Line, Surface and Volume Integrals

PEU 218
Topic 2

Tamer Abuelfadl
Email: tabuelfadl@zewailcity.edu.eg

Tamer Abuelfadl (Email: tabuelfadl@zewailcity.edu.eg) Topic 2 PEU218 1 / 22

 Outline

1 Examples of the use of integration

2 Line integrals

3 Surface integrals

4 Volume integrals

Tamer Abuelfadl (Email: tabuelfadl@zewailcity.edu.eg) Topic 2 PEU218 2 / 22

 Outline

1 Examples of the use of integration

2 Line integrals

3 Surface integrals

4 Volume integrals

Tamer Abuelfadl (Email: tabuelfadl@zewailcity.edu.eg) Topic 2 PEU218 3 / 22

Examples of the use of integration

Example
(Matthews Example 2.1) A rod of length a has a mass per unit length ρ(x)
that varies along the length of the rod according to the formula
ρ(x) = 1 + x . What is the total mass of the rod?

Example
(Matthews Example 2.2) A vehicle starts from rest and accelerates
uniformly up to a speed of 10 m/s over a time of 20 s. What is the total
distance travelled during this time?
Examples of the use of integration

Example
(Matthews Example 2.1) A rod of length a has a mass per unit length ρ(x)
that varies along the length of the rod according to the formula
ρ(x) = 1 + x . What is the total mass of the rod?

Example
(Matthews Example 2.2) A vehicle starts from rest and accelerates
uniformly up to a speed of 10 m/s over a time of 20 s. What is the total
distance travelled during this time?
Integration methods

Example
(Matthews Examples 2.3, 2.4, 2.5) Evaluate
R x
√ dx
1−x
R√
1 − x 2 dx
R 1 2√
0
x 1 − x 2 dx

Example
(Matthews Examples 2.6, 2.7) Evaluate
R
x sin xdx
R
exp(ax) cos x dx
Integration methods

Example
(Matthews Examples 2.3, 2.4, 2.5) Evaluate
R x
√ dx
1−x
R√
1 − x 2 dx
R 1 2√
0
x 1 − x 2 dx

Example
(Matthews Examples 2.6, 2.7) Evaluate
R
x sin xdx
R
exp(ax) cos x dx
Integration methods

Example
(Matthews Examples 2.3, 2.4, 2.5) Evaluate
R x
√ dx
1−x
R√
1 − x 2 dx
R 1 2√
0
x 1 − x 2 dx

Example
(Matthews Examples 2.6, 2.7) Evaluate
R
x sin xdx
R
exp(ax) cos x dx
Integration methods

Example
(Matthews Examples 2.3, 2.4, 2.5) Evaluate
R x
√ dx
1−x
R√
1 − x 2 dx
R 1 2√
0
x 1 − x 2 dx

Example
(Matthews Examples 2.6, 2.7) Evaluate
R
x sin xdx
R
exp(ax) cos x dx
Integration methods

Example
(Matthews Examples 2.3, 2.4, 2.5) Evaluate
R x
√ dx
1−x
R√
1 − x 2 dx
R 1 2√
0
x 1 − x 2 dx

Example
(Matthews Examples 2.6, 2.7) Evaluate
R
x sin xdx
R
exp(ax) cos x dx
 Outline

1 Examples of the use of integration

2 Line integrals

3 Surface integrals

4 Volume integrals

Tamer Abuelfadl (Email: tabuelfadl@zewailcity.edu.eg) Topic 2 PEU218 6 / 22

Introductory example: work done against a force

N
WN = ∑ −Fi · d ri
i=1

The line integral of F along the curve

C is dened by
Z N
F · d r = lim ∑ Fi · d ri
C N→∞ i=1
Z
W =− F · dr
C
Closed contour integral is called
circulation
I
F · dr
Examples

Example
(Matthews Example 2.8) Evaluate the line integral of the vector eld
u = (xy , z 2 , x) along the curve given by x = 1 + t , y = 0, z = t 2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 3.

Example
(Matthews Example 2.9) Find the line integral of F = (y , −x, 0) along the
curve consisting of the two straight line segments
1 y = 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
2 x = 1, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2.

Example
(Matthews Example 2.10) Find the circulation of the vector F = (y , −x, 0)
around the unit circle, x 2 + y 2 = 1, z = 0, taken in an anti clockwise
direction.
Conservative vector elds

Denition
A vector eld F is said to be conservative if it has the property that the line
integral of F around any closed curve C is zero:
I
F · dr = 0

F is conservative if the line integral of

F along a curve only depends on the
endpoints of the curve, not on the
path taken by the curve,
Z Z
F · dr = F · dr
C1 C2
Examples

Example
(Matthews Example 2.11) By considering the line integral of
F = (y , x 2 − x, 0) around the square in the x − y plane connecting the four
points (0,0), (1,0), (1,1) and (0,1), show that F cannot be a conservative
vector eld.
Other forms of line integrals

Z Z
φ d r, F × dr
C C

Example
(Matthews Example 2.12) Evaluate the line integral
Z
x + y 2 d r,
C

where C is the parabola y = x 2 in the plane z = 0 connecting the points

(0,0,0) and (1,1,0).
Example

Example
(Matthews Example 2.13) Evaluate the line integral
Z
F × d r,
C

where F is the vector eld (y , x, 0) and C is the curve y = sin x , z = 0,

between x = 0 and x = π .
 Outline

1 Examples of the use of integration

2 Line integrals

3 Surface integrals

4 Volume integrals

Tamer Abuelfadl (Email: tabuelfadl@zewailcity.edu.eg) Topic 2 PEU218 13 / 22

Introductory example: ow through a pipe

Volume ow rate is often called the ux of uid through the pipe, or the
ux of uid across the surface S .

Q = |u| A
ZZ ZZ
Q= |u| ds = |u| dxdy
S S
Surface integral

ZZ
Q= u · ndS
S

I
Q= u · ndS
Parameterized surface

For a parameterized surface r(v , w ),

∂r ∂r
Z Z
F · ndS = F· × dvdw
S S ∂v ∂w

Surface Integrals Over Graphs

For a surface described by, r = x e1 + y e2 + g (x, y )e3
∂r ∂g ∂r ∂g
= e1 + e3 , = e2 + e3
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂r ∂r ∂g ∂g
× = − e1 − e2 + e3
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
Z  
∂g ∂g
Z
F · ndS = −F1 − F2 + F3 dxdy
S S ∂x ∂y
Examples

Example
Let F(x, y , z) = 2x e1 − 2y e2 + z 2 e3 . Evaluate
ZZ
F · ndS,
S

where S is the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4 with z ∈ [0, 1].

Example
(Example 2.14) Evaluate the surface integral of
u = (y , x 2 , z 2 ), over the surface S , where S is
the triangular surface on x = 0 with y ≥ 0,
z ≥ 0, y + z ≤ 1, with the normal n directed in
the positive x direction.
 Example

Example
(Example 2.15) Find the surface integral of U = r over the part of the
paraboloid z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 with z > 0, with the normal pointing upwards.

Tamer Abuelfadl (Email: tabuelfadl@zewailcity.edu.eg) Topic 2 PEU218 18 / 22

Other forms of surface integrals

ZZ ZZ ZZ
fdS, f ndS, v × ndS
S S S

Example
(Example 2.16) If S is the entire x , y plane, evaluate the integral
ZZ
2
−y 2
I= e −x dS,

by transforming the integral into polar coordinates.

 Outline

1 Examples of the use of integration

2 Line integrals

3 Surface integrals

4 Volume integrals

Tamer Abuelfadl (Email: tabuelfadl@zewailcity.edu.eg) Topic 2 PEU218 20 / 22

Introductory example: mass of an object with variable
density

ZZZ N
M=
V
ρdV = lim
N→∞
∑ ρ(ri )δ Vi , (Scalar)
i=1
ZZZ
udV , (Vector)
V

Example
(Example 2.17) A cube 0 ≤ x, y , z, ≤ 1 has a variable density given by
ρ = 1 + x + y + z . What is the total mass of the cube?
Example
Example
(Example 2.18) Find the volume of the tetrahedron with vertices at (0,0,0),
(a,0, 0), (0,b,0) and (0,0,c ).