Mobile Computing

Lecture – 01
Spring 2021
Waqas Tariq Dar
GIFT University
What is Java?


Java is a cross-platform object-oriented
programming language with advanced and
simplified features.

Independent programming language that
follows the logic of “Write once, Run
anywhere” i.e., the compiled code can run
on all platforms which supports java.
Java Virtual Machine (JVM)


A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a virtual machine that
enables a computer to run Java programs as well as
programs written in other languages that are also
compiled to Java bytecode.

Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions
designed to be executed by what is called the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM), which is part of the Java
Runtime Environment (JRE)

With the use of JIT (Just-In-Time) compilers, it enables
high performance.
Building and Running a Java Program


You need JDK (Java Development Kit)

Create a class file e.g., Book.java

Set JDK path (bin directory)

Compile
●
javac Book.java
●
Above command will create a Book.class file

Run
●
java Book
Java is different than C++


No Preprocessor

No Global Variables

No Goto statements

No Pointers

No Multiple Inheritance

No Operator Overloading
 Object & classes


Object - Objects have states and behaviors.
●
Example: A dog has states - color, name, breed as well
as:
●
Behaviors - wagging, barking, eating.


An object is an instance of a class.

Class - A class can be defined as a template/blue print
that describes the behaviors/states that object of its type
support.
Java Access Modifiers
Method Overloading
●
When a class has two or more methods by same name but different
parameters, it is known as method overloading.

public class ExampleOverloading{

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println(“sum = " + sum(11,6));
System.out.println(“sum = " +sum(3.4,9.6));
}

// for integer
public static int sum(int n1, int n2) {
return n1+n2;
}
// for double
public static double sum (double n1, double n2) {
return n1+n2 ;
}
}
 Method Overriding


A child class can override the definition of an inherited
method in favor of its own.

The new method must have the same signature as the
parent's method, but can have a different body.

The type of the object executing the method determines
which version of the method is invoked.

A parent method can be invoked explicitly using the super
reference.

If a method is declared with the final modifier, it cannot be
overridden.
 Overriding vs Overloading


Don't confuse the concepts of overloading and overriding

Overloading deals with multiple methods with the same
name in the same class, but with different signatures

Overriding deals with two methods, one in a parent class
and one in a child class, that have the same signature

Overloading lets you define a similar operation in
different ways for different data

Overriding lets you define a similar operation in different
ways for different object types
 Polymorphism in Java


Polymorphism is the ability to create a variable, a
function, or an object that has more than one form.

In java language, Polymorphism is essentially
considered into two versions.


Compile time Polymorphism (static binding or
method overloading)

Runtime Polymorphism (dynamic binding or method
overriding)
 Compile time Polymorphism - Example

Parameter type: Type of method parameters can be different. e.g.
java.util.Math.max() function comes with following versions:

public static double Math.max(double a, double b){..}

public static float Math.max(float a, float b){..}

public static int Math.max(int a, int b){..}

Parameter count: Functions accepting different number of
parameters. e.g. in employee management application, a factory
can have these methods:

EmployeeFactory.create(String firstName, String lastName){...}

EmployeeFactory.create(Integer id, String firstName, String
lastName){...}
Runtime Polymorphism - Example


Runtime polymorphism is essentially referred as
method overriding. Method overriding is a feature
which you get when you implement inheritance in
your program.
Runtime Polymorphism - Example
public class Animal {
    public void makeNoise()
    {
        System.out.println("Some sound");
    }
}
 
class Dog extends Animal{
    public void makeNoise()
    {
        System.out.println("Bark");
    }
}
 
class Cat extends Animal{
    public void makeNoise()
    {
        System.out.println("Meawoo");
    }
}
Runtime Polymorphism - Example

public class Demo

{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Animal a1 = new Cat();
        a1.makeNoise(); //Prints Meawoo
         
        Animal a2 = new Dog();
        a2.makeNoise(); //Prints Bark
    }
}
Abstraction


Abstraction is the quality of dealing with ideas
rather than events.

In Object oriented programming Abstraction is a
process of hiding the implementation details from
the user, only the functionality will be provided to
the user.


In other words user will have the information on
what the object does instead of how it does it.
Ways to Achieve Abstraction


There are two ways to achieve abstraction in
java.


Abstract class (0 to 100%)


Interface (100%)
Abstract Class


A class which contains the abstract keyword in its
declaration is known as abstract class.

Abstract classes may or may not contain abstract
methods.

But, if a class have at least one abstract method, then the
class must be declared abstract.

If a class is declared abstract it cannot be instantiated.

To use an abstract class you have to inherit it from
another class, provide implementations to the abstract
methods in it.
 Abstract Method


If you want a class to contain a particular method but you want
the actual implementation of that method to be determined by
child classes, you can declare the method in the parent class
as abstract.

Abstract keyword is used to declare the method as abstract.

You have to place the abstract keyword before the method
name in the method declaration.

An abstract method contains a method signature, but no
method body.

Instead of curly braces an abstract method will have a
semicolon ( ; ) at the end.
Abstract Method

public abstract class Employee {

private String name;
private String address;
private int number;

public abstract double computePay();

}

•The class containing it must be declared as abstract.

•Any class inheriting the current class must override the abstract
method.
 Interface


An interface is a class-like construct that contains only
constants (static and final) and abstract methods.

In many ways an interface is similar to an abstract class, but
its intent is to specify common behavior for objects of related
classes or unrelated classes.

Multiple inheritance can be achieved with Interfaces.
modifier interface InterfaceName {
/** Constant declarations */
/** Abstract method signatures */
}
Interface

An interface is treated like a special class in Java. Each
interface is compiled into a separate bytecode file, just
like a regular class.

You can use an interface more or less the same way you
use an abstract class.

As with an abstract class, you cannot create an instance
from an interface using the new operator.

You can use the Edible interface to specify whether an
object is edible.

This is accomplished by letting the class for the object
implement this interface using the implements keyword.
… Interface – Edible Interface Example
… Interface – Edible Interface Example...
… Interface – Edible Interface Example...
… Interface – Edible Interface Example
References


...