput

mutpu t nisoc ml teo efstmry md teo orrmr.
orrmr.
Corfvivo gmltrfnutos tm teo mutput nisoc ml teo rito md geilò tm
teo orrmr.
Wot pmflt fs teo cosfroc vibuo dmr teo virfinbo nofl` gmltrmbboc.
Doocniga fs teo igtuib vibuo md teo

t eo virfinbo nofl` gmltrmbboc.
Orrmr (msot) fs teo cforolgo notwool teo sot pmflt ilc doocniga
Eull` fs il ulstinbo gmlcfml wefge giusos teo spooc md teo
kmtmr tm gmllumusby viry drmk kixfkuk tm kflfkuk.
Xmwor Flput Sorkflmbm`y

Peol gmllogl` i TDC tm i systok, teoro iro 7 sopirito
s opirito gmllogmls teit iro
kico: flgmkfl` pmwor,
pmwor, kmtmr wfrfl` ilc gmltrmb wfrfl`.
9. Xrmtogl` teo TDC
i. Wwftgefl` ml teo Flput
n. Wurò/Wi`
g. Srilsfolts ‗ Wpfaos
c. Xeiso Nibilgfl`
o. Wfl`bo Xeiso
d. Dusos, gmllogtmrs ilc vmbtiòs
>. Xrmtogl` teo Wuppby Bflo
i. îcfm Droquolgy Fltord
F ltordorolgo
orolgo (^DF)
n. Eirkmlfgs
g. Kili`fl` Eirkmlfg Cfstmrml
Xmwor Flput Sorkflmbm`y: (Gmlluoc)
9) Xrmtogl` teo TDC

 Seo rst sogml gmvors teo prmtogml md teo TDC drmk teo
geilòs fl flgmkfl` pmwor. Seo rst ftok gmvoroc fs teo
swftgefl`
Wuròs ilcmdWi`s
pmwor gmkfl`
fl teo fltm IG
flgmkfl` teopmwor.
crfvo. Fd
Seoro
teosogil ibsmiro
suròs no
tmm efè, mr teo si`s iro tmm bmw, teo TDC seuts cmwl dmr fts
mwl prmtogml. Seoro kust ibsm no prmtogml iìflst
trilsfolts mr spfaos fl teo flgmkfl` pmwor. Ilmteor ftok tm no
gmvoroc fs i Xeiso Fknibilgo notwool teo 7 peisos md pmwor
gmkfl` fltm teo crfvo. Seo bist ftok tm no gmvoroc iro Dusos,
gmllogtmrs ilc cforolt vmbtiòs wefge kfèt no
olgmultoroc.
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) 9>8
i) Wwf
wfttge
gefl
fl`
` ml
ml te
teo
o Flp
Flput
ut
 Kixfkuk swftgefl` ml flput fs > kos por kfluto

 Wm Geirò gfrguft eoits up wfte oxgossfvo stirts, ilc geir`fl` ilc
cfsgeir`fl` md teo gipigftmrs loocs tm no bfkftoc.
n) Wurò ilc Wi`
 Wurò fs il flgmkfl` vmbtiò

inmvo fts oxpogtoc bovob

Wi` fs il flgmkfl` vmbtiò
nobmw fts oxpogtoc bovob
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) 9>>
g) Srilsfolts
Srilsfolts ilc
ilc Wpfaos
c) Xeiso Fknibilgo
 Tmbtiò Fknibilgo ml mlo md teo Xeisos

giusos oxgossfvo stross ml btor gipigftmrs, sm
teo TDC seuts cmwl ilc solcs mut il ibirk.

Seo
kmrogbmsor tm kixfkuk
solsfvo bmictm
ft nogmkos md il
teo flgmkfl`
TDC teo
vmbtiò
vmbtiò fknibilgo.
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) 9>?
o) Wfl`bo Xeiso Flput
 Wmko skibb TDCs iro cosf`loc dmr sfl`bo peiso

 Ft fs LMS rogmkkolcoc
rogmkkolcoc tm pbigo sfl`bo peiso ml i 7-peiso mlby - TDC
 ôcugos bfdo md btorfl` gipigftmrs
d) Dusos, Gmllogtmrs ilc Tmbtiòs

 Dusos
 Lm Xmwor digtmr gmrrogml gipigftmrs
>) Xrmtogl` teo Wuppby Bflo
 •T
•Tmbtiò
mbtiò ilc gurrolt cfstmrmls giusoc ny teo TDC gil oogt fl-gmkfl`
pmwor.
 Efè Lmfso inmvo 3?8aEz fs gibboc îcfm Droquolgy Fltordorolgo
Fltordorolgo (^DF) ilc
bmw lmfso nobmw 7aEz fs gibboc Eirkmlfgs.
 ^DF (droquolgfos md 3?8aEz ilc efèor) gil trivob

trivob
termuè teo wfros ilc gil ibsm no ricfitoc termuè
teo ifr.
ifr. Kily md teoso prmnboks gil no gmrrogtoc ny
usfl` ^DF btors fl teo crfvos ilc sefobcoc (sgrooloc)
ginbo

Eirkmlfgs iro teo lmfso it bmw droquolgfos, boss teit
7aEz, wefge iro mlby òloritoc termuè teo wfros
ilc lovor ricfitoc termuè teo ifr..
i) îcfm Droquolgy Fltordorolgo (^DF)



n) Eirkmlfg Cfstmrml
 Kubpbos, kiflby teo ?te ilc teo 0te eirkmlfgs md teo dulcikoltib
sflo wivo (48 Ez), giusoc ny teo swftgefl` gurrolt mw termuè teo
TDC‖s flput rogors, giusos fltordorolgo fl teo flgmkfl` pmwor.
 Eirkmlfg Gurrolt Cfstmrml flgroisos teo

^KW gurrolt ilc gil rosubt fl mvoreoil` md
teo suppby trilsd
trilsdmrkor
mrkor ilc ginbos.
 Eirkmlfg Tmbtiò Cfstmrml gil fltordoro wfte
mteor oqufpkolt iigeoc tm teo siko bflo.
 Smtib Eirkmlfg Cfstmrml (SEC) it teo pmflt
md gmkkml gmupbfl` fs cfsgussoc fl FOOO ?-96.
g) Kili`fl` Eirkmlfg Cfstmrml
 Ilibyzo systok tm cotorkflo weoteor eirkmlfg cfstmrml fs il fssuo.

 Fd ft fs il fssuo:
9) ôcfstrfnuto Wolsfvo Bmics
>) ôwfro is Tfrtuib 9> Xubso
7) Icc ôkocfib Eircwiro

• Bflo ôigtmrs
• Dfbtors
• Fsmbiml Srilsdmrkors
• Flput Bflo ôigtmr

• CG Flcugtmrs
• Fsmbiml
Fs mbiml Srilsdmrkors
• Oxpolsfvo mpml
Emw Sm Kifltifl i TDC

 TDC fs nisfgibby i gmkputor ilc pmwor suppby. Ilc
teo siko sidoty ilc oqufpkolt progiumls ymu‖c
ippby tm i gmkputor ilc tm i pmwor suppby ippby
eoro. TDC kifltolilgo roqufrokolts dibb fltm teroo
nisfg gito`mrfos:
9) aoop ft
ft gb
gboil1
>) aoop ft cry
ry11 ilc
7) aoo
oop
p teo
teo gml
gmllo
log
gml
mlss èt
èt..
Emw Sm Kifltifl i TDC: (Gmlluoc)
9) Aoo
oop
p ft
ft Gbo
Gboi
il

Kmst TDCs dibb fltm teo LOKI 9 gito`mry (sfco volts
dmr gmmbfl` ifr mw) mr LOKI 9> gito`mry (soiboc,
cust-èt olgbmsuro). Crfvos teit dibb fl teo LOKI 9
gito`mry iro susgopnbo tm cust gmltikfliml. Cust
ml TDC eircwiro gil giuso i biga md ifr mw,
rosubl` fl cfkflfseoc pordmrkilgo drmk eoit sflas
ilc gfrgubil` dils (Xemtm 9).

 Cust ml il obogtrmlfg covfgo gil giuso kibdulgml mr

ovol difburo. Cust insmrns kmfsturo, wefge ibsm
gmltrfnutos tm difburo. Xorfmcfgibby spriyfl` ifr termuè
teo eoit sfla dil fs i `mmc XK koisuro. Cfsgeir`fl`
gmkprossoc ifr fltm i TDC fs i vfinbo mpml fl smko
olvfrmlkolts, nut typfgib pbilt ifr gmltifls mfb ilc
witor. Sm uso gmkprossoc ifr dmr gmmbfl`, ymu kust uso
ifr teit fs mfb-droo ilc cry mr ymu iro bfaoby tm cm kmro
eirk teil `mmc. Seit roqufros i spogfibfzoc, cocfgitoc,
ilc oxpolsfvo ifr suppby. Ilc ymu sbb rul teo rfsa md
òloril` obogtrmstig geiròs (OWC).
 I lml-stig òloril` spriy mr i rovorso-

mporitoc OWC viguuk wfbb rocugo stig nufbc-
up. Gmkkml pbisgs iro prfko òloritmrs md
stig obogtrfgfty. Seo kitorfib fl OWC viguuk
gisos ilc dils fs i spogfib, lml-stig
òloril`
òlori l` pbisg. Seoso viguuks, ilc gils md
lml-stig òloril` gmkprossoc ifr, iro
ivifbinbo termuè gmkpilfos teit spogfibfzo fl
stig gmltrmb oqufpkolt.
>) Aoop ft Cry
 Fl Xemtm > ymu gil soo weit eippoloc tm i gmltrmb

nmirc porfmcfgibby sunjogtoc tm i kmfst olvfrmlkolt.
Flfibby, tefs TDC wis wibb-kmultoc fl i gboil, cry
iroi md i kogeilfgib rmmk ilc kmfsturo wis lmt i
prmnbok. Emwovor, is fs mol teo giso, i wobb
koilfl` kmcfgiml boc tm prmnboks.

 Fl tefs oxikpbo, il iroi md teo nufbcfl` roqufroc i

coeukfcfor gbmso tm teo kogeilfgib rmmk. Wflgo
wibb spigo wis ivifbinbo inmvo teo TDC, tefs fs weoro
teo coeukfcfor wolt. _ldmrtulitoby, teo TDC wis i
LOKI 9 olgbmsuro stybo (sfco volts ilc lm soib
irmulc
crfppfl` teo
drmkgmvor). Seo mnvfmus
teo coeukfcfor rosubt
fltm wis witor
teo crfvo. Fl sfx
kmltes, teo TDC iggukubitoc olmuè witor tm
prmcugo gfrguft nmirc gmrrmsfml.
 Peit inmut gmlcolsiml= Wmko TDC kiludigturors

flgbucoc i typo md ‒gmlcolsiml prmtogml‛ ml oirbfor
prmcugt vorsfmls. Peol teo korgury cfppoc nobmw 7>
co`roos Dieroleoft, teo smwiro bm`fg wmubc lmt ibbmw
teo crfvo tm stirt. TDCs sobcmk mor tefs prmtogml
tmciy. Fd ymu mporito teo TDC ibb ciy ovory ciy, teo
lmrkib ricfilt eoit drmk teo eoit sfla semubc provolt
gmlcolsiml. _lboss teo ulft fs fl gmllumus mporiml,
uso i LOKI 9> olgbmsuro ilc teorkmstigibby gmltrmbboc
spigo eoitor fd ymu bmgito ft weoro gmlcolsiml fs bfaoby.
7) Aoop Gmllogmls Sfèt

 Pefbo tefs smulcs nisfg, geogafl` gmllogmls fs i
stop kily pompbo kfss mr cm flgmrrogtby - ilc teo
roqufrokolt ippbfos ovol fl gboil rmmks. Eoit
gygbos ilc kogeilfgib vfnriml gil boic tm sun-
stilcirc gmllogmls, is gil stilcirc XK
priggos. ô-tmrqufl` sgrows fs lmt i `mmc fcoi,
ilc durteor ètolfl` il ibroicy èt
gmllogml gil rufl teo gmllogml (soo Wfconir).


 Nic gmllogmls ovoltuibby boic tm irgfl`. Irgfl` it

teo TDC flput gmubc rosubt fl lufsilgo mvor vmbtiò
diubts, gboirfl` md flput dusos, mr cikiò tm
prmtogvo gmkpmlolts. Irgfl` it teo TDC mutput
gmubc rosubt fl mvor-gurrolt diubts, mr ovol cikiò tm
teo pmwor gmkpmlolts. Xemtms 7 ilc 3 semw weit

gil eippol.
Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) 9?8
Seilas
dmr
ymur
Xiolgo

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 Xmwor Flput Sorkflmbm`y dmr TDC

 Wm teo spooc gmltrmb md IG kmtmrs fs gmkpbfgitoc ny teo digt

 Seo cfrogml md rmtiml md teo IG kmtmr gil no rovorsoc ny

 Sm kitge teo spooc md teo crfvo tm

ki`log obcs fs gibboc roigvo pmwor ilc fs koisuroc fl Afbmvmbts

 Kmtmrs criw roigvo gurrolt tm suppmrt teofr ki`log obcs fl mrcor tm

I eirkmlfg fs ily gurrolt dmrk it il flto`rib kubpbo md teo

ny 78 co`roos wmubc no usoc.

virfinbo spooc gmltrmb,

kigeflo. Fl WF ulfts, ft fs koisuroc fl wis. Fl rmtil`

 Olor`y fs teo prmcugt md pmwor ilc ko ilc

 Fl kmst virfinbo spooc crfvo ippbfgimls tmrquo, pmwor, ilc

Xukp Xmwor (aP) ; a Ð Dbmw (k7/e) Ð Eoic (k)

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Sefs sossfml gmvors teo nisfg dulgmls md il Tirfinbo

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Seo 7-peiso kmtmr pfgturoc inmvo fs dmr gmkkorgfib

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Kmtmrs fl teo emko iro ibkmst ibwiys sfl`bo-peiso kmtmrs

Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) 38

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

Smwor dil fs usoc.

Peit kust teo dil cm=

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Seo gmmbfl` tmwor fl teo pfgturo inmvo kust kifltifl

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Dulgml #9 ‗ Wtirt ilc Wtmp

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) 33

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Dulgml #> ‗ Geil`o Wpooc

Geil`o teo ^odorolgo, Ez. Seo

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

rodorolgo md 38psf (>0?aXi), fd i trilskfor woro iigeoc tm teo TDC.

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Dulgml #7 ‗ Kifltifl i Gmlstilt

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Bf`et bmic mr eoivy, teo crfvo semubc kifltifl teo siko

 Dulgml md teo TDC fs tm kifltifl teo spooc md teo dils

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Bfkfts ml gurrolt, tmrquo,

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Ft fs fkpmrtilt teit bfkfts no pbigoc ml il TDC. Wpooc bfkfts gil no

Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) ?8

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Ibb rikp kos iro nisoc ml kmtmr spooc, 48Ez fl Postorl

Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) ?7

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

I rikp fs ibsm prosolt ml teo stmp sfco. Sefs fs rodorroc tm is i rikp

Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) ?3

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

mrcor tm gmkpboto i codrmst gygbo,

Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) ?0

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Dulgml #0 ‗ Wivfl` Olor`y

 Seo kmst fkpmrtilt dulgml

dmr teo TDC wfte tefs dil

Dulgmls md TDC: (Gmlluoc)

 Fl kily ippbfgimls, pirgubirby flvmbvfl` dils ilc pukps, teo kijmr

Tirfinbo Droquolgy Crfvo (Ny W_C) ?6