atheorem, called the Fundamental theorem of classical algebra,

which states that

every algebraic equation has a root, real or compler.
Here we take the theorem without proof and derive
dedyctions from it.
some important
Theorem 5.1.1. An algebraic equation of degree n has n roots and
no more.
Theorem 5.2.1. If an equation uith real coefficients has a complex
root a + i3 then it has also the conjugate complex root a -iB.
In other words, in an equation with real coefjicients imaginary roots
occur in conjugate pairs.
Theorem 5.2.2. If an equation with rational coefficients has a surd
root a + VB, where a, B are rational and is not a perfect square, then
it has also the conjugate root a-

VB.
Theorem 5.2.3. Let f(r) be a polynomial with real coefficients. If
a, be two distinct real numbers such that f(a) and f(B) areof opposite
signs then the equation f(z) 0 has at least one real root between a
=

and B.
COntmuationS anu z vallauOIS UI ST
We state here without proof a celebrated theorem of Descartes,
known as "Descartes' rule of signs."

Srátement of the rule.

The number of positive roots of an equation f(r) = 0 with real coeffi-
cients does not exceed the number of variations of signs in the sequence
of the coeficients of f{z) and if less, it is less by an even number.
This says that if v be the number of variations of signs and r be the
number of positive roots, then v T + 2h where h is a non-negative
=

integer.
5.4 Relation between
coefficients.
roots and
Let
J(T)= a0r +a1n-1+.. + am be a
with coefficients real or polynomial of degree n

Let
complex. Then ao 7 0.
a1, a2... , an be the roots of the equation f(c) 0. Then =

a0"+a1r"-l ++ +an an(z a1)(T - a2)... (r an)

= - -

a= aolT"-2aj"-1+2aa2"-2...+(-1)"(a1a2...an)),
sum
of the roots
where
2a1a2= sum of the products of the roots taken two at a time

2a12. ..a7 =
Sum of the products of the roots taken r at a time.
From the equality of polynomials it follows that
a1 a0(-Xa1)
a2 ao(2a12)
a3 ao (-2a102a3)

an= ao-1)"a102. .Qn

Therefore Ca 1
Da1a2 = a2 2a1a203
ao

. 12.. .an =
(-1)" a,