2.

Prove that the roots of the equation+ + 3 C are

all real.
Let us assume that the equation has a root a+iß where a, 8 are
real. Since the coefficients of the equation are all real, a iß is another-

root of the equation.

Since a +ißis a root, 1 2 3
a-i8-Ita+ig-2Tatiß-3 a t i6.
Since 1 2 3
a- iß is a root, 6-1 -iß-2 T
a-iß-3 a - iß.
On subtraction, we have
1 1
a-13-1a-i3-1)ta+i3-2a-i-2)+3+ig-3a-i-3)= 213.
or,-2i 2 G7
a - 1 4 a-24+ 3 +1=0.
Or,
Since the expression within the bracket is positive, B 0. This =

proves that the equation cannot have a root a+ iß where 3 0. In

other words, the roots of the equation are all real.
16. Prove that the roots of the equations are all real.
1 1 =, where a1, a2,.. . , an are all
02 + + a+an
positive real numbers,
R( 1 + 1 + 1 =, where a1, 2, ,an are all
+a1 'o+aa2
negative real numbers,
1 . 1
T+an where a1, a2, .. . , an and b
c+a1
+ +a2
are all positive real numbers and b > ai for all i,
1 1
+ cta2 t+an +6 where a1, a2,. ..
, an and b
areall real andb < a; for all i,
 6. Apply Descartes' rule of
sig1s to exInine the nature of the roots of
the equations
(i) + 2r2 + 3.r - 1 = 0,
(ii) +r' + ++3 =0.
(i) Let f(r) =r+22 + 3 =
1. -

Then f-r) +22- 3 - 1.

=

The signs in the

sequence of coefficients of f(r) are + + +-.
There is only one variation of
signs and therefore the number of
1positive roots of f(x) = 0 is exactly 1.
The signs in the sequence
of coefficients of f(-s) are + +
There is only one variation of
signs and therefore the number of
negative roots of f(r) 0 is exactly 1. =

The equation has no zero root. Therefore the

number of real roots
is 2. The equation being of degree 4 has 4 roots. Consequently. the
number of complex roots of the is 2. equation
(ii) Let f(r) r" + xi +r2 +r +3.
=

Then f(-x) a: + =
+ r +3. -

The signs in the sequence of coefficients of

f(r) are + + +
As there is no variation of signs the
equation has no positive root.
The signs in the sequence of coefficients of
f(-c) are
There are 2 variations of signs. Therefore the number of
roots of the
negative
equation f(c) 0 is either 2 or 0. =

The equation has no zero root. Therefore the number of

real roots
s either 2 or 0.
The equation being of degree 6 has 6 roots. Consequently, the nun-
er of conplex roots of the equation is either 4 or 6.
 roots of the equa
Apply Descartes' rule of signs to find the nature of the
tion
(i) +2a +3 1 =0,
(i)+1 =0,
(i)0 1 =0,-

(iv) +r -r =0.
Worked Examples.
18r +9 =
0 if two of the roots
roots ar
Solve the equation 2a* r
-
-

1.
in sign.
equal in magnitude but opposite
Let the roots be a,B,y and a =
-B.
Then a +B+ (i)
a +By+ya -9 (it)
aBy=- (ii)
and from (ii) a2 9.
+B 0, from (i) y
=

Since a =
=

Therefore a = +3. Hence the roots are 3,-3, .

Solve the equation 16r4 -64:r+56r +16x - 15 0 whose roots

2 =

are in arithmetic progression.

Let the roots be a -

36, a 6, a+0,a + 36. Then

-

4a (i)
8) + (a+6)} + (a2 -96*) + (a* -8)
=

{(a -36)+ (a +36)}{(a

-

(i)
{(a-36)(a+36)}{(«-6)+ (a+6)} + (a-5)(a+6){(a-36) +(a+306)
1 (iii)
(a 98 )(a2 -83) = -1 (iv)
From (i) a =1 and from (i) 6«2 - 1052= or, 6 = +

Therefore the roots are 1-,1-,1+ 2,1+, ie., -2,i2

3. Solve the equation 2a - 53- 152+ 10z +8 0, the roots being =

in geometric progression.
pro-
Pirst we observe that if four numbers a, b, c, d be in geometric pi
gression then ad bc.=

Let a,8,Y,ô be the roots of the equation. Then

 a+B+7+6 =
(i)
(a+6)(B+)+að +By =
(ii)
ao(+) +By(a+6) -5 (iil)
ao.By = 4 iv)
(v)
From (i),(ii) and (v) have að
we
=By= -2 (vi)
From (ii) (a++8)(B+)=- (vii)
From (i) and (vii) it follows that a+0,B +y are the roots of the
equation t- 2t-z=0. Therefore t= -1, (vii)
From and (vi) (viii) it follows that one of the pairs (a, d) and (3,7)
are the roots ofthe equation c^ +r 2= 0 and the other pair the
-

are
roots of the equation y4 y 2 = 0.
-

Solving, we have =
1,-2;y =-5,4.
Hence the roots of the given equation are
5,1,-2,4.
4. If a be a multiple root of order 3 of the equation +br+cr +d =
0, (d # 0), show that a =
-5.
3c
Since d #0, no root of the equation is 0. Let the roots be a, a, a,
Then B.
a
0,3 #0.
We have 3a + 3 = 0 (i)
3a2+3aß= b (ii)
a3+302 -c (iil)
a = d (iv)
From i) B -30; from (ii) 803 from -d.
= =
c; (iv) 3a4 =

Since a
#0,c# 0, we have 3a = -or, a =- 3c'
C
or, a =-
(3.) Solve
(Y +6+ 11x+6 =0,
(ii) 424-4 -21 +11r + 10 =0,
(iin) 4.+203 +35+25x + 6 0 ,
given that the roots are in arithmetic progression.
.6. Transformation of equations.
When an equation is given it is possible, without knowing its indi-
vidual roots, to obtain a new equation whose roots are connected with
those of the equation by some assigned relation. The method of finding
the new equation is said to be a tran.sformation. Such a transforma-
the new
tion sometimes helps us to study the nature of the roots of the given
equation which would have been otherwise a difficult job.
 5.6.4. Transformation in general.
Given an
equation f(c) =0 we are to obtain an equation o(y) = 0
whose roots connected with the
are
relation b(z,y) = 0.
roots of the given equation bya
o(y) = 0 is obtained by eliminating * between
f(r) b(z,y)
= 0 and = 0.
The method is illustrated in the
following examples.
Worked Examples (continued).
7. If a, B,y be the roots of theequation 3 + pz2 + qt +r =
0, find
the equation whose roots are aß
+By, By +ya, ya + a.
Let y aß +By. Then y =q-a q+3
=
=

Therefore B Note that here o(r, y) 0

=
is z(y- q)
= -

r =
0.]
Since Bis a root of the given equation, B +p + qB +T = 0.
Therefore (
+P(E)+9(E)+T =0
or, (y- g +a(y - q)2 +pr(y - g) +r2 =0.

This is the required equation.

8. If a,9,7 be the roots of the equation +pr2 + qx +r = 0, ind
the equation whose roots are
() +? - a2,2 +a2 - BP,a2 +2 - 2

(Gi)+- +- +
() Let y=B + - a?. Then y = (8 +2+a2) - 2a2
= (p-2g) - 202

or, a2= -q=1,

Since a is a root of the given equation, a* + pa + qa +r = 0.

Therefore a?(a2 +g)2- (pa2 +r)2 =0

O7, (p-2q- y)(p? - y -2{p(p2-2q-y) +2r1 =0. .. (A)
This is the required equation.
 The roots of the equation 3 tpx + (r #0) a,B,.
qz +r= 0 are
Find the equation whose roots are
i 1/a + 1/8-1/7, 1/8 +1/7-1/a,1/7 + 1/a -

1/6,
(ii aß +1/7,By+ 1/a, ya +1/8,
(ii a - , - 7-
(iv a, #2, 1.
. l i . 2 The cubic
general solution of(Cardan's method).
a

Let the cubic

equation be a+362 +3cr + d =0 (i) =

D i s can be
put in the standard form z3 +3Hz +G 0, =

where z =
az +b, H
=ac b2, G =a*d 3abc + 2b°.
= - -

To Solve the eguation, let us assume z =

ut0.
Then z =
u++ 3uv(u +v) u3+v+3uvz =

or, z3 -3uvz (u" +vs) =0.

Comparing this with z3 +3Hz +G =
0, we have
uv==-H +v" -G. =

Therefore u' }(-G+ VG? 4H3), 3

=
(-G VG+ 4H3). = -

f p denotes any one of the three values of

then the three
{(-G+VG? + 4H3)}/,
values of u are p, wp, w*p where is
root of unity.
w an imaginary cube

And since uv = -H, the three

coresponding values of v are
-,u, p

Hence the values of z are

p-,wp H,2p - -

P
and the three
values of z
are
(p- -b), (wp - P -6), (p- b)
These give the complete solution of the equation (i).
 Hence the values of z are 2 r cOS 3
2-H cos
ie., 2-H cos,2y-Hcos 2n+0,
Worked Examples.
. Solve the equation 3 1 8 r - 35 =0.

Let a =
u +v.
Then =u"+v3+3uvr
0.
or, z*
-

3uvr - (us+ v)= 35,

6 and u" +v°
=
==
have uv

Comparing with
the given cubic, we

and
Therefore u= (35+ V352-864) =27
v=(35 8
- V352- 864) =and the three values of v are
The three values of u are 3,3w,3w
2, 2w, 2w2. +w.
Since uv =
6, we have u +v = 3+2, 3w + 2w, 3w

Hence the roots of the given equation are 5, -3Y, V3

-15:x2 -

33x + 847 = 0.
Solve the equation
z y + h in order
to remove the
the transformation
=

Let us apply
second term.
The transformed equation is
847 =0
(y +h) -

15(y +h)2 33(y +h) + -

(h3-15h233h+847) 0.
or, +(3h-15)y+ (3h2-30h-33)y+
=

So h 5 and the equation reduces to y- 108y + 432 = 0 -..

()
Let y u+0.
Then y= u' + v' +3uvy
or, y°- 3uvy -

(u' +v) = 0.
 Comparing with the equation (i), we have uv = 36 and u'+v°
-432. Therefore u' =
v3 =
-216.
The three values of u are -6,-6w, -6w.
Since uU = 36, the corresponding values of v are -6, -6w, -6uw.

Then y= -12, 6,6 and the roots ofthe given equation are -7,11, 11.

3. Solve the equation -3t -

1 =0.
Let c = u+v.
Then 3 u+v+3uvx =

or, 3-3uvr - (u +v*) = 0.

Comparing with the uv = 1
given cubic, we have and u"+v3 = 1.

Thereforeu"' = }(1+ V3i),t = }1- v3i).

or, u =
(cos+i sin )3,v
=
(cos-i sin ) .
The three values of u are cos+i sin , cos + i sin , cos 9
i sin 13
and the three values of v are cos i sin , cos-i sin , cos 13
i sin .
Since uv = 1,

u =
cos +i sin corresponds to v =
cos-i sin
91COS + isin corresponds to v = cos - i sin
1= Cos 1T+i sin corresponds to v = cos T i : sin 13T
9
Taking * = u , the roots of the given equation are
cos
2 cos,2cos , 2
10. Solve by Cardan's methodAR

( -27 -

54 =0,
( -9:c +28 = 0,
i - 12r +8 0,
(iv) 3 c 2 cos A =0 (-T<A
(v) - 6x+4 0, =

(vi) 9 - 9c- 4 = 0,
(vii) 23 3 r +1 0 ,

vii) +9x+15x - 25 = 0,
3
(ix) - 6a" - 6x - 7 = 0,

(x) + 3 3 = 0.
8.12.1. Ferrai's solution of a biquadratic equation.
Ferrari's method reduces the of solving a biquadratic equa-
problem
tion to that of solving two quadratie equations. This is done by express,

ing the biquadratic as the difference of two perfect suqares.

Let the equation be aad + 4b3 6 c + 4 d c + e = 0.
Multiplying by a, a2z+ 4abr3+6acr2 + 4ada + ae =0 ()
Let the left hand expression be expressed as the difference of two
squares in the form
 (ar +2br + A)
(mz +n). -

Coniparing with the left hand expression of (i) we have

6ac 46 +2Aa m2,
= -

4ad 4bX 2mn, = -

ae = X* - n .

Eliminating m,n from these we have

4(b ad)2 =
(2Aa +46 6ac)(A2 ae). -

This is a cubic equation in A, giving at least one real root A1.

Corresponding to A = A1, we have the values of m2 and n2 and
morever the relation mn = 2bA1 - 2ad determines only one value of n
corresponding to one vaiue of m.
Thus the given equation is now put in the form
( a r +2br + AL) =- (m1t+n1) = 0, where m1,ni are the values of

m,n corresponding to A1.

The roots of the quadratic equations ar +2br +A1 t (m1t +n1) = 0
give the solution of the given biquadratic equation.

Worked Examples.
1. Solve by Ferrari's method
-10c3 +352 - 50r+24 =0.
The cquation may be written as
(T2 5x+ A) - (mr +n)' == 0, where A, m, n are constants.

Equating coefficients of like powers of a

35 25+2A - m , or m2 = 2A - 10

-50= -10A 2nmn, or mn -5A +25

-
=

24 A- n2, or n= X2 - 24.
Eliminating m,n we have
( - 24)(2 - 10) -- (5A - 25)2 = 0
or, (A - 5){2A2 - 48 - 25A + 125 = 0
or, (A - 5)[22 - 25A +77] = 0.

Therefore A =
5,7,
Taking A = 5, we have m = 0, n = t1.
The equation takes the form
(2-5x +5)2 - 1 =0
or, ( r - 5 +-6)(z - 5r +4) = 0
or, ( - 2)(r - 3)(r - 1 ) ( r - 4) = 0.

Therefore r = 2,3, 1,4.

Hence the roots of the equation are 1,2,3,4.

1. Solve the equation by Ferrari's method
(i) +122t - 5 =0, f

ii) +32z -

60 =0,
4 ii) +3a +20 =
0.
(iv) -6c+16x 15 =0, P
(v) - 22* +8x -3 =
0, f
vi) 62+3x 3x +10 =0,