7.

1 – NUCLEIC ACIDS, AHL

(Adapted from https://www.mrgscience.com/topic-71-dna-structure-and-replication.html)

(http://www.compoundchem.com/2015/03/24/dna/, 270218)

DNA is double stranded and shaped like a ladder, with the sides of the ladder made out of repeating
____________ and ____________ __________ molecules ____________ ____________ together. 
Each deoxyribose molecule has a phosphate covalently attached to a 3’ carbon and a 5’ carbon. 
The ___________________________________________________________________________
_______________ molecule forming a long single strand of DNA known as the DNA backbone. 
DNA strands run _______________ to each other with one strand running in a 5’ to 3’ direction and the
other strand running 3’ to 5’ when looking at the strands in the same direction.
 The rungs of the ladder contain _____ _______________ _______ (one from each strand) that
are bonded together by _______________ _______.
 Since these two strands are anti-parallel ____________ occurs in ____________ ____________
on the DNA strand
 Purines are two ring nitrogenous bases and pyrimidines are single ring nitrogenous bases.
 The nitrogenous bases match up according the Chargaff’s Rules in which adenine (purine) always
bonds to thymine (pyrimidine), and guanine (purine) always bonds with cytosine (pyrimidine).
(https://www.mrgscience.com/topic-71-dna-structure-and-replication.html, 270218)

7.1.1.
The discovery of the structure of DNA relied upon the work of several people.
Who was the molecular biologist who pioneered this work and with what?
What was the difference between R. Franklin and Watson / Crick’s original DNA structure?

What are purines? Pyrimidines?

What are the number of hydrogen bonds between the bases?

7.1.1.A
Page 346, describe Rosalind Franklin’s discovery of the DNA structure.
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7.1.2.U & 7.1.2.S

Go to the following website: http://www.johnkyrk.com/chromosomestructure.html
Click through the “4” slides and briefly summarize each for yourself. 1Å = 0.1nm
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Visit - https://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/07-how-dna-is-packaged-basic.html
State one difference between bacterial and eukaryotic DNA.

What are these proteins used for?

Describe what one of these looks like.

What’s the purpose of histones?

Draw and label the structure of a nucleosome, including: H1 protein, the 8 proteins, 2 wraps of DNA, and
linker DNA. Textbook 347 – 348.

7.1.3. – 7.1.5.
The DNA replication process is generally referred to as ___________________, because the polymerizing enzyme
can add nucleotides only in the 5' - 3' direction, synthesis is one strand (________________ ____________ is
continuous in the 5'-3' direction towards the fork.
In the other strand (________________ ____________), as the forks opens, multiple sites of initiation are
exposed.
The synthesis, then proceed in short segments in the 5'-3' direction. That is, synthesis in the lagging strand
is ___________________. The short segments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand are called
___________________ ___________________.
All of which is for the ultimate purpose of DNA making a copy of itself during cell division.

DNA replication creates _____ identical strands with each strand consisting of one new and one old
strand (semi-conservative).  DNA replication occurs at many different places on the DNA strand called
the origins of replication (represented by bubbles along the strand).
 DNA ___________________ (______________):
o an enzyme that relieves strain while double-strand DNA is being unwound by helicase
o causes negative supercoiling of the DNA

 ___________________:
o controls unwinding of coiled DNA
o separates complementary strands of DNA, producing a replication fork

 _________________________________________________________(SSBP):
o binds to single-stranded regions of DNA to prevent the two strands from rejoining by
complementary base pairing
 o allow other enzymes to function effectively on it

 ___________________:
o adds DNA nucleotides to a free 3’ end on an existing DNA strand
o therefore, uses the DNA template to synthesize a short 10 RNA nucleotide sequence
known as an RNA primer

 ___________________:
o uses a single parent strand of DNA as a template
o adding free dexoyribonucleoside triphosphates from solution to the parent/template strand
o according to the complementary base pairing rules (A=T, G=C)
o can only add deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates to a free 3’ end of an existing nucleotide
strand
o thus, on only one of the two strands of DNA can DNA polymerase III synthesize
continuously in the direction toward the replication fork: this is known as the leading
strand

 ___________________:
o is a proofreading enzyme
o removes the RNA nucleotides of the RNA primer
o replacing them with DNA nucleotides

 ___________________:
o forms covalent bonds linking together ___________________ ___________________
o completing DNA synthesis along the lagging strand

Using a resource, outline the steps in replication using a labelled diagram.

http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html

7.1.6.
Define what a “polypeptide” is.

What do the “coding sequences” do in a DNA sequence?

What roles do non-coding sequences play? What is a specific example?

One area of repetitive sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes are ____________________.
What is their function?

7.1.1.S
1.  Go to
a.  Click on “Hershey and Chase Experiment” and watch the animation,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1jDNSEnfIA
b.  Click on “Messelson and Stahl Experiment” and watch the animation,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGghj4Jivvo
c.  Click on “How nucleotides are added in DNA Replication” and watch the animation,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqtOvofILHU