RBM LEARNING SYSTEM

(AN ACADEMY OF LEARNING)

MIG-105-HANUMAN NAGAR, PATNA – 8000 20
X - PHY - SM - ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

As we know from Orested Experiment that a current produces a magnetic field. The question arises
“Should the reverse be not true and a magnet be used to produce current?” i.e, as moving charges
produce magnetic field, can moving magnet produce electric currents? Does nature permit such a
symmetrical relation between electricity and magnetism? The answer is resounding yes!! The
experiments of Michael Faraday in U.K and Joseph Henry in USA established around the year 1830 that
electric currents were induced in the coils, when subjected to changing magnetic fields.
This phenomenon of generating current/emf by changing magnetic fields is called ‘Electromagnetic
Induction(EMI). The emf so developed is called induced emf. If the conductor is in the form of a closed
circuit, a current flows in the circuit. This is called ‘induced current’.
This phenomenon of EMI is the basis of working of power generators, dynamos, transformers etc. We
cannot imagine a world where there is no electricity, no lights, no trains, no personal computers and
nothing that works on electricity. Therefore, the phenomenon of EMI is not merely of theoretical or
academic interest. The present day owes a great deal to the discovery of the phenomenon of
electromagnetic induction.
Faraday’s Experiment
The experimental arrangement used by Faraday consists of coil, C of few turns. A sensitive
galvanometer, G is included in series with coil. Faraday’s observations are follows:
1. When the magnet is stationary,
C
there is no deflection in the
galvanometer as shown in fig v=0
(a). N S

G
Fig(a).
2. When the north pole of the
C
magnet is brought towards the
coil, a current flows in the coil as v
shown in fig (b). S N N S

G
Fig(b).
3. If the motion of the magnet is C
stopped, the galvanometer again
shows no deflection as shown in v=0
fig(c). Thus, the current in the coil N S
flows as long as the magnet is
moving.

G
Fig(c).
 4. If the magnet is moved away C
from the coil, the current flows in
v
a direction opposite to that in the
case -2 and the galvanometer N S N S
shows deflection towards left as
shown in fig (d).
G
Fig(d).
5. Instead of north pole, south pole of the magnet
C
is either brought towards the coil (as shown by
full arrow), or moved away from the coil (shown v
by the dotted arrow), the directions of induced S N
currents in the two cases are opposite to those
in fig (b) and fig(d). The directions of these
currents shown by full and dotted arrows and the
directions of deflections in galvanometer (shown G
by full and dotted arrow) are shown in fig(e). Fig(e).

6. In case the magnet is moved faster with the

C
velocity v’ instead of v(either towards or away
from the coil), the deflection in the galvanometer v’
increases. S N N S

G
Fig(g).

7. Exactly similar observation are made if the magnet is stationary and the coil is moved either towards or away
from the magnet.
Conclusion of Faraday’s Experiment:
From his experiment, Faraday arrived at the following three conclusions:
1. The galvanometer shows deflection (i.e. an induced current flows in the coil) only when there is a
relative motion between the coil and the magnet.
2. The direction of deflection (i.e. of the induced current in the coil) is reversed if the direction of
relative motion between the coil and the magnet is reversed.
3. The deflection in the galvanometer (of the induced current in the coil) increases if the magnet and
the coil are rapidly moved w.r.t. each other.
Faraday’s Explanation
1. (a). When
the magnet C
and the coil,
C are at rest S N
w.r.t. each
other, the
total G
number of
magnetic
field lines,
called
magnetic
flux
remains
constant. It
is due to
this reason
that
galvanomet
er, G shows
no
deflection
(i.e. there is
no induced
current in
the coil) as
shown in
the fig.
given aside.
Thus,
constant
magnetic
flux in the
coil does
not induce
current in it.

(b).
Whenever
there is a
relative
motion
between
the coil and
the magnet,
(suppose
the magnet
moves
towards the
coil) the
magnetic
flux linked
with the coil
changes. It
is due to
this reason
that the
galvanomet
er shows
deflection
(i.e., an
electric
current is
induced in
the coil) as
shown in
the fig.
given aside.
 C
S N

G
2. When the direction of relative motion between the magnet and the coil is reversed, i.e., instead of
bringing the magnet and the coil towards each other, if they are away from each other, the
direction of deflection in the galvanometer (i.e., the induced current in the coil) is also reversed. It
is due to the reason that when we bring the magnet and the coil closer to each other, the magnetic
flux linked with the coil increases whereas when these are moved away from each other, the
magnetic flux linked with coil decreases. Thus, it is the change(whether an increase or a decrease)
in magnetic flux in the coil which induces current in the coil. Increasing magnetic flux induces
current in one direction whereas decreasing magnetic flux induces current in opposite direction.
In a nut – shell,
It is the change in magnetic flux in the coil and not its mere presence that induces current in the
coil.
3. When the magnet and the coil are moved rapidly w.r.t each other the galvanometer (i.e., the
induced current in the coil) increases. This is due to the reason that the rate of change of magnetic
flux in the coil increases. Thus,
The magnitude of the induced current depends on the rate of change of magnetic flux in the coil.
Important:
• It is important to note that the induced current (or induced potential difference) is not like
the one due to an electric cell. In an electric cell, it is the chemical energy that is converted
into electric energy (i.e. current). In case of electromagnetic induction, the induced current is
due to changing magnetic flux in the coil. Since, to change magnetic flux, we have to do work
to cause relative motion between the magnet and the coil, it is this work i.e, mechanical
energy that is converted into electric energy.
Thus, the phenomenon of generation of an electric current in a circuit from magnetic effects,
i.e., by changing the magnetic flux linked with it is called electro-magnetic induction.
𝑴𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 → 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
• In the following figure, the permanent magnet is replaced by a second coil 𝑪′, connected to a
battery. The current in 𝑪′ produces a magnetic field as shown. If 𝑪′ is moved towards or away
from coil C with a velocity v, it results in a change in magnetic flux in C. This results in an
induced pd and hence a current in a coil C. The direction of induced current is opposite in the
two cases as shown by deflection in the galvanometer G.

• In the following fig. a switch S is added in the circuit containing coil C’. A current is observed
in coil C when the switch S is closed or opened. This is because the changing currents in coil C’
results in a changing magnetic flux in C. Once again, the direction of the induced current in C
is opposite in two cases(i.e., one when the switch is closed and the other when it is opened)
as indicated by deflection in the galvanometer G
Faraday’s Law Of Electromagnetic Induction:
Following are the two laws of electromagnetic induction as given by Faraday. Both the laws follow from
the experiments of Faraday and Henry :
First Law: Whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an emf is induced in
the circuit. The induced emf lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux continues.
Second Law: The magnitude of emf induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
Explanation:
First Law: In Faraday’s experiment, When magnet is moved towards the coil, number of magnetic lines
of force linked with the coil increases, i.e., magnetic flux increases. When the magnet is moved away,
the magnetic flux linked with the coil decreases. In both the cases, galvanometer shows deflection
indicating that emf is induced in the coil.
When there is no relative motion between the magnet and the coil, magnetic flux linked with the coil
remains constant. That’s why galvanometer shows no deflection. Thus, induced emf produced when
magnetic flux changes and induced emf continues so long as the change in magnetic flux continues.
This is the first law.
Second Law: In Faraday’s experiment, when magnet is moved faster, the magnetic flux linked with the
coil changes at a faster rate. Therefore, galvanometer deflection is more.. However, when the magnet
is moved slowly, rate of change of magnetic flux is smaller. Therefore, galvanometer deflection is
smaller i.e induced emf is smaller. Hence, magnitude of emf induced varies directly as the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with the coil. This is the second law.
If 𝜑1 is the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil at any time and 𝜑2 is the magnetic flux linked
with the coil after t sec, then,
𝝋 −𝝋
Rate of change of Magnetic Flux = 𝟐 𝒕 𝟏.
According to Faraday’s Second Law, we have,
𝝋 −𝝋
𝒆∝ 𝟐𝒕 𝟏
𝜑 −𝜑
⇒ 𝑒 = 𝑘 ( 2 1 ) ….(i) where, 𝑘 is a constant of proportionality.
𝑡
𝐴𝑠 𝑘 = 1 , in all system of units,

𝝋 −𝝋
⇒ 𝒆 = ( 𝟐 𝒕 𝟏) ….(ii)
In the language of Calculus, we may write,

𝒅𝝋
𝒆 = − 𝒅𝒕 ….(iii)
Negative sign is taken because induced emf always opposes any change in magnetic flux associated
with the circuit. This follows from the Lenz’s Law.
In case of a closely wound coil of N turns, change in the magnetic flux associated with each turn is
the same. Therefore, total induced emf is given by
𝒅𝝋
𝒆 = −𝑵 𝒅𝒕 ….(iv)
By increasing number of turns N in the coil, we can increase the induced emf.
𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒎𝒇 |𝒆| 𝑵.𝒅𝝋/𝒅𝒕
Induced current in the coil is, 𝑰 = 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍 = 𝑹
= 𝑹
.
Faraday’s Second Law gives us the magnitude of induced emf/current. It does not give us the polarity
of induced emf or the direction of induced current.