Solution Manual HVAC Mcquinston, Parker, Spitler

SOLUTION MANUAL
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been
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of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030.
Chapter 1
1-1 (a) 98 Btu/(hr-ft-F) x1.7307 = 170 W/(m-K)
(b) 0.24 Btu/(Ibm-F) x4186.8=1.0 kJ/kg-K
0.04 Ibm/(ft-hr) µNs

(c) x1.488 = 16.5
3600 sec/hr m2
Btu 1 J 2.20462 Ibm MJ

(d) 1050 x x = 2.44
Ibm 9.48x10−4 Btu kg kg
Btu 1
(e) 12,000 x = 3.52 kW
Ibm 3.412
Ibf
(f) 14.7 x 6894.76 = 101 kPa
in2
lbf / in2
1-2 (a) 120 kPa x = 17.4 lbf/in2
6.89476kPa
W
(b) 100 x 0.5778 = 57.8 Btu/hr-ft-F
m −K
W
(c) 0.8 2
x 0.1761 = 0.14 Btu/hr-ft2-F
m −K
1 lbm
(d) 10-6 N-s/m2 x = 6.7 x 10-7
1.488 ft − sec
(e) 1200 kW x 3412 = 4.1 x 10-6 Btu/hr

2
kJ 1 Btu 1 kg Btu
(f) 1000 x x = 430
kg 1.055 kJ 2.2046 lbm lbm
m
1-3 Hp = 50 (ft) x 0.3048 ( ) = 15.2 m
ft
15.2 m 9.807 N
∆P = x ( ) x 1000 (kg/m3) = 149 kPa
1000 Pa/kPa 1 kg
4 m 9.807 N kg
1-4 ∆P = (ft) x 0.3048 ( ) x ( ) x 1000 ( 3 )
12 ft 1 kg m
∆ P = 996 Pa ≈ 1.0 kPa
1-5
TOTAL BILL = ENERGY CHARGE + DEMAND CHARGE
+ METER CHARGE
( 96,000 ) kw - hrs ( 0.045 ) $ / kw − hr + ( 624 ) kw (11 − 50 ) $ / kw
+ $68 = $4,320 + $7,176 + $68 = $11,564
1-6 7 AM to 6 PM 11 hrs/day, 5 days/wk
hrs days
(11) (22) = 242 hrs / month
day months
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted
by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
3
ratio =
( 624 ) kw = 1.57
⎛ ( 96,000 ) kw − hr ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ( 242 ) hr ⎠
1-7 This is a trial and error solution since eq. 1-1 cannot be solved
explicitly for i.
Answer converges at just over 4.2% using eq. 1-1
1-8 Determine present worth of savings using eq. 1-1
⎡ −(12 )(12 ) ⎤
⎛ 0.012 ⎞
( $1000 ) ⎢1- ⎜ 1+ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎥⎦
P=
⎛ 0.012 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠
P = $134,000
1-9 = VA = 2 x 3.08 x 10-3 = 6.16 x 10-3m3/s

(a) Q
= 6.16 x 10-3 x 998 = 6.15 kg/s

= ρQ
m
π
(b) A= (0.3)2 = 7.07 x 10-2 m2
4
= 7.07x10-2 x 4 = 0.283 m3 / s; ρ = 1.255 kq/m3

Q
= 1.225 x 0.283 = 0.347 kg/s

m
1-10 V = 3x10x20 = 600m3
4
= 600 x 1 x 1 = 4.17 x 10-2 m3/s

Qi
4 3600
1-11
q = mc
p ∆T c p = 4.183 kJ/(kg-K)
ρ = 983.2 kg/m3
1-11 (cont’d)
3
q = (1) m ( 983.2 ) kg ( 4.183 ) kJ ( 5 )c = 20,564 kJ
s m3 kg − K s
q = 20,564 kw
1-12 q wat = −q air
11,200(1)(10) =
5000x60x14.7x144x0.24(t 2 − 50)
=
(53.35x510)
11,200 = 5601.5 (t2-50); t2 = (11,200/5601.5) + 50 = 70 F
1-13 Diagram as in 1-12 above.
q wat = - q air
1.5 (4186)(90-t2) = 2.4 (1.225)(1.0)(30-20)(1000)
6279(90-t2) = 29,400
5
29,400
t2 = 90 - = 85.3 C
6279
1-14 q = hA(ts- t ∞ )
A= π (1/12) x 10 = 2.618 ft2

t s = t ≈ 212 F
sur
q = 10x2.618x(212-50) = 4241 Btu/hr
1-15 A= π x 0.25x4 = 3.14 16 m2
q = hA(ts- t ∞ )
q 1250
h= = ; h = 4.42 W/(m2 – C)
A(t s -t ∞ ) 3.1416(100 − 10)
1-16 q = mc
p (t2-t1) ; m xρ
=Q
ρ = P/RT = 14.7x144/53.35(76+460)
ρ = 0.074 lbm/ft3
= 5000x0.074x60 = 22,208 lbm/hr

m
c p = 0.24 Btu/lbm-F
q = 22,208x0.24(58-76) = -95,939 Btu/hr
Negative sign indicates cooling
1cp (t3-t1) +
1-17 m
6
2cp2 (t3-t2) = 0
m
c p1 = c p2
1t1 +
(m 2t 2 )
m
t3 =
(m1+ 2)
m
ρ = 1000x
1 = Q 14.7x144
m 2 1 = 73.5 lbm/min
53.35(460 + 50)
1-17 (cont’d)
ρ = 600x
2 =Q 14.7x144
m 2 2 = 46.7 lbm/min
53.35(460 + 50)
(73.5x80) + (46.7 x 50)

t3 = = 68.3 F
(73.5 + 46.7)
7
Chapter 2
2-1 through 2-20
Solutions are not furnished since many acceptable responses exist

for each problem. It is not expected that the beginning student can handle
these questions easily. The objective is to make the student think about
the complete design problem and the various functions of the system.
These problems are also intended for use in class discussions to enlarge
the text material.
Chapter 3
3-1 (a) Pv = φ r Ps = 0.45(3.17)kPa = 1.43 kPa or 0.45(0.435) = 0.196 psia
Pa = 101 – 1.43 = 99.57 kPa or 14.696-0.196 = 14.5 psia
Pv P 1430
(b) = RvT or ρv = v ; ρv = = 0.0104 kg/m3
ρv Rv T 462.5(297)
0.196(144)
or = 0.00062 lbv/ft3
85.78(535)
0.6219 (1.43)
(c) W = = 0.00893 kgv/kga
(99.57)
0.6219(0.196)
or = 0.00854 lbv/lba
14.5
3-2 (a) English Units – t = 80F; P = 14.696 psia;
Pv = 0.507 psia Table A-1a
Pv 0.6219 (0.507)
W = 0.6219 = = 0.0222 lbv/lba
Pa (14.696 − 0.507)
i = 0.24t + W(1062.2 + 0.444t)
i = 0.24 (80) + 0.0222[1061.2 + 0.444(80)] = 43.55 Btu/lbm

8
Ra T 53.35(460 + 80)
v= = = 13.61 ft3/lbm
Pa (14.696 − 0.507)144
(b) English Units – 32F, 14.696 psia
Pv = 0.089 psia (Table A-1)
3-2 (cont’d)
0.6219(0.089) lbmv
W= = 0.00379
(14.696 − 0.089) lbma
i = 0.24(32) + 0.00379 [1061.2 + 0.444(32)] = 11.76 Btu/lbma
53.35(492)
v= = 12.48 ft3/lbma
(14.696 − 0.089)144
3-2 (a) SI Units – 27C; 101.325 kPa
Pv = 3.60 kPa, Table A-1b
Pv 0.6219(3.6) kgv
W = 0.6219 = = 0.0229
Pa (101.325 − 3.6) kga
i = 1.0t + W(2501.3 + 1.86t) kJ/kga
i = 27 + 0.0229(2501.3 + 1.86 x 27) = 85.43 kJ / kga
Ra T 0.287(300)
v= = =0.88 m3 /kga
Pa (101.325 - 3.6)
(b) SI Units 0.0C; 101.325 kPa
0.6219(0.61)
W= =0.00377 kgv/kga
(101.325 - 0.61)
9
i = 0.0 + 0.00377 (2501.3 – 1.86 x 0.0) = 9.42 kJ/kga
0.287(273)
v= = 0.778 m3 /kga
(101.325 - 0.61)
3-3 (a) English Units – 5000 ft elevation, P = 12.24 psia = 24.92 in.Hg
t = 80 F; Pv = 0.507 psia (Table A-1a)
Pv 0.6219(0.507)
W = 0.6219 = = 0.0269 lbv/lba
Pa (12.24 - 0.507)
i = 0.24(80) + 0.0269 [1061.2 + 0.444(80)] = 48.7 Btu/lbma
RaT 53.35(540)
v= = = 17.05 ft3 / lbma
Pa (12.24 - 0.507) 144
(b) English Units – t = 32 F, Pv = 0.089 psia ( Table A-1a)
0.6219(0.089)
W= = 0.00456 lbmv/lbma
(12.24 − 0.089)
i = 0.24(32) + 0.00456 [1061.2 + 0.444(32)] =12.58 Btu/lbma
53.35(492)
v= = 15.00 ft3/lbma
(12.24 − 0.089)144
3-3 (a) SI Units -27 C, 1500 m elevation
P = 99.436 + 1500(-0.01) = 84.436 kPa
10
0.6219x3.60
W= = 0.0277 kgv/kga
(84.436 − 3.60)
i = 27 + 0.0277 (2501.3 + 1.86 x 27) = 97.68 kJ/kga
3-3 (cont’d)
0.287x300
v= = 1.065 m3 / kga
(84.436 - 3.60)
(b) SI Units – 0.0C; 1500m or 84.436 kPa
Pv = 0.61 kPa; Table A-1b
0.6219 x 0.61
W= = 0.00453 kgv / kga
(84.436 - 0.61)
i = 0.0 + 0.00453 (2501.3 – 0.0 x 1.86) = 11.33 kJ / kga
0.287 x 273
v= = 0.935 m3 / kga
(84.436 - 0.61)
3-4 (a) English Units – 70F, Pv = 0.363 psia
Pv = φ Pg = 0.75(0.363) = 0.272 psia
0.6219 (0.272)
W= = 0.0117 lbmv / lbma
(14.696 - 0.272)
i = 0.24 (70) + 0.0117 [1061.2 + 0.444 (70)] = 29.58 Btu / lbma
(b) Pv = 0.75 (0.363) = 0.272 psia; P = 12.24 psia
11
0.6219 (0.272)
W= = 0.0141 lbmv / lbma
(12.24 - 0.272)
i = 0.24(70) + 0.0141 [1061.2 + 0.444 (70)] = 32.20 Btu/ lbma
3-4 SI Units –
(a) 20C, 75% RH, Sea Level
3-4 (cont’d)
Ps = 2.34 kPa; Pv = 0.75 x 2.34 = 1.755 kPa
0.6219 x 1.755
W= = 0.0110 kgv / kga
(101.325 - 1.755)
i = 1.0 t + W(2501.3 + 1.86t)
i = 20 + 0.0110(2501.3 + 1.86 x 20) = 47.92 kJ / kga
(b) 20C, 75% RH, 1525m
P = 99.436 – 0.01 x 1525 = 84.186 kPa
Ps = 2.34 KPa; Pv = 0.75 x 2.34 = 1.755 kPa
0.6219 x 1.755
W= = 0.0132 kgv / kga
(84.186 - 1.755)
i = 20 + 0.0132(2501.3 + 1.86 x 20) = 53.51 kJ / kga
3-5 English Units –
t = 72 Fdb; φ = 50 %; P = 14.696 psia
Pv
φ= or Pv = φPs ; Pv = 0.5(0.3918) = 0.196 psia
Ps
12
Air dewpoint = saturated temp. at 0.196 psia = 52.6 F
Moisture will condense because the glass temp.
40 F is below the dew point temp.
3-5 SI Units – t = 22C ; 50% ; P = 100 kPa

Pv = φ Ps ; Pv = 0.5(2.34) = 1.17 kPa
3-5 (cont’d)
Air dewpoint = sat.temp. at 1.17 kPa = 9.17 C
Glass temp. of 4 C is below the dewpoint of 9.17 C, therefore,
moisture will ccondense on the glass
3-6 English Units -
(a) At 55F, 80% RH, va = 13.12 ft3 / lba and ρ a = 0.0752 lbma / ft3
a = 5000 (0.0762) = 381 lbma / min = 22,860 lbma / hr

m
(b) Using PSYCH ρ a = 0.0610 lbma / ft3 or va = 16.4 ft3 / lba
a = 5000 (0.061) = 305 lbma / min

m = 18,300 lbma / hr
3-6 SI Units –
(a) t = 13 C and relative humidity 80%
a = 2.36 / 0.82 = 2.88 kga / s

then va ≈ 0.820 m3 / kga; m
(b) Assuming same conditions
a = 2.36 / 0.985 = 2.40 kga / s

v a = 0.985 m3 / kga ; m
13
3-7 English Units – t = 80F, 60% RH
(a) Pv = φ Ps = 0.6 (0.507) = 0.304 psia
t dp = (t sat @ Pv ) = 64.5 F
(b) Same as (a) above
3-7 SI Units –
(a) 27 C, 60% RH, Sea Level
Ps = 3.57 kPa; Pv = 0.6 x 3.57 = 2.14 kPa
t dp =(t sat at Pv ) ≈ 18.4 C
(b) Same as (a) above
3-8 t dp ≤ 9C (48F)
φ ≤ 42% ; W ≤ 0.0071 kgv / kga (lbv / lba)
Chart 1a & 1b
14
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURY R
Copyright 1992 90
AMERICAN S OCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
15
5000 0 .8 .026
.0
2. 0 -2 00 0
-
3000 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
-8
TOTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE
MP 55
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
50
- 0.4
-0.3 80 TU
0 RE
0.2
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENTHALPY 'h
HU MIDITY RATIO 'W 75
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
30
F
Problem 3-8
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
70
PE
.014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B
HUMIDITY RATIO - POUN DS MOISTURE PER PO UND DRY AIR

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
.012
N
E
65
1 4 .0
60 %
90
VO
LU
ME
% .010
80 60 40
20
-C
55
42 %
U.F
%
70
T. P
.008
ER
50 55
dp % Room LB
60
W=0.0071 .D
13
RY
45
.5
15 50
%
50
A IR
.006
DR Y BUL B T EMPERAT UR E - °F
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
1 3.
30 %
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
I VE H UMIDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
48 (9) 72 (22) ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND OF DRY AIR
3-9 (a,b,d) Using the Properties option of PSYCH:
Relative Humidity = 0.59 or 59%
Enthalpy = 30.4 Btu/lbma
Humidity Ratio = 0.0114 lbu/lba
(c) Again using the Properties option
At W=0.0114 lbv/lba; RH = 1.00 or 100%
The dew point = tdb or twb = 59.9 F

15
3-9 (cont’d)
(e) Using the Density of Dry Air option:
Mass Density = 0.070 lba/ft3
3-10 Using program PSYCH
(a) tdb = 102.6; twb = 81.1F
75 Fdb; 65 fwb; 14.2 psia
ν = 58.7 lbm/hr
(b) m
2 = 1027 cfm
Q
3-11 t1 = 80 / 67 F; t2 = 55 F and sat.; assume std. barometer
(a) W1 – W2 = 0.0112 – 0.0092 = 0.002 lbv / lba
(b) ql = 31.5 - 29.3 = 2.2 Btu / lba
(c) qs = 29.3 – 23.2 = 6.1 Btu / lba
(d) q = ql + qs = 8.3 Btu / lba
0.6219 (0.3095)
3-12 (a) W2* = = 0.0134 kgv / kga
(14.696 − 0.3095)
0.24 (65 - 80) + ( 0.0134 x 1056.5)

W1 = = 0.00993 lbv / lba
(1096 - 33)
also W1 = 0.6219 Pv1 / (P – Pv1)
16
Pv1 = (0.00993 x 14.696) / ( 0.6219 + 0.00993) = 0.231 psia
3-12 (cont’d)
0.231
φ1 = = 0.46 or 46%
0.507
(b) P = 29.42 – (0.0009 x 5000) = 24.92 in.Hg. or P = 12.24 psia
0.6219 x (0.3095)
W2* = = 0.01613 lbv/lba
(12.24 - 0.3095)
0.24(65 − 80) + (0.01613 x 1056.5)

W1 = = 0.01265 lbv / lba
( 1096 - 33)
or kgv / kga
Pv1 = 0.01265 x 12.24 / ( 0.6219 + 0.01265) = 0.244 psia
0.244
φ1 = = 0.48 or 48%
0.507
3-13 (a) Sea Level
Dew Mass
Dry Wet Humid. Enthalpy Rel.
point Density
Bulb, F Bulb, F Ratio, lba/lbv Btu/lba Humid., %
F lba/ft3
85 60 40.6 0.0053 26.6 21 0.072
75 59.6 49.2 0.0074 26.1 40 0.073
74.6 65.1 60.1 0.0111 30 60 0.073
88.6 70 60.9 0.01143 33.8 40 0.071
100 85.8 81.7 0.0235 50 56 0.068
17
(a) 5000 ft.
Dew Mass
Dry Wet Humid. Enthalpy Rel.
point Density
Bulb, F Bulb, F Ratio, lba/lbv Btu/lba Humid., %
F lba/ft3
85 60 45.1 0.0076 28.7 25 0.060
75 58.6 49.2 0.0089 27.7 40 0.061
71.2 61.6 56.7 0.0118 30 60 0.061
102.7 70 55.8 0.01143 37.3 22 0.058
100 81.3 76.1 0.0235 50 47 0.057
(c) Note effect of barometric pressure.
18
3-14
55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
AMERICAN S OCIETY OF HEATING , REFRIG ERATING AND AIR-CONDITIO NING ENGINEERS, INC.
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
-1 LB
.0
0
TE 55
MP
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
50
- 0.4
80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENTHAL PY 'h
HU MIDITY RAT IO 'W 75
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
Problem 3-14
F
30
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B
HUMIDITY RATIO - POUN DS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
14
60
.0 V
%
90
OL
U
Max RH=49.6 %
ME
% .010
80 60
40
20
-C
55
U.F
%
70
T.
W=0.0083
PE
.008
50 55
dp Room
RL
%
60
B. D
13
R
45
.5
15 50
YA
%
50 .006
IR
DR Y BUL B T EMPERATUR E - °F
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
30%
1 3.
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
3-15 Use Chart 1b, SI
(a) td = 10 C; SHF = 0.62
2.4
(b) q = m
(i1 − i2 ) = (57.1 - 34) = 63.95 kJ / s = 63.95 k W
0.867
q s = 63.95 (0.62) = 39.65 kW
3-15 Use Chart 1a, IP
(a) td = 52 F; SHF = 0.63
19
3-15 (cont’d)
5000(60)
(b) q = (32 - 22.6)= 203,317. Btu/hr
13.87

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE
MP 55
0. 3
E
-0 .5
RA
50
- 0.4
80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENT HAL PY 'h
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO 'W 75
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Problem 3-15
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
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T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
1
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
1 4 .0
60 %
90
VO
LU
ME
% .010
80 60 40
20
-C
55
U.F
ADP 70
%
T. P
2 .008
ER
50 55
%
L B.
60
1 3 .5
DR
45 50
15
YA
%
50 .006
IR
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
1 3.
30%
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
52 (10) 55 (13) 80 (27) ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND OF DRY AIR
q s = 203,317 (0.63) = 128,089. Btu/hr
lbv
3-16 (a) i1 = 30 Btu / lba; v1 = 13.78 ft3 / lba; W = 0.0103 ; φ1 = 50%
lba
(b) i1 = 51.6 kJ / kga
v1 = 0.86 m3 / kga
20
3-16 (cont’d)
kgv
W1 = 0.0103
kga
φ1 = 50%
3-17 Use the Heat Transfer option of program PSYCH:
q = 148,239 Btu/hr
q s = 102,235 Btu/hr
SHF = 0.69
3-18 Use the Heat Transfer option of program PSYCH for sensible heat
transfer only:
q s = − 178,911 Btu/hr
Negative sign indicates heating.
3-19 Use the program PSYC to compute the various
properties at 85/68 F; sea level and
6000 ft elevation.
Elevation Enthalpy Rel. Hum Hum. Ratio Density

ft Btu/lbm percent lbv/lba lba/ft3
0 32.2 42 0.0107 0.072
6000 36.3 45 0.0144 0.058
a = 5000 x 0.072 x 60 = 21,600 lba/hr

At sea level: m
21
3-19 (cont’d)
a = 5000 x 0.057 x 60 = 17,100 lba/hr

At 6000 feet:: m
Percent Decrease at 6000 ft:
(21,600 − 17,100)100
PD = = 20.8%
21,600
3-20 Use the program PSYC to compute the heat transfer
rates at 1000 and 6000 feet elevation:
(a) at 1000 ft, q = 200,534 Btu/hr
= 190,224 Btu/hr
(b) at 6000 ft, q
(200,534 − 190,224)100
(c) PD = = 5.1 %
200,543
3-21 (a) English Units –
PB = 29.92 in.Hg. ; q = 0
∆i
= iw = 180.2 + 0.8 (970.2)
∆W
iw = 956.4 Btu / lbv
From chart 1a; t2 = 91.5 F
22

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
TOTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2.0 0 WE .024
200 0.4 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE
MP 55
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
50
- 0.4
80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENT HAL PY 'h
HU MIDITY RATIO 'W 75 2
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
60 %
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
Problem 3-21
F
30
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
14
60
.0 V
%
90
OL
U ME
% .010
80 60
40
20
-C
55
U.F
%
70
T. P
.008
ER
50 55
%
LB
60
.D
13
RY
45
.5
15 50
%
50
A IR
.006
DR Y BULB T EMPERATUR E - °F
40
45 1 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
30%
1 3.
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
91.5 (32) 98 (38) ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND OF DRY AIR
3-21 (a) SI Units –
PB = 101.325 kPa
∆i
= iw = 419.04 + (0.8 x 2257)
∆W
iW = 2224.6 kJ / kg
From chart 1b; t2 = 32 C
(b) Use Humidification (adiabatic) option to obtain 91.5 F db.
3-22 PB = 29.92 in.Hg.; q = 0
(a) Using chart 1a

23
3-22 (cont’d)
∆i
= iw = 1090 Btu / lbm
∆W
From table A-1
i-if 1090 - 196.1

x= =
ifg 960.1
x = 0.931 or about 93 %
(b) x will be the same

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
AMERICAN S OCIETY OF HEATING , REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIO NING ENGINEERS, INC.

50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
15
50 00 0 .8 .026
.0
2.0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
0 .5
T OTAL HEAT Qt
-8

-4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE
MP 55
0. 3
E
-0 .5
RA
50
- 0.4
80 TU
-0.3
0 a
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
1090 80
1 000
.020
ENT HAL PY 'h
HU MIDIT Y RATIO 'W 75
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
R
O
TU
Problem 3-22
D
N
b
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
70
PE
.014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B
HUMI DITY RATIO - POUN DS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
.012
N
E
65
1 4 .0
60 60
90
%
VO
LU
ME
% .010
80 60 40
20
-C
55
U.F
%
70
T. P
.008
ER
50 55
%
L B.
60
13
DR
45 1
.5
50
YA
15
%
50 .006
IR
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
1 3.
30%
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
I VE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
80 ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND OF DRY AIR
24
3-23 Assume PB = 101.325 kPa; q = 0
∆i 272.1
= iw = kJ / kg
∆W 1000
iw = 0.272 (on scale)
t2 = 22.6 C
11 0 12
NORMAL TEMPERATURE 0
30
R
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 101.325 kPa R
Copyright 1992
10 0
28
SEA LEVEL 30
0 .9
1.0 1 .0
4
12 0
0 .8 1 .5 26
-5. 0 90
10 .0
0.7 2. 0
- 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -2.0 30
WE
T OTAL HEAT Qt TB
5.0
0.5
-2
-4.0
.0
0.272
0.0
UL
BT
EM 24
0. 4 PE
-1 R AT
.0 UR
80 E-
0. 3
4. 0 1 .0 °C
-0 .5
11 0
0.2
-0.2
0 22
0 .1
0 .9
2
3 .0
2 .0
70 25
2.5
20
ENTHALPY 'h
HU MIDITY RAT IO 'W
10 0
25
18
60
R
0 .9
AI
Y
0
R
C
D
-°
16
F
O
Problem 3-23
R
AM
TU
R
50
20
A
G
20 90
ER
O
IL
P
EM
K
2
R
14
T
E
N
P
O
J
HUMI DITY RATIO - GRAM S M OISTURE PER KI LOGR AM D RY AIR

TI
-K
20
R
Y
LP
TU
80 %
0 .8
A
40
SA
TH
8
N
12
E
% 80
15 90
% 10
30 80
0 .8
15
6V
%
70
OL
8
U
10
1
ME
%
20 60 70
-C
UB
0. 8
10
IC M
0%
4
5 6
D RY BU LB TEMPERA TU RE - °C
5
ET
ER
40 %
PE
0 .8
10 5
Rk
4
2
gD
3 0%
60
R
YA
0 .8
20 %
IR
0
2
0 .7
IVE HU MID ITY

8
10% RE LAT
25
10
15
20
30
35
40
45
50
5
10 20 30 40 50
22.6 38 ENTHALPY - KJ PER KILOGRAM OF DRY AIR
3-24 For adia. humidification
∆i
(a) = iw = 1131 Btu / lbw
∆W
25
3-24 (cont’d)
q c = m
a (i2 - i1)
a = 2000 x 60 / 13.14
m
a = 9132 lba / hr
m
i1 = 18.1 Btu / lba ; i2 = 29.7 Btu / hr
q c = 9132 (29.7 - 18.1) = 105,931 Btu / hr
w = m
m a (W3 - W2 ) ; W3 = 0.0167; W2 = 0.0032 lbv/lba
w = 9132 (0.01 67 - 0.0032) = 123.3 lbw / hr

m
26

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -200 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2.0 0 WE .024
200 0.4 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE
MP 55
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
- 0.4
50 80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
1131 80
1 000
.020
ENTHALPY 'h
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
3
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
R
O
TU
D
N
Problem 3-24
A
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
1 4 .0
60 %
90
VO
LU
ME
30 %
% .010
80 60 40
20
-C
55
U.F
%
70
T. P
.008
ER
50 55
%
L B.
60
1 3 .5
DR
45 50
15
YA
%
50 .006
IR
DR Y BULB TEMPERATUR E - °F
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
1 30%
1 3.
35
0
2
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
VE H UM IDIT
10% REL ATI
5
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
60 (16) 110 (43)

ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND OF DRY AIR
(b) Solution similar to (a)
See diagram for construction on chart 1a.
32 2000 Q 2
= = 1=
12 3000 Q3 3
Layout 2L/3 on the chart and read:
W3 = 0.007 lbv/lba
27
I3 = 22.2 Btu/lba

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -200 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2.0 0 WE .024
200 0.4 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE
MP 55
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
- 0.4 50 80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
77 80
1 000
.020
ENTHALPY 'h
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
R
O
Problem 3-25
TU
D
2
N
A
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
1 4 .0
60 %
90
VO
LU
ME
% .010
80 60 40
20
-C
55
52
U.F
%
70
T. P
.008
ER
50 55
%
3 60 L B.
1 3 .5
DR
45 50
15
YA
%
50 .006
IR
40
45 35
4 0%
35 35
40
.004
30%
1 3.
35
0
1 20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
VE H UM IDIT
10% REL ATI
5
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
40 (4) 58.4 (15) 100 (38) ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND OF DRY AIR
3-25 SI Units – Same procedure as above, read:
i3 = 34 kJ / kga
W3 = 0.007 kgv / kga
Layout the given data on Chart 1a as shown for problem 3-25.
a1 = 2000(60) 12.66 = 9,479lba hr

m
28
3-26 (cont’d)
a2 = 1000(60) 14.44 = 4,155lba hr

m
32 a1
m 9479
= = = 0.695
12 m a1+m a2 9479 + 4155
Layout distance 32 on line from 1 to 2 to locate point 3 for the

mixture.
Read: i3 = 21.5 Btu/lbm
W3 = 0.0067 lbu/lba
(0.007 − 0.0067)100
For W, % Error = = 4.5
0.0067
(22.2 − 21.5)100
For I, % Error = = 3.3
21.5
250,000
3-27 SHF = = 0.8
200,000
59
or SHF = = .81
73
29

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
0 .8 .026
0.8
50 00
2. 0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
TOTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE
MP 55
0. 3
-0 .5 4
RA
- 0.
50 80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENTHALPY 'h
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
R
O
TU
D
N
Problem 3-27
A
U
ER
PO
28.2
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
50 %
1 4 .0
60 %
90
VO
LU
21.5
ME
% .010
80 60 40
20
-C
55
1
U .F
%
70
T. P
.008
ER
50 55
%
L B.
2 60
1 3 .5
DR
45 50
15
YA
%
50 .006
DR Y BULB T EMPERATUR E - °F
IR
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
30%
1 3.
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
53 (12) 75 (24) ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND O F DRY AIR
3-28 Refer to diagram for 3-27
(a) q = m
a (i1 - i2 ); i1 = 28.2; i2 = 21.5
a = 250,000 / (28.2 - 21.5) = 37,313 lba / hr

m
=m
Q a v 2 = 37,313 x 13.09 / 60 = 8,140 ft 3 / min
= 3.85 m3 / s
(b) similar procedure; Q
30
3-29 (a) Use the AirQuantity option of program PSYCH, iterating on the
relative humidity and setting the minimum outdoor Air Quantity to
0.01, NOT ZERO.
Use the properties option to find the entering wet bulb
temperature of 62.6F. Then
φ = 0.852 (iterated)
ts = 56F
= 9,360 cfm
Qs
(b) Proceed as above
φ = 0.882
ts = 56F
= 10,014 cfm
Q s
3-30 Proceed as in 3-29 above.
φ = 0.92
ts = 56.1 ≈ 56 F
≤ = 11,303 cfm
Q s
500,000
3-31 (a) SHF = = 0.91
550,000
31
3-31 (cont’d)
(b) q = m
a (i2 -i1)
a = q/(i
or m 2 -i1)
550,000
a =
m
(34.3 − 22.8)
a =47,826lba hr
m
=m a v 2 47,826
Q 2 = x 14.62=11,654 cfm or 5.5 m3/s
60 60
32

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1.0 85
1 5 .0
0.8
0.91 .026
5000
2. 0 -2000
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIBLE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
TOTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
0.4 0 T
200
-1.
BU
0
0 LB
TE 55
MP
0. 3
E RA
-0 .5 4
50
- 0.
80 TU
-0.3
0 RE
0.2
-0 .2
- °F
-0 .1
.022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENTHALPY 'h
34.3 35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
70 .016
-°
D
30
E
F
R
O
TU
D
Problem 3-31
N
A
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
70
PE
.014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

A
R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
22.8
E
65
1 4 .0
60 %
90
VO
LU
ME
% .010
80
20 60
30 % 40
-C
55
U.F
%
70
T. P
.008
ER
50 55
%
L B.
60
1 3 .5
DR
45 50
YA
15
50 % .006
IR
40
45
1 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
1 3.
30 %
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
IVE H UMIDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
72 (22) ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND OF DRY AIR 115 (46)
=m
3-32 q a (i2 -i1)
q
i2 = +i
a 1
m
1400 x 60
a
m = 5,915.5
14.2
-5 x 12,000
i2 = +38.5
5,915.5
i 2 = 2 8 .3 6 Btu/lba
33
Then from Chart 1a, t2= 67F

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2. 0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
TOTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE
MP 55
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
- 0.4
50 80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
'h
75
ENTHALPY
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
Problem 3-32 1
E
F
30
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
28.4
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
14
60
.0 V
%
90
OL
2
U ME
% .010
ADP55 80 60
40
20
-C
U .F
%
70
T. P
.008
ER
50 55
%
LB
60
.D
13
R
45
.5
15 50
YA
%
50 .006
DR Y BULB T EMPERAT UR E - °F
IR
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
1 3.
30%
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
I VE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
55 67 90 ENTHALPY - BT U PER PO UND O F DRY AIR
3-33 Use Adiabatic Mixing option of PSYCH with the Properties option to
enter requested data. Assume volume flow rates of 3 to 1 to obtain.
Tmix,db = 84.2 F
Tmix,wb = 71.3 F
3-34 Use Program PSYCH at Sea Level elevation
Iteration on the supply volume flow rate is required. This is the same as the
leaving air quantity for the coil.

34
3-34 (cont’d)
(a) Supply air quantity is 9,384 cfm.
(b) The outdoor air quantity is 938 cfm.
(c) Air enters the coil at 74.6 F db, 60.5 F wb at a rate of 9,740 cfm
(d) The coil capacity is 248,256 Btu/hr.
The amount of air returned is: (9,740 – 939) = 8,802 cfm.
3-35 Use Program PSYCH at 5,000 ft elevation
Iteration on the supply volume flow rate is required. This is the same as the
leaving air quantity for the coil.
(a) Supply air quantity is 11,267 cfm.
(b) The outdoor air quantity is 1,127 cfm.
(c) Air enters the coil at 74.6 F db, 62.1 F wb at a rate of 11,697 cfm
(d) The coil capacity is 334,143 Btu/hr.
The amount of air returned is: (11,697 – 1,127) = 10,570 cfm.
3-36 = 1000 cfm

Q 0
(a) From Chart 1a
t s =120 / 74 F
s= q 200,000
m =
(is -ir ) (37.2 − 22.8)
35
1
= 13,889 lb/hr = m
=m
Q sv s = m
s (14.78)/60 = 3,421 ft 3 / min
s
/v = 1000 x 60 / 12.61 = 4758 lb/hr

o= Q
(b) m o o
r 13,889 − 4758
m
= = 0.66; From Chart 1a t1 = 61/ 47 F
1
m 13,889
t 3 - t1 = (119 − 61)
w= m
(c) m s (Ws -W2 ) = 13,889 (0.0075 - 0.0036) = 54.2 lbm/hr
(d) q f = m
1(i3 -i1) =13,889 (32.8 − 18.6) = 197,224 Btu/hr
36

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
0.8 300 0
-
0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0
8 .0
2.0 -2 00 0
-1 00 0
45
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2.0 0 WE .024
200 0.4 T BU
-1 LB
.0
0
TE 55
MP
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
50
- 0.4
80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
1150 80
1 000
.020
ENT HAL PY 'h
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
Problem 3-36
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
14
60
.0 V
%
90
OL
U ME
% .010
80
20 60
30 % 40
-C
55
U.F
%
70
T.
PE
.008 s
47 50 55
RL
%
60
B.
13
DR
45
.5
15 50
YA
%
50 .006
IR
40
45
r 35
4 0%
35
40
1
.004
30%
1 3.
35 1 3
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
0 30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
40 61 72 ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND OF DRY AIR 120
3-37 (a) t s = 120 / 71.4 F Use Chart 1Ha
s = 200,000 /(38.7 − 24.0) = 13,605 lba/hr = m

m 1
= 13,605 x 17.85 / 60 = 4048 cfm

Q s
0 = (1000 / 15 .2) x 60 = 3947 lba/hr

(b) m
r 13,605 − 3947
m
= = 0.71; t1 = 62.8 / 47 F
1
m 13,605
t 3 -t1 = (119.5 − 62.8)
w =m
(c) m s (w s -W1) = 13,605 (0.0088 - 0.0046) = 57.14 lbw/hr
37
(d) q f = 13,605 (33.8 - 20.2) = 185,028 Btu/hr
3-38 Assume fan power and
heat gain are load on the space
9384
s =
m x 60 = 42,915 lbm/hr; Prob 3-34
13.12

W fan + qduct = ms (is − ic )
= (4 x 2545) + 1000 = 11,180 Btu / hr
11,180
ic = 20.8 − = 20.54 Btu/lbm
42,915
State c is required condition leaving coil
Part a, b, and c are same as prob. 3-34;
(d) q coil =m
1(i1-ic ) = 42,915 (26.8 - 20.54) = 268,648 Btu/hr
38

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
-1 LB
.0
0
TE 55
MP
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
50
- 0.4
80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
0
80
1 000
.020
ENTHAL PY 'h
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
Problem 3-38
D
E
F
30
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
PO
50 %
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
14
60
.0 V
%
90
OL
U
1
ME
% .010
20.54 20
80 60
40
-C
55
U.F
%
70
T.
PE
.008
50 55 r
RL
c %
60
B.
13
DR
45 s 50
.5
15
YA
%
50 .006
IR
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
1 3.
30%
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
55 72 100 ENTHALPY - BT U PER PO UND O F DRY AIR
q r = m
s (i r − i s ); W s (i s − i c )
3-39 fan = m
(a) ic = 28 Btu/lbm; ir = 33.7 Btu/lbm
Using Chart 1Ha
q r = 1,320,000 Btu/hr

W fan = 30 x 2545 = 76350 Btu/hr

W fan = 30 x 2545 = 76,350 = ma (is -ic )
39
q s = 1,320,000 = m
a(ir -is )

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
85
R
Copyright 1992 50
.028
5000 FEET 60
1 8 .0
80
1.0 1 .0
0.8 50 00
-
0 .8
2. 0 -2 000 45
.026
300 0 0 .6 SENSIBL E HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 000

8 .0 80
TOTAL HEAT Qt W
0 .5 -8
-4.0.0
ET
BU
-2. 0 LB .024
200 0. 4 0 TE
MP
-1 ER
.0
0
AT 55
75 U RE
0. 3
-0 .5
-°
-0 .4
50 40 F
- 0.3
0
0.2
-0 .2
-0 .1
0 .022
0 .1
15
17 .5
00
75
10 00
.020
ENTHALPY 'h
35 70
HU MIDIT Y RATIO 'W
50
.018
R
F
AI
-°
70
RY
E
UR
D
AT
F
O
30 65
ER
ND
.016
P
U
M
PO
Problem 3-39
TE
17 .0
50 %
R
N
PE
O
TI
TU
RA
65 45
-B
.014
TU
59 (15)
Y
SA
60
LP
HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER PO UND DRY AIR

A
25
TH
s
EN
c .012
60
%
55 90
%
16
80 .010
.5 V
20 40
55
50
OL
%
70
U
ME
-C
.008
45 50 %
U .F
60
T. P
15
ER
16 .0
40 45 %
50
LB
.006
0
.D
35 40 35
R
4 0%
YA
IR
35
.004
30 %
1 5 .5
20%
.002
I TY
TIV E HUMID
10% RELA
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
62.5 (17) 80 (27) 90 (32) ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND OF DRY AIR
Two unknowns & two equations
Solve simultaneous:

W
fa n + q s = m a (ir -i c )
1 ,3 2 0 ,0 0 + 7 6 ,3 5 0
a=
m
(3 3 .7 -2 8 )
a = 2 4 4 ,9 7 4 lb a /h r
m
40
is = ir - ( q s m
a)
1,320,000
is = 33.7 - =28.3 Btu/lba
244,974
Locate points on the condition line on Chart 1 Ha and point c is on
cooler process line horz. to left of points.
Read ts = 62.5 F, tc = 61.6F.
= 244,974 x16.2 = 66,143cfm

(a) Q s
60
= 31.2 m 3 s
(b) Q s
3-40 English Units –Tucson, Arizona, Elevation 2,556 ft.
imin =i0 =31.1 Btu/lba and sat. air ; t min =64.5 F; PSYCH
Shreveport, Louisiana, Elevation 259 ft.
imin =i0 = 42.5 Btu/lba and sat. air ; tmin = 76.8 F; PSYCH
SI Units – Tucson, Arizona
imin =i0 = 51.5 kJ/kga ; tmin =18.1 C; Chart 1b
Shreveport, Louisiana
imin =i0 =75.5 kJ/kga ; tmin =24.8 C; Chart 1b
41

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
90
Copyright 1992
AMERICAN S OCIETY OF HEATING , REFRIG ERATING AND AIR-CONDITIO NING ENGINEERS, INC. 50 .028
259 FEET 60
1.0 1 .0 85
15 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 000
-
300 0 0 .6 SENSIBL E HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 000
8 .0 45
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4.0.0 85
WE
-2. 0 TB .024
200 0. 4 0 UL
-1 BT
.0
0
EM 55
PE
0. 3
80 R AT
-0 .5
UR
-0 .4
50
- 0.3
0 E-
0.2
-0 .2
°F
-0 .1
0 .022
0 .1
40
15
00
80
10 00
.020
ENT HAL PY 'h TLO
HU MIDIT Y RAT IO 'W
75
35 50
.018
75
R
AI
Y
14 .5
F
Problem 3-40
R
70
-°
SL
D
E .016
F
30
R
O
U
D
AT
N
Shreveport, LA
U
R
PO
PE
M
ER
TE
70 45
.014
P
N
TU
65
I
-B
AT

R
Y
U
LP
AT
25
A
TH
S
N
.012
E
65
60
%
90
1 4.
% .010
0V
55 80 60 40
20
OL
UM
%
70
E-
50 55 .008
CU
.FT
%
60
.P
ER
45 50
15
%
50 LB .
1 3.
.006
5
DR
40
45 YA
35
4 0%
35
IR
40
.004
35 30%
1 3 .0
20 %
.002
IVE HUMIDITY
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
76.8 95 ENTHALPY - BT U PER PO UND O F DRY AIR
42

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 27.259 INCHES OF MERCURY R 85
Copyright 1992
50
.028
2556 FEET 60
16 .
5
1.0 1 .0 85

50 00 0 .8 .026
2. 0 -2 000
- 45
300 0 0 .6 SENSIBL E HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 000
8 .0
-8
T OTAL HEAT Qt 80
0 .5 -4.0.0
-2. 0 .024
200 0. 4 0
-1
.0
0
55
0. 3
-0 .5
-0 .4
50 80
- 0.3
0 WE
0.2
-0 .2
40
-0 .1
0
TB .022
0 .1
UL
15
BT
00
EM
P ER
75 A TU
1 6 .0
RE
- °F
10 00
.020
ENT HAL PY 'h
75 50
.018
70
Problem 3-40
IR
A
F
-°
Y
R
E
D
Tucson, Arizona
R
F
.016
TU
30
O
70
D
ER
N
U
P
O
EM
P
65
R
T
PE
45
O
TU
1 5 .5
.014
TI
TLO
A
-B
R
TU
Y

LP
SA
65
A
25
TH
60
EN
.012
%
90
60
55
%
80 .010
40
20
1 5.
%
50 7 055
0V
OL
.00 8
UM
%
60
45
E-
50
CU
15
%
50
.FT
40 45 TA .00 6
.P
1 4.
ER
35
35 4 0%
5
LB
40
DR.
.00 4
35 30 %
YA
IR
1 4 .0
20%
.00 2
ITY
TIV E HU MID
10% RELA
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
64.6 102 ENTHALPY - BT U PER PO UND O F DRY AIR
3-41 q = m
s (ir − i s )
s = 12,000 /(28.2 − 19.1) = 1,319 lba/hr ton

(a) m
= 1319 x 15.6 = 343 cfm/ton

Q s
60
o r1
m 13
= = = 0.55 or 55%
s r0 23.5
m
≈ 0.046 m3 / s - kW
(b) Q s
0 /m
m s ≈ 55%
43

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
85
R
Copyright 1992 50
.028
5000 FEET 60
1 8 .0
80
1.0 1 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 000 45
-
300 0 0 .6 SENSIBL E HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 000
8 .0 80
TOTAL HEAT Qt W
0.7 200
0 .5
0. 4
-2.
0
-8
-4.0.0
0
ET
BU
LB
TE
MP
.024
-1 ER
.0
0
AT 55
75 U
0. 3
RE
-0
- °F
-0 .4
50
.5
40
- 0.3
0
0.2
-0 .2
-0.1
0 .022
0 .1
15
17 .5
00
75
10 00
.020
ENT HALPY 'h
35 70
50
.018
R
F
AI
-° 70
Y
RE
DR
TU
F
RA
O
30 65
D
.016
PE
UN
M
PO
TE
Problem 3-41
17 .0
R
N
PE
IO
AT
TU
65 45
UR
-B
.014
T
PY
SA
60
AL
HUMI DITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER POUND DRY AIR

25
TH
EN
55 90
%
60 40 % .012
% 1 6 .5
80 .010
20 55 40
VO
50 r
LU
%
70
ME
-C
.008
45 50 %
U.F
60
s
T. P
15
ER
16 .0
40 45 %
50
1
10 %
L B.
.006
DR
35 40 35
4 0%
YA
IR
35 0 .004
30 %
1 5 .5
20%
.002
IVE HUMIDI TY
10% REL AT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
500,000
3-42 q = m
2 (i2 − i3 ); m
2 =
(41.1 − 21.9)
2 = 26,042 lba/hr
m
= 26042 x 14.55/60 = 6315 cfm

Q 2
0 = 0.25 x 26,042 = 6511 lba/hr

m
0 /m
m 3 = 0.25; t mix = 67.5 / 49.5 F
44
3-42 (cont’d)
Preheat Coil:
q ph = m
0c p (t 4 -t 0 ) = 6511 x 0.24 (60-6) = 84,383 Btu/hr
Heat Coil:
q h = m
2 (i5 -i1) = 26,042 (28.4 - 20) = 218,753 Btu/hr
Humidifier:
w= m
m 2 (W2 -W5 ) = 26,042 (0.0144 - 0.0035)
= 283.9 lbw/hr
= 2.98 m3 / s; q = 24.7 kW; q = 64.1 kW;

(b) Q 2 ph h
w = 0.036 kg/s
m
45

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 000
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
TOTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2.0 0 WE .024
200 0.4 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE
MP 55
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
- 0.4
50 80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
1153 80
1 000
.020
ENT HAL PY 'h
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
Problem 3-42
R
O
TU
D
N
2
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
1 4 .0
60 %
90
VO
LU
ME
% .010
80 60 40
20
-C
55
30 %
U.F
%
70
T. P
.008
ER
50 55
%
L B.
60
1 3 .5
DR
45 50
15
YA
50 % .006
IR
DR Y BUL B TEMPERATUR E - °F
40
45 3 35
4 0%
35
40
1 .004
1 3.
30%
35
0
5
20 %
.002
1 2.
H UM IDITY
REL ATI VE
5
10%
4 30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
60 (16) 70 (21) 105 (40)

ENTHALPY - BT U PER PO UND O F DRY AIR
3-43 Use Chart 1a; q d = m

a (ir − is )
a = q d /(ir − i s )
or m
a = 150 x 12,000 / (28.4-22) = 28,125 lbm/hr

(a) m
= 28,125 x 13.25/60 = 61,211 cfm

Q d
= 0.20
Q = 1,242 cfm
Q
m d
m = 1,242 x 60/13.5 = 5,521 lbm/hr [vm assumed]

m
im =ir − 1.8 x 12,000/5,521 = 24.5 Btu/lbm; tm = 62 / 57 F
46
= 2.93 m3 /s; Q
(b) Q = .59 m3 /s; t = 17/14 C
d m m

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0
0.8 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2. 0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
-8
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5
0.6 200 0. 4
-1.
-2.
-4 .0.0
0 0
85
WE
T BU
.024
0
0 LB
TE 55
MP
0. 3
E
-0 .5 50
RA
- 0.4
80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENT HAL PY 'h
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
R
O
Problem 3-43
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
14
60
.0 V
%
90
OL
U
r
ME
.010
m 80 % 60 40
20
-C
55
U.F
s %
70
T. P .008
50 55 ER
%
L B.
60
1 3 .5
DR
45 50
15
YA
%
50 .006
IR
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
1 3.
30%
35
0
62 (17) 20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
60 (16) 75 (24) ENTHALPY - BT U PER PO UND O F DRY AIR
15.0 x 12,000
3-44 a =
(a) m = 29,508 lba/hr
(31.2 - 25.1)
= 29,508 x 16.0/60 = 7,869 cfm; Q

Q = 0.2 x Q

d m s
= 1,574 cfm
m =1,574 x 60/16.2 = 5,829 lba/hr (v massumed)

m
im = 35.7 − 1.8 x 12,000/5,829 = 27.5 Btu/lba;

47
tm = 62.5 / 58 F
=3.7 m3 / s; Q
(b) Q = 0.74 m3 /s; t = 17 /14.4 C
s m m
r
m 10
3-45 Use Chart 1a; = 0.8 =
1
m 0r
[Both design and min. load condition]
is = ir - q m / m
s
Q 50 x 12,000
s =
m d
=
ir − i s (29.35 - 22.3)
s = 85,106 lba/hr; m
m s is constant for all conditions
i s' = 29.35 − 25 x 12,000/85, 106 = 25.83 Btu/lba
(a) From Chart 1a; t s' = 64 F
si s + m
(b) m b i1' = (m
c +m
b ) i s'
b (i s − i s' ) 24.2 − 25.8

m
= = = 0.271
c (i s' − i1' ) 25.8 − 31.7
m
(b) From chart 1a; t d = 49 F for both cases
48

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0
0.9 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE
MP 55
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
- 0.4
50 80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
0
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENT HAL PY 'h
35 50
0'
14 .5
.018
75
Problem 3-45
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
50 %
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65 1'
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
1 4 .0
60 % 1
90
VO
LU
s'
ME
% .010
80 60 40
20
-C
55 r
U.F
%
70
T. P
.008
ER
50 55
s %
L B.
60
1 3 .5
DR
45 50
15
YA
%
50 .006
IR
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
30%
1 3.
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
I VE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
55 (13) 64 (18) 77 (25) 85 (29) 95 (35) ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND OF DRY AIR
3-46 Refer to problem 3-45. Results are similar.
3-47 (a) It is probably impossible to cool the air from 1 to 2 in one
process. The extension of line 12 does not intersect the
saturation curve.
(b) Cool the air to state 1' and then heat to state 2.
49

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
-8
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE 55
MP
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
50
- 0.4
80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENTHAL PY 'h
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
R
O
90 %
TU
Problem 3-47
D
N
A
U
67
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65 1
14
60
.0 V
%
90
OL
UME
% .010
20 54 80 60 40
-C
55
U .F
%
70
T.
PE
50 1' 55
.008
RL
%
60
B. D
2
13
RY
45
.5
15 50
%
50
A IR
.006
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
1 3.
30%
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
c sh
m
3-48 (a) = =.837
s ch
m
h cs
m
= = 0.163
s ch
m
c 0.837
m
= = 5.14
h 0.163
m
q = m
s (ir − is )
50 x 12,000
s =
m = 93,750 lba/hr
(28.2-21.8)
50
= 93,750 x 13.2/60 = 20,625 cfm

Q s
= 9.7 m3 /s
(b) Q s

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0
0.65 200
0
0. 4
-1.
0
-2.
0
0
85
WE
T BU
LB
.024
TE 55
MP
0. 3
E
-0
RA
- 0.4
50 80
.5
TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0. 1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENT HAL PY 'h
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
Problem 3-48
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
90 %
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
14
60
.0 V
%
90
OL
U ME
% .010
80 60 r 40
20
-C
55
U.F
%
70
T. P
.008
20 %
ER
50 55
%
LB
60
.D
c
13
s
R
45 h
.5
15 50
YA
%
50 .006
IR
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
30%
1 3.
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
VE H UM IDIT
10% REL ATI
5
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
52 (11) 75 (24) 90 (32) ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND O F DRY AIR
3-49 See diagram of problem 3-48
c
m 36 h 10.1
m c
m 0.9
(a) = = 0.9; = = 0.10 ; = = 9.0
s 46.3
m s 46.3
m h 0.10
m
50 x 12,000
s =
m = 83,333 lba/hr
(30.1 - 22.9)
=83,333 x 15.67/60 = 21,763 cfm

Q s
51
=10.3 m3 /s
(b) Q s
3-50 (a) See diagram for problem 3-48
c
m
= 0.837; q c = m
c (ir -ic ); m
c = 0.714 x m
s = 0.837 x 93,750
s
m
= 78,469 x 13.04/60 = 17,054 cfm

c = 78,469 lba/hr ; Q
m c
q c = 78,469 (28.2-20.6) = 596,364 Btu/hr
=8.1 m3 /s; q = 175 kW

(b) Q c c
3-51 SI Units
(a) On the basis of volume flow rate using Chart 1b:
= 13 Q
Q = 0.69 x 1.18 = 0.815 m3/s
2 3
12
=Q
and Q -Q
= 1.18 − 0.815 = 0.365 m3/s
1 3 2
(b)

Q
q 34 = m
a3 (i4 -i3 ) = 3 (i -i )
4 3
v3
1.18
q 34 = (47.8-41.0) = 9.6 kW
0.835
52

11 0 12
30
R
Copyright 1992
10 0
28
SEA LEVEL 30
0 .9
1.0 1 .0
4
12 0
0 .8 1 .5 26
-5.0 90
10 .0
0. 7 2. 0
- 0. 6 4 .0 30
Problem 3-51
0.5
SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
Qs
Qt
-4.0

-2.0
WE
TB
UL
BT
-2 0.0 E 24
5.0
.0 MP
0. 4 ER
-1 AT
.0 UR
80 E-
0. 3
4. 0 1 .0 °C
-0 .5
11 0
0.2
-0.2
0 22
0 .1
0 .9
2
3 .0
2 .0
70 25
2.5
20
ENT HAL PY 'h
10 0
25
18
60
Problem 3-51 R
0 .9
AI
Y
0
R
C
D
-°
16
50 %
F
O
E
R
AM
TU
R
50
A
G
20 90
ER
O
IL
P
EM
K
R
T
14
E
N
P
O
J
HUMIDITY RATIO - G RAM S M OISTURE PER KILOGR AM D RY AIR

TI
-K
20
R
Y
1
LP
TU
0 .8
A
40
SA
TH
8
N
12
E
%
14.7 15 90
10
80
30 %
80 3 4
0 .8
15
6V
%
70
11
OL
2 8
U
10
ME
%
20 60 70
-C
UB
0.8
10
IC M
%
4
50 6
5
ET
ER
40 %
PE
0 .8
10 5
Rk 4
2
g
3 0% DR
YA 60
0 .8
20 %
IR
0
2
0 .7
IVE HUM ID ITY

8
10% RE LAT
25
10
15
20
30
35
40
45
50
5
10 20 30 40 50
12 17.2 24 29 ENTHALPY - KJ PER KILO GRAM O F DRY AIR
English Units
= 640 cfm; q = 33,684 Btu/hr

(a) Q1 34
3-52 (a),(b)
From Chart 1b, states 1.4 and ADP are known. Based on approx.
11.8 C db, 11.2 C wb, and 90% RH locate state 2.
Then for full load design condition air is cooled from 1 to 2 and the
room process proceeds from 2 to 4.
53
For the high latent load condition, the air at 2 is reheated to state 3
where it enters the space and the process proceeds to state 4.

Q
(c) q 24 = m
a (i4 -i2 ) = 2 (i4 -i2 )
v2
=35 x 0.817 (47.7-32) ;

Q = 1.82 m3/s
Q
2 2
1.82
q 12 = m
a (i1-i2 ) = (60.6-32)
0.817
q 12 = 63.7 kW
1.82
q 34 = m
a (i4 -i3 )= (47.7-39.4)
0.817
q 34 = 18.5 kW
q 23 = q 24 - q 34 = 35-18.5=16.5 kW
54

11 0 12
30
R
Copyright 1992
10 0
28
SEA LEVEL 30
Problem 3-52
0 .9
1.0 1 .0
4
12 0
0 .8 1 .5 26
-5. 0 90
10 .0
0.7 2.0
- 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -2.0 30
WE
T OTAL HEAT Qt TB
0.5 UL
-4.0 BT
-2 0.0 E 24
5.0
.0 MP
0. 4 ER
-1. AT
0 UR
80 E-
0. 3
1 .0 °C
-0 .5
4. 0
11 0
0.2
-0.2
0 22
0 .1
0 .9
2
3 .0
2 .0
70 25
2.5
20
ENTHALPY 'h
10 0
25
18
60
R
0 .9
AI
Problem 3-52
Y
0
R
C
D
-°
21 16
F
O
E
R
AM
TU
R
50
A
G
20 90
ER
O
IL
P
EM
K
R
14
E
N
P
1
O
J
HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAM S M OISTURE PER KILOGR AM D RY AIR

TI
-K
20
R
Y
LP
TU
0 .8
17
A
40
SA
TH
8
N
12
E
% 80
15 90
30
14 80
%
15
4 0 .8
10
11
6V
%
70
OL
8
U
10
ME
ADP 2 % 3
20 60 70
-C
UB
0 .8
10
IC M
%
50
4
5
ET
ER
40 %
PE
0 .8
10 5
Rk
4
2
gD
3 0%
60
R
YA
0 .8
20 %
IR
0
2
0 .7
IVE HU MID ITY

8
10% RE LAT
25
10
15
20
30
35
40
45
50
5
9 11.8
10
19 20
23 27 30 40
ENTHALPY - KJ PER KILO GRAM O F DRY AIR
50
3-52 English Units
(a),(b) See above
(c) Q 2
12 =221,243 Btu/hr
= 4103cfm ; q
q 34 = 67,498 Btu/hr; q 23 = 52,502 Btu/hr
3-53 English Units
(a) s (ir -is ); m

q=m s = 5000 x 60/13.2 = 22,727 lba/hr
(specific volume value of 13.2 ft3/lbm is assumed.)
55
is = ir - q /m
s =28.2 − 10 x 12,000 / 22,727 = 22.9 Btu/lba
t s = to = 57.5 F; Ws =Wo = 0.0083 lbv/lba
m r 0m
m
(b) = = 0.462 r
m 0r
m s
m
r =0.462 x 22,727 = 10,500 lba/hr

m
o = 22,727 − 10,500 = 12,227 lba/hr

m
= 10,500 x 13.68/60 = 2,394 cfm

Q r
= 12,227 x 12.11/60 = 2,468 cfm

Qo
m r 0'm'
(c) = =0.578
m'
m 0'r
r =0.578 x 22,727 = 13,131 lba/hr; m

m o' = 9,596 lba/hr
=13,131 x 13.68/60 = 2,994 cfm; Q

Q = 9,596 x 13.48/60
r o'
= 2,156 cfm
(d) q c = m
s (im' -is ) = 22,727 (28.4 - 22.8) = 127,271 Btu/hr
56

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 00 0
0.8 300 0
-
0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0
8 .0
-1 00 0
45
-8
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE 55
MP
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
50
- 0.4
80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
1150 80
1 000
.020
ENTHAL PY 'h
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Problem 3-53
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
90 %
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
0'
TH
N
.012
E
65
14
60
50 %
.0 V
%
90 m'
OL
UME
% .010
80 60 40
20
-C
55
r
U.F
%
70
T. P
.008
ER
50 55
s %
L B.
60
13
DR
45
.5
15 ADP 50
YA
%
50 .006
IR
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40 m .004
43 (6)
1 3.
30%
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
0 70 (21)
IVE H UM IDIT
Y
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
40 (4) 57.5 (14)

3-53 SI Units
(a) ts = 14.2C; Ws = 0.0083 kgv/kga
=1.17m3 s
=1.13m3 s ; Q
(b) Qr o
=1.41m3 s ; Q
(c) Q =1.02m3 s
r o'
(d) q c = 37.3 kW
3-54 (a) Any combination that will yield
an enthalpy less than 57.0 kJ/kga or 33 Btu/lba

57
s = 5 / 0.84 = 5.95 kga/s = m

(b) m r
o mr
m
= =0.36
r 0r
m
o = 0.36 x 5.95 = 2.14 kga/s

m
= 2.14 x 0.852 = 1.82 m3 /s = 3,857cfm

Qo
(c) tad = 15.4 C or 60F
o /q n = (im -is )/(ir -is ) = 1.0 (Essentially, no difference)

(d) q

11 0 12
30
R
Copyright 1992
10 0
28
SEA LEVEL 30
0 .9
1.0 1 .0
4
12 0
0 .8 1 .5 26
-5.0 90
10 .0
0.7 2. 0
- 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -2.0 30
WE
TOTAL HEAT Qt TB
0.5 UL
-4.0 BT
5.0 -2 .0 0.0 EM 24
0. 4 PE
0.6 -1.
0
80
R AT
UR
E-
0. 3
4. 0 1 .0 °C
-0 .5
11 0
0.2
-0.2
0 22
0 .1
0 .9
2
3 .0
2 .0
70 25
2.5
20
ENT HAL PY 'h
HU MIDIT Y RATIO 'W
10 0
25
18
60
57
R
0 .9
AI
Y
0
R
Problem 3-54
C
D
-°
16
F
O
E
R
AM
TU
R
50
A
G
20 90
ER
O
IL
P
EM
K
R
14
E
N
P
0
O
J
HUMIDITY RATIO - G RAM S M OISTURE PER KI LO GR AM D RY AIR

TI
-K
m2
A
r
Y
0
LP
TU
0 .8
A
40
SA
TH
8
N
12
E
90
s% 80
15
% 10
30 80
0 .8
15
6V
%
70
OL
8
U
10
ME
%
20 60 70
-C
UB
0. 8
10
IC M
0%
4
5 6
5
ET
ER
40 %
PE
0 .8
10 5
Rk
4
2
gD
3 0%
60
RY
0 .8
20 (68)
A IR
20 %
0
2
0 .7
IVE HUM ID ITY

8
10% RE LAT
25
10
15
20
30
35
40
45
50
5
10 20 30 40 50
18 (64) 25 (77) ENTHALPY - KJ PER KI LO GRAM O F DRY AIR
58
−424,000
3-55 SHF = = -4
530,000 − 424,000
Construct condition line on
Chart 1a with preheat and
mixing processes.
sen = -424,000 = m
(a) q sc p (t r -t s )
−424,000
s =
m = 88,333 lba/hr
0.24 (75 − 95)
=88,333 x 14.07/60 = 20,714 cfm or 9.8 m3 /s

Q s
m r hm
(b) = r = 0.33 x 88,333 lba/hr
=0.33; m

mm hr
= 29,150 x 13.68/60 = 6,646 cfm or 3.14 m3 /s

r =29,150 lba/hr; Q
m r
h
m
h = 0.67 x 88,333
=1 − 0.33 = 0.67; m
m
m
= 59,183 x 13.1/60
h = 59,183 lba/hr; Q
m h
= 12,922 cfm or 6.1 m3 /s (at heated condition)

Q h
(c) q ph =m
hc p (th -t o ) = 59,183 x 0.24 (60-35)
355,098 Btu/hr or 104 kW

q=
(d) q m =88,333 x 0.24 (95 - 65) = 635,998 Btu/hr or 186 kW
59

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
T OTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
-1.
-4 LB
0
0 TE
MP
55
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
- 0.4
50 80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENT HAL PY 'h
35 50
14 .5
.018
75
IR
A
Y
F
R
-°
70 .016
D
Problem 3-55
F
30
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B

R
Y
TU
P
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
1 4 .0
60
90
% 50 %
VO
LU
ME
% .010
80 60 r 40
20
-C
55
U.F
%
70
T. P
20 % .008
ER
50 55
%
L B.
60
1 3 .5
DR
45 50
15
YA
50 % .006
IR
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40 m .004
1 3.
30%
35
0
s
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
0 h IVE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
35 (2) 60 (16) 75 (24) 95 (35) ENTHALPY - BT U PER POUND OF DRY AIR
3-56 Refer to chart 1a.
(a)
q 34 = m x 60 (i -i )
a3 (i4 -i3 ) = Q3 4 3
v3
x q 34v 3 (1750 x 13.23)

Q3 =
60(i4 -i3 ) 60(28.1-23)
= 75.7 or 76 cfm = 0.040 m3 /s

Q3
60
(b) t3db = 58.5 F and 80% RH or 15 C
= 31
(c) Q 2 ; Q3 = 0.754 x 75.7 = 57 cfm or 0.028 m3 /s
12
= 76 - 57 = 19 cfm or 0.012 m3 /s
Q1

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
SEA LEVEL 60
1.0 1 .0 85
1 5 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2.0 -2 00 0
-
0.8 300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT
T OTAL HEAT
Qs
Qt
4 .0
8 .0
-1 00 0
45
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE
MP 55
0. 3
E
-0 .5
RA
50
- 0.4
80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENT HAL PY 'h
35 50
90 %
14 .5
.018
Problem 3-56 75
IR
A
Y
70
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
50 %
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B
HUMI DITY RATIO - POUN DS MOISTURE PER PO UND DRY AIR

1
R
Y
TU
P
62
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
1 4 .0
60 %
90
VO
LU
ME
% .010
80 60 40
20
-C
55
U.F
70
% 4
T. P
.008
ER
50 55
3 %
L B.
60
1 3 .5
DR
45 50
15 2
YA
%
50 .006
IR
40
45 35
4 0%
35
40
.004
30%
1 3.
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
I VE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10
50 58.5
15
75 84 20 25
ENTHALPY - BT U PER PO UND O F DRY AIR
3-57 (a) Refer to Chart 1
A reheat system is required. Process 1-2 is for the coil. Process 3-4
is defined by the SHF = 0.5
Process 2-3 represents the required heat.
61
State 3 is defined by the intersection of the reheat and space
condition lines.
(b)
x 60
Q
q 34 = m
a3 (i4 -i3 ) = 3 (i4 -i3 )
v3
= q 34 v 3 = 100,000 x 13.4
Q 3
60(i4 -i3 ) 60(28.2-23.9)
= 5,194 cfm or 2.5 m3 /s

Q 3
(c)
5,194 x 60
q 12 = m
a (i1-i2 ) = (34.2-20.2)
13.4
q 12 = 325,594 Btu/hr or 95.4 kW
5,194 x 60
q 23 = (23.9-20.2)
13.4
q 23 =86,050 Btu/hr or 25.2 kW
62

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
R
Copyright 1992 90
50 .028
1.0
SEA LEVEL 1 .0
60
85
15
50 00 0 .8 .026
.0
2.0 -2 00 0
-
300 0 0. 6 SENSIB LE HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 00 0
8 .0 45
TOTAL HEAT Qt
0 .5 -8
-4 .0.0 85
-2. 0 WE .024
200 0. 4 0 T BU
0 -1. LB
0 TE 55
MP
0. 3
-0 .5
RA
- 0.4
50 80 TU
-0.3
0
0.2
RE
-0 .2
-0 .1
- °F .022
0 .1
0 40
15
00
80
1 000
.020
ENT HALPY 'h
35 50
14 .5
.018
Problem 3-57 75
IR
A
Y
F 70
R
-°
70 .016
D
E
F
30
R
O
TU
D
N
A
U
ER
50 %
PO
P
M
R
45
TE
PE
70 .014
N
U
O
T
65
TI
-B
HUMI DITY RATIO - POUN DS MOISTURE PER PO UND DRY AIR

Y
62 1
P
TU
AL
25
SA
TH
N
.012
E
65
1 4 .0
60 %
90
VO
LU
56
ME
% .010
20 80 60
40
-C
55
4
U.F
%
70
T.
PE
.008
50 55
RL
%
60
B. D
2 3
13
ADP45
R
.5
15 50
YA
%
50 .006
IR
40 35
45
4 0%
35
40
.004
30%
1 3.
35
0
20 %
.002
1 2.
Y
IVE H UM IDIT
5
10% RE LAT
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
66
10 15 20 25
45 51 75 85 ENTHALPY - BT U PER PO UND OF DRY AIR
3-58 Assume room temperature humidity of 50%
and layout the state &
processes on
required from point c to s.
Supply Air:
sc p (t s -tr )
q sen = 120,000 x 0.5 = 60,000 Btu/hr = m
60,000
s =
m = 53,192 lba/hr
0.24 (75-70.3)
63
=53,192 x 16.33/60 = 14,477 cfm or 6.8 m3 /s

Q s
Mixed Air:
o = 53,192 x 0.333 = 17,703 lba/hr

m
= 17,713 x 17.2/60 = 5,078 cfm or 2.4 m3 /s

Q o
r = 53,192 − 17,713 = 35,479 lba/hr

m
=35,479 x 16.5/60 = 9,757 cfm or 4.6 m3 /s

Q r
Reheat:
q rh = m
c c p (t s -t c ) = 53,192 x 0.24 (70.3-55.2)
= 192,768 Btu/hr or 56.5 kW
Coil:
q c =m
m (im -ic ) = 53,192 (34.4 - 24.2) = 542,558 Btu/hr or 159 kW
( 200,412 − 190,109 )100

= = 5 .1 %
200,412
64

55 60
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
85
R
Copyright 1992 50
.028
5000 FEET 60
1 8 .0
80
1.0 1 .0
50 00 0 .8 .026
2. 0 -2 000 45
-
300 0 0 .6 SENSIBL E HEAT Qs 4 .0 -1 000
8 .0 80
TOTAL HEAT Qt WE
0 .5 -8
-4.0.0 T BU
-2. 0 LB .024
0. 4 0 TE
0.6 MP
200
-1 ER
.0
75
0
AT 55
75 U RE
0. 3
-0 .5
-°
-0 .4
50 40 F
- 0.3
0
0.2
-0 .2
0.5 0
-0 .1
.022
0 .1
15
17 .5
00
10 00
75 50 %
.020
ENTHALPY 'h
35 70
50
.018
R
F
AI
-° 70
RY
E
UR
D
AT
F
O
65
Problem 3-58 30
90 %
ER
ND
.016
P
U
M
PO
TE
17 .0
R
N
PE
O
TI
TU
RA
65 45
-B
.014
TU
m
Y
SA
60
LP
HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS MOISTURE PER PO UND DRY AIR

A
25
TH
EN
.012
60
%
55 90
%
r 16
80 .5 V .010
20 40
55
50 c s
OL
%
70
U
ME
-C
.008
45 50 %
U .F
60
T. P
15
ER
16 .0
40 45 %
50
LB
.006
.D
35 40 35
R
4 0%
YA
IR
35
.004
30 %
1 5 .5
20%
10% RELA
TIV E HUMID
I TY 70 (21) .002
30
12 0
100
105
110
115
60
75
80
85
90
35
40
45
50
55
65
70
95
10 15 20 25
Exοerpts from this wοrk may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-proΓrt basis for
testing or instructional purposes only tο students enrolled in courses for which the textboοk has been
adopted. Αny other reproduction or trαnsΙαtiοn ofthis work beyond thαt permitted by Sections ]07 or ]08
of the 1976 United Stαtes Copyright Αct withοut the permissiοn of the copyright owner is unΙαwful.
Requests for permission or further informαtion should be αddressed to the Permission Depαrtment, John
Wiley & Sons, Ιnc, Ι ] ] Riνer Street' Hoboken, NJ 07030'
Chapter 4
4-1 (a) comfortable

(b) too warm
(c) comfortabΙe
(d) too dry
4-2 (a) comfortable

(b) too warm
(c) comfortable
(d) too dry
4-3 (a) Assume sedentary dry bulb of 78 F, clo = o.5, met. = 1 .8,
using equation 4-4a, to,act = 75 - 5.4(1 + 0.5)(1.8 - 1 .2) = 71 F
Relative humidity should be less than 50%
(b) Should wear a S\Ι/eater or light jacket and slacks.
(clo = 0.8)
4-4 Use fig 4-1
(a) Summer, to = 76 F or 24 C; Winter, to = 72 F or 22 C
(b) Use equation 4-4a aS a guide, \Λ/ith clo = 0.2,
met = 3.0, tdb :76 F

o/
t to =76 -5.4 (1+0.2)(3-1.2) = 64 F [winterorSummer]

4-5 From fig 4-3 temperature can rise about3.2 F.(j.g C)
t=68 +3.2=71.2 Fort=20+ 1.8= 21.8C
4-6 From fig 4-3 @200 fpm, temp rise ρ 5.3 F (2.9 C)
with t,,"-t _ 9 F (5 c), temp rise ε 6.5 F (3.6 c)
4-7 to = (t, +t^r)|2, then using Eq. 4-1
T,fn ='6* Cν\l2 σg _Tr) = (53s)4 +(O.103 x 109) (4o)1Ι2(78_74)
tmft:82For27'8C
to=(74+82)Ι2 = 78F or25.6C
4-8 Compute the operative temperature, to
Τ,xn = φ4q4 + (O.103 x 1o911eo11/'(εo _76)= 83.5 F or 28.6 C
to = (84 +76)12= 79.8 F or 26.5 C
From Fig 4-1, to = 79'8 F and 50 % R.Η. is out of the comfort
zone. Recommend lowering to to about 77 F or 25 C.
tu x72 F
4-9 Use Eq. 4-4 to estimate a value of the operative temperature
to, active, assuming to for sedentary activities is 78 F (25.6 C)
with met = 2.0. to, active = 78 - 5.4 (1 + 0.5) (2 - 1.2) = 71.5 F, (22C)
Exοerpts fiom this work may be reprοduοed by instruοtors for distribution on a not-1br-proΓit basis for testing or instruοtionaΙ puφoses only to
students enrolled in οοurses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted' Αny οther reproduction οr trαnsιαtion of this wοrk beyοnd ιhaι permiιted
by Secιions 107 οr ]08 ofthe Ι976 Uniιed Stqιes CopνriPhι Αcιwithouι ιhe oermission οfthe cοpyrighι οwner is unlωυful.
Αs an approximation
Tmrt = 2To _Τ, and Tflx = Tno * ci1Ι21Tg _ Τ,
) Eq ' (4-1)
eliminating Tmrt between the 2 equations
2(Τo_T3)4 = Tno *CV1/21τn _Tr)
where all temperatures are absolute
Solve by trial and error with T, =72+ 460 = 532 R
and Te =(71.5+460)=531.5 R, C=0.103 x 1Oe, V=30
ta=85F(30C)
Cold surroundings require high ambient air temperature
for comfort, even with high activity level.
4-10 (a) Most occupants will be uncomfortable because the relative
humidity is more than 60%, even with trx = t,
(b) The lightest weight possible. Short sleeves, shorts,
open neck, etc.
(c) Lower relative humidity if possible by adjusting the cooling
system to remove more moisture. CouΙd also increase the
relative air motion to highest values, perhaps use fans.
4-11 (a) Even if the suit was heavy weight, many executives would be
ΕXceφts from this work may be reproduοed by instτuctors for distribution on a not-for-pro1'it basis for testing or instructional purpοses onΙy to
students enrollοd in οourses for which thΘ teΧtbook has been adοpted. Αny other reproducιion or trαnsιαtion οf ιhis νοrk beyond ιhαt permitted
by Secιions ] 07 or 108 o{ the ] 97 6 United Stαtes Copyrighι Αcι ινithout the permissiοn of the coρyright oινner is unΙωνfuΙ.
cool if sedentary.
(b) Would definitely be cold, especiaΙly hands and feet.
(c) Probably would be comfortable in typical work cΙothes
(d) Probably would be comfortable since they would keep
their coats on and would be walking around.
(e) Cold to very cold
4-12 Determine relative temperatures difference between inside and outside.

68 - 45 23
=
7 4 _ 45 29 Costs are79o/o of that for increased setting, or
74 - 45 29 Costs are increased by

- 45 23
26o/o if thermostat is raised.
68
4-13 Too much air motion in the cold winter months tends to cause drafts and
make people uncomfortabΙe. Air velocity just sufficient to prevent large
temperature gradients from floor to ceiling is best for winter. Τhe opposite
is true for hot summer months. Higher air velocity tends to compensate
for high temperature and humidity.
4-14 (a) Raising the chiΙled water temperature will cause the cooling coil to
operate with a higher surface temperature and the relative humidity in
the space will tend to rise if the latent heat gain is signifΙcant such as
would be the case with many occupants, this could lead to
u ncomfortable cond itions.
(b) Yes, during the unoccupied hours the space load may be almost totalΙy
ΕΧοerpts from thrs work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-fοr-profit basis for testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
students enrolled in οourses for whiοh the textbοok has been adopled' Αny other reproducιion or ιrαnsιαιion of this νοrk beyοnd ιhαι permiιιed
by Sections ] 07 or 108 οf the Ι 97 6 United Stαtes Copyright Αcι τν ithοuι ιhe permissiοn οf the cοpyright oτνner is unlατνful.
SensibΙe heat gain and the load is much less than the design value. ln
this case the chiΙled water temperature may be increased.
4-15 Τhese fans may bring air down in the Summer, increasing the
velocity of air in the occupied zone and providing improved comfort.
ln the winter, air may be drawn upward, pushing the warm air at the
ceiling downward where it can increase the temperature in the
occupied zone without increasing significantly the air motion below
the fan.
4'16 (a) Τable 4-2 gives a minimum required amount of ventilation air
of 15 ft3 /min per occupant. this is the minimum amount of
outdoor air that should be used under any circumstances.
Therefore, (Qo)rin = 15(30) = 450 ft3/min
(b) on the basis of floor area, the occupancy wouΙd be 25 and the
minimum ventilation requirement would be
Q, = 15 (25) = 375 ft3 /min. lt would be better to design for

floor area if lowest air flow is desired. With 30 actuaΙ student air
flow is such a case wouΙd be insufficient.
4-17 Use Eq. 4-5, Solving for C,
Cs = (QtC" + N)/Qt = C" + (N/at)
= (2001196 + (O.25l9oο)
Ξ 478 x 1o-6 = 478 ppm
ΕXcΘφtS from this work may be reprοduced by instruοtors for distribution on a not_tbr-profit basis for tosting or instruοtional purposes only to
students enΙoιled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny οιher reprοduction or ιrαnsιαιiοn of ιhis νork beyond ιhaι permiιιed
by Secιions ] 07 or 1 08 of ιhe Ι 97 6 Uniιed Stαιes Copyrighι Αcι w ithοul the permission of the cοpyrighι oιυner is unlαινful.
or using Sl Units
c, = (2oo / 106)+ (0. 118 t 0.472x 9OO)
= (2OO / 106) + (278 t 106):478 ppm
4-18 n = number of people to occupy a room
N=n(5.Oml/s)
Solving Eq. 4-5 for Ν
N = Qt (C, - C") = n (5.0) ml/s-Person
n : Qt (C, - C") / (5.0)
: 2.8 (1000-280) / 5.ο
n = 403 persons or 0.0069 m3 /s - person
For English Units:
n= 6000 (1oOO - 28Ox 10-6) / O.O107
= 404 persons or 14.8 cfm/person
4-19 Use the M-100 media of fig. 4-8. From table 4-3, select a
12x24 x 8 unit; 650 cfm, ΔP = 0.4 in. wg
At ΔP = 0.25 in. wg. each unit will handle
Q = Ql |o'25 Ι o.40]1l2 = 650 [O.25 t o'4oJ1l2
:514 cfm/unit. Then the number of units
EΧcerpts fiom this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructiοnal puφoses only to
StudΘnts enroιιed in οourses for which the teΧtbook has been adopted. Αny oιher reproduction or ιrαnsιαtιon οf ιhis νork beyond ιhαt permiιιed
by Secιions 1 07 οr 1 08 of ιhe Ι 976 Uniιed Stαtes Copyrighι Αcι lυithοuι ιhe permission οf the copyright oνner is unΙανful.
;g μ=(2000 l 514) = 3.89 or 4. This is a satisfactory number.
4-20 Use the M-100 media from TabΙe 4-3 select a O.3 x O.6 x-O.2 unit.
This is rated at 0.3 m'/s with 1oo pa pressure drop.
Αt ΔP 60 pa the alΙowabte flow rate for each unit would be
=
Q = (0.3) (60/1 OOf tz = 0.23 m3/s

1.OO m3/s wouΙd require 1'Oolo'23 = 4'34 units. This requires at
Ιeast 5 filter units, but since this is an odd number, recommend
using six units.
Trying the 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.2 filter the allowable flow per unit would be
Q = (0.62) (60/1}q1t2 =
0.48 This would require more than two
units of this size. Εconomies would determine the best choice.
4-21 Solving Εq' 4-1O for Q
Q = Qr [ΔP / ΔP,]1'2 = 9OO [o'1 l0'15]1|2 =735 cfm/module

N = ss00/235 = T.4g [must be integer] Use g modules
VeΙ = Q/Α = ΨΨ
(2)(8)= 344fpm '|-
= 5.7 fps
4-22 Solving Εq' 4-1O for Q
Q = Qr [ΔP / ΔP,J1l2 = (o'42) |24 l 37 '4]1t2 = 0.336
m=(2.8)/0.336=8.3
Use 9 modules, a 3 x 3 arrangement.
Exceφts from this work may be τeproduοed by instructors for'distribution on a not_1br-proΓit

basis for testing or instructionaΙ purposes only tο
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny
other ,rpr:orl'u"Ιιon or trαnsιαιion of this work beyond thαι permilιecΙ
by Sectiοns 1 07 or 108 οf the ] 976 t]niιed StαιeS Copyrι?ht Αcι w-ithοut
thi permis'ιδ" oj ιn, copyrighι οwner ιi unlανful.
/3
a (2.8)m3 /s
=1.73m1s
VelocitY =
FAcΕ AREA (0.3)(0.6)(e)m2
4-23 M-200; 0.6x0.6 xO.2; O.4Om3 /s/module
Use Eq. 4-10
ΔP = Δη ta / Qι.]' :1OO lO,4OtO.42l2 =90.7 Pa
Velocity
a 0.4
=2.22m1s
=
A (0,3)(o 6)
4-24 No solution exists due to the fixed air quantity for the unit. This
part of the problem is intended to show the student that typical
direct expansion equipment cannot be used in this \May. lt also
shows that the load due to outdoor air is very large.
4-25
exhaust
sHF= 0.7
Γho : o'25 rh"; Locate point 1 on psychrometric Chart at82'4 F db and
66.8 F wb
it = 31.4 Btu / lbm and v1 = 13.9 ft3 /lbm

fbr tΘSting oΙ instructional puφosΘS only to
Exοerpts from this wοrk ιnay be reproduced by instructors foΙ distribution on a nοt-for-proftt basis
students errrolled in courses fbr whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reprodicrion
or ιrαnsιαtion οf ιhis wοrk beyοnd ιhαι permiιted
by Sectiοns 107 οr ]08 ofthe t976 Llnited Stαtes Copyrilht Αctv,ithοut ιhe peιmissiοn ofιhe copyright oνner
is unlανful'
74
Q1, = rhi (ii - is) = at /V (60) (i1 - is)
Φl 35ο Ι 12,ooo Qls , = (350 l 12'000) (6ο / v1) (i1 _i.)

=
''''J8?rε;
is = 31 .- '' = 23'46 Btu / lbm
Locate on psychrometric chart' ts = 65'6 F db' 55'5 F wb
Q.r = lil, (ir. - is) = 36'000; ir =27 '6 Btu / lbm
:8695'7 lb / hr
tr, = Γil1 = ^
-ΨΨ- 23.46)
(27 .6
O, rh, (vr, 1940 cfm

= =
Ψ(13.4) =
Qt" = 8695.7 (31.4 - 23.46) = 69,000 Btu / hr = 5.75 tons
Qr = 5.75 (350) = 2014 cfm
(ο) Design filters for 2014 cfm, use M-200 media of fig 4-8.
Try the 24x24x8 units of table 4-3. 920 cfm @0.4 in. wg.
For max. ΔP of 0'125 in.wat.

1t2
Q = 920 [0. 125 tO.4O] =514 cfm / module;
n = 2014 I 514 = 3'92, use 4 modules
4-26 Use the M-15 media, η = 93 % from fig' 4-3'
From table 4-2,60 cfm / person is required, outdoor air.
purpοses only to
on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instruοtional
Excerpts tiom this work ιnay be reproduced by instructors fοr distribution work beyond thαι permiιιed
or trαnslαιionλf thιs
students enrolled in οourses for which tl-ιe textbook ι-,u, υ..n uαopt"J '
Αny oιher reprοduction
Αcι thi permission ofιhe copyright oινner is unlαwfuΙ'
by Sectiοns ] 07 οr 108 o7 ιhe-|97|6 tJnited Stαtes Copyrighι \,'ithout
75
--
A fresh air balance on the filter gives QrEt + Qo = Qs
where Q,. is recirculated air, Qs is outdoor air and
Q. is supply air.
8, = (60 - 20) 10.93 = 43.0; Q, = 43.0 +20 = 63.0 cfm / person
or the total amount of air supplied is
Qτ = 63.0 x 55 = 3465 cfm; Try the 12x24x8 unit of table 4-3
Q/unit=9oO[O'1 /O.35]1Ι2=481 cfm; n =4755 l481
= 7 .2 modules
Use 8 modules [Note: The M-24 media could also be used]
4-27 Q, = (25 - 15) / 0.S = 12.5 cfm / person
Φ. = 15 + 12.5 = 27 .5 cfm / person
4-28 Filter location is B, figure 4-9
Use Eq. 4-12, solve for RQ.. since
RQΓ = { -QoEv[C, _(1_Et)Co] + N}/ (EvEfcS)
RQr={-2OOxO.85[180-(1-0.8)0.0]+(10x150x35'32)]l
(0.85 x 0.8 x '180) where Co = 0.0
RQr = 185 ft3 / min or cfm
for-testing or instruοtional puφoses only tο

Exοerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-ibr-profit basis
textbook has been adopted. Αny other reprodiction or ιrαnslαιiοn of this νork beyond ιhαι permitted
students enroΙΙed in οourses fοr which the
by Sectiοns Ι 07 or 1 08 οf the Ι 976 tJnited Sιαtes Copyrιght Αcι ιiithout the permissiοn of ιhe copyrighι oνner is unlιτνν.ful'
76
Qo = 2OO cfm, Qs : (1S5 + 2OO) = 385 cfm
4-2g Solve Εq' 4-11 for RQ,
RQr = (_Qo)(Eu)(cr)+ N / ΕrEiC,
RQr = [ (-20) (0.65) (220) + (125) (35.32 ft3/m3)]

(0.65X0.7)(220)
RQ.
' =(0.65)(0.7)(220)
-Ψ9-*_!1!5^, = 15.53 cfm/person
4-3o For filter location A, use Εq. 4-1 1, solving for RQ,
RQr = (-QoEvCs + N) / (EvEfCs)
RQr = t (-2OO (0.85) 180) + (10 x 120 x 35.32 ft3/m3 )l t
(0.85 x 0.8 x '180 )
RQr = 183 cfm, Qo = 2OO cfm; d, = 383 cfm
4-31 (a) This type of space will require a high ventilation (supply air)
rate to handle the load, air cleanliness is not the main criterion.
Therefore, a low efficiency filter with low pressure drop is
acceptable. From table 4-2, assume occupancy will be about 30
persons / l OOO ft2. So the total design occupancy is 90
persons. Τhe design will be based on this occupancy although
the cooling requirements may dictate a larger supply air rate.
Exceφts from this work may be reproduced by instruοtors 1br distribution οn a not-fοr-prοfit basls for testing οr instructiοnal purposes only to
students enrolΙed in courses Γor which the textboοk has been adopted. Αny οther reprοducιion or trαnsΙαtion of ιhis νork beyond
ιhαt permitted
by Secιiοns 1 07 or ] 08 of the Ι 97 6 [Jniιed Stαtes Cοpyright Αcι νιthout the permissiοn οf ιhe copyright oνner is unlανful.
77
A ''fresh air'' balance on the filter gives Φ, = (Q" _ Qo) / Ef
d," = (20 -15) / 0.5 = 10 cfm / person recirculation rate
4-31 (continued)
Φ, : 1O + 1 5 =25 cfm / person supply rate
Qτ = 25 x 90 = 2250 cfm total supply rate
Net face area, Αf = 2250 / 35o = 6'43 ft2
(b) A higher efficiency would reduce the total amount of air and
reduce the required face area. However this is not desirable in
this case. First the filter system would have to be enlarged to
handle the greater amount of air. A lower filter efficiency could
be used and still maintain the required air quality.
For example, suppose the load dictates 4000 cfm instead of
2250 cfm, then for 90 PeoPle
Φ, = 4ooo / 90 = 44'4 cfm / person
Using a minimum of 15 cfm / person of outdoor air.
Qr. = 44.4 - 15 = 29 '4 cfm / Person
8. = 29.4: (20 - 1s) / Er

Et = 5 Ι29'4 : 0'17 or 17oλ required
l5x
225 people
4-32 (a) Q= (Q, / v) 60 (i|. -ir) I
75F
RH=5ο%
Εxοerpts frοm this work may be reproduοed by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit bι
studeπs enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny oιher reprοduction ο
by Sections ] 07 or ] 08 of ιhe 1976 Uniιed SιαteS Copyrighι Αcι ν)ithouι ιhe permission οfιhe cop;
125,ο0ο
78
Υ x13 ft3 / Ιba
Φ. = (125,oOo x13) Ι [ 60 x (28 - 1e.4 )]
Qs = 3,149 cfm
(b) Φ, = Φo = 15 x225
Φ, = 3,375 cfm
-D 50 52
(c) Q. must be 3,375 cfm, find ne\Λ/ Supply air condition
125,000 = (3,375 I 13) 60 (28 - i.)
i' = 28 - (125,000 x 13 ) / ( 3,375x 60) = 20 Btu i lba
Locate new condition on chart aS Sho\Λ/n' Coil must cool oDA
down to this new condition.
Exceφts frοm this work may be reproduοed by instruοtors Γor distribution on a not-tbr-profit basis for testing οr instructional purposes only to
students enroΙΙed in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny οιher reproduction or ιrαnsιation of ιhis work beyond thαι permitted
by Sections 107 οr ]08 ofιhe )976 Uniιed SιαιeS Cοpyright Αct withοut the permissiοn οfιhe cοpyright oνι]ner Β unlα:wful.
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testing or instruοtional purposes only to students enrοlled in courses for which the textbook has been
adopted. Αny other reproduction or trαnslαtiοn of this work beyond thαt permitted by Sections Ι07 or ]0B
of the Ι976 United Stαtes Copyright Αct without the permission of the copyright owner is unlαwful.
Requests for permission or further informαtion should be αddressed to the Permission Depαrtment' John
Wiley & Sοns, Ιnc, ] ] ] Riνer Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030.
Chapter 5
5-'1 (a) k = CΔx =0.2 Χ4 =O.8 (Btu _ in) / ( hr - ft2 _ F)

(b) k = 1 .14 x 0.1 = 0.114 W / (m-C)
5-2 (a) C=k l

Δx=o.3o / 5.5 = o.o55 Btu / 1ft2-nr_ 11
(b) C = O.O43 / ο. 14 = .307 W/ (m2 _ C)
5-3 (a) R = 1lC= 1/0.055 = 18.3 (ft'- hr- F)/ Btu
R' = R l A= 1 l CA= 18.3/ 1ο0 = 0.183 ( hr-F)/Btu

(b) R ='1 I .307 = 3.26(m'-C)/W
R'=3.26l9.3=0.35C/W
5-4 R= ΣRi , Rgyp =1ΙC=1l3'1=o'32

Rbtd = !0.33 = 3.03; Rair = 0.68 R-0.68 R=0.68
R = 0.68 + 0.32+ 3.03 + 0.32+ 0.68
R=0.32
R = 5.03 (hr- ft2- F) / Btu
tnb
Γ2
ιn2
5-5 R'= + η
2πk| 2πkoL
AssumeL=1ft
kι:0'2 Btu - in' t(ft2 _hr_F); kp =314 Btu-in tσe _hr_F)
81
lnside Surface (7 m/s ) 0120

overalI Τhermal Resis. = 0.652 m2clW
5-10 Between Frame Αt Framinq

Outside Surface 0.17 0.17
4 in. Face Brick 0.65 0.65
Sheathing 1.32 1.32
lnsulation 1 1.0
2x4 stud 4.27
Gypsum board 0.32 0.32
lnside surface ο.68 0.68
Τotal 14.14 7.41
UA:U1Α; +U1Α1, U = UiAi /Α + U1Α1/A

Αr 14'5 A' υ=L
A =
16^nd A =lΞanα
16 R
110 " :
, =ΓΨ "14.14)
-)- ΓΨ " +1=
116 7.41J
0 o77Btu / (r',..-tt' -r)
5-11 An ordinary walt with ε = O.9 has a unit resistance of 0.68. A

highIy reflective wall, ε = O.05, has a unit resistance of 1'70.
Assume radiation heat transfer is zero for reflective wall. Τhen
the resistance due to convection alone is approximately
Rc=1.7; hc=1/Rc=0.59; h.*r:1/0'68 = 1'47
Frac. Conv. = ha lh. *, = 0.59 I 1'47 = 0'4
by instructors fοr distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only tο
"'.Φ;.;;;1l;l,,.o,rr.r'r-
Εxοerpts from this work may be reproduοed
has been adopted' Αny οther reprοclucliοn o^:.:::Ei::::":!,::iχ:,i''Ψ'y''o"!:*!
*nιοh texibook
the
-, - - ,
82
5-12 Αssume 15 mphwind. Rr (2 x 6) RzQ x 4\

1. Outside surface, 15 mPh 0'17 0'17
2. Siding 0'79 0'79
3. Sheathing 1'32 1'32

4. lnsulation, 19'0 11'0
2x4 4'27
2x6 6.7
5. GYPsum wall board 0'32 0'32

6. lnside surface 0.68 0'68
Total 28.98 18'55
Ut = 0.035 Btu / (hr - ft2 - F)
υ2 __O.o54 Btu / 1ιlr - ft2 - F1
% DiffereΠCΘ = [o'O5-4r_0-035) ι'' ool = 35'2

[ )'0.0sη
5-13 Air space will be near the indoor temperature with small
Δt across the air Space.
Use t."rn = 50 F and Δt = 10 F and read
R = 1.oz(rrr -f( -r) I Atu [Tabte S-3a] or 0.18 m2clW
5-14 Assume tr"rn = 50 F; Δt = 10 F
R = 3.55 (hr - ft2 _F) / Btu or 0.62 (.2 _c/W) [Τabte 5-3a]
5-15 qc/Α = U"Δt

Find U for highly reflective surfaces because radiation will be
minimal. This will give a good approximation for the convection
component. From Table 5-2a,l1orz', heat flow down
83
Uc=1/R = 1l(2x4.55) = 0'11
q./Α
or
" --l'
U^ _ = o.625; q. /Α = 0.625(63 - 43) = 12'5 W/m2
(2x0
Γ, _ '4
|l _[ l' 'l
/ a '.4l
Q/A..
l(
=σ'n'Lι1oO] l _ι1οo] l'
-]'
for ε1= t2=O'9, E : 0.82, σ'

o
(q/A),. = O.1 713 x9.s2 t635 _s.τol
m
Radiation heat transfer is about 10 times greater'
5-16 U* = O.O7 Btu / (hr - tt2 - 11
Ud = O.4O Btu / (hr - ft2 - F)

g'
Uwin = O'81 Btu / (hr - ft2 - F)
Ad = 17 '78 ft2; Awin =25'0 ft2; 20'

Α* = 117 '2 f(
Parallel heat flow Paths
UΑ = U*A* + U6Α6 + U*;nΑ*in
ι
Iι I_
(o.O7 x117'2) + (O.4 x 17.78) + (0'81 x25'0)
117.2
= O.3O Btu /(hr - f( _F) or about 1 '72\Ν t(m' _ c)
5-17 q/Α = U(ti _to)
a not-for-profit basis foι testing or instructiona] purposes onιy to

Exοerpts from this work may be reproduced by instruοtors for distribution on
uJo|t.α. Αny οιher reprολucιion or ιrαnsιαtion of ιhis work beyond ιhαι peπnitted
students enrolled in courses tbr wbich the texibook has been : : -'- -ι.41-^ ^^^'',.:/Ιa! ^''''aΔv;" "'-Ι6!$ιΙ
84
From Table 5-4b, construction 2, R = 8.90 (hr - ft2 - F) / Btu
Assume insulation does not fitl the airspace'
Remove R for metal bath and plaster of 0.47 (f''ι. tt' - f)/Btu and
\"' - )
add R for acoustical tile and insulation'

Ceiling, R" = 1 / 0'8; insulation' R='1 1'00;
R1e61=20.68; U = 1/R = 0'048 Btu / (hr - ft2 -Fi

q/Α = o'o48 (72 - 5) = 3'22 Bτυ / (hr _ ft2)
5-18 From Table 5-4a, Construction 1
Uw= 9!+=oe71wr(m2-c)
0.1761 \ /
Ud = 2.27 Wl(m2 -a)' Table 5-8
Uwin = 4'62w1(m2 - Table 5-5b

")'
Αw = 35 m2;Αwin =8m2;Αd = 2m2
UΑ = U*A* + U6 + Αα + UwinΑwin
1x35) (2.27x2) (4'62x8)

- c)
+
u _ Q.e7
+
-_ 2.16 w I (m2
35
5-19
U = O.14 Btu / (hr _ ft2 _ F1τable5 _ 4a, Construction No. 2
R=1ΙO.14 = 7'14, Rn =7'14_(1 to'44) + (1/0.55) =6.69

Un = 0.15 Btu/(h r - ft2 - F) or about ο.85 W l 1m2-c1
5-20 Αssume Ηardwood, k = 1.25 (Btu-in) / (hr - ft2 - F)

Summer Winter
Rι = 0.68 Ri = 0.68
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ExcΘφts from thts work may be reproduοed by instruοtors for distribution on a
reproλuction or ιrαfisιαtion of ιhis ινork beyond thαι permiιιed
students enτolled in courses for which the teΧtboοk has been adopted. Αny οther
85
Rα = '1
'375 l 1.25 Rα = 1 '375 l 1'25
Ro = 0.25 Ro = 0.17
R, = 2.03 R* = '1.95
U, =0.49 Btu / (hr-ft2 -F) U* =0.51 Btu /(hr-ft2-F)

Both values are greater than the value given in
Τable 5-8 of O.39 Btu / (hr _ ft2 - F), but acceptable.
5-21 Computed: Ri = 0.68, Rs = 0.03 (estimate); Ro = 0.25

Ri +RgaRo=0.96=R
U = 1.04 Btu / (hr - tt2 -r); or 5.92 wl(m2 -c) computed
Utub : 1.O4 Btu / (hr - tι2 _r); Table 5-5a
or 5.91 \Ν l(m2 _c); Table 5_5b; Same result

\ /'
5-22 (a) From Table 5-5 U=1.08 Btu / 1nr - ft2 - F)
(b) Αssume tr"rn : 50 F; Δt = 10 F
Ras = 1.ol (nr -f( -r) r atu
Rn ' ., = ++
=U-R', 1.og
1 .O1 = 1'94, Un = O.52 Btu/1ιlr-ft2-F)
5-23 (a) Uw = o.o89 Btu /(hr - tt2 _ 11 or O.51 W/(m2 _ c)τaοle 5-9
l l-
,.Jfl _ ο.o29 Btu
-ν'νLζ) lJιur\ιll/ (hr --ιLft2 _F)
_|
l or O'16 W/
ιJlv'l\J vYl1ιιl (-'_c)
-)
τante 5-1o
(b) Q=UΑ(ti _tg); tr= t"ur-A
Εxοerpts from this work may be reproduοed by instruοtors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in οourses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny οther reproducιion or trαnslαtion οf ιhis νork beyond thαt permitιed
..-_''r-] ^_':'_^'- ! ^'.'.ι ^'.4'ι
86
tavg =35'8 F (2'44 C) Table 5-11}Chicaαo.lllinois

A :22 F (12 C) Figure 5-7 )
*
5-23 (continued)
tg__35'8-22 = 13.8; tι:72re2c)
q* = 0.ο89 (4 x 20 x7) (72 - 1 3'8) = 2,900 Btu / hr or 0.85 kW
qn = 0.029 (20 x20) (72 - 13.8) = 675 Btu /hr or 0.2 kW
5-24 R" = R1, Un = 0.029 Table 5-10
Rrin = 1l 0.48 Table 5-1a (Fibrous Pad)
Re 2.08 36.6
=
#"+ =
U" = 0.027 Btu / (hr - ft2 - F) or 0.16 Wl(m'z - C)
5-25 (a) R*=:

"0089+11+ (1
\ t g.1) = 22.6
U* = 0.044 Btu/(hr-ftu-F) or 0.25 w1m2-c)
Rfι =
-:
0029
+ (1 tO.4s):\ 36.6
Un = 0.027 Btu/(hr - tt2 -f) or 0.155 Wl(m'z-c)

(b) Refer to problem solution 5-23
Q* = 0.044 (4 x20 x7) (72 - 13.8) = 1434 Btu / hr or 0'42k\^Ι
Qn = 0 027 (20 x20) (72 - 13.8) = 629 Btu / hr or 0.18 kW
5-26 Rins =
# = 4'1z (rrr _f( _r)l εtu
C = O.24Btu/(hr -'f( -F) or 1.36 Wl(m'z - c)
Excerpts fτom this work may be reproduced by instruοtors for distribution on a not-for-prοfit basis for testing οr instructional purposes only to
studentsenrolledincoursesforwhichthetextbοokhasbeenadopted. ΑnyοιherreproductionοrιrαnsΙαtionofιhisνοrkbeyondιhαιpermiιιed
'l-''':'''
bνSectiοη.s1[]7ny ιnρn{t]ιo 1076'ΙΙb;l.)ζl-l-"/-^4'-')-ι"} :"'''.Ι^''Ω'Ι l λ / .*'
87
Then from Fig. 5-8, U' = 0.85 Btu/(hr -f( -F) or 1.47 W(m-C)
Q= U'P (ti - to) = 0.85 x 300172 -101 = 15,8'10 Btu/hr or 4.63 kW
5-27 tι = 72 F (22 C) Assumed
R" = R5 + R1η, Ub = o.ο52 Btu / 1nr -tt2 _ 11 Table 5-9
Rfi,.,, =R1 +Ru6*Rqyp=(5.0) + 0.0 +(1 12.22) = 7.22
R^- 1 +7.22=26.5
- 0.052
U" = o.o38 Btu / (hr -ft2 _F) or o'22ννl(m'z_c)
5-28 Ub : 1.14 from Table 5-9
Rn = ++ O.7 + (1 t 12'6)= 1.66 (m2-c)Λ//, Un = 0.60 W(m2-

1.14
c)
or Un = O'1OO Btu / 1nr -ft2 -F)
This does not account for the walls above grade.
5-29 U = 0'16 Τable 5-'10 (no finish)
Rn:++(t69)+ lw
0.16 \ '
(1 t4.6) =6.611m2-c1
Un = 0.15 W/(m2-C) or 0.027 Btu / (hr -ft2 - r)
5-30 q/A= Un(ti -ts)= (ti -tt)/Rt=(tt-t)lR2

Rl=Rgyp+R1nr+R1, R1 = (112.6)+ 0.7 +0.12= 0.90
tl = ti _UnR1(ti _tg) =20 - [1.05 x 0.9 (2ο - 10)]
EΧcerpts frοm this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for_pΙofit basis fοr testing or instruοtional purposes only to
students enτolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted . Αny οther reproduction or trαnsltιιion of ιhis νοrk beyοnd ιhαt permiιιed
hιi 9λ"};.-" ιηa ^'' ]Λ9 ^.}L- ιoaA ι L-;.^) c'-''^' '.''-:-ι'ι ^'"-^-:' "'-ι5υ{ιi ' . . .
88
t1= 14.6 C or 58F

R2 = Rrr, +Ri = ( I 12.6) +0'12='20
tz = 20_ [O.60 x O'2 (2o-1ο)] = 18.8 c or 65.8 F
5-31 q/A=Un (ti _tg)=(tι _t'')/R1; Rl=Ri +Rc
= 0.12 + (1 I 4.6) -- 0.34

tι=20_ (O.15) (O.34) (20-10) = 19.5 c or 67 F
5-32 C = 0.2 Btui(hr-ft2-F); Figure 5-8

U'P (t1 _to); Ui, = 0.81 Btu/ (hr-ft-F) or 1.a W(m-C)
8=
U'ni = 1.37 Btu / (hr - ft -F)
(a) q/P = 0.81 (70 - 5) = 52'7 Btu / (hr - ft) or 50.7 W/m
(b) q/P = 1.37 (70 - 5) = 89'1 Btu / (hr - ft) or 85.6 W/m
5-33 Q= Δt / R' ; Eq. 5-25; L>>Ζ' L= 100ft
R'=
2πkL
. Γzoo x121Γ^ tn(12x1OO/2x3o)l

_'nL-o--@J
_3"100Ι12)
R' = 8. 12 x 1O-3 thr - F) / Btu Which neglects the resistance
of pipe wall.
purposes only to
for distribution on a not_for-profit basis for testing or instruοtional
Excerpts from this work may be reproduοed by instructors οr ιrαnslαιioi οf this νork beyond ιhαt permitιed
hu, υ"., uJo|i"a. Αny oιher reprολucιiοn
Students enΙollod in courses fbr ινh'iοh the textbook : ''
^' '1-"4'ι "'
L- Q.nl;n-" ιnη ^.'
'Λο
6- 70-42 - =3,4488tu / hr; q/L = 34.488tu/(hr-ft)
' 8.12 x 1O-'
orq=1.01 kW; 9=33
L
1W/m
5-34 Q=Δt /R'
R'g =
=4.98x10-3 C/W
2π (1.4) 100
film and the tube wall'

Neglect resistance of the inside
. 60-5
----------c =11.04kw
O=
' 4.98 x 10--
5-35 Moisturewillmovetowardtheinside.Locatethevapor
insulation'
retardent on the outer side of the
retardent is placed on the
The insulation will beοome wet if the
plywood would probably \Λ/arp
inside or left out entirely and the
and rot.
_to)=(tι _t1)/R1 =(ti _t)lR2

5-36 (a) Q/A = Uo(ti
Ro = O'68 + O'45 +1 1+ 1'O +O'8 + O'17 = 14'1
_F1
Uo = O'o71 Btu /( ιrr - ft2
Rr = 0'68 + O'45 = 1'13( hr - f( -F) / Btu

- ft2 -F) / Btu
R2 = O'68 + O'45 +11 -12'13(hr
tt=tι_R1Uo(tι_to)=7O_(1.13xO'O71)(7O-1O)=65.2F
purposes only to
basis for ιesting or instructiona'
reproduced by insιructors for distribution οn a noι-for-proΓlι ιyt.pern:ted
Excerpιs Γrom ιhis \νοrk lnay be
students enrolled in courses foΙ ^γηι:ι lh.
j:*tbook has *9,i'"Ιl'Ji."o"'i,-:';;;;;;;;;;;"Ζii"111i117; γ,:y:γ:'::'|"*o
90
tz=70-(12'13 x 0.071) (70-10) = 18'3 F

(b) At 70 Fοο, 3O%o R.Η. and possible leakage of air to surfaces 1
or 2-
tdp=37F<65F-Πocondensationexpected
(c)Since|z=lS.3Fismuchlessthanthedewpoint,condensation
would oοcur'
Place vapor retardent at the location of interface
1'
5-37 Assume infiltration is negligible

ufAf (ti - t") = UwA*(t. - to)+ U'P(t. - to) = rilcp(tc - to)
+(U*Α* +U'P+rhcp)to',ti=72F;
*ιc __UrAtt, to = 1o F
(UtAt + U*Α* + U'P + rhc, )
'1'5l0'8 =1'88
Αssume 1.5 in. of wood floor, Pine; Rwooο =
U, =1; Rt =O'92+1'88+O'92 =3'72;Ut=0'27

'Rf
UΛr= 0'27 x 30 x 60 = 484 Btu/(hr-F)
rr -a'R*
"*_Rw νv =0.68+(6/15)+ O'17 =1'25',U* = O'80
U*A* = O.8O x 2(30 + 60)2 -- 288 Btu/(hr-F)

U'P=1.8x(30+60)2=324
,h.p = 20 x 0.075 x 60 x o '24 = 21 '6 Btu/(hr-F)
x72 + (288 + 324 + 21'6)10

+
ιc_-
-484 = 36.85 F
484+288+324+21'6
5-38 (a) Q/A = U(ti -to) = (tr-to)/R1;

(construction 2)
Uz=0.112', Rr=O.17 + 0.33 + 4'17 2'22 = 6'89
+
only to
basis foτ 1e^sting or lnstructional purposes
ExcΘrpts from this work may be rοproduced
by instructors for distribution on a not-for-pτofrt ιhis νork beyond ιhαt permitιed
'
of
ι-'", υ"* t.d. ,ι-ny otlr", ,rproEu.ιiοn οr ιrαnslαιioλ
students enτolled in courses fοr whiοh the textbo"t "J"p
91
t1 = (6.89 x 0.112) (72-0) = 55.6 F
(b) U : 0.211 (construction 1)

Rr = 0.17 + 0.33 +2'22 = 2'72
ti =to+R1U(ti -to)=O + (2.72x0.211)(72-0) = 41.3F
(c) lf room air leaks into the air space for the case of no roof deck
insulation (b) there could be some condensation since t6p = 50
F at72 F and 45% RΗ. With the insulation, no condensation

would be exPected.
5-39 (ti -to) / Rr = (ti -ti) / R1
R, = 4'5 or O.79 1m2-cyw ; Τable 5-4a (Const. No.1)
Rτ = 0.68 + O.45 + O.94 =2.O7 1nr-tt2_F1/Btu or 0.365 1m2-cμru
Between Furring and block
tl = ti _
_ to) = 22_ = 3.98 C or 39 F
ft,' ffiιr'+17)
tdp = 9.5 C, Assuming room air can diffuse into the air space,
condensation likely will form on the concrete block surface.
Therefore, place vapor retardant on inside surface of gypsum
board. Use foil backed retardent. Retardent must not touch
concrete blocks!
purposΘS onιy to
Exοerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instruοtional
;;#;;;Ι;ln o'l
_
.o,,'",'to. *ni:| j:;boοΙ has been adopted. ,.,-r.':'!!i|',?!

lhΘ "!!1: ":::::i:::::":!,*r::!'Ρ'n! 'y,'o*Ψ*o ,
92
5-40 U1A1(ti-tn) + UaΑ+(ti-tn) = 2U3Α3(tn-to) + lJzAzftn-to)
_ (UlAl + UzΑz )ti + 2UgΑgto + UzΑzto

''
,^
2υsΑg + UzAz * UlΑl * UqAι
UrAr = 0.09 x 8 x 20 = 14.4', U3Α3

0.09x3x8
= = 1.08
UzAz = 0.09 x 8.54 x20 = 15.4', UιAι=0.09x3x20=5'4
rL6=
_(4.4+15.4)70+(2 x 0.8 x o) + (15.a x o)
" (2 x 1.08) + 15.4 + 14.4 + 5.4 -S5.8F
Place water pipes in this space with some caution.
5-41 Uf Αf (ti-tb ) = (U*Α* + UυtΑt )(tυ -tg ) ; ti = 72 F
tg = turg -Α - 37.6 _23 = 14'6 F or B C
1
Ut = ; Rf = (2 x 0.92) + (1 5/0.8) + 2.1 = 5.82
&
Carpet and Fibrous pad assumed, Ur = 0.172 Btu/ (hr - ft2 - F)
U* =.164 Table 5_ 9; Uot = 0.029 Τable 5 _ 1o
ltΑrti
+( U*Α* + Ubf Αf )tg
tb=
U1Α1 + U*Α* *UυrΑr
l'b-_(0.172x400
r, x72) + (.1G4 x 80 x 7 + 0.029 x 4OO)1a.6
to = 30.3 F or -0.95 C
Exοerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit
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enrοlled in οourses for whiοh the
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of this work beyond thαt permitted by
adopted. Αny other reproduction or trαns,lαtion is unlαwfuΙ'
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John
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CHAPTER 6
6-1
Refer to Table B-1 . The computer program

PSYC may be used to find the
humidity ratio from t66 and assumed 100%
RΗ'
Wind
Direction, deg.
CCW from N
6 140 0.0
(a) Pendleton, OR 11
-2 13 290 0.0
(b) Milwaukee, Wl
4 10 0.0
(c) Anchorage, ΑL -9
12 340 0.003
(d) Norfolk, VA 24
18 I 360 ο.0
(e) Αlbuquerque, NM
20 0.003
(f) Charleston, SC 28 7
6-2
possible condensation on inside
Design relative humidity is determined by
(which is the maximum dew-
of glass. Find glass surface temperature
poi;t temperature of the inside air allowed)'
q/A = U(t' - to) = Cr(tr - b)

tι= 72"F; t., = glass Surface temperature
U = 0.65 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)' Table 5-5a
111 , hi = 1.46 Btu/inr-ft2-f)
c1 uhi
Cι = 1'172 Btυl (rrr-ft2-F1
94
tr=
Uti + to (Cr - U)
cl
Design or
lndoor Outdoor tr=
City oF oF oF Max.
Tου, Του, top,
RH-%
(a) Caribou, ME 72 -10 35.5 26.2
(b) Birmingham, ΑL 72 23 50.2 46.1
(c) Cleveland, oΗ 72 b 42.6 34.6
(d) Denver, CO 72 3 41.3 32.9
(e) San Francisco, CΑ 72 39 57.3 59.9*
(g) Boise, lD 72 -'16 32.8 23.6
Rapid City 72 I 44.0 36.5

*
RH = 60 o/o would probably be uncomfortable
RΗ = 40 to 50% would be more realistic
6-3
Assume that the weather strip does not change the conveοtive heat loss.
From Figure 6-2, Cp = 0.3. Using Eq. (6-7b) with the air density of 0 'F,
the pressure difference due to wind is
ο: .086ψ!\'( ls*ot * |.467 fi

l'\
[o ft')\ mph) (o.rnr.o t"'tt )
ΔP. =
z.(y.rrΙbm_ ft) ι lbf l ft')
ι lbf_s')
ΔP* = 0'037in'wg
Αssuming slight stack effect, ΔP ^y

0.04 in. water
Using Table 6-1 and Fig. 6-1,

puφoses only to
Exceφts from this work may be reprοduced by instruοtors for distτibution οn a not-for-profit basis Γor testing or instructional
studentsοnrolledincοursestbrwhichthetextbookhasbeenadopted. ΑnyοtherreproducιionorιrαnslαιionofιhisνοrkbeyondthαtPermiιιed
by Sections Ι07 or Ι08 ofthe ]976 United Stαtes Copyright Αctνιthout the permιssiοn ofιhe copyrighι oνner is unlaννful-
95
Loose fit with non-\Λ/eather-stripped, K - 6; a lL = O.75 cfm/ft

Loose fit with weather-stripped, K= 2; Q/L = O'24 cfmtft
Total length of crack, ι = [(3 x 3) + (2 x 5)] x 9 = 171 ft

Using Ll2for calculation, then
Q,, = 0.75 x 17112= 64.1 cfm, Q, = 0'24x17112= 2O'5 cfm
I
Now Q, = rh cr(t1 - to) = v cp(t; - tr)
Q,r-8,, 64.t-20.5
-At-4, - 64.r
Q,, Qt = 0.68
or a reduction of 68% in sensible heat loss.
Also, (Kl - K)lΚ1= β-2)16 = 0.67 or 670/o Reduction.
6-4
From Fig. 6-2, Cp = 0'52tor windward wind'

Assuming standard sea level air density, the pressure difference due to
the wind speed of 13 m/s is
Βry]
s) _ 53.6Pα
ΔP., =
_*
z.( ι.okg
t i/-s'
(a) From Table 6-2, K = 1 for tight-fitting.
Then, from Fig. 6-1, Q/L = 0.60 L/m-s
Q = 0.60 x (0.9 + 2'0) x2 = 3l8_LΔ
Αssuming that the wind speed and wind direction are the Same as the
given conditions for the bank at Rapid City, SD, the heating load (at -20'6
EΧcerpts from this work may be reproduοed by instructors foι distτibution on a not-fbr-prοfit
basis for testing or instructional puφoses only to
in οourses fbr which the textbook has been adopted. Αny oιher reprοiucιion or ιrαnslαιion οf ιhis ννοrk beyond ιhαt permitιed
students enτol1ed
]08 ofthe Ι976 rJnited Copyright ΑcιΙνilhouι ιhe permission οfιhe copyrighι owner is unlαwful'
by Sections 107 or States
--σ6-
.C outdoor temp. and 72'C indoor temp.) due to the door infiltration can
be calculating using Eq. (6-2b) as:
(: ε* ο. o ο
(' .#l r r,
* }r)rr,
_
1_zo.o1)" c= 393.tW
a, =
Τ) ι
+ 1
(b) From Table 6-2, Κ = 2 for average-fitting'

Then, from Fig. 6-1, Q/L = 1'25 L/m-s
Q = '1 .25x (0.9 + 2.0) x 2=7-25--Lls
α, _(', .zs* 0 OO'+) ('.rrfil ι rrrn?)o, _ e20.6))" C = 819 0W
(c) From Table 6-2, K = 6 for average-fitting'

Then, from Fig. 6-1, Q/L = 3.40 L/m-s
e = 3.40 x (0.9 + 2.0) x2 = 19f2-Lls
α, =(lν τ2*
'001c)
('.#l ιrr, *}a)o'_e20.6))"C _2227'6W
6-5
From Figure 6-2, Cρ = 0.52' Using Eq. (6-7b) with the standard air density,
the pressure difference due to wind is
r2
οs#) (zz-en- ι κl
Λ p _
ι\ΓΙυ-
o'sz (o oτ
(
#)' ( o.rnro :n:γ
r,
b^_f) ι lbflft')
^\
z.| ιz.17':::-_!-
ι lbf _s'z)
|
ΔP' = 0't35in'wg
Neglecting stack effect and pressurization, ΔP - 0.135 in' water

From Table 6-1, K = 2 for average-fitting with non-weather-stripped.
From Fig. 6-1, Q/L = 0.60 cfm/ft.
L" = [(3 x2.5) + (2 x 4)]x3 = 46.5 ft puφoses only tο
on a not-for_profit basis for testing or instruοtronal
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instruοtors for distribution
studentsenrοlledinοourses1brwhiοhthetextbookhasbeenadopted. Αnyotherreproducι'ιonorιrαnsιαιionοfthisτνοrkbeyondιhαtpermiιted
permisiiοn ofιhe cοpyrighι oνner is unlαwful'
by Sectiοns 107 or ]08 oftnn isri {Jniιed SιαιeS Copyrighι Αcιτνιιhοuι ιie
Q = 0.60 x 46.5 = 27.9 cfm.
b-b
(a) The wind effect is assumed to be independent of height and pressure

differences due to wind are the same as those given in Ex. 6-1.
3'd Floor: ΔP"/Cο = 0.037; ΔP, = 0.037 x 0.8 = 0.03 in. water
orientation ΔP, ΔP* ΔPτ
Windward 0.03 0.066 ο.ο96
Sides 0.03 -0.066 -0.036
Leeward 0.03 -0.033 -0.003
gth Fιoor: ΔP./Co _ -0.100; ΔP, - -0.100 x 0.8 = -0.08 in. water
orientation ΔP.ΔP, ΔPτ
Windward -0.08 0.066 -0.ο14
Sides -0 08 -0.066 -0.'146
Leeward -0.08 -0.033 -0.1 13
(b) For Bitlings, MT, design conditionS are to = -7oF, tι= 72"F, Φι= 28o/o.
From Table 6-3, K = 0.66 for conventional οurtain wall.
Αir will infiltrate on windward side only on 3'd floor.

Windward - 3E floor
QiA = 0.15 cfm/ft2; Q = 0.15(120 x 10) = 180 cfm
Then 9 = (1 80 x 60/1 2.4)(0.24)(72 - (-7)) = 16,514 Btu/hr
"
Q,. = (180 x 60/12.4)(0.005 - 0.000)1060 = 4,616 Btu/hr
Qt = Q, + 8r. = Ζ*1-3oBtu1hΙ [3'd Floor]
gth Floor - All exfiltration on this floor.

Qt = oοΞtuΔr 19th Flooη
puφoses only tο
EXοerptS from this wοrk may be reproduced by instructors for distributioIr on a not-for-pro1it basis for testing or instruοtional
students enrolled in courses tbr which the textboοk has been adopted. Αny οιher reprotluctiοn οr trαnslαtion of this νork beyond
ιhαι permitted
by Secιions Ι07 or ] 08 of ιhe Ι 976 t'Jnited Sιαtes Copyrighι Αcι 1υiιhouι ιhe permission οf the cοpyrighι οlυner is unΙιrννful.
98-
6-7
(a) Windward Doors: Double vestibule type

ΔPτ = o.146 in' water, assume 1/8 in' οracks
Q/L = 16 cfm/ft tFιg. 6-7] , L -- 32 ft [Ex' 6-2]
Q = 16 x 32 x0'7 = 358 cfm
(Assume30o/oreductionforvestibuledoors)
6-7 (Cont.)
Side Doors: Double vestibule tYPe

ΔPτ = -o'o52 in' water' 1/8 in' cracks
Q = O.O (negative pres' dιff')
(b) Windward: ΔPτ = O146 in' water' K = 0'66 lΤable 6-3]

Q/A = o.2o cfm/ft2 [Fig. 6-6]
A=120x10=1200ft2
Q = 0.29(12ο0) = 240 cfm
Sides: ΔPτ in' water' K = O'66 [Table 6-2]

= -O'O52
8 = O.O (negative pres' dιff')
UULeeward: ΔPτ = O'047 in' water, K = O'66 [Fig' 6-6]

Q/Α = O.1Oo cfm/ft2, A = 1200 ft2
Q = O.1οO(1200) = 120 cfm;
Total infiltration for the walls is

8* = 240 + O.O + 120 = 360 cfm
(c) Totat infiltration is sum for doors and walls'

From Εx.6-2'for leeward door' Q = 179 cfm'
Then the total door filtration is
Qo=358+179=537cfm(neglectinfil.duetotraffic).
Andthetotalwallinfiltrationis360cfm,thenQτ=897cfm
only to
instτuctors foτ dlstribution on a not-for-profit
basis for testing oΙ instructional puφoses
Εxcerpts tiom this wοτk may be reproduced by νork beyond ιhcιt permiιιed
students enιolled in οourses tυ. *ι-'λ}, the
textbook has been uaoρt,i 'ιny ornr, ,rprort|urιιon'o''trαnsΙαtιon-ξthιs
per-ission of ιhe cοpyright oινner is unΙανfuΙ'
by Sectiοns 1 07 or ] 08 o7 ιn' to:ii'inιir-d Sιαιes Cοpyrιgh' 'ι'i"rii'i"''
'i"
9V
70oF
For Charleston, WV: to = 1 1oF' ti =
q, = (897 x οοll \ 'τz)(o'z4)(70-11) = 65'ο25 Btu/hr
q. = (897 x 60/1 1'72)(1060)(O'OO5 - O OOO) = 24'338 Btu/hr
q = q" + 9. = 89,363 Btu/hr
6-8
pressure difference due
(a) Assuming standard sea level air density, the
to the wind sPeed of 20 m/s is
(
o.o,urtψ\'(zo*pt *1.461ιL:\ /
fi,J =o 197in,water
,,_ |υ.Ι9/+ tbfl
UUWindward: ΔP*=O197xO25=ooo:
Leeward: ΔP* = O"197 x (-0'5) = -0'099 in

χ- } E:lι, n*l:
AssumPtions:
_ 40oF
1) temperature differencΘ, tι to' =
zi tιle neutral pressure level is at floor 9'
3) the floor height is 12 ft', and
4) Cο = 0'80'
Then, from Fig.6-5,
1: h = 108 ft., ΔPr/Co = O.13, and

ΔP" = O'13 x O'8O = 0'104 in' water
Floor
5: h = 60 ft., ΔP, = 0'065 x O'8O = 0'052
in' water
Floor
15: h = 72ft., ΔP, = -O'O85 x 0'8O =
-0'068 in' water
Floor
Floor 20: h = 132ft., ΔPS = -Q'160 x O'80 =
-0j28 in' water
Windward Leeward
puφoses only to
basis fοr testing οr instructional
by instruοtoτs foτ distribution on a not-for-profit ιhαι permιtted
Excerpts tiom this work may^bο reproduοed
the textbook *' γγ119iJ]1'^"'Ιi";:i:j!i::;:;:;:':""":jfi,':i:,i{:x:λx#,.beyond
students enrolled ιn couΙSes tor whiοh
;}i::j;μιfii,Z'i'"fλ!"in:ii'ini,a s**, copy,ign,'a;,\iιiio"i''Ι, i,.ι'i-n of ιhe coρyrighι owner is unlαwful
& r *--,-,
100
Flnοr ΔP" ΔPτ ΔP* ΔP" ΔPτ

ΔP*
0.1 ο4 0.1 53 -0.099 0.104 0.005
1 0.049
0.052 0.101 -ο.099 0.052 -0.047
5 0.049
-0.068 -0.019 -0.ο99 -0.068 -0.167
15 0.049
-0.128 -0.ο79 -0.099 -0.128 -0.227
20 0.049
(b)
6-8 (Cont.)
.*
& \λd
tl
-o.2 -ο.1 0.0 ο.1 Ε.2
ΔR. ilt. ιlrateι
*E*-lΛfiΠ$ffard ".-,t - LEθΛrard
lnfiltration - Windward Sides, from 1't to 13th Floor

Leeward Sides, 1't Floor onlY
Fιoor
Exfiltration _ Wind\Λ/ard Sides, from 14th to 2oth
Leeward Sides, from 2nd to 2Oth Floor
(c) 1rt floor, lnfiltration on all sides - through doors, walls and fixed
windows
for tight fitting.

Windward Walls: from Table 6-3, K = 0'22
f rorn f ig. 6-6, Q/A = O.OB cfm/ft2'
A=(1οο+60)1 2=1920f(
Q = O.O8 x 1920 = 154 cfm
puφoses only to
basis for testιng or instruοtional
by instructοrs for distributιon on a not-for-profit
EΧceφts fιom this work may be reproduced ιr*rΙαιiοn-ξιhιs τυork beyond ιhαι Permiιιed
students enrolled in courses for whiοh the
textbook ι,u, υ..n uαipi"J . Αny other reproa|ur'r,in-o,
of ιhe cοpyright owner is unlανυful'
Stαtes Copyrιght Αct iιthouι ιie permisiιon
by Sections Ι 07 οr ] 08 o7 rnr'i 9ii'i'ieιΙ
1υ1
for tight fitting'
Leeward walls: from Table 6-3, K = 0'22
From Fig. 6-6, Q/A = O'OO5 cfmlft2'
A = (1OO + 60)12 = 1920 f(
Q =0.005x1920= 10cfm
for 1/8 in' crack'
windward Doors: from Fig. 6-7, Q/L = 17 cfm/ft
6-8 (Cont.)
For vestibule doors, assume a 35% reduction'

Q/L = 17 x 0.65 = 1 1'05 cfm/ft
L = (3 x 6.75) + (2 x 6) = 32'25 ft
Q = 11.05 x 32.25 = 356 cfm
cfm/ft for 1/8 in' crack'
Leeward Doors: from Fig. 6-7, Q/L = 1.5
Γor vestibule doors, assum e a 35o/o reduction'
Q/L = 1.5 x 0.65 = 0'975 cfm/ft
Φ = O.975x32'25 = 31 cfm
Then,totalinfiltration(neglectingtrafficeffect)is
Qtot = 154 + 1O + 356 31 =
+ 551 cfm'
(d) and (e) lnfittration rate is zero due to

negative pressure differentials for
the 1Sth and 2οth floors'
6-9
For Minneapolis, MN: to = -1 1oF' t1 = 70"F '
[Note:Δt=70-(-11)=81oFisinconsistentwithProblem6-8where
to be minor]
Δt = 40"F was used; however, an
error is assumed
(a) From Prob. 6-8, Qτ = 551 cfm for 1't

floor'
Btu/hr
q, = (5s1 , dotl 2'15)(0'24)(70 - (-11)) = 52'896
o.ooo) = 11,537 Btu/hr
o, = lbSt x 60/1 2.15)('1060)(0.O04 -
Qt= Qr* Qr. =64,433 Btuihr
(b) and (c) qt = O'O due to zero infiltration

puφoses only to
basis foτ'testing οr instruοtional
by instruοtoΙs for distribution on a not-for-profit ιhαt permiιιed
Exceφts frοm this wοrk may be reprodυοed o' oon'ιotionλf ιhis wοrk beyond
the ,.oυ" oi i'"r'i""n uαopt.a. ,q"y "rn}')ir"ai.iion
students enrol'ed in courses for whiοh
by Sectiοns 107 οr 1 08 οf the Ι 97 6
t]nited SιαιeS δ"iyriii ii 'i,thout
tie permιsiιon of the copyrighι owner is unlα:wful'
102
6-10
For Des Moines, lA: to = -4oF, ti = 70oF'
windows, doors,
Transmission heat loss (negtecting infiltration) through
walls, and roofs can be determined by Eq. 5-19 as:
q = UA(tι -to)
Windows: A = (3 xa)1 2= 144ft2;

From Table 5-5a, U = 0.55 Btu/(hr - ft2 -'F1;
q = 0.55(144)(70 - (-4)) = 5,861 Btuihr
Doors: A 2=243ft2',
= (3 x 6.75)1
From Table 5-8, U = O'28 Btu/(hr - ft2 - 'F);
(assume panel with metal storm door)
q = 0 28 (243)(70 - (-4)) = 5,035 Btu/hr
wails: A 64)21- 144- 60.75 = 1395.25ft2',

= 8[(36 +
From Table 5-4a, U = 0.14 Btu/(h r -ftz - 'F);
14(1 395. 25)(70 - (-4)) = 14,455 Btu/hr
Q= O.
Roof/Ceilinq: A = 36 x 64 = 2304 ft2',

Ξrorn Example 5-3, U = O.83 Btu/(hr _ ft2 _ 'F1;
q = 0.083(2304)(70 - (-4)) = 14,151 Btu/hr
can be determined
Transmission heat loss through the slat-on-grade floor
bY Eq 5-23 as:
Q = U'P(ti -to)
Floor: p = (36 +64)2=200ft;

R-value
u' = o.8o Btu/(hr - ft - F), from Fig' 5-8 (assume insulation
of 5.4 (hr - ft2 -'F)/ Btu and d = 2ft)'
q = 0.8(2OOX7O - (-4)) = 11'840 Btu/hr
heat losses;
Finally, total transmission heat loss is the sum of all
for testing or instruοtional puφοses only to

instruοtors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis
Exοerpts tiom this work may be reproduced by or trαnsιαtionω ιhis νork beyοnd ιhαι permitιed
t'u, υ."n uαφi.J . Αny oιher reproaγι'ιo"
students enrolled in οοurses tω wιιiοn the tοxtboοk
by Secιions ] 07 or ] 08 o7,n, i o)i inιted Sιαtes
copyrιgnt iriiiiiouι tie per.isiion of ιhe copyrιghι oνner is unlανυful'
103
qt = 5l.ΞΖBtuΔt
6-1 1
standard air density,

From Figure 6-2, Cp= 0'52. Using Eq' (6-7b) with the
the pressure difference due to the wind of 15 mph is
(0 5η[ 0.0765ψy\-
fr' )
LP, - ι
z.(nlιlbry__s2
_
ι lbf
ΔP* = 0.058 in. water
pressurization' thus
For a low-rise building, neglect stack effect and
ΔP1 = 0.058 in. water
and doors'
From TabIes 6-'1 and 6-2, Κ = 1 for tight-fitting windows
From Fig. 6-1, Q/L = O.'13 cfm/ft'
L" = [(3 x 3) + (2 x a)]x3 + (3+6.75)x2x3 = 109'5
ft
e = 0.13 x 109.5 = 142 dm,

9s = (14.2 x 60/1 2.15)(0'24)(70 - (-4)) = 1,245 Btu/hr
Qr= (ιι'zx60/12'15)(1ο6OXο.Oο5_0.00ο)=372Btulhr
Qt= Q, + Qr. = 1,617 Btu/hr
6-12
For Ηalifax, Nova Scotia: to = 2oF, ti = 70oF'
Refer to Problem 6-10 for other data'
Windows: q = 0.55(1 44)(70 - 2) = 5'386 Btu/hr

Doors:q=0.28(243)(70-2)=4'627Btulhr
wails: Q = 0.14(1 395. 25)(70 - 2) =
13,283 Btu/hr
κootrcuιιιno: q = O.083(23O4)(70 -2)= 13'004 Btu/hr
Γ*r, q = O.8(2OοX70 _2) = 10'880 Btu/hr
or instructional puφoses only to
for dlstribution οn a not-fbr-profit basis for testing
EΧceφts from this work may be reproduced by instruοtοrs reproλ3''ιo' or ιrαnslαtionω ιhis νork beyond thαι permitted
t u, υ.", uαφi.J . Αny other
students enrolled in οourses fbr which the textbοok
/ii i"i.d Sror", copyrιsnt ii 'Ιiiiouι ιi" per*isiion of ιhe copyrighι οwner is unΙαwful'
by Sectiοns ] 07 or 1 0B q
'n""i
104
Total: qt = 4Ζl€oBtu/hr
6-13
oF; ti 70"F
Memphis, TN; to = 21 =
R*= 0.92+ 1.55 + 0.99 + 1.77 +0.17 = 5.4 (Tables 5-1 a'5-2a)
U* = 115.4 = O.'185 Btu/(hr - ft2 - 'F)
Us = 0.81 Btu/(hr - f( - "F) (Table 5-5a)
Αs = 6xax3 = 54 ft2
n* = (40xl O)-54 = 346 ft2
q,= 0.185 x 346 x (70 - 21) = 3,136 Btu/hr
qs = 0.81 x 54 x (70 - 211= 2,143 Btu/hr
Qtotrl = 5zβ auk!
6-14
Concord, NH; to = -2F, ti = 70oF

R*= 5.4-0.99+ 3.0=7.41
U* = ο.135 Btu/(hr _ ft2 - "F)
Us = 0.81 Btu/(hr -f( - 'F) (From problem 6-13)
q* = 0.135 x 346 x [70 - (-2)]= 3,363 Btu/hr
qn = 0.81 x 54 x (72) = 3,149 Btu/hr
Qtotrι = οβ1ΖBuer
6-15
lnstructor suPPlies solution.
6-16
(a) q=9s
vs
(i' - iu)
puφoses only to
for distτibution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional
Exceφts from this work may be reproduοed by instΙuctοrs οf νork beyond thαι permitιed
udo|ted ' Any other reprοiuctιοn or trαnsΙαtion ιhis
students enτolled in οourses tbl which the textbook t-'as b"en oνner is unlcnνful'
cοpyrighι
by Secιiοns Ι 07 or ] 08 ο7 *e l ol i inιιed Stotn, Copyrιght
Act iιthouι tie permisiion of ιhe
105
.Ο^= qν":-=:-_
(280'00Ο)(14.6)
_
19(S
_21.8)60 =^251
v! cfm
i._iu β2.7
(b) q = rh cp(t, -
9ε
t..) =
vs
cp(ts - tr)
. qν, (250,00Ο)(14.6)
Q' = ;r=δ= (O24X1 15_7O)ω =
5'633 cfm
6-17
SHF = 4st
Q./(9. + α") = 33, ooo
-100'999
(1 - oo, ooo)
===,
= -3.O3
1
Locate states, and οondition line and heating pΓocess on psychometric

chart.
_ t')
Q. = rh cp(t, _ tr) or Γh . = q
'/cr(t,
Γh. = 100,000/(0'24 x20) = 20,833 lbm/hr
Q. = Γh. X vr/6O = 20,833 x 14.05/60
Q" = 4,878 cfm or about 4,900 cfm
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students enτolled in οourses for whiοh the textbοok has been adopted. Αny other reproduction or trαnslαιion of this work beyοnd ιhαt
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106
t
ffi
p
n
i
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] 07 or 108 of ιhe Ι976 [Jnited SιαteS Cοpyright Αct νiιhout the permission of the copyright oνner i3 unlωνful.
by Sections
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Chapter 7
7-1
First, find longitude from Table B-1a
Then, convert Daylight Saving Time to Local Standard Time using Eq. 7-5
Next, determine the equation of time from Table 7-2
Finally, determine Local Solar Τime using Eq. 7-6
Τhe following table Summarizes the solutions of the problem.
Standard Daylight Local

Location Longltuαe' Meridian, Savings ^.-"":' Eouation
δtanοarα LocalSolar
oτ -'
llme
:
oνν Τime ilme
llme
Norfolk, VA 76.2 75 9:00:00 ΑM 8:00:00 ΑM -2'41 min 7:52:47 A|'Λ

Lincoln, NE 96.75 90 1:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM -2.41min 11:30:35ΑM
Casper, WY 106.47 105 10:00:00 ΑM 9:00:00 AM -2'41 min 8:51:43 ΑM
Pendleton, OR 118.85 120 3:00:00 PM 2:00:00 PM -2'41min 2:02:11PΜ
London, UK 0.45 0 7:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM -2.41min 5:55:47 PM
7-2
Ηour angle (negative for morning and positive for afternoon) can be
determined by
h:Ι5* (LST _l2)
(a) h = 15*(8.19 -'12:00) = 15*(-3.683) = -55.25 deg.
(b) h = 15*(10:03 - 12'.00) = '15*(-1 .950) = -29.25 deg.
(c) h = 15*(15:46- 12:00)= 15*(3.767)= 56.50deg.

107
(d) h = 15"(12.01 - 12:00) ='15*(0.017)= 0.25 deg'
7-3 Αt sunset and sunrise, β =0"; sin(B) =ρ
From Eq. 7-8; οos(/) ο οos(h). οos(δ) - _sin(/). sin(δ)
οos(h,,) = οos(ft,,) = _ tan(/)' tan(δ)
The following table summarizes the solutions of the problem.
Location Latitude,'N 'i"J;::',3" Cos(h) ',|1:ff ',tι''i

^ffi::.
-0.3865 112.7 AM
MT
Billings, 45.8 20.6 4:29 7:30 AM
orlando, FL 28.43 20.6 -0.2035 101.7 5:13 AM 6:46 AM
Anchorage, AL 61.17 20.6 -0.6829 133.1 3:07 ΑM 8:52 AM
Honolulu, Ηl 21.35 20.6 -0.1469 98.4 5:26 AM 6:33 AM
Note earlier sunrise at greater latitudes
7-4
/= 33.0 deg. N
h = 15.(9-12) = -45.0 deg.
on Sep 21, δ = 0.0 deg.
From Eq. 7-8; sin(B) : οos(/). οos(ft). οos(δ) + sin(/). sin(δ) = 0.593
β = 36'37 deg'
sin δοos/ _ cos δsin / οos h

From Εq' 7-11 ;
cos{
υυs ψ = = -0.478
β
= 118.57 deg. (clockwise from north)

Φ
-"o,
nn a nnt-fnr_nrnfit hqqis fοr testinρ or instructional puφoses only to

Exοerpts from this work may be reDroduced bv instnlctοrq f'οr rliqtrih,lfinn
108
7-5 _ 0"; sin(B) g

At sunris e, β =
οos(h) οos(δ) _ _sin(/) ' sin(δ)

From Eq. 7-8; οos(/) ' '
_tan(/)' tan(δ)
οos(h,. ) -
(a) June 21'' δ-- 23'45 deg; / = 58 deg'

-8'93 hours
cos h = -O'6942; h = -133'96 deg' or
Sunrise is at 3:04 AM (Solar Time)
- οos δ sin / οos h

ν"oo
^^^ λ__ sin δ cos /
= O.751
From Eq. 7-11; cos β
north)
Φ = 41.33 deg. (clockwise from
(b) Dec21'' δ= -23'45 deg; / = 58 deg'
cos h = 0.6942; h = -46'04 deg' or -3'07 hours
Sunrise is at 8:55 AM (Solar Time)
. sinδcos/
οosΦ="
_οosδsin lcosh
=-0'751
From Εq'7-11;
from north)
Φ= 138.67 deg. (ctockwise
7-6
Maximumsolaraltitudeangle,βwilloccuratsolarnoon,h=0
]09-
From Eq. 7-1O, _

βû*:90 _ Min\, u,)
From Table 7-2, |δ'u"l = 23.45
(a) Denver, CO: I = 39.75 deg. N.
For north latitude, / is positive and greater than |δrrr| so we need largest
positive value of δ.
From Table 7-2, δ'u" = 23'45 deg. and hence β'", = 73.70 deg.
Therefore, maximum solar altitude angle occurs at solar noon on June 21.
(b) Lansing, Ml: l= 42.77 deg. N.
For north latitude, / is positive and greater than |δrrr| so we need largest
positive value of δ.
From Table 7-2, δ'u"= 23.45 deg. and hence β'u"= 70.68 deg.
Therefore, maximum solar altitude angle occurs at solar noon on June 21.
(c) Sydney, Αustralia: /= 33.95 deg. S.
For south latitude, / is negative and |/| is greater than lδ'u"l So \Λ/e need
largest negative rralue of δ.
From TabΙe 7-2, δ'u, = -23'45 deg. and hence β'", = 79.50 deg.
Therefore, maximum solar altitude angle occurs at solar noon on Dec 21.
7-7
Longitude'. Lt= 100 deg. W
Local Standard Time. LCT = 3:30 pm
on Nov 21, Eoτ = '13.8 min
Excerpts from this ινorktnay be reproduced by instruοtors for distτibution on a not-fοr-profit basis for testing or
instruοtional puφoses οnly to
l . _-__t!^lj.-^^''-^^^ ''^'^-^).'^1:^'"^-|-âclntinnnfthj.sνοrkbeνondιhαιDermiιιed
110
Using Eq. 7-6, LSf = 15.50 - (100-90).4 /60+ '13.8/60 = 15.063 Hr or 3:04
pm.
Latitude: l = 37 '5 deg. Ν
Ηour angΙe: h = 15-('15.063-12) = 45.95 deg.
on Nov 21, δ = -19.8 deg.
Using Eq' 7-8 to calculate solar altitude, β= 21.36 deg.
Then using Εq.7-11 to calculate solar azimuth; Φ = 226'56 deg. (clockwise

from north)
Surface azimuth; ψ = 12+180 = 192 deg. (clockwise from north)
Finally, using Εq.7-12 to calculate wall-solar azimuth
y= 1226.56-1921= 34.56 deg.
7-8
Using Εq' 7-13b to calculate angle of incidence for a vertical surface
θ = 39.92 deg.
Using Εq' 7-13a to caIculate angle of incidence for an inclined surface
For surface tilt = 70", θ= 32.30 deg'
7-9
For Ottawa, Ontario on July 21,
Longitude. Lt= 75.67 deg. W
Latitude: Ι = 45.32 deg. N
ΕXοeφtS from this work may be reproduced by lnstruοtors for distribution οn a not-for-profit basis fοr testing or instructional purposos only to
studerrts enrolΙed in cοurses for whiοh the tcxtbook has been adopted. Αny οιher reρroductioη or ιrι1fisΙαιiοn οf ιhis work beyond ιhαt ρermitιed
Equation of Τime: ΕoT = -6.2 min
Dec|ination: δ= 20.6 deg.
(a) Eastern Daylight Savings Time: EDSI = 4:00 pm
Using Eq. 7-6, LS7- = 14.852 Hr or 2'.51 pm.
Hour angΙe: h = 15*(14'852-12) = 42.78 deg'
Using Eq. 7-8 to calculate solar altitude, β= 47"16 deg.
Using Εq'7-13c to calculate angle of incidence for a horizontal surface,
θ= cos-1(sin(47.16)) = 42'84 deg.
(b) At sunset, β = 0 and sinp =Q
cos(fr ): _tan(/). tan(δ)
Hour angle: h = 112.34 deg.
Solar time at sunset: LSf = 12 + hl15 = 19.49 hr or 7:29 pm.
Εastern Daylight Savings Τime can be calculated by
ΕDST = LST + (L' _ ΕSη(4min/deg-t4l)

- ΕoT +L
EDSΓ = 19.49 +(75.67-75)-(4/60)-(-6.2/60)+1 = 20.638 hr or 8:38 pm.
7-10
For Philadelphia, PA on July 21,
Longitude'' Lι= 75.25 deg. W
Latitude: / = 39.88 deg. N
Equation of Time: ΕoT = -6.2 min
Declination: δ= 20.6 deg.
Eastern Daylight Savings Time: EDSI = 10:30 am
Εxοerpts from this work may be reproduοed by instruοtors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis fοr testing or instruοtional puφoses οnly to
students enrol]ed in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αnyl other renro,l1ιft;Λh ^v lνΛf.l^ιi^,^ ^{lL]d 'ιl^yL λo1'^') tι1nt ^trmιtted
112
Using Eq. 7-6, LS7Γ = 15.852 Hr or 3:51 pm.
Hour angle: h = 15-(15.852-12) = 57.78 deg.
Using Eq. 7-8 to calculate solar altitude, β = 49'42 deg.
Using Εq' 7-11 to find solar azimuth; Φ = 114.30 deg. (clockwise from north)
(a) Using Εq' 7-13c to calculate angle of incidence for a horizontal surface,
θ = cos-1(sin(49.42)) = 40.58 deg.
(b) For vertical surface facing southeast, Surface Tilt; α = 90 deg., and
Surface azimuth; ψ= 135 deg. (clockwise from north)'
Using Εq' 7-12 to calculate wall-solar azimuth , y= |114'3-135ι = 20.7 deg'
Using Εq' 7-13b to calculate angle of incidence for a vertical surface,
θ= cos-l(cos(49.42)cos(20 7ο)) = 52'52 deg'
(c) For inclined surface faοing south, Surface Tilt; α = (90-40) = 50 deg.,
and Surface azimuth', ψ= 180 deg. (clockwise from north)'
Using Εq' 7-12 to calculate wall-solar azimuth, y= l114.3-180| = 65.7 deg.
Using Εq.7-13a to calculate angle of incidence for an inclined surface,
d = cos-1 (cos(49.42)cos(65.70)sin(50)+sιn(+g.42)cos(50)) = 46.'t 1 deg.
7-11
7-12
7-13
For Calibou, MΑ on July 21,
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instructional puφoses only to .
students enrolled in courses for which the texδook has been adοpted. Αny other reοrοιlu"',--:':::':::!*::ι::]'-υg:,oηd ιhαl permιιted
113
Longitude' Lt= 46.87 deg. W

Latitude: l= 68.02 deg. N
Equation of Time: EOT = -6.2 min
Solar Parameters; Α = 346'4 Btu/hr-ft2 or 1093 Wm2, B = 0.186,
and C = 0.138
Eastern Daylight Savings Time: ΕDSr = 2:00 pm
Surface Tilt; α = 60 deg.
Surface azimuth, SW; ι/ = 225 deg' (clockwise from north)
Using Eq. 7-6, LSI = 14'72 Ηr
Hour angle: h = 15.(14.72-12) = 41 .58 deg.
Using Eq. 7-8 to calculate solar altitude, β = 36.04 deg.
Using Εq'7-11 to find solar azimuth; Φ__ 230.2 de9. (clockwise from north)
Using Εq.7-12 to calculate wall-solar azimuth, y= 5'2 deg'
Using Εq' 7-13a to calculate angle of incidence, θ = 7.45 deg.
Using Εq' 7-15 and clearness number of 1, Gryρ = 252'51 Btu/hr_ft2 or

796.75 Wm2
Using Εq' 7-16a, Gρ = 250.28 Btu/hr-ft2 or 790'03 Wm2
Using Eqs, 7-18 and 7-2O, Gα= 26'13 Btu/hr-ft2 or 82'46 Wm2
Therefore, total clear sky irradiation is276.51 Btu/hr-ft2 or 872.49 Wm2
7-14
Given lnformation:
Date: June 21
Longitude' Lt= 96'0 deg' W
Εquation of Τime: ΕoT = -1 .4 min
puφoses only to
EΧοerpts fiom this wοrk may be reprοduοed by instruοtors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis Γor testing or instructional -
οf ιhis wοrk beyond ιhαι permiιted
students enrolled in οourses fbτ whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny οther reρrολucιion οr ιrαJ'lsιalion
114
Solar Parameters; Α = 346.1 Btu/hr-ft2 or 1092 Wm" ' B = 0' 1 85,

and C = 0.137
Central Daylight Savings Time: CDSI = 8:00 pm
Surfaοe Τilt; α = 90 deg.
Surface azimuth, SW; ι/ = 225 deg' (clockwise from north)
Reflectance from water; Ps = 0'25
Using Eq. 7-6, LSf = 18.58 Hr
Hour angle: h = 15-(18.58-12) = 98'65 deg'
Using Eq. 7-8 to calculate solar altitude, β = 7 '02 deg'
Using Εq' 7-15, G,νρ = 76'24 Btuihr-ft2 or 240'5 Wm2
lrradiation reflected from the ground can be determined by
Gn: PrF.r(sinβ +C)G'o
where F'ncan be determined from Εq'7-24'
ThereforΘ, Gκ = 2'47 Btu/hr-ft2 or 7'8 Wm'
7-15
Given lnformation:
Date: lιΛar 21
Equation of Time: ΕoΤ = -7'5 min
Solar Parameters; Α = aoε.g Btu/hr-ft2 or 1164\Nlm', B = 0'149'
and C = 0.109
Local Solar Time: LSf = 12:00 Pm
Surface Tilt; α = 90 deg'
Surface Azimuth, S; ψ= 180 deg' (clockwise from north)
Clearness number; CN = 0'95
Diffuse Reflectance from Sno\Λ/; ρn = 0'7
Hour angle: h = 0.0 deg.
puφoses onιy to
distribution on a not-for_profit basis for testing or instruοtional
Excerpts from this work may bο reproduοed by instructors for ιrοnsιαtion of ιhis ιοrk beνοfrr] .hot nermiΙtρi
has been adopted. οthei ,eοroλucιion or
students enrolled in courses for which the textboοk 'qnν
115
Using Eq. 7-8 to calcuΙate solar altitude, β= 34'0 deg'
Using Εq' 7-11 to find solar azimuth; Φ = 180.0 deg. (clockwise from north)
Using Εq' 7-12 to calculate wall-solar azimuth, 7r= 0.0 deg.
Using Εq' 7-13b to calculate angle of incidence, θ= 34.0 deg.
Using Εq.7-15, Gtvρ = 268.5 Btu/hr-ft2 or 847 '1 \Νlm2
Using Εq' 7 -16a, Gρ = 222'6 Btu/hr-ft2 or 702'3 Wm'

Using Εqs' 7-21 and 7-22, Gα = 33.O Btu/hr-ft' or 104. 1 \Νlm2
lrradiation reflected from the ground can be determined by
G^: PrF'r(slnβ+C)G'o
where F*n can be determined from Εq.7-24'
Therefore, GR = 62'8 Btu/hr-ft2 or 198.1 \Νlm'
7-16
Given lnformation:
Date: Aug 2'1
Latitude: I = 32.0 deg. N
Equation of Time: ΕoT = -2'4 min
Solar Parameters; Α = 350.9 Btu/hr-ft2 or 1107 \Λllm2, B = 0'182,
and C = 0.134
Local Solar Time: LSf = 10:00 am
Surface Tilt; α = 45 deg.
Surface azimuth, SW; ι/ = 225 deg. (clockwise from north)
Diffuse Reflectance from ground; ρn = 0.3
Hour angle: h = -30.0 deg.
Using Eq. 7-8 to calculate solar aΙtitude, β = 56.1 deg.
Exοerpts from this wοrk may be reproduοed by instruοtors for distribution on a not-for-pιofit basis for testing or instructional puφoses only to
students enrolled in οourses for which the textbοok has been adopted. Αny οιher renrοdυcιiοn or trαnsΙαtion οf thi't τνοyk hcνοnι] thηl nPrmittρ/]
116
Using Εq.7-11 to find solar azimuth; Φ= 118.7 deg. (clockwise from north)
Using Εq.7-12 to calculate wall-solar azimuth, r= 106.3 deg.
Using Εq.7-13b to calculate angle of incidence, θ= 61.5 deg.
Using Εq' 7-15, Gruo = 281'8 Btu/hr-ft2 or 889'1 Wm2
Using Εq'7-16a, Gρ = 134'4 Btu/hr-ft2 or 424'0 Wm2

\ΝΙm"
Using Eqs. 7-18 and 7-2o, Gα= 32'2 Btu/hr-ft2 or 10'1 '7
\'ΙΥlm2
Using Eqs. 7-23 and7-24, GR = 11'9 Btu/hr-ft2 or 37 '7
',11.9) = 178.6 Btu/hr-ft2 or
Using Eqs. 7-25 , Gt= (34.4 + 32.2 +
= (424.0 + 101 .7 + 37.7) = 889.1 Wm'z
7-17
The following results are determined from a computer program employing
equations in the book from Eqs. 7-6 to 7-26'
Following tables summarize input and output data calculated for southwest-
facing vertical window at32 deg. N latitude, 90 deg. W longitude, for all
daylιght hours of a clear day on July 21with ground reflectance of 0.2 and
clearness number of 1.
lnput Data
Longitude 90 deg
Standard Meridian 90 deg
EOT -6.2 min
Latitude 32 deg
Declination 20.6 deg
Surf Azimuth 225 deg
Surf Tilt 90 deg
A 346.4 Btu/hr-ft2
B 0,186
c 0,138
cN1
RΗoG 0'2
on a not_for-profit basis for testing or instructional puφoses only

to
Exοerpts from this work may be reproduοed by instructors for distribution
textbοοk has heen adonted. Αnν othcr fρn/^.h'"tinn nr trn'ζΙntinn n{1|1jq aιnrΙ' holnι'] th'ι Δ29Φ;fio)
students enrοlled in courses tbr ιvhich the
117
Output Data
cDsr LsI o . o
Gruo* Go* Ga* Gρ* G,* "
h, Φ,. β, Ψ, θ,
7.00 5.90 -91.55 9.50 71.57
153.43 151.90 112.19 O.OO 6.97 3.40 10.37
8.00 6.90 -76.55 21.78 78.63 146.37 140.64 209.84 o.OO 13.03 10.68 23.71
9.00 7.90 -61.55 34.38 85.69 139.31 128.74 249.18 o.OO 15.47 17.51 32.98
10.00 8.90 -46.55 47.09 93.60 131.40 116.76 268.71 o.OO 16.69 23.39 40.07
11.00 9.90 -31.55 59.65 104.24 120.76 104.98 279.23 o.OO 17.34 27.g5 45.2s
12.00 10.90 -16.55 71.33 123.59 101.41 93.63 284.65 o.OO 20.57 30.90 51.46
13.00 1 .90 -1.55 78.52 172.69 52.31 83.01 286.52 34.88 24.03
1
32.03 90.94
14.00 12.90 13.45 73.44 229.79 4.79 73.4s 285.30 81.05 27.54 91.28 139.87
15.00 13.90 28.45 62.18 252.83 27.83 65.62 280.70 115.85 30.36 28.70 174.91
16.00 14.90 43.45 49.71 264.52 39.52 60.08 271.44 135.41 31.69 24.45 1g1.54
17.00 15.90 58.45 37.00 272.79 47.79 57.55 254.30 136.46 30.69 18.81 185.97
18.00 16.90 73.45 24.37 279.93 54.93 58.44 220.69 115.51 26.33 12.15 153.99
19.00 17.90 88.45 12.00 286.94 61.94 62.60 141.60 65.16 1s.97 4.90 86.03
*Unit
of lrradiation is Btu/hr-ft,
7-18
Using the developed program, following tables summarize input and output
data caΙculated for south-facing Surface tilted at 45 deg. on Apr 21 in
Louisville, KY.
lnput Data
Longitude 85.73 deg
EoΤ 1.1 min
Latitude 38.18 deg
Declination 1.6
1 deg
Surf Αzimuth 180 deg
Surf TiΙt 45 deg
A 358.2 Btu/hr-ft2
B 0.1 64
c 0.12
CN 1
RHOG 0.2
Output Data
o
tSI h, β'. Φ," ψ,"θ," Gruo* ιJD Gα* ^*
ιJR ^*
ιra
1.0 -165.0 -38.3 18.8 161.2 164.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2.0 -150.0 -32.9 35.7 144.3 150.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3.0 -'135.0 -24.8 49.8 130.2 135.4 0.0 0.ο 0.0 0.0 0.0
Exοerpts from this work may be reproduοed by instructors for distributiοn on a not-for_profit basis for testing or instruοtional purposes
only to
students enrolled in courses for whiοh the textbοok has been adοnted. Αnll nthρy
"o^.^)"
118
4.0 -120.0 _15.1 61 .5 o.o o.o

118.5 120.7
5.0 -105.0 _4.3 71.6 o.o 0.0
6.0 -90.0 7.1 80.8 o.o o.o
1ο8.4 106.0 o.o 0.0
0.0
99.2 91.4 95.7 o.o 0.7

0.0
.0 -75.0 18.9 s9.9 90.1 76.8 215.8 49.2 22.1
9.8 10.5
2.8
7
8.0 -60.0 30.6 99.7 80.3 62.5 259.6 120.0 26.6

74.1
9.0 -45.0 42.0 111.3 4.8 151.4
68.7 48.4 280.3 186..1 28.7 6.5
10.0 -30.0 52.3 126.8 53.2 35.1 291.1 238.3 2g.8
221.3
11 .0 -15.0 60.2 149.3 30.7 7.8 275.9
12.0 0.0 63.4 180.0 23J 296.5 271.5 30.4 8.6
0'ο 18'4 298'2 282.9 3o.5 8.9
3,10.5
13.0 15.0 60.2 210.7 30.7 23.7 296.5 271.5 30.4
322.3
14.0 30.0 52.3 239.2 8.6 310.5
53.2 35.1 291.1 238.3 2g.8 7.8
15.0 45.0 42.0 248.7 68.7 48.4 2S0.3 186.1 28.7
275.9
'16.0 60.0 30.6 260.3 80.3 6.5 221.3
62.5 259.6 120.0 26.6 4.8
17 .0 75.0 18.9 270.1 1s1.4
90.1 76.8 215.8 49.2 22.1 2.8
18.0 90.0 .1 279.2 99.2 91.4 95.7 o.o 9.8
74.1
19.0 105.0 -4.3 288.4
7
0.7
106.0 o.o o.o o.o
10.5
108.4 0.0
20.0 120.0 -15.1 298.5 18.5 120.7 o.o o.o o.o
0.0
21 .0 135.0 _24.8 310.2
1
0.0
135.4 o.o o.o o.o
0.0
130.2 0.0
22.0 150.0 _32.9 324.3 144.3 150.0 o.o o.o o.o
0.0
23.0 165.0 -38.3 341.2 0.0
164.4 o.o o.o o.o
0.0
161.2 0.0
24.0 180.0 _40.2 360.0 180.0 175.2 o.o o.o o.o
0.ο
*Unit
of lrradiation is Btu/hr-ft,
0.0 0.0
7-19
Using the developed program,.following tables
summarize input and output
data calcuΙated for an east-facing windδw, 3
ft. wide by 5 ft. high, with no
set baοk on a clea r Jul21 day in-Boise, lD.
Ιnput Data
Longitude 116.22 deg
ΕoT -6.2 min
Latitude 43.57 deg
Surf Azimuth 90 deg
Surf Titt 90 deg
A 346.4 Btu/hr-ft2
B ο.'186
c 0.1 38
CN 1
RHOG 0.2
Output Data
LSr h, o β,. o Guo* Go"
Φ,' ψ," θ, Gα* GR* Gt* e
5.0 -,105.0 3.8 25.3 21.5 19.5
6.0 -90.0
65.0 25.0 3.6 0.4 23.5 352.4
14.0 74.8 15.2 20.6 160.9 .150.6 27.4 6.'1 184.1 2761 .3
Exοerpts from this work may be reproduced

by instructors for
ilffi;;;;;l#;':il;:'r; rnich the texthn.ι. hqc h-.- ".1l'_'Ι:9*':'
on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instruαionalρμmosesonl},
to
119
7.0 -75.0 24.7 84.4 5.6 25.3 222.0 200.7 36.8 12.3 249.9 3747.9
8.0 -60.0 35.6 94.8 4.8 35.8 251.6 203.9 38.5 18.1 260.6 3908.9
9.0 -45.0 46.2 106.9 16,9 48.6 267.7 177.2 36.1 23.0 236.3 3544.7
10.0 -30.0 56.1 123.0 33.0 62.1 276.8 129.6 31.4 26.8 187.8 2817.2
1 1.0 -15.0 63.8 146.7 56.7 76.0 281.6 68.2 26.2 29.2 123.6 18s3.6
12.0 0.0 67.0 18ο.0 90.0 90.0 283.0 0.0 21.5 30.0 51.4 771.7
13.0 15.0 63.8 213.3 123.3 104.0 281.6 0.0 17 .5 29.2 46.6 699.7
14.0 30.0 56.1 237.0 147.0 117 '9 276.8 ο.0 17 '2 26.8 44.0 659.8
15.0 45.0 46.2 253.1 163.1 131.4 267.7 0.0 16.6 23.0 39.7 594.8
16.0 60.0 35.6 265.2 175.2 144.2 251.6 0.0 .15.6
18.1 33.7 505.9
17 .0 75.0 24.7 275.6 .185.6
154.7 222.0 0.0 13.8 12.3 26.1 391.9
18.0 90.0 14.0 285.2 195.2 159.4 160.9 0.0 10.0 6.1 16.1 241.6
19.0 105.0 3.8 295.0 205.0 154.7 21.5 0.0 1.3 0.4 1.8 26.7
*Unit
of lrradiation is Btu/hr-ft2
oE
is the rate at which solar energy strike the window in Btu/hr
7 -20
Given lnformation:
Latitude: l= 32.47 deg. N
Surface azimuth, S; ζz-= 180 deg. (clockwise from north)
Windowwidth;W=4ft.
Windowheight; H=6ft.
Setbackdistance; b=1 ft.
(a) On April2l
Local Solar Τime: LSr= 9:00 am
Hour angle: h = 15.(9-12) = -45.0 deg.
Using Eq. 7-8 to calcu|ate solar altitude, β = 43'82 deg'
Using Εq' 7-1'1 to find solar azimuth; Φ= 106'27 deg. (clockwise from north)
Using Εq' 7-12 to calculate wall-soΙar azimuth, y= 73'73 deg.
Using Εqs. 7-28 to 7-30 to calcuΙate shaded dimensions, X

! v
Χ = (1 ft.)-tan(73.73) = 3.43 ft. r-
t
y = (1 ft ).tan(43.82)/cos(73.73) = 3.42 ft.

6'
Shaded area can be calculated by
4'
Εxο.erpts from- this work may be reproduced by instructors 1br distribution on a not-Γor-profit basis for testing or instructional puφoses only tο
students enrol1ed in courses fbr which the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reprοducιion or ιrαnslα.tiοi of ιhis wοrk beyδni thαι permiιιed
bySections]07οr]08ofιheΙ976UniιedlδιqaeγC-apyrighιΑcιw,iιhouιιheDern&1!!Mοf1hecιwιlrjsh1 oνue-r j'9g!!-ιg+&!. ."!:'.''' a
'-7
120
Α,h =W * H _ (W
- x) * (H _ y) = 22'52 ft2
7-20 (Cont.)
Therefore, the percentage of the window that is shaded is 93"8%.
(b) On July 21
Local Solar Time. LSl. = 12:00 pm
Hour angle: h = 15*(12-12) = 0.0 deg.
Using Eq. 7-8 to calculate solar altitude, β = 78.13 deg.
Using Εq.7-11 to find solar azimuth; Φ= 180.0 deg. (clockwise from north)
Using Εq' 7-12 to calculate wall-solar azimuth, r= 0.0 deg.
Using Eqs. 7-28 to 7-30 to calculate shaded dimensions,
x = (1 ft.)*tan(0.0) = 0.0 ft.

y = (1 ft.)*tan(78.13)/cos(0.0) = 4.76 ft.
Shaded area can be calculated by
Α,h=W*H_(W _x)*(Ι-Ι_y) = 19.03ft2
Τherefore, the percentage of the window that is shaded is 79.3%.
(c) On Sep 21
Local Solar Time: LSl. = 5:00 9m
Hour angle: h = 15*(17-12) = 75.0 deg.
Using Eq. 7-8 to οalculate solar altitude, β= 12.61 deg.
Using Εq'7-11 tofind solarazimuth; Φ=261.81 deg. (clockwisefrom north)
Excerpts from this work may be reprοduced by instruοtors for dlstribution on a not-for_profit basis for testing or instruοtiona] puφoses only to .
studentsenrolledincoursesforwhiοhthetextbοokhasbeenadopted. ΑnyotherreproducιionortrαnsΙαιionοfthisνοrkbeyondthαιpermιιted
by Secιions Ι07 or ]08 ofιhe Ι976 [JnitedιSιαιesCοnνriqhl Α'| \υithn1ιt thο hovh'i'CiΛ' n{tho '^---:nιot '1ιlv'-
;a ''"Ι^''t\'1
121
Using Εq' 7-12 to calculate wall-solar azimuth , y= 81.81 deg.
7 -20 (Cont.)
Using Εq.7-28 to calculate the horizontally shaded dimension, X,
x = (1 ft.).tan(81.81) = 6.95 ft.
Since x is greater than W, the window is completely shaded.
Therefore, the percentage of the window that is shaded is 100%'
7-21
Given: Problem 7-20 with a tong 2 ft overhang located 2ft above the top of
the window.
For this problem, bo for overhang is the sum of the overhang depth and the
setback; henοe, bo = /+] = 3 ft.
(a) Τhe vertically shaded dimension on the window due to the overhang
can be calculated bY:
lo=botanβlcosy_!o-.
where 1rr-, is the distance of the overhang above the window. Therefore,
Υo = (3 ft.)*tan(43.82)/cos
(73'73) - 2 _ 8'27 ft'
Sinοe η is greater than H, the window is completely shaded.
Therefore, the percentage of the window that is shaded is 100%.
(b) Similafly, yo= (3 ft.)- tan(78.13)/cos(0.0) - 2= 12'27 ft'
Since y, is greater than H, the window is completely shaded'

'100%'
Therefore, the percentage of the window that is shaded is
basis 1br testing or instruοtional puφosΘs onιy to

Exοeφts from thls work may be reproduced by instruοtοrs for distribution on a not-for-profit
in courses fbr whiοh the texibook has been aJopted. Αny οιher reprολucJioι or ιrαnslαιiοn ο| this νork beyond ιhαt permiιιed
students enrolled
l^'-!'1 ^ '
b,ySectiοns Ι07 οr Ι08of the 1q76τΙ-ito)-qf'''"?""";*13
'1
122
(c) Since the window is completely shaded due to

the setback' there is no
need to calculate Yo'
7 -22
setback'
Given. Problem 7-2owith 6 in. setback instead of 1 ft'
(a) Using Eqs. 7-28 to 7-30 to calculate shaded dimensions,
x = (0.5 ft.)*tan(73.73) = 1'71 fL

, = (o.s ft.)-tan(43.82)/οos(73'73) = 1'71 ft'
Shaded area can be calculated bY
Α,n =W * H _ (W _x)* (H _ y) = 14.19 fi2
is 59'1%'
Therefore, the percentage of the window that is shaded
(b) Using Eqs. 7-28 to 7-30 to calculate shaded dimensions,
γ = (O.5 ft.)-tan(0'0) = ο'0 ft' _-

2'38 ft'
, = (ο.s ft.)*tan(78.13)/cos(0'0)
Α,l, =W * H _ (W _'T ) * (H _ y) = 9'52 ft2
Therefore, the percentage of the window that is

shaded is 39'7%'
(c)UsingEqs.T-28to7-3Otocalculateshadeddimensions,
x = (0.5 ft.).tan(81'81) = 3'48 ft'

, = (O.S ft.)-tan(12.61)/cos(81 'S1) = 0'79 ft'
Α,h =W *
H _(W _.χ)* (H _ y) = 21'27 ft2
or instruοtional puφoses onΙy to

for djstribution on a not-for-profit basis Γor testing
Exceφts from this work may be reproduced by instructors
λiy'nrrrrproλur^ιιoλ-o,ιrαnslαιiοiofιhisνorkbeyondthαtρermitted
studentsenrolledinοoursestoιwhichtnetexδookhasbeen
Ιo7AΙΙbi+^)c'-!"^^f''";..1'! ^l"i'r'i
''',.'"''^""i'-''""'''''-"'^-^{i"^^^'^'';-ι^1
'''-''"iο"-ι^'{"l
hιι'Sρrtinnrl07nrl0Rn{tι1o
123
Therefore, the percentage of the window that is shaded is 88'6%'
7 -23
on December 21, Declination: δ= -23'45 deg. Using the same procedure
as described in Problem 7-20, the following table summarizes the
calculated data.
Solar Surface- '"Jlff#:"'

:"^::j Hour Solar Azimuth, ι"#::γ Shaded %Shaded
:,ol1' "";
Angle, Αltitude, o Solar Dimension Dimension Area, ft2 Αrea
Time, o Azimuth,'
hr
f\ZιlΙluιl
'' " 1x1, ft (y)' ft
8.OO -6O.O0 9.98 126.22 53 78 1'37 o'30 8'98 37 '4
9.OO -45.00 1g.4g ',136.52 43 48 o'95 o'49 7 '18 29'9
1o,oo -3o.oo 27.17 148.96 31'04 0'60 0'60 5'65 23',5
1.OO -15.00 32.27 163.69 16'31 o'29 0'66 4'20 17 '5

2'71
'1
12.00 O.OO 34.08 18o.OO O'OO o oo 0'68 1 ',1

',3
13.00 15.00 32.27 196.3',1 16'31 0 29 0'66 4'20 17 '5

o 60 0'60 5 65
14.00 3O.OO 27.17 211'04 31'04 0 49 7 18
23'5
15.00 45.00 19.49 22g 48 43'48 0 95 29',9
23g.78 53'78 1'37 0 30 8 98

16.00 60.0O 9.98 37 '4
7 -24
This problem is similar to ProblemT-21 but the overhang depth is 3 ft
instead of 2ft. Since the window in ProblemT-21 is completely shaded
in
all cases. Τhe window in this problem is also completely shaded in

all
cases since the overhang depth is greater in this problem'
7 -25
7 -26
7 -27
Eqs'
First, we need to know angle of incidence and solar irradiation. Using
problem),
7-8 to 7-26 (or a computeiprogrφ developed for previous
on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional

puφoses only to
Exοeφts 1iom this work may be reproduced by instructors for distτibution
studentsenroΙledincoursestbrwhichthetextbookhasbeen adopted' Αnyotherreproλucιiοnοrtrαnslαιioλofthisworkbeyondιhαιpermiιted
124
incidence angle and solar irradiation on a southwest-facing window for

Boise, lD on a clear July 21 day at 3:00 pm solar time are
Angle of Incidence θ= 52.4 deg',

Direct Solar lrradiation: Gp = 163'4 Btu/hr-ft2'
Diffuse Solar lrradiation: Ga + Gκ = 34'5 + 23'0 = 57 -3 Btu/hr-ft', and
Total Solar lrradiation: G1 = 163'4 + 57 '3 = 220'9 Btu/hr-ft2'
Then, the area of the glazing and of the frame is calculated to be 12'44
ft2
and 2.56 ft2, resPectivelY.
From Table 7-3, solar heat gain coefficients for the glazing system lD 21c
are
SHGGgo(52.4") = 0.548 and SHGGgα= 0'52'

be
From Table 5-2, the outside surface conductance may be estimated to
4.0 Btu/hr-ft2-'F.
From Τable 5-6, the U-value for the fixed, double glazed window having
aluminum frame with thermal break utilizing metal spacers is 1.13 Btu/hr-
ft2-'F.
From Table 7-1, solar absorptance of the aluminum frame (assuming the
window is not a nev/ one) is 0.8.
Αssuming the window with no setback (Ar,u'" = Aruπ), the SHGC for the
frame can be calculated using Eq' 7-31 as:
SHGGr = 0.8*(1 '1314'0) = 0'226'
Then, using Εq.7-32, the total solar heat gain is
Qsnc = (0.548.1 2.44 + 0.226*2.56)*163'4

+ (0.52*1 2.44 + 0.226*2.56)-57.5 = 1613'68 Btuihr'
7 -28
glazing
From Table 7-3, the glazing transmittance and absorptances for the
system lD 21c are
puφoses only to
Excerpts from this work may be reproduοed by instructors for
distribution on a not-for-prοfit basis for testing or instruοtional
has υ.", uJopt"α. Αny oιher reproλuction or ιrαnsιαtιοi of ιhιs wοrk beyond ιhαι permitted
students enrοl]ed in οourses for whiοh the tΘx;book
125
7 -28 (Cont.)
Tρ6(52'4") = O.+1 56, Αtwοβ2Α) = O'140, Αfzυοφ2'4) = 0'1524'

Ta= O'40, -Af ια= o.'13, and Αfza= O.15.
Using Eq. 7-35, total transmitted solar heat gain is
Qrru"', = (0'4156-163.4 + 0.4ο*57.5)-12'44 = 1130.9'1 Btu/hr.
Using Eq. 7-36, total solar heat gain absorbed by the glazing is
8 oroo,, = [1 63'4*(0"1 4+0' 1 524) + 57'5*(0"1 3+0' 1 5)]-1 2'44

= 794.64 Btu/hr.
From Table 5-5a, the U-value for the center of glass is 0.42 Btu/hr-ft2-"F.
Similar to the previous problem, the outside surface conductance may be

estimated to be 4.0 Btu/hr-ft2-'F.
Then, the inward flowing fraction for glazing layer 1 can be calculated by:
Nt=0.42 14.0=0.105
From Table 5-2a, the inside surface conductance may be estimated to be

1.46 Btu/hr-ft'-"F.
The conductance from the inner pane to the outdoor air can be calculated
by:
,11
flo'2=
1 1=-1 1 =o'59Btu/hr-ft2-'F
U hi 0.42 ι.46
Then, the inward flowing fraction for glazing layer 2 can be calculated by:
Nz= 0.42 / 0.59 = 0.71
Exοerpts 1iom this work rnay be reproduοed by instruοtors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional
puφoses only to
students enrolled in οourses fbr which the textboοk has been adoρted' Αny oιher reproduction οr lrαnslαtiοn of ιhis wοrk beyond thαι
permitted
126
7-28 (Cont.)
Using Εq. 7-38, the inward flowing fraction of the gΙazing system is
N= [163.4*(0.'1 0S*0. 14+0.7 1*0.1 524) +

57.5*(ο.'1 05*0. 13+0.71-0. 1 5)] l 220 '9
= 0.122
Using Eq. 7-39 and the SHGGr calculated from the previous problem, the
solar irradiation absorbed by the frame is
Qoroo,f = (163.4 + 57.5)*2.56*0.226 = 127 .80 Btu/hr.
Using Εq' 7-40, the total absorbed solar heat gain of the fenestration
system is
Quruo,ur = 794.64*0.122 + 127 .80 = 224.75 Btu/hr.
The total solar heat gain is then
Qsrc = 1130.91 + 224.75 = 1355.66 Btu/hr.
7 -29
From Table 7-4, lAC for a lighted-color Venetian blind installed on a
residential double-pane window is 0.66.
Using Εq' 7-41, the total solar heat gain is
Q suc = φ'226-2'56-220'9)
+ [0.548*12.44*163.4 + 0.52* 12.44*57 .5]*0.66
= 1108.48 Btu/hr.
7 -30
From Table 7-6, for a Ιighted-color Venetian blind, shade transmittance,
reflectance, and absorptance are 0.05, 0.55, and 0.40, respectiveΙy.
Using Εq' 7-42, the transmitted solar heat gain is

127
7-30 (Cont.)
Qrroo = 0.05*1130.91 = 56.55 Btu/hr.
Using Εq' 7-43, the absorbed solar heat gaΙn is
4or"" = 224.75 + 0.40*1 130.91

+ 0.55*1 130.91 *0.122*(0.'13+0.I S)
= 698.36 Btu/hr.
7-31
From Table 7-3, solar heat gain coefficients for the glazing system lD 5b
are
SHGGgo(52'4") = 0.6256 and SHG Ggα = 0.60.
Similar to Problem 7-27 , SHGGr = 0.226.
Then, using Εq'7-32, the total solar heat gain is
Qsμc = (0.6256-12.44 + 0'226*2.56)*1 63.4

+ (0.60.12.44 + 0.226*2.56)*57.5 = 1828.64 Btu/hr.
7 -32
From Table 7-3, the glazing transmittance and absorptances for the glazing
system lD 5b are
TDθ(52'4") = 0.5332, 'Af ,οoβ2'4) = 0.1924, 1froθβ2'4) = O'12,

Ta= 0.51, -Atro= 0.19, and -Arzd= 0.11.
Using Εq. 7-35, total transmitted solar heat gain is
Qrsac,g = (0.5332*'163.4 + 0.51*57.5)*1 2.44 = 1448.64 Btu/hr.
Using Eq. 7-36, total solar heat gain absorbed by the glazing is
λ
Q πllc'g = [1 63.4*(0.1924+0'12) + 57.5-(0. 1 9+0. 1 1)1-12.44
-===Ξ
7 -32 (Cont.)
= 849.60 Btu/hr.
From Table 5-5a, the U-value for the center

of gtass is 0.55 Btu/hr-ft2-"F.
similar to the previous problem, the outside
surface conductance may be
estimated to be 4.0 Btu/hr_ft2_.F.
Then' the inward flowing fraction for glazing

layer 1 can be caΙculated by:
Nz=0.SS /4.0=0.1375
SimiΙar to the prevΙous probtem, the inside

surface conductance may be
estΙmated to be 1.46 Btυ/hr-ft2-"F.
The conductance from the inner pane to

the outdoor air can be calcuΙated
by.
ho,z=t\ =T-]
1 = 0.88 Btu/hr-ft2-"F
(]_τ O55 - 1-46
Τhen' the Ιnward flowing fraction for gtazing
layer 2 canbe calcutated by:
/vz=0.55/0.gg=0.625
Using Εq. 7-38, the inward flowing fraction

of the glazing system is
N = []-63 4-(O.1375-ο. 1924+o.625*0'12) +

1375*0' 19+0'625*0' 1 1 l 22o'g
)]
= 'Jr';Δ''
Τhe solar irradiation absorbed by the frame
is the Same as the previous
probΙem, and is equaΙ to 127 .80 Btu/hr'
Using Εq' 7-4O, the totat absorbed solar

heat gain of the fenestration
system is
7 -32 (Cont.)
+ 127 '80 = 212j6 Btu/hr'
Qo'"o'gt = 849'60*0'1OO
The total solar heat gain is then
Qwc = 1448'64
+ 212J6 = 1661'4 Btu/hr'
testing or instruοtionaΙ purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been
adοpted. Αny other reprοduction οr trαnslαtion of this wοrk beyond thαt permitted by Sections ] 07 or ] 0B
of the 1976 United Stαtes Copyright Αct without the permission of the cοpyright owner is unlαwful.
Requests for permission or further infοrmαtion should be αddressed to the Permission Depαrtment, Jοhn
Wiley & Sons, Ιnc, ] Ι ] Riνer Street, ΙΙoboken, NJ 07030.
Chapter 8
B-1
a) The heat gain is generally gΓeater than the cooling load during the
morning hours M/hen sunlight first strikes a building and the internal
loads first begin. Heat is being stored in the building structure,
furnishings, etc.
b) Late at night when occupants are not present, lights and equipment are
off and solar radiation is zero, the building gives up stored heat to the
air, which the equipment removes as cooling load. The heat gain may
be quite small, zero, or negative.
c) At some time during the day, probably early evening, as heat gain is
decreasing, and equilibrium condition can be established when heat
gain and cooling load are equal. Or, some interior zones, where the
cooling load is driven only by internal heat gains may reach equilibrium if
the heat gain remains constant for a number of hours.
8-2
MultipΙe design conditions should be checked, including peak dry bulb

along with mean coincident \Μet buΙb, and peak wet bulb along with mean
coincident dry bulb temperature.
8-3
ΑSHRΑE 90.1 specified the2'5% design conditions, which roughly

corresponds to the 1% design conditions in the current Handbook of
Fundamentals and the textbook.
Location Outdoor Outdoor lndoor lndoor Elevation, ft Latitude,

DB.'F WB,'F DB.'F RH. % ON
Norfolk, VA 91 76 75 50 30 36.90
131
8-4
into the tayer library' The
select materials; some may need to be entered
resulting wall construction ,pp"rrt as shorrun
here' (Note that not
using a density of 120
everything is specified exacity, .o that a student
ιυit1yt"i υiicκ wiιι get a different set of CTF coefficients')
-"..-"...-τns1] 130
0
3
-
5α]
5nΟ "18
3.
for room mode, we

After running the HvacloadExplorer program in execute
obtain the following CTF coefficients for this wall.
xn, Yn, zn,

Φn
n Btuih-ft2-"F
Btu/h-ft2-"F Btu/h-ft2-"F
0 4.276507 0 ο0ο445 0.642344
1 -5.36497 0.ο1 1581 -0.98287 0.638772
1.141149 0.01 1845 0.376555 -0.02179
2
3 -0.027 59 0.001 134 -0.01 101
4 -7 .7Ε-05 0.0ο0017 -5E-06
B-5
except that the R-
This problem is solved in the Same \Λ/ay aS Problem 8-4,
13 insulation is changed to 5.5" thick R-19 insulation.
for dtstribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing
Εxοerpts fιom this work may be reproduοed by instΙuοtοrs ιhis work beyοnd thαι permιιιed
t,u, υ"., uai-pt.α' iny oιh* up-iurrιλn-o, oαnsΙαtionΖf
students enrolled in courses tor whiοh the teΧtbook owner is unlανful'
by Secιions 107 or ] 08 o7 ιne ii;i' initid Sror^
copyrιg|rt 'a|ι rr"ιiiλuι ιn, prr^ι''ιλn of the cοpyrighι
132
The folΙowing CTF coefficients are obtained:
xn, Yn, Ζn,

n Φn
Btu/h-ft2-"F Βtu/h-ft2-'F Btu/h-ft2-"F
0 4.277384 0.000071 0.644513
1 -5.95084 0.004622 -1.08666 0.779066
2 1.847897 0.008936 0.510931 -0.10021
3 -0.16027 0.001835 -0.05401 0.001435
4 0.001331 0.00004 0.000734
8-6
Αgain, this problem follows the procedure of the last two problems. The
thickness of the roll roofing must be estimated, and the conductivity chosen
to match the overall conductance. (k=thickness*conductance)
The following CΤF coefficients are obtained:

Εxceφts from this work may be reproduced by instruοtors for distτibution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
students eι'ιrolled in courses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny oιher reproduction or ιrαnsιαιion of this ινork beyond ιhαι permiιted
by Secιiοns ] 07 οr 1 08 of ιhe Ι97 6 Uniιed Sιαtes Cοpyrighι Αcι w ithοuι ιhe permissiοn οf ιhe copyrighι oνner is unlανιful'
133
xn, Yn, Ζn,

n Φn
Btu/h-ft2-'F Btu/h-ft2-'F Btu/h-ft2-'F
0 1.014657 0.006092 0.644513
1 -1.09939 0.029838 -0.6816 0.150594
2 0.126521 0.006044 0.079104
3 0.000256 0.000071 0.00003
8-7
ln this case, a reasonable value for the resistance of the air-space must be
selected. For the air^-space, an R-value of 1 is chosen; thus conductivity is
set to '12 Btu-in lhr- ft2- F, and the thickness Ιs set to 12 in Density anα bp
are set to zero and 0.24, respectively.
Νntε: Ιayers listed fιnm tοp tο bοfiom :epr*s*ni {rα:n thg nutsiιJ* tο inside ot lhe sur{εce
The following CΤF coefficients are obtained:
xn, Yn, zn,

n Φn
0 1.014651 0.00468 0.654471
1 -1.12785 0.027234 -0.71129 0.1 781 59
2 0.1 51 609 0.00674 0.095526
3 0.000351 ο.0001ο6 0.000053
Exc-erpts from this work may be reproduced by instruοtors for.distribution on a not-for_profit

basis for testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
students enrolled in courses Γor which the textbook has been adopted' Αny οther reproλcιion
or trαnsl(]ιiοn of ιhis νοrk beyontl thαι permiιιed
by Sectiοns ]07 οr ]08 ofιhe 1976 Uniιed StαιeS Cοpyrighι Αcιw'ithouι ιhi permissιλn
οfιhe cοpyrighι ονner ιi unlαινful'
134
8-8
Again, reasonable values must be assumed for the density of the

acoustical tile and the specific heat of the limestone concrete.
The foΙlowing CTF coefficients are obtained:
xn, Yn, Zn'

n Φn
CI 3.162792 0.002232 0.2851 '16
1 -3.76069 0.01895 -0.38995 0.71ο366
2 0.633425 0.007779 0.137 459 -0.01912
3 -0.00642 0.000149 -0.0ο352
8-9
First, app|y the exterior οonvective heat transfer correlation, Equation 8-

18a, to determin Θ h"' Assume the 15 mph wind is windward on the surface,
which results in h" = 2.3 Btu/(h-ft2-F).
Estimate the sky temperature as 10.8 R below the outdoor ambient

temperature = 546.87 R. Then estimate the effective sky temperature for a
vertical surface from Εquation 8-25
tsky,o= cos (90/2)λry +(1-cos(90/2))f, = 550.0 R
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students enrolled in οοurses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny oιher reproduction or trαnsιαιion of this wοrk beyοnd ιhαι permitιed
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136

Surf Tilt 90 deg
Α 346.4 Btu/hr-ft2
B 0.1 86
c 0.1 38
CN 1
RΗoG 0.2
Output Data
MDST LSI h, o β, " Φ,' Ψ,o θ,o

*
ιr/vD ^*
ιJD ^*
ιrd ^*
ιJR ιrt
^*
1 .00 23.79 176.83 -34.27 356.41 86.41 87.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.00 0.79 -168.17 -33.23 13.26 256.74 101.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.00 1.79 -153.17 -28.80 28.82 241.18 114.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4.00 2.79 -138.17 -21.65 42.20 227.80 128.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5.00 3.79 -123.17 -12.54 53.39 216.61 141.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
6.00 4.79 -108.17 -2.11 62.87 207.13 152.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7.00 5.79 -93.17 9.19 71 .22 198.78 159.17 108.07 0.00 6.71 3.22 9.93
8.00 6.79 -78.17 21.05 79.02 190.98 156.37 206.38 0.00 12.82 10.26 23.08
9.00 7.79 -63.17 33.22 86.89 183.11 146.65 246.69 0.00 15.32 16.92 32.24
10.00 8.79 -48.17 45.49 95.77 174.23 134.23 266.87 0.00 16.57 22.71 39.29
11.00 9.79 -33.17 57.51 107.55 162.45 120.81 277.85 0.00 17.25 27.27 44.53
12.00 10.79 -18.17 68.46 127.34 142.66 106.97 283.62 0.00 17.61 30.29 47.91
13.00 11.79 -3.17 75.28 168.24 101.76 92.97 285.80 0.00 20.83 31.59 52.42
14.00 12.79 11.83 72.19 218.87 51.13 78.94 284.93 54.68 25.38 31.06 111.11
15.00 13.79 26.83 62.36 245.60 24.40 65.01 280.80 1 18.63 30.63 28.75 178.01
16.00 14.79 41 .83 50.63 259.78 10.22 51.37 272.32 170.01 35.51 24.81 230.32
17.00 15.79 56.83 38.41 269.56 0.44 38.42 256.78 201.20 38.43 19.50 259.13
18.00 16.79 71 .83 26.17 277.71 7.71 27.20 227.20 202.07 37.19 13.16 252.42
19.00 17 .79 86.83 14.15 285.45 15.45 20.83 161 .85 151.27 27.51 6.19 184.97
20.00 18.79 101 .83 2.58 293.49 23.49 23.63 5.53 5.07 0.93 0.10 6.10
21.00 19.79 1 16.83 -8.27 302.43 32.43 33.35 0.00 0.00 ο.00 0.00 0.00
22.00 20.79 '131.83 -18.00 312.83 42.83 45.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
23.00 21.79 146.83 -26.06 325.24 55.24 59.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
24.00 22.79 161.83 -31.74 339.93 69.93 73.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
*Unit
of lrradiation is Βtu/hr-ft2
The hourly dry-bulb temperature is calculated using Equation 8-2. Here,

the hour nearest to the local solar time has been used to determine the
temperature. A spreadsheet is used to obtain the solution. lteration is
accomplished by simpΙy pasting the calculated values of Io" back into the
" Io", estimated" column.
lnput Data
U-Value 0.1 Btui(h-ft2-F)
Solar absorotivitv 0.8
Ihermal emissivitν 0.9
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by Secιions 107 or ]08 ofthe Ι976 United Stαtes Cοpyriqht Αctιliιhοuι ιhe permissiοn οfthe cοpyright oνner is unlανful.
137
Τis 72.O F
Peak temperature 96.0 F
Dailv Ranqe 25.4 F
Mean Wind Soeed 10.0 mph
Output Data
Outdoor Effective To",

Local skv To", hc hrsky hrg..o 9conduction
Clock Dry-bulb skv calculated (Btu/(h-
Solar Τemp. estimated (Btu/(h- (Btu/(h (Btu/(h-
Time Temp. Temp. from 8-24
Time (F) (F) ft'-F)) -fr-F)) ft'-F)) tt'))
(F) (F) (F)
1.00 23.79 75.2 64.4 67.5 74.60 1.58 0.46 0.47 73.14 0.1 1
2.00 0.79 73.9 63.1 66.3 73.15 1.58 0.46 0.47 71.93 -0.01
3.00 1.79 72.6 61.8 65.0 71.94 '1.58 0.45 0.46 70.72 -0.13
4.00 2.79 71.6 60.8 64.0 70.72 1.58 0.45 0.46 69.75 -0.23
5.00 3.79 70.9 60.1 63.2 69.75 '1.58 ο.45 0.46 69.02 -0.30
6.00 4.79 70.6 59.8 63.0 69.03 1.58 0.45 0.46 68.78 -0.32
7.00 5.79 71.1 60.3 63.5 69.'18 1.58 0.45 0.46 72.34 0.03
8.00 6.79 72.4 61.6 64.7 74.55 1.58 0.46 0.47 77.55 0.56
9.00 7.79 74.7 63.9 67.0 78.99 1.58 0.47 0.48 82.47 1.05
10.ο0 8.79 78.0 67.2 70.3 83.53 1.58 0.48 0.49 87.66 1.57
11.00 9.79 8'1.8 71 .0 74.1 88.42 1.59 0.49 0.50 92.76 2.08
12.00 10.79 86.1 75.3 78.5 93.24 '1.59 0.5ο ο.51 97.77 2.58
13.00 11.79 90.2 79.4 82.5 98.33 1.59 0.51 0.52 102.84 3.08
14.00 12.79 93.2 82.4 85.6 109.05 1.59 0.53 0.54 122.43 5.04
15.00 13.79 95.2 84.4 87.6 131.23 1.61 0.57 0.58 142.11 7.01
1 6.00 14.79 96.Ο 85.2 88.4 148.77 1.62 0.60 0.61 155.98 8.40
17 0ο 15.79 95.2 84.4 87.6 159.92 1.62 0.62 ο.63 162.15 9.02
18.00 16.79 o?ξ 82.7 85.8 162.49 1.62 0.62 ο.63 158.51 8.65
19.00 17.79 90.7 79.9 83.0 153.00 1.62 0.60 0.6'1 138.39 6.64
20.00 18.79 87.4 76.6 79.7 118.72 1.60 0.54 0.55 86.48 1.45
21.0ο 19.79 84.1 73.3 76.4 84.81 1.58 0.49 0.50 81.63 0.96
22.00 20.79 81.3 70.5 73.6 81.65 1.58 0.48 0.49 78.96 0.70
23.0ο 21.79 78.7 67,9 71 .1 78.97 1.58 0.47 0.48 76.54 0.45
24.00 22.79 76.7 65.9 69.1 76.55 1.58 0.47 0.48 74.60 0.26
8-11
This problem uses the same solution procedure as Problem 8-10.
lnput Data
EOT -6.2 min
Latitude 43.57 deg
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students enrolled in οourses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reproduction οr trαnsιαtion of this ινοrk beyond ιhαι permitted
by Secιions ] 07 or ]08 of ιhe Ι 976 United Sιates Cοpyright Αcι ν,ithout ιhe permission of the cοpyrighι oνner is unlαwfuΙ.
138

Surf Tilt 90 deg
A 346.4 Btu/hr-ft2
B 0.1 86
c 0.1 38
CN 1
RHOG 0.2
Output Data
MDST LSr h, " β, " Φ, " Ψ,

o "θ, Grρ* Go* Gα* ^
ιJR * ^*
Lz1
1.00 23.15 167.23 -24.77 346.83 166.83 0.00

152.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.00 0.15 -177 .77 -25.80 2.32 177 '68 0.00
154.11 ο.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.00 1.15 -162.77 -23.91 17.66 162.34 0.00
150.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4.00 2.15 -147.77 -19.34 31.94 148.06 0.00
143.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5.00 3.15 -132.77 -12.59 44.76 135.24 0.00
133.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
6.00 4.15 -117.77 -4.21 56.15 123.85 0.00
123.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7.00 5.'15 -102.77 5.31 66.47 113.53 0.00
113.42 46.47 2.89 1.07 3.96
8.00 6.15 -87 .77 15.60 76.20 103.80 103.29 173.45 0.00 10.77 7.06 17,83
9.00 7.15 -72.77 26.32 85.92 94.08 93.66 227.72 0.00 16.45 13.24 29.69
10.00 8.15 -57 .77 37 .17 96.42 83.58 254.61 22.70
84.88 20.78 18.90 62.38
.0ο 9.15 -42'77
1 1 47 '76 108.99 71.01 269.45 58.92
77.37 24.56 23.67 107.15
12.00 0.15 -27 .77
'1
57 .42 125.92 54.08 277.79 87.76
71.58 27.57 27.24 142.58
13.00 11.15 -12.77 64.68 151 .07 28.93 68.02
281.98 105.54 29.47 29.38 164.39
14.00 12.15 2.23 66.95 185.34 5.34 67.06
283.00 1 10.30 29.99 29.95 170.24
15.00 13.15 17.23 62.91 217 .50 37.50 68.82
281.09 101.56 29.04 28.90 159.50
16.00 14.15 32.23 54.71 239.78 59.78 275.81 80.22
73.09 26.78 26.32'133.31
17.00 15.15 47 .23 44.67 255.07 75.07 265.88 48.70
79.44 23.50 22.36 94.57
18.00 16.1 5 62.23 33.95 266.84 86.84 248.28 11.34
87.38 19.55 17 .29 48.18
19.00 17 .15 77 .23 23.10 277.01 97.01 215.64 0.00
96.45 15.02 11,44 26.46
20.00 18.'15 92.23 12.48 286.67 106.67 106.26 146.49 0.00 9.10 5.19 14.28
21.00 19.15 107 .23 2.38 296,51 116.51 116.49 3.97 0.00 0.25 0.07 0.32
22.00 2015 122.23 -6.85 307 .11 127.11 126.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
23.00 21.15 137.23 -14.79 318.90 138.90 136.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
24,00 22.15 152.23 -20.95 332.16 152.16 145.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
*Unit
of lrradiation is Btu/hr-ft'z
lnput Data
U-Value 0.1 Btu/(h-ft2-F)
Solar absorptivitv 0.9
Γhermal emissivih ο.9
Tis 72.0 F
Peak temoerature 96.0 F
Dailv Ranqe 30.3 F
Vlean Wind Soeec 1 1.0 mph
Output Data
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students enrolled in courses for which the textboοk has been adopted. Αny other reprοducιion or ιrαnslαtiοn of ιhis work beyond thαι permiιιed
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139
Outdoor Effective To.,

Local skv To"' h" hrsky hrgrα
Clock Dry-bulb Skv calculated Qconduction
Solar Temp. estimated (Btu/(h- (Btu/(h (Btu/(h- (Btu/(h-
Time Temp. Temp. fromS-24
Time (F) (F) ft'-F)) -ft'?-F)) tt'-ε)) ft2))
(F) (F) (F)
1.00 23.15 73.0 62.2 65.3 71.15 1.72 0.45 0.46 71.15 -0.09
2.O0 0.15 71.2 60.4 63.5 69.41 1.72 0.45 0.46 69.41 -0.26
3.00 1.15 69.6 58.8 62.0 67.96 1.72 ο.45 0.46 67.96 -0.40
4.00 2.15 68.'1 57.3 60.5 66.51 1.72 0.44 0.45 66.51 -0.55
5,00 3.15 66.9 56.'1 ξoa 65.35 1.72 0.44 0.45 65.35 -0.67
6.00 4.15 66.0 55.2 58.4 64.48 1.72 0.44 0.45 64.48 -0.75
7.00 5.15 65.7 54.9 58.1 64.1 I 1.72 0.44 0.45 65.5'1 -0.65
8.00 6.15 66.3 55.5 58.7 68.60 1.72 0.44 0.45 70.67 -0.13
9.00 7.15 67.8 57.0 60.2 74.15 1.72 0.45 0.46 75.96 0.40
10.0ο 8.15 70.5 59.7 62.9 81.31 1.73 0.46 0.47 89.08 1.71
1 1.0ο 9.15 74.5 63.7 66.9 99.67 1,74 0.49 0.50 106.51 3.45
12.00 10.15 79.0 68.2 71.4 116.02 1.74 0.52 0.53 121.05 4.90
13.00 11.15 84.2 73.4 76.5 129.01 1.75 0.55 0.56 131.75 5.97
14.ο0 12.15 89.ο 78.2 81.4 137.21 1.75 0.57 0.58 137.47 6.55
15.00 I 3.15 92.7 81.9 85.0 '139.67 1.75 0.58 0.59 137.47 6.55
1 6.00 14.15 95.1 84.3 87.5 136.52 1.75 0.58 0.59 132.07 6.01
17.00 1 5.15 96.0 85.2 88.4 127.91 1,74 0.57 0.58 121.67 4.97
18.00 16.15 95.1 84.3 87.5 114.37 1.73 0.54 0.55 107.09 3.51
19.00 17.15 93.0 82.2 85.3 100.24 1.73 0.52 0.53 98.57 2.66
20.ο0 18.15 89.6 78.8 82.0 93.64 1.72 0.51 0.52 91.61 1.96
21.00 '19.15 85.7 74.9 78.1 85.63 1.72 0.49 0.50 83.43 114
22.00 20.15 81.8 71 .0 74.1 79.56 1.72 0.48 0.49 79.56 0.76
23.00 21 15 78.4 67.6 70.8 76.37 1.72 0.47 0.48 76.37 0.44
24.00 22.15 75.4 64.6 67.8 73.47 1.72 0.46 0.47 73.47 0.15
B-12
This problem is solved in the same manner as Example 8-2. The results
(conduction heat fluxes for each hour in Btu/(hr-ft2)) may be summarized in
tabular form as:
Hour Day 1 Day2 Day 3

1 0.312 1.126 1126
2 0.463 0.954 0.954
3 0.508 0.804 0.804
4 0.494 0.673 0.673
5 0.454 0.56't 0.561
6 0.410 0.475 0.475
7 0.387 0.426 0.426
B 0.402 0.426 0.426
9 0.473 0.487 0.487
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students enrolled in courses for whiοh the textbook has been adοpted. Αny οther reproduction or trαnslαtion οf ιhis νork beyond ιhαι permiιιed
by Secιiοns Ι07 or Ι08 οfιhe Ι976 Uniιed Stαιes Cοpyright Αct wiιhouι the permission ofthe copyrighι oνner is unlανful.
140
10 0.612 0.620 0.620

11 0.820 0.825 0.825 -
12 1.089 1.092 1.092
13 1.399 1.401 1.401
14 1.715 1 .716 1 .716
15 1.998 1.999 1.999
16 2.223 2.223 2.223
17 2.362 2.362 2.362
18 2.405 2.405 2.405
19 2.352 2.353 2.353
20 2.215 2.215 2.215
21 2.016 2.016 2.016
22 1.786 1.786 1.786
23 1.551 1.551 '1.551
24 1.327 1.327 1.327
Because the wall is Ιightweight, the results converge rapidly.
8-13
This problem is soΙved in the Same V/ay aS the previous problem. Note that
the additional insulation substantially reduces the conduction heat flux, as
expected. The resuΙts (conduοtion heat fΙuxes for each hour in Btu/(hr-ft2))
may be summarized in tabular form as:
Hour Day 1 Day 2 Day 3

1 0.203 0.915 0.915
2 0.329 0.778 0.778
3 0.379 0.659 0.659
4 0.380 0.554 0.554
5 0.356 0.464 0.464
6 0.323 0.390 0.390
7 0.298 0.340 0.340
o 0.296 0.322 0.322
I 0.328 0.344 0.344
10 0.407 0.417 0.417
11 ο.535 0.542 0.542
12 0.711 0.715 0,715
13 0.925 0.927 0.927
14 1.154 .156
'1
1 .156
15 1.373 1.374 1.374

16 1.559 1.559 1.559
17 1.691 1.692 1.692
18 1.757 1.758 1.758
19 1.754 1.754 1.754
20 1.685 '1.685 1.685
21 1.562 1.562 1.562
22 1.406 '1.406 1.406
Exc-erpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for.distribution οn a not-for-profit

basis for testing or instruοtional purposes only to
students enrolled in οourses fοr which the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reprοdλCιion
or ιrαnslαtion of ιhis lιork beyond thαι permiιιed
by Sections ] 07 οr ] 08 οf ιhe 1 976 (Jniιed Sιαιes Cοpyright Αcι ιυithouι thi permissιλn ο7 ιhe copyrighι ονner ιi unlαwfut'
141
23 1.237 1.237 1.237

24 1.070 1.070 1.070
8-14
The solution to this problem is similar to that of Problem 8-9, except that to
estimate the maximum possible surface temperature, the surface may be
assumed to be adiabatic, and U is then zero. Also, the surface-to-ground
radiation coefficient is zero, and no correction is necessary for the sky
temperature, as the surface is assumed to be horizontal. Assume the wind
is windward, h"= 1.3 Btu/(h-ft2-F). Then, the final converged answer for the
surface temperature is:
hr,sky= 1.361 Btu/(h-ft2-F) fr"= 201.0 F
B-'15
From Table 8-2, heat gain for occupants that are "Seated, very light work"
have 245 Btulhr (72 W) sensible heat gain, and '155 Btu/hr (45 W) latent
heat gain. The sensible portion is assumed to be 70% radiative/ 30%
convective.
The sensible heat gain from people is72 Wperson x 30 people = 2160 W.
The radiative portion is 0.7 x 2160 = 1512νν '
Τhe convective portion is 0'3 x2160 = 648 W.
The latent heat gain from people is 45 Wperson x 30 peoPΙe = 1350 W.
The sensibΙe heat gain from lighting is '1 .5 ννft2 x 4OOO sq. ft. = 6000 W;
20o/o is assumed to enter the plenum space directly, leaving 4800 W which
is assumed to be 59% radiative I 41% convective.
The radiative portion is 0.59 x 4800 = 2832\'tΥ.
The convective portion is 0.41 x 4800 = '1968 W.
The sensible heat gain from equipment is 1 ννfi( x 4OOO sq. ft. = 4O0O W,
which is assumed to be 20o/o radiative I 80% convective. (Note this
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students enrolΙed in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny οιher reproductιοn οr trαnslαtiοn of this work beyοnd ιhαt permitted
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142
assumption is based on the assumption that most of the equipment is fan-

cooled. Students are likely to make varying assumptions.)
Τhe radiative portion is 0'2x 4000 = 800 W.
The convective portΙon is 0.8 x 4000 = 3200 W.
The total sensible heat gain is 2160 + 4800 + 4000 = 10960 W.
The radiative portion is 1512 + 2832 + 800 = 5144 W.
The convective portion is 648 + 1968 + 3200 = 5816 W.
The total latent heat gain is 1350 W.
8-16
From Table 8-2, heat gain for occupants that are involved in "Sedentary
\ι/ork" is275 Btu/hr (81 W) sensible heat gain, and 275 Btulhr (81 W) latent
heat gain. The sensible portion is assumed to be 70o/o radiative/ 30%
convective.
The sensible heat gain from people is 81 Wperson x 35 people = 2835 W.
Τhe radiative portion is 0'7 x 2835 = 1984.5 W.
The convective portion is 0.3 x 2835 = 850.5 W.
The latent heat gain from peopΙe is 81 Wperson x 35 peoPle = 2835 W.
Τhe sensible heat gain from lighting is '15 \,ΙΥlm2 x 75O m' = 11250 W; 50%
is assumed to enter the plenum Space directly, Ιeaving 5625 W that is
assumed to be 59% radiative I 41% convective.
The radiative portion is 0.59 x 5625 = 3319 W.
The convective portion is 0.4'l x 5625 = 2306 W.
The sensible heat gain from office equipment is 7000 W, which is assumed
to be 20o/o radiative I 80% convective. (Note this assumption is based on
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143
the assumption that most of the equipment is fan-cooled. Students are

likely to make varying assumptions.)
The radiative portion is 0.2x 7000 = 1400 W.

The convective portion is 0.8 x 7000 = 5600 W.
The total sensible heat gain is 2835 + 5625 + 7000 = 15460 W.
The radiative portion is 1984.5 + 3319 + 1400 = 6703.5 W.
The convective portion is 850.5 + 2306 + 5600 = 8756.5 W.
The total latent heat gain is 2835 W.
8-17
Heat gain to the space = 0.8 x 6000 W = 4800 W
Problem 8-18
At 4.00 p.m., 70 people are present. Assuming "seated, light offiοe \Mork",
the sensible heat gain per person is245 Btu/hr (72νν) and the latent heat
gain per person is 200 Btu/hr (59 W).
Sensible heat gain = 245 Btu/hr/person x 70 people = 17150 Btu/hr.
Latent heat gain = 200 Btu/hr/person x 70 people = '14000 Btu/hr.
Αt 6:00 p.m., no one is present; sensible and latent heat gains are O Btu/hr.
8-19
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144
First, compute the properties of the corresponding fictitious surfaces, using

Eqns 8-35, 8-36, 8-37. ResuΙts are shown in the shaded table entries,
beΙow.
Surface Area (ft') A-ε T(F) A-ε-T λ εl]f τ;lF)

1 Νorth roof 639.7 0.9 575.8 122 70241.8 1983.7 0',9 ,
1,10.6
2 South roof 639.7 0.9 575.8 143 82332.6 1983.7 0.9 1ο3.9
3 West wall 84.0 0.9 75.6 102 7711.2 2539.4 0.9 113,8
4 East wall 84.0 0.9 75.6 92 6955.2 2539;4, 0.9 114.1
5 Αttic floor 1176.0 0.9 1058.4 95 100548.0 1'4;47.',4' 0:9 128,4
Τhen, compute the radiant interchange factor and radiation heat transfer
coefficient using Eqns. 8-38 and 8-39. Using Eqn. 8-40, estimate the
radiative heat flux from each Surface (Q,.uα), then determine the radiative
heat transfer from each Surface (Q,"rα). Then, compute the total radiative
heat transfer from all surfaοes = -69,769.5 Btu/hr. Divide by the total
Surface area, 2623.4 ft2, to get the baΙancing factor, -26'6 Btu/(hr-ft'1, which
must be subtracted from the previously caΙculated heat flux from each
surface to determine the "balanced" radiation heat flux from each surface
(q,rοlbal). Multiply by the area to determine the radiation heat transfer from
each Surface (Q,"α/bal)' Cheοk to see that they noνv Sum to zero.
Qraο qr"6/bal
Q,uo Q,u6lbal
Suι"face Fit Trus (R) hri (Btu/ (BtΨ
(Btu/hQ (Btu/hr)
(hr-ft2)) (hr-ft'))
I North roof 0.872 576.0 11.4 129.7 82950.9 156.3 99964.1
2 South roof 0.872 583.1 11.9 463.7 296624.7 490.3 313637.9
3 West wall ο.897 567.6 11.2 -132.6 -11140.0 -'106.0 -8906.1
4 East wall 0.897 562.7 1 1.0 -242.5 -20368.1 -215.9 -18134.2
5 Αttic floor 0.832 571.4 10.6 -355.3 -417837.0 -328.7 -386561.8
8-20
First, compute the properties of the corresponding fictitious surfaces, using

Eqns 8-35, 8-36, 8-37. Results are sho\Mn in the shaded table entries,
below.
Area
Surface (m2) A-ε T(C) Α-ε-Τ A, t1 Ti(e)
1 North roof 120.7 ο.9 108.7 43 4672.9 ' 372:7, 0.:,9, 38.3
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145
2 South roof 120.7 0.9 108.7 50 5433.6 372.7 0.9 36.0

2 West wall 18.0 0.9 36 ,0.9
16.2 583.2 475t.:5 39;6
4 East wall 18.0 0.9 16.2 38 615.6 4Ι5.5 0.;9 39.5
5 Attic floor 216.0 0.9 194.4 32 6220.8 277.5 ο.,9 45,3
Τhen, compute the radiant interchange factor and radiation heat transfer
coefficient using Eqns. 8-38 and 8-39. Using Eqn. 8-40, estimate the
radiative heat flux from each Surface (9,"rα), then determine the radiative
heat transfer from each Surface (Q,"α). Then, compute the total radiative
heat transfer from all surfaces = -3027.9 W. Divide by the total surface
area, 493.5 m2, to get the balancing factor, -6.1 Wmz, which must be
subtracted from the previously calculated heat flux from each surface to
determine the "balanced" radiation heat flux from each surface (q,u6lbal).
Multiply by the area to determine the radiation heat transfer from each
surface (Q,"α/bal). Check to see that they no\M Sum to zero.
qru6/baΙ Q,,ο/bal
Surface Fir Tuus (K) hrt
Qraα
(Wm'\ ^ Q,"o (il4 (Wm') (w)
1 North roof 0.872 313.8 6.'1 28.6 3459.0 34.8 4199.9
2 South roof 0.872 316.2 b_J 87.2 10534.5 93.4 11275.4
J West wall 0.897 310.9 6.1 -22.0 -395.4 -15.8 -285.0
4 East wall 0.897 31 1.9 6.2 -9.4 -168.4 -3.2 -58.0
5 Attic floor 0.835 31 1.8 57 -76.2 -16457.6 -70.1 -15132.3
8-21
The solution procedure is identicaΙ to that of Problem 8-19, except the

emissivities for surfaces 1 and 2 are 0.1. Fictitious surface properties are
shown in the first table.
Surface Area (ft') ε A-ε T(F) A-ε-T At ε:1 T^,(F)

1 North roof 639.7 0.1 64.0 122 7804.6 1983.7 0.6 97.6
2 South rool 639.7 0.1 64.0 143 9148.1 1983:7, ο.6 96.6
J West wall 84.0 0.9 75.6 102 7711.2 2539;4 0'5 98.6
4 East wall 84.0 0.9 75.6 92 6955.2 2539.4 ο.5 99.2
5 Attiο floor 1176.0 0.9 1058.4 oξ 100548.0 14:47.'.4 t 0,2 11'3.3
Τhe total radiative heat transfer from a|l surfaces = -3476.1 Btu/hr. The
balancing factor is -1. 3 Btu/(hr-ft2).
9rao Q,rα Qrrα/bal Q,,a/bal

Surface Fir Τ*s (R) hri
(Btu/ (Btu/hr) (Btu/ (Btu/hr)
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146
(hr-ft')) (hr-ft'))
1 North roof 0.098 569.5 1.2 30.3 19378.4 31.6 20226.0
2 South rooi 0.098 579.5 1.3 60.8 38903.3 62.1 39751.0
3 West wall 0.874 560'ο 10.5 35.5 2984.3 36.9 3095.6
4 Εast wall 0.874 555.3 10.3 -74.1 -6220.9 -72.7 -6109.6
5 Attic floor 0.222 563.8 2.7 -49.8 -58521.2 -48.4 -56963.0
Note that the radiative heat fluxes from surfaces 1 and 2, and to surface 5
are significantly lower. (The heat flux incident on surface 5 has been
reduced by s5%.) Τhe catch is that "in real life", everything else does not
remain the same. ln particular, the temperatures would change
significantly.
8-22
The solution procedure is identical to that of Problem 8-20, except the

emissivities for surfaces 1 and 2 are 0.1. Fictitious surface properties are
shown in the first table.
Area
Surface (m2) A-ε r(c) A-ε-T ,Λ ε',Ι Tτ(c)
1 North roof 120.7 0.1 12.1 43 519.2 372'7' ο.6 33;6

2 South roof 120.7 0.1 12.1 50 603.7 372,7 0'6 33ι'2
.475.5 ,,33.9
J West walΙ 18.0 0.9 16.2 Jb 583.2 0,5
4 East wall 18.0 0.9 16.2 38 615.6 ,475,,5' 0.5 33,8
5 Attic floor 216.0 0.9 194.4 32 6220.8 277,,5 o'.2 41.1
The total radiative heat transfer from all surfaces = -341.5 W. The
balancing factor is -0.7 Wm2.
qru6/bal Q.,a/bal
Surface Fy Trrs (K) hrl
9raα
Q,"ο (h4 (Wm') (w)
/Wm') ^
1 North roof 0.098 311.4 0.7 6.3 765.2 7.0 848.7

2 South roof 0.098 314.8 0.7 117 1407.1 12.3 1490.7
J West wall 0.870 308.1 5.8 12.1 217.6 12.8 230.0
4 East wall 0.870 309.0 5.8 24.6 443.7 25,3 456.1
5 Attic floor 0.241 309.7 1.6 -14.7 -3175.0 -14.0 -3025.6
8-23
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147
Convective heat transfer coefficients are determined from Table 8-8.

Coefficients for the pitched roof surfaces are based on the "Sloping - 45
degrees" surface position. Α more sophisticated approach would involve
interpolation. The resuΙts are summarized below.
Surface Direction of h" 9""onu""tion

Surface Area (ft2) τ(F)
Heat Flow (Btu/(hr-ft"))
Position Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Sloping - o.42 15.54
North roof 639.7 122 Downward
1
45 deqrees
Sloping - 0.42 24.36
2 South roof 639.7 143 Downward
45 deοrees
3 West wall 84.0 102 Vertical Horizontal 0.56 9.52
4 East wall 84.0 92 Veftical Horizontal 0.56 3.92
5 Attic floor 1 176.ο 95 Horizontal Downward 0.18 1.80
8-24
Convective heat transfer coefficients are determined from Table 8-8.

Coefficients for the pitched roof surfaces are based on the "Sloping - 45
degrees" surface position. A more sophisticated approach \Mould involve
interpolation. The results are Summarιzed below.
Surface Direction of hc
Surface Area (m2) r(c) Position Heat Flow (wm2-K)
Qt'"onu""1on
rιΛ//m')
Sloping -
Νorth roof 120.7 43 Downward 2.39 33.46
45 deqrees
1
Sloping -
2 South roof 120.7 50 Downward 2.39 50.1 9
45 deqrees
J West wall 18.0 36 Vertical Horizontal 3.18 22.26
4 Εast wall 18.0 38 Vertical Horizontal 3.18 28.62
5 Attic floor 216.0 32 Horizontal Downward 1.02 3.06
B-25
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r_
148
First, the solar irradiation on the window is obtained in the same manner as
the solution for Problem 7-17. The following tables show results for the
west-facing window.
lnput Data
Longitude 101.7 deg
Eoτ -6.2 min
Latitude 35.23 deg
Surf Tilt 90 deg
A 346.4 Btu/hr-ft2
B 0.186
c 0.138
cN1
RHOG 0.2
Output Data
cDSr Lsr " β, " Φ, "

h, Ψ,
o θ, " G,νρ" Go* Ga* Gr* G,*
15.00 13.12 16.75 69.25 229.59 40.41 74.35 283.92 76.59 27.06 30.47 134.12
The layer absorptances of the double-pane \Mindo\Λ/ v/ith '1l8 in. sheet glass
(lD5a) can be found from Τable 7-3 as:
GDirect,outer: 7f ,774 dοg) : O.13 (χdiffuse,outer: .fiyaφrn_ 0.11

σDirect,inner :'dr(7 4deg) : 0.06 acΙiffuse'inne, : .fz'aixur, : 0.07
Then, the solar radiation absorbed by each pane of the double-pane

window may be determined by (neglecting incident solar radiation from the
inside):
Q"itob,o,b,d,outer, j,ρ: 0.13(76.5g) + O.11(57.53) : 16.29 εtu/(hr_ft^2)

:0.06(76.5g) + 0.07(57.53) : 8.62Βtνl(hr-ft2)
Q"itob,o,b,d,n*',," i, θ
8-26
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149
First, the solar irradiation on the window is obtained in the same manner as
the solution for Problem 7-17 ' Τhe following tables show results for the
west-facing window.
lnput Data
EOT -6.2 min
Latitude 45.8 deg
Surf Τilt 90 deg
A 346.4 Btu/hr-ft2
B 0.186
c 0.138
cN1
RHOG 0.2
Output Data
MDST LSr h, " β,' Φ,' Ψ, o θ, o Grvo* Gρ" Gd* Gπ* Gt*
15.00 13.66 24.92 57.57 227.35 42.65 66.77 277.89 109.60 29.57 27.29 166.46
The layer absorptances of the double-pane \Λ/indo\M \Λ/ith 1/8 in. sheet glass
(lD5a) can be found from Table 7-3 as:
&Direct,outer: .ir(67 deg) : 0.L27 ddffise'outer: -fι,aι1urr: 0.11

aDirect,inner: 7t1167 deg) : 0.073 σc]iffuse,inner: .lz,aιρr, : 0.07
Τhen, the Solar radiation absorbed by each pane of the double-pane

window may be determined by (neglecting incident solar radiation from the
inside):
Q" it ob,o,bnd,outer' j, ο : 0.Ι27 (|0g.6) + 0. 1 1 (56.s6)

: 20.1 7 Btu/(hr-ft2)
Q"ιt ob,o,bud,inner, j, θ : 0.073(109.6) + 0.07(56.86)
: 1 1.98 Btu/(hr-ft2)
8-27
RεsULTs BY ΤΗΕ Ηts ΜΕΤΗΟD UsιΝG T}*|Γ ΗVΑCεXpLORΕR

pRΟBRΜΑ ARΕ l-{lcl-lΕR Τι-.|ΑΝ RΕ$ULΤ$ βY ΤΗf; RΤS ΜETl*iΟD
Usl ΝG Τl-tΕ spRΕΑD$ι*| HΕΤ.
8-28
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150
The RTS method is used to obtain the cooling load results for this problem.
The following table shows total cooling loads and cooling loads due to
window heaigains for both low-e and regular double-pane windo\Λ/S' Αιl
cooling loads due to other heat gains are the same as those shown in
Example 8-16.
Low-E Windows Regular Windows
(from ExamPle 8-16)
Window Window Windοw Window Total
Hour Total
Conduοtion SΗG Conduction SΗG (BtuAr)
(Btu/hr) (Btu,4lr)
(Btu,hr) (Btu,&r) (Btu,&ιr)
364 4418 228 420 4516

1 186
299 3843 179 345 3921
2 146
246 3352 135 284 3414
2 110
203 2940 97 234 2989
4 79
58 167 2623 72 193 2662
5
tJo 2419 63 159 2452
6 52
61 254 2465 75 293 2518
7
92 465 2737 112 537 2829
8
710 8'190 178 820 8333
9 145
10 215 978 9562 toc 1129 9761
1247 0883 JOO 1437 11141
11 300 1
1492 12143 477 1720 12458

12 389
1694 13275 574 951 I 3637
13 469 1
1 833 14250 654 2111 14648

14 533
1897 5007 707 2185 15425
15 577 1
5486 726 2167 15905

16 593 188'1 1
1787 15701 717 2060 16105

17 585
553 1624 1 0635 677 1 873 11008
1B
616 '1604 9877
19 503 139'1 9550
089 8460 544 1256 8727
20 444 1
386 839 7477 472 968 7692

21
327 674 6588 401 777 6765
22
546 5777 336 629 5922
23 274
445 5057 279 513 5176
24 228
As shown in the above table, usιng the regular \Μindo\Μ Would resuιt in
slighily higher cooling loads than using the low-e window. The following
'hcrease in cooling loads due to changing the type of
figure illustrates the
w]ndow from the low-e window to the reguιar window.
puφoses onιy to
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151
Cooling Load Comparison
18000
'15000
αl 12000
dΦ
o 9000
cr)
:Ξ 6000
o
o
ζ)
3000
0
't0 '13 '16
Tirne, Hour
8-29
SolutΙon to be provided by an instructor.
8-30
First, the solar irradiation must be determined and is the same as that
shown for Problem 8-10. Τhen, the hourly dry bulb temperature is
calculated using Εquation 8-2. Here, the hour nearest to the local solar
time has been used to determine the temperature. Finally, the sol-air
temperature is calculated using Εquation 8-63 with the thermaΙ radiation
correction term being zero for a vertical surface.
Local lnsolation Outdoor Sol-air

Solar (Btu/h- Drybutb Temp
Clock Time Time ft2) Τemp (F) (F)
1.00 23.79 0.00 75.2 75.2
2.00 0.79 0.00 73.9 73.9
3.00 1.79 0.00 72.6 72.6
4.00 2.79 0.00 71.6 71.6
5.00 3.79 0.00 70.9 70.9
6.00 4.79 0.00 70.6 70.6
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152
7.00 5.79 9.93 71.1 73.1

8.00 6.79 23.08 72.4 77.0
9.00 7.79 32.24 74.7 81 .1
10.00 8.79 39.29 78.0 85.8
1 1.00 9.79 44.53 8'1.8 90.7
12.00 10.79 47.91 86.'1 95.7
13.00 11.79 52.42 90.2 100.6
14.00 12.79 111 .11 93.2 115.4
15.00 13.79 178.01 95.2 130.8
16.00 14.79 230.32 96.0 142.1
'17.00 15.79 259.13 95.2 147.1
'18.00 16.79 252.42 93.5 143.9
19.00 17.79 184.97 90.7 127.7
20.00 18.79 6.'10 87.4 88.6
21.00 19.79 0.00 84.1 84.1
22.00 20.79 0.00 81.3 81.3
23.00 21.79 0.0ο 78.7 78.7
24.00 22.79 0.00 76.7 76.7
8-31
This problem uses the same solution procedure as Problem 8-30. Note
that the solar irradiation is the same as that shown for Problem 8-1 1.
Local Outdoor
Clock Solar Ιnsolation Drybulb Sol-air
Time Time (Btu/h-ft2) Temp (F) Temp (F)
1.00 23.15 0.00 73.0 73.0
2.00 0.1 5 0.00 71.2 71.2
3.00 1.15 0.00 69.6 69.6
4.00 2.15 0.00 68.1 68.1
5.00 3.15 0.00 66.9 66.9
6.00 4.15 0.00 66.0 66.0
7.00 5.15 3.96 65.7 66.3
8.00 6.15 17.83 66.3 69.0
9.00 7.15 29.69 67.8 72.3
10.00 8.1 5 62.38 70.5 79.9
11.00 9.15 107.15 74.5 90.6
12.00 10.15 142.58 79.0 100.4
13.00 11.15 164.39 84.2 108.8
14.00 12.15 170.24 89.0 114.6
15.00 1 3.15 159.50 92.7 1 16.6
'!6.00 14.15 133.31 95.1 115.1
17.00 15.'1 5 94.57 96.0 110.2
18.00 16.15 48.18 95.1 102.3
19.0ο 17.15 26.46 93.0 96.9
20.00 '18.15 14.28 89.6 91.8
21.00 19.15 0.32 85.7 85.7
22.00 20.15 0.00 81.8 81.8
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153
23.00 21.15 0.00 78.4 78.4

24.00 22.15 0.00 75.4 75.4
8-32
This problem uses the simiΙar Solution procedure as Problem 8-3O. First,
the solar irradiation is determined for the flat roof using the procedure
described in Chapter 7. The resuΙts are shown below.
Ιnput Data
EOT -6.2 min
Latitude 35.05 deg
Surf Azimuth 0 deg
Surf Τilt 0 deg
Apar 346.4 Btu/hr-ft2
Bpar 0.1 86
Cpar 0.1 38
CN 1
RHOG 0.2
Output Data
MDST Lsr h, o β,. Φ, " Ψ,

o θ,
o Gruo* Go* Gα* Gπ* Gt*
1.00 23.79 176.83 -34.27 356.41 356.41 0.00

124.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.00 0.79 -168.17 -33.23 13.26 13.26 0.00
123.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.00 1 .79 -153.17 -28.80 28.82 28.82 0.00
1 18.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4.00 2.79 -138.17 -21.65 42.20 42.20 0.00
111.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5.00 3.79 -123.17 -12.54 53.39 53.39 0.00
102.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
6.00 4.79 -108.17 -2.11 62'87 62'87 92'11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.ο0 0.00
7.00 5.79 -93.17 9.'19 71 .22 71.22 80.81 108.07 17 .26 14.91 0.00 32.17
8.00 6.79 -78.17 21.05 79.02 79.02 68.95 206.38 74.12 28.48 0.00 102.60
9.00 7.79 -63.17 33.22 86.89 86.89 56.78 246.69 135.17 34.04 0.00 169.21
10.00 8.79 -48.17 45.49 95.77 95.77 44.51 266.87 190.31 36.83 0.00 227.14
11.00 9.79 -33.17 57 51 107.55 107 .55 32.49 277 .85 234.37 38.34 0.00 272.71
12.00 10.79 -18.17 68.46 127.34 127.34 21.54 283.62 263.81 39.14 0.00 302.95
'13.0011.79 -3.17 75.28 168.24 168.24 14.72 285.80 276.42 39.44 0.00 315.86
14.00 12.79 11.83 72.19 218.87 218.87 17.81 284.93 271.28 39.32 0.00 310.60
15.00 13.79 26.83 62.36 245.60 245.60 27.64 280.80 248.75 38.75 0.00 287.50
16.00 14.79 41.83 50.63 259.78 259.78 39.37 272.32 210'52 37.58 0.ο0 248'10
17.00 15.79 56.83 38.41 269.56 269.56 51.59 256.78 159.55 35.44 0.00 194.98
18.00 16.79 71.83 26.17 277 '71 277 '71 63.83 227 .20 10ο.20 31 .35 0.00 131 .56
19.00 17 .79 86.83 14.15 285.45 285.45 75.85 '161.85 39.s6 22.33 0.00 61.90
20.00 18.79 101 .83 2.58 293.49 293.49 87.42 5.53 0.25 0.76 0.00 1.01
21 .00 19.79 16.B3 1 -8.27 302.43 302.43 98.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
22.00 20.79 131.83 -'18.00 312.83 312.83 108.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
23.00 21.79 146.83 -26.06 325.24 325.24 116.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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154
24.00 22.79 161.83 -31.74 339.93 339.93 121.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
*Unit of lrradiation is Βtu/hr-ft2
Then, the sol-air temperature is determined using Equation 8-63 with the
thermal radiation correοtion term being 7 "F for a horizontal surface.
Local lnsolation Outdoor Sol-air

Solar (Btu/h- Drybulb Temp
Clock Time Time tt2) Τemp (F) (F)
1.00 23.79 0.00 75.2 68.2
2.00 0.79 0.ο0 73.9 66.9
3.00 1.79 0.00 72.6 65.6
4.00 2.79 0.00 71.6 64.6
5.00 3.79 0.00 70.9 63.9
6.00 4.79 0.00 70.6 63.6
7.00 5.79 32.17 71 .1 70.5
8.0ο 6.79 102.60 72.4 85.9
9.00 7.79 169.21 74.7 101.5
10.00 8.79 227.14 78.0 116.4
11.00 9.79 272.71 81.8 129.3
12.00 10.79 302.95 86.1 139.7
13.ο0 11.79 315.86 90.2 146.3
14.00 12.79 310.6ο 93.2 148.3
15.ο0 13.79 287.50 95.2 145.7
16.00 14.79 248.10 96.0 138.6
17.00 15.79 194.98 95.2 127.2
18.00 16.79 131.56 93.5 112.8
19.00 17.79 61.90 90.7 96.0
20.00 18.79 1 .01 87.4 80.6
21.00 19,79 0.00 84.1 77.1
22.00 20.79 0.00 81.3 74.3
23.00 21.79 0.00 78.7 71.7
24.00 22.79 0.00 76.7 69.7
8-33
For hour 15, Equation 8-64 is used to find the conduction heat flux.
Q"conduction = .0052 x (151 '2-74) + .001 44 x (138'1-74) +
.00645 x (120.3-74)...
= 2.897 Btu/(hr-ft2)
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155
8-34
Equation 8-64 is used to find the conduction heat flux for each hour.
q" q"
Hour (Btu/(hr- Hour (Btu/(hr-
ft2)) ft2))
1 1.835 13 0.828
2 1.824 14 0.798
J 1.772 15 0.791
4 1.693 16 0.810
5 1.595 17 0.861
6 1.486 '18 0.948
7 1.372 19 1 .071
8 1.259 20 1.225
ο 1.149 21 1.396
10 1.047 22 1.563
11 0.956 23 1.704
12 0.882 24 1.797
8-35
For hour 12, Εqυation 8-64 is used to find the conduction heat flux.
Q"conduction = 0.0061 92 x (143.9-72) + 0.044510 x (1 34.3-72) +

0.047321 x (1 21 .4-72)...
= 7 .028 Btu/(hr-ft2)
8-36
Equation 8-64 is used to find the conduction heat fΙux for each hour.
q" q"
(Btu/(hr- (Btu/(hr-
Ηour ft2)) Hour ft2))
1 0.674 13 1.050
2 0.401 14 1.544
3 0.1 99 15 2.012
4 0.051 16 2.409
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156
5 -0.058 17 2.694
6 -0.138 18 2.841
7 -0.197 19 2.834
8 -0.232 20 2.671
9 -0.209 21 2.361
10 -0.075 22 1.936
11 0.194 23 1.466
12 0.583 24 1.031
8-37
Equation 8-64 is used to find the conduction heat flux for each hour with
soΙ-air temperatures calculated in Problem 8-31.
q" q"
(Btu/(hr- (Btu/(hr-
Hour ft2)) Hour ft2))
1 3.492 13 -0.055
2 3.147 14 0.1 65
3 2.758 15 0.563
4 2.348 16 1.112
5 1.937 17 1.754
6 1.536 18 2.417
7 1.154 19 3.026
I 0.796 20 3.510
9 0.472 21 3.823
10 0.1 99 22 3.958
11 0.00ο 23 3.931
12 -0.098 24 3.765
8-38
Using the simplified approach, the solution procedure is the same as that of
ProbΙem 7-27. First, we need to know angΙe of incidence and Solar
irradiation. Αssuming a west-facing window, the incidence angle and solar
Ιrradiation for Albuquerque, NM on a c|ear July 21 day at 3:OO pm solar
time are (see solution in Problem 8-10 for reference)
Angle of lncidence θ = 65.0 deg.,

Direct Solar lrradiation. Gρ = 1 18.6 Btu/hr-ft2,
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157
Diffuse Solar lrradiation: Ga a Gκ = 30.6 + 28.9 = 59'4 Btu/hr-ft2
Then, the area of the glazing and of the frame is calculated to be 27 .2 ft2
and 4.8 ftz, respectively.
From Table 7-3, solar heat gain coefficients for the glazing system lD 5b
are
SHGG9ο(65") = 0.515 and SHGGsα = 0.60.
From Τable 5-2, the outside surface conductance may be estimated to be

4.0 Btu/hr-ft2-'F.
From Table 5-6, the U-value for the fixed, double glazed window having
aluminum-clad wood/vinyl frame with insulated spacers is 0.48 Btu/hr-ft2-"F.
From Τable 7-1, solar absorptance of the vinyl frame painted white is 0.26.
Αssuming the window with no setback (Ar,r'" = Asuπ), the SHGC for the
frame can be calculated using Eq. 7-31 as:
SHGG1= 0.26*(0.4814.0) = 0.031.
For an unshaded window, the total solar heat gain is calculated using Eq.
7 -32 as
Qsμc = (0.51 5*27 '2 + 0.031-4.8)-'1 '18.6

+ (0.60-27 '2 + 0.031*4.8)*59.4 = 2657 '2 Btυlhr'
B-39
This problem uses the same solution procedure as the previous problem.
Assuming a south-facing window, the incidence angle and solar irradiation
for Boise, ]D on a clear Jυly 21 day at 3:00 pm solar time are (see solution
in Problem 8-1 '1 for reference)
Angle of lncidence' θ = 68.8 deg.,

Direct Solar lrradiation: Gρ = 101.6 Btu/hr-ft2,
Diffuse Solar lrradiation: Ga + Gκ = 29'0 + 28.9 = 57 '9 Btu/hr-ft2, and
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t '158
The area of the glazing and of the frame is the same as that calculated in
Problem 8-38.
From Table 7-3, solar heat gain coefficients for the glazing system lD 29a
are
SHGG,ο(68.8") = 0'408 and SHGGsα= 0.57.
From Table 5-6, the U-value for the fixed, triple glazed window having
aluminum-clad wood/vinyl frame with insulated spacers is 0.44 Btu/hr-ft2-"F.
The outside surface conductance and solar absorptance of the frame are
assumed to be the same as those in Problem 8-38.
Assuming the window with no setback (Ar,u'" = Asuπ), the SHGC for the
frame can be calculated using Eq. 7-3'1 as:
SHGGr = 0.26*(0 .4414.0) = 0.029.
For an unshaded window, the total solar heat gain is calculated using Eq.
7-32 as.
Qsuc = φ'408-27 '2 + 0.029-4.8)*101.6

+ (0.57*27.2 + 0.029*4.8)-57.9 = 2047.4 Btu/hr.
8-40
First, determine conduction heat gain by multiplying fluxes from Problem 8-

33 by the surface area, 8OO ft2. Then, from Table 8-20, select the
radiative/convective split to be 63%137o/o Apply the split to determine the
convective and radiative heat gains. Then, apply Equation 8-67 to the
radiative heat gains to determine the radiative cooling load. Sum the
radiative cooling load and the convective heat gain to get the cooling load.
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'159
Conduction Radiative
Convective Radiative Cooling
Hour Heat Gain Cooling
HG HG Load
(Btu/h0 Load
1 5462.3 2021.0 3441.2 2903.7 4924.7
2 4899.6 1812.8 3ο86.7 2813.1 4625.9
3 4334.5 1603.8 2730.7 2702.9 4306.7
4 3796.4 1404.7 2391.7 2583.0 3987.7
5 3300.5 1221 2 2079.3 2460.2 3681.4
b 2854.1 1056.0 1798.1 2339.0 3395.0
7 2460.6 910.4 1550.2 2222.4 3132.9
8 2123.8 785.8 1338.0 2113.0 2898.9
9 1854.2 686.1 1168.2 2014.0 2700.1
10 1673.6 619.2 1054.4 '1930.6 2549.9
11 1598.0 591.3 1006.7 1868.0 2459.2
12 1629.0 602.7 1026.3 1829.3 2432.1
13 1759.4 651.0 1 108.4 '1815.8 2466.8
14 1983.0 733.7 1249.3 1827.8 2561.5
15 2318.0 857.6 1460.3 1868.9 2726.6
16 2803.7 1037.4 1766.3 1947.4 2984.8
17 3450.5 1276.7 2173.8 2068.9 3345.5
18 4215.9 1559.9 2656.0 2230.3 3790.2
19 5016.0 1855.9 3160.1 2419.2 4275.2
20 5741.3 2124.3 3617.0 2614.7 4739.0
21 6266.5 23'18.6 3947.9 2789.4 5108.0
22 6473.8 2395.3 4078.5 2913.3 5308.6
ZC 6345.1 2347.7 3997.4 2969.4 5317.1
24 5971.2 2209.4 376'1.9 2961.2 5170.6
Cooling Loads and Heat Gains
7ο00.0
60ο0.0
5000.0
Ιt
Φ
4000.0
Θ
G
Ι6) 3000.0
oδ
ω 2000.0
o
J
1 000.0
0.0
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16ο
8-41
First, determine conduction heat gain by multiplying fluxes from Problem 8-

35 by the surface area, 1OOO ft2. Then, from Τable 8-20, select the
radiative/convective split to be 84oλl16o/o' Apply the split to determine the
convective and radiative heat gains. Then, apply Εquation 8-67 to the
Convective Radiative Cooling
Hour Ηeat Gain Cooling
HG HG Load
(Btuihr) Load
1 2227.2 356.4 1870.8 4864.4 5220.7
2 1338.2 214.1 1124.1 4530.5 4744.6
J 627.7 100.4 527.3 4222.8 4323.2
4 57.3 9.2 48.2 3938.6 3947.7
5 -397.4 -63.6 -333.8 3676.2 3612.7
6 -746.0 119.4 -626.7 3436.0 3316.7
7 -935.8 -149.7 -786.0 3228.9 3079.2
o -610.8 -97.7 -513.1 3120.5 3022.8
9 507.2 81.2 426.1 3179.7 3260.8
10 2313.5 370.2 1943.3 3417.1 3787.2
11 4567.1 730.7 3836.3 3808.3 4539.0
12 7028.4 1124.5 5903.8 4316.0 5440.6
13 9455.0 1512.8 7942.2 4893.4 6406.2
14 116ο9.7 1857.6 9752.2 5486.8 7344.4
15 13293.3 2126.9 I 1 166.3 6042.8 8169.7
16 1 4350.1 2296.0 12054.1 651 1.5 8807.6
17 14672.7 2347.6 12325.1 6849.5 9197.1
'18 14222.5 2275.6 I1946.9 7024.8 9300.4
19 13ο18.3 2082.9 1Ο935.4 7018.0 9101.0
20 11142.9 1782.9 9360.0 6824.5 8607.3
21 8809.6 1 409.5 7400.1 6467.5 7877.0
22 6593.1 1ο54.9 s538.2 6042.8 7097.7
z3 4782.8 765.3 4017.6 5622.2 6387.5
24 3353.'1 536.5 2816.6 5228.0 5764.5

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161
cooling Loads and Ηeat Gains
1 6000.0
1 4000.0
L
1 2000.0
fl '10000.0
αl
--r-- Conduction Heat Gain
(! 8000.0 (Btu/h0
(,
(!
6000.0 -*x* Cooling Load
Φ
!
οδ
Φ
o
J
911131517192123
8-42
First, determine conduction heat gain by multiplying fΙuxes from Problem 8-

36 by the surface area, 1200 ft2 ' Ther , from Τable 8-2o, seΙect the
radiative/convective Split to be 84γoμe% Αpply the split to determine the
convective and radiative heat gains. Then, apply Equation 8-67 to the
Heat Gain Convective Radiative Cooling Cooling
Hour (Btιl/hr) HG ΗG Load Load
1 809.2 129.5 679.7 1203.0 1332.4
2 481.0 77.0 404.1 1105.3 1182.3
3 238.5 38.2 200.4 1018.3 1056.5
4 61.2 9.8 51.4 941.3 951.1
5 -69.3 11 .1 -58.2 872.8 861.7
6 -166.0 -26.6 -139.5 811.4 784.9
7 -237.0 -37.9 -199.0 756.2 718.3
o -278.7 -44.6 -234.1 707.9 663.3
I -250.9 -40.2 -210.8 674.0 633.8
10 -90.4 -14.5 -75.9 667.9 653.4
11 233.3 37.3 196,0 699.7 737.1
12 700.2 112.0 588.2 771.3 883.3
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students enrolled in οourses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reproducιion or trαnslαιion of this work beyοnd ιhαt permiιted
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162
13 1260.3 201.6 1058.6 877.1 1078.8

14 1852.6 296.4 1556.2 1007.4 1303.8
15 2414.9 386.4 2028.5 1149.7 1 536.1
16 2890.5 462.5 2428.0 1290.4 1752.9
17 3233.3 517.3 2716.0 1416.6 1933.9
18 3409.7 545.6 2864.2 1516.5 2062.0
19 3401.3 544.2 2857.1 1580.7 2124.9
20 3205.0 512.8 2692.2 1602.7 2115.5
21 2833.6 453.4 2380.2 1579.7 2033.0
22 2323.3 371.7 1951 .6 1513.7 1885.5
23 1759.4 281.5 1477.9 1417.5 1699.0
24 1237.6 198.0 1039.6 1309.3 1507.3
Gooling Loads and Heat Gains
4000.0
3500.0
3000.0
2500.0
αt
_--ο_ Conduοtion Heat Gain
Φ 2000.0 (Btu/hr)
Θ
(τ
*_α_* Cooling Load
1500.0
ΙΦ
cδ '1000.0
ιl1
o
J 500.0
0.0
-500.0
8-43
First, the hourly Soιar heat gains are determined using the same solution
procedure Shoν1/n in Problem 8-38. The results are Sho\Λ/n below. Note
that the SolaΓ irradiation on the window is the Same aS that shown in
Problem 8-10. Also, note that the calculated Soιar gain at 3:00 p.m. is
slightly different from that shown in Problem 8-38 due to rounding errors.
lnput Data
Glass Area 27.2 ft',
Frame Αrea 4.8 ft2
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163
Diffuse SHGC 0.6

Angular SHGC - 0' 0.7
Angular SHGC - 60" 0.58
Αngular SHGc - 80" 0.23
Frame sΗGc 0.03'1
Output Data
Clock lnc. Dir lrradiation, Diff lrradiation, Solar Heat Gain,
Time Αngle, ' Btu/hr-ft2 Btu/hr-ft2 Btu/hr
1.00 87.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.00 101 .06 0.0ο 0.00 0.00
3.00 114.99 0.00 0.00 0.00
4.00 128.63 0.0ο 0.00 0'00
5.00 141.58 0.00 0.00 0.00
6.00 152.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
7.00 159.17 0.00 9.93 163.51
8.00 156.37 0.00 23.08 380.04
9.00 146.65 0.00 32.24 530.96
10.00 134.23 0.00 39.29 647.01
11.00 120.81 0.00 44.53 733.28
12.00 106.97 0.00 47 .91 788.98
13.00 92.97 0.00 52.42 863.28
14,00 78.94 54.68 56.44 1314.44
15.00 65.01 1 18.63 59.38 2657 .05
16.00 51.37 170.01 60.32 3940.06
17.00 38.42 201.20 57.93 4657.12
18.0ο 27.20 202.07 50.35 4594.55
19.00 20.83 151.27 33.70 3393.40
20.00 23.63 5.07 1.03 111.74
21.00 33.35 0.0ο 0.00 0.00
22.00 45.77 0.00 0.00 0.00
23.00 59.19 0.00 0.00 0.00
24.00 73.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
ln the original RΤS methodology, two types of radiant time faοtors v/ere
utilized to convert So|ar heat gains into cooling Ιoads. The Solar.-RTS was
used to convert the beam transmitted solar gain whiΙe the NonsoΙar-RΤS
V/aS used to convert all other Solar gains' However, to simpΙify the
calculations, only one RTS (Nonsolar-RTs) is used in this edition. Since
the calculated Solar heat gains include both transmitleΞ aιd absorbed Solar
gains, the recommended radiative and convectivΞsplits shown in Table 8-
20 would not be applicable. For this problem, it is assumed that the
radiative fraction of the combined solar heat gain is about 0.9. Therefore,
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164
the radiative/convective split is 90%110%. Then, apply the split to

determine the convective and radiative heat gains and apply Equation 8-67
to the radiative heat gains to determine the radiative cooling load. Αnd,
finally, sum the radiative cooling load and the convective heat gain to get
the cooling load.
Solar Radiative
Hour (Btu/hr) HG HG Load Load
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 141 0 141.0
2 0.0 0.0 ο.0 91.6 91.6
3 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.8 59.8
4 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.2 39.2
5 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.9 25.9
6 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.2 17,2
7 163.5 16.4 147.2 87.6 103.9
I 380.0 38.0 342.0 215.2 253.2
9 531.0 53.1 477.9 339.6 392.7
10 647.0 64.7 582.3 450.5 515.2
11 733.3 73.3 660.0 543.8 617.1
12 789.0 78.9 710.1 615.8 694.7
13 863.3 86.3 777.0 687.3 773.6
14 1314.4 131.4 1 183.0 932.5 1064.0
15 2657.1 265.7 2391.3 1661.8 1927.5
16 3940.1 394.0 3546.1 2566.6 2960.6
17 4657.1 465.7 4191.4 3304.7 3770.4
18 4594.6 459.5 4135.1 3630.8 4090.3
19 3393.4 339.3 3054.1 3261.0 3600.4
20 111.7 11.2 100.6 1624.6 1635.8
21 0.0 0.0 0.0 912.1 912.1
22 0.0 0.ο 0.0 549.4 549.4
23 0.0 0.0 0.0 343.2 343.2
24 0.0 0.0 ο.0 218.7 218.7
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students enrolled in courses }or whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reproducιiοn or ιrαnsιαιion of ιhis νοrk beyond thαι
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--
165
5000.0
4500.0
4000.0
I
3500.0
Φ
3000.0
(! _ο- Soiar Heat Gain (Btu/hr)
Θ 2500.0
G
*x- Cooling Load
Φ
J. 2000.0
Φ
1500.0
(!
o
J 1 000.0
500.0
0.0
B-44
This problem uses the same solution procedures as Problem 8-43. Note
that the solar irradiation on the window is the same as that shown in
Problem 8-11. Also, note that the calculated Soιar gain at 3:00 p.m. is
slightly different from that shown in Problem 8-39 due to rounding errors.
ThΞ radiative/convective split of 90%l10% is also used for this problem.
lnPut Data
Area
Glass 27.2 ft'
Frame Area 4.8 ft2
Diffuse SHGC 0.57
Angular SΗGc - 0" 0.68
Αngular SHGO - 50' 0.62
Frame SHGC 0.029
OutPut Data
Clock lnc. Dir lrrad, Btu/hr- Diff lrrad, Btu/hr- Solar Heat Gain,
Time Angle,' ft2 f1' Btu/hr
1.00 152.14 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.00 154.11 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.00 '150.59 0.00 0.00 0.00

EΧοeφtS from this work may be reprοduοed by instructors fbr distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing
textbook has been adopted. Αny other reproiucιιon or trαnslαιiοn οf ιhis νork beyond thαι Permiιιed
students enrolled in courses fbr which the
is unlωυful.
by Sectiοns Ι 07 or Ι 08 οf the ] 97 6 (]niιed Stαtes Copyright Αct wiιhouι the permission οf the copyrighι oινner
166
4.00 143.20 0.00 0.00 0.00

5.00 133.87 0.00 0.00 ο.00
6.00 123.75 0.00 0.00 ο.00
7.00 113.42 0.00 3.96 6'1.91
8.00 103.29 0.00 17.83 278.89
9.00 93.66 0.00 29.69 464.39
10.00 84.88 22.70 39.68 680.73
1 1.00 77.37 58.92 48.23 1139.73
12.00 71.58 87.76 54.81 1721.36
'13.00 68.02 105.54 58.85 2140.21
14.00 67.06 1 10.30 59.94 2255,35
15.00 68.82 101.56 57.95 2046.81
16.00 73.09 80.22 53.1 0 1551.04
17.00 79.44 48.70 45.86 978.1 5
18.00 87.38 11.34 36.84 592.46
19.00 96.45 0.00 26.46 413.94
20.00 106.26 0.00 14.28 223.45
21.00 116.49 0.00 0.32 4.97
22.00 126.80 0.00 0.0ο 0.00
23.00 136.76 0.00 0.00 0.00
24.00 145.67 0.00 0.0ο 0.00
Solar Radiative
Ηour (Btιl/hr\ HG ΗG Load Load
1 0.0 ο.ο 0.0 356.3 356.3
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 341.8 341.8
3 0.0 0.0 0.0 328.6 328.6
4 0.0 0.0 0.0 316.4 316.4
5 0.0 0.0 0.0 305.0 305.0
o 0.0 0.0 0.0 294.1 294.1
7 61.9 6.2 55.7 297.0 303.1
I 278.9 27.9 251.0 338.9 366.8
I 464.4 46.4 418.0 391.2 437.6
10 680.7 68.1 612.7 457.1 525.2
11 1139.7 114.0 1025.8 583.2 697.2
12 1721.4 172.1 1549.2 763.0 935.1
13 2140.2 214.0 1926.2 935.3 1149.3
14 2255.4 225.5 2029.8 1046.5 1272.0
15 2046.8 204.7 1842 1 1067.8 1272 4
to 1551.0 1 55.1 1395.9 991 0 1146.1
17 978.1 97.8 880.3 853.6 951.4
18 592.5 59.2 533.2 723.9 783.1
19 413.9 41.4 372.6 633.6 675.0
20 223.4 22.3 201.1 551.8 574.1
21 5.0 0.5 4.5 465.4 465.9
22 0.0 0.0 0.0 421.3 421.3
23 0.0 ----ΑΔ 0.0 393.5 393.5
..--o.0
24 0.0 0.0 373.0 373.0
Exceφts from this wοrk may be reproduοed by instructors Γor distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
students enrolled in courses for whiοh the textbοok has been adoρted' Αny oιher reprοducιion or ιrαnslαιιon of ιhis νork beyond thαι permιιιed
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167
2500.0
L
2000.0
Φ
I 500.0
ιE
Θ
--l_Solar Ηeat Gain (Btu/hr)
(E ,--x- Cooling Load
Ι
Φ
1 000.0
Φ
Φ
o
J 500.0
0.0
8-45
lnternal Radiative Cooling

Convective Radiative
Hour Heat Gain Cooling Load
(w) HG HG
Load (Vψ
I 200.0 100.0 100.0 125.3 225.3
2 200.0 100.0 100.0 116.6 216.6
3 200.0 100.0 100.0 111.O 211.0
4 200.0 100.0 100.0 107.3 207.3
5 20ο.0 100.0 100.0 105.0 205.0
6 200.0 100.0 100.0 103.4 203.4
7 200.0 100.0 100.0 102.4 202.4
δ 2000.0 1ο00.0 1000.0 566.7 1566.7
I 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 753.8 1753.8
10 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 85'1.1 1 851 .1
11 2000.ο 10οο.ο '10οο.ο 906.9 1906.9
12 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 940.8 1940.8
13 2ο00.0 1000.0 1000.0 962.1 1962.1
14 2000.0 1ο00.0 1000.0 975.6 1975.6
15 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 984.3 1984.3
16 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 990.0 1990.0
17 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 993.6 1993.6
18 2ο00.ο 1000.0 1000.0 996.0 1996.0
19 200.0 100.0 100.0 532.6 632.6
EXceφtS from this wοrk may be reprοduced by instructors fοr distribution on a not-fοr-profit basis for testing or instructional puφοses only to
students enτolled in οourses for which thθ teΧtbook has been adopted. Αny οιher reproduction or trαnsΙαtion of this τνοrk beyond ιhαι permitted
bySectiοns Ι07 or Ι08of ιhe ]976UniιedStαtesCοpyrightΑctwithοutthepermissiοnοf thecοpyrighιownerisunlcrννful.
'168
20 200.0 100.0 100.0 346.2 446.2

21 200.0 100.0 100.ο 249.2 349.2
22 200.0 100.ο 1ο0.ο 193.6 293.6
23 200.0 100.0 100.0 159.9 259.9
24 200.0 100.0 100.0 138.7 238.7
2500.0
2000.0
Ξ
'6
o 1500.0
(!
+- lnternal l-1eat Gain (W)
Ι
(Σ)
*x- Cooling Load (\Λ/)
oδ
(υ
o
J
8-46

Heat Gain Convective Radiative Cooling Load
Hour rw) HG HG Load (w)
1 200.0 100.0 100.0 405.'1 505.1
2 200.ο 1οο.0 '100.0 392.9 492.9
3 2ο0.ο 100.0 100.0 381.7 481.7
4 200.0 100.0 100.0 371.2 471.2
5 200.0 100.0 100.0 361.3 461.3
6 200.0 100.0 100.0 352.1 452.1
7 200.0 100.0 100.0 343.3 443.3
I 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 518.9 15'18.9
o 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 562.8 1562.8
10 2000.0 1000.0 1ο00.0 59ο.6 1590.6
11 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 612.3 1612.3
12 2000.0 1ο00.ο 10ο0.ο 630.8 1 630.8
'13 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 647.1 1647.1
14 2000.0 10οΟ.0 1000.0 661.9 1661.9
Εxοeφts from this work may be reproduced by instΙuctors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional puφoses only to
students enrolΙed in οourses for which the textbook has been adopted' Αny oιher reprοductιοn or ιrαnsl(tιion of ιhis work beyond thαt permiιιed
by Sectiοns Ι 07 or ] 08 of the 1 976 Uniιed Stαtes Copyrιghι Αcι'ννiιhouι ιhe permissionbf the cοpyrighι οwner is unΙαlνful.
'169
Γ 15 2000'ο 100ο.0 1000.0 675.5 1675.5

16 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 688.2 '1688.2
17 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 700.0 1700.0
18 2000.0 1000.0 1000.0 711 .1 1711 .1
19 200.0 100.0 100.0 537.6 637.6
20 200.0 100.0 100.ο 495.7 595.7
21 20ο.ο 100.0 1ο0.ο 469.9 569.9
22 200.0 100.0 100.0 449.9 549.9
23 200.0 100.0 100.0 433.2 533.2
24 200.0 100.0 100.ο 418.4 518.4
Gooling Loads and Heat Gains
2500.0
2ο00.0
1500.0
---ο- lnternal Fleat Gain (W1
*-s* οooling Load (W)
1000.0
&-x** *
.::l L-.*
500.0
; :.
0.0
ΕΧcerpts tiom this ινork may be reproduοed by instructοrs for distributiοn on a not_for-profit basis fοr testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
students enrolΙed in οouτses 1br whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny oιher reproduction or trαnsιαιιon of this work beyond ιhαι permiιιed
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170
8-47
Gomparison of LW and Mνι/ 1 Zone Responses
Ξ 2000.0
Ξo(!
o
σ, 1500.0
:= --r-- lnternal Heat Gain β)
o
o MW1 Zone Clg. Ld αv)
o Ι
_--α.*
τ, -_.*- ΗW Zone Clg. Ld. (W)
(τ, 1000.0
aι'
'6
Θ
\Η
ι*.
(τ,
α)
50ο.ο \
ι ξ--'.
_
5**+-
-t-
l)*
ι ':'*
Ι^__x
11 '13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour
As shown in the figure, there is a signifrcant difference in the response of

the two Zones, with the ΗW zone having substantiatly more damping and
time delay.
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171
8-48
Assumptions applied to each heat gain are discussed in the solution to

ProbΙem 8-15. The equipment heat gain is assumed to be continuous. The
total convective and radiative heat gains are determined in the folΙowing
table. Τhe Ιatent cooΙing Ιoads are equivalent to the latent heat gains
shown in the last column.
Latent
Total Total from
Name: ξ99p]9_ Liοhtino Eοuipment Τotal Radiative Convective People
Radiative
Fraction: 0.7 0.59 0.2
Ηeat Ηeat Heat

Gain Gain Heat Gain Heat Heat Heat Gain Gain
lloυr (\Λ/) /w) (w) Gain (W) Gain (W) rιΛΛ (w)
1 0 0 4000 4000 800 320C) 0
2 U 0 4000 4000 800 320ο 0
3 0 0 400ο 4000 800 3200 0
4 ο 0 4000 4ο00 800 3200 0
5 0 0 4000 4000 800 3200 0
6 0 0 4000 4000 800 3200 0
7 ο 0 4000 4000 800 3200 n
o 2160 4800 4000 1 0960 5144 581 6 1 350
I 2160 4800 400ο 1 0960 5144 581 6 1 350
10 2160 4800 4000 1 0960 5144 581 6 1 350
11 2160 4800 4000 1 0960 5144 5816 1 350
12 2160 4800 4000 1 0960 5144 581 6 1 350
13 2160 4800 4000 1 0960 5144 581 6 1 350

14 2160 4800 4000 1 0960 5144 581 6 1 35ο
15 2160 48CI0 4000 1 ο960 5144 5816 1 350
16 2160 4800 4000 1 0960 5144 581 6 1 350
17 2160 4800 4000 1 0960 5144 58l 6 1 350
18 0 4800 4000 8800 3632 5168 0

19 0 0 4000 4000 800 3200 0
20 U n 4000 40ο0 80ο 32ο0 0
21 ο 0 4000 400ο 800 3200 0
22 0 4οο0 400ο 800 3200 0
23 0 0 4000 4000 800 3200 0
24 0 0 4000 4000 800 32ο0 0
The sensible loads are then determined from the radiative and convective
heat gains using Equation 8-67 and the radiant time factors from Τable 8-
21, as shown in the next table.
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172

Hour (w) ΗG HG Load (w)
1 4000.0 32ο0.0 800.0 2218.4 5418.4
2 4000.0 3200.0 800.0 2162.5 5362.5
3 4000.0 3200.0 800.0 2110.6 5310.6
4 40ο0.0 3200.0 800.0 2062.1 5262.1
5 4000.0 3200.0 800.0 2016.7 5216.7
6 4000.0 3200.0 800.0 1973.8 5173.8
7 4000.0 3200.0 800.0 1933.3 5133.3
8 10960.0 5816.0 5144.0 2782.4 8598.4
9 10960.0 5816.0 5144.0 2996.'1 8812.1
10 10960.0 5816.0 5144.0 3131.2 8947.2
11 10960.0 5816.0 5144.0 3237.5 9053.5
12 10960.0 5816.0 5144.0 3328.ο 9144.0
'13 10960.0 5816.0 5144.0 3408.1 9224.1
14 1096ο.0 5816.0 5144.0 3480.7 9296.7
15 10960.0 5816.0 5144.0 3547.6 9363.6
16 '10960.0 58 1 6.0 5144.0 3609.6 9425.6
17 10960.0 5816.0 5144.0 JOO /. / 9483.7
18 88ο0'0 5168.0 3632.0 3413.3 8581.3
'19 4000.0 3200.0 800.0 2799.1 5999.1
20 4000.0 320ο.0 8ο0.0 2625.5 5825.5
21 4000.0 3200.0 800.0 2512.4 5712.4
22 4000.0 3200.0 800.0 2422.9 5622.9
23 4000.0 3200.0 800.0 2346.8 5546.8
24 4000.0 3200.0 800.0 2279.4 5479.4
120ο0.0
10000.0
Ξ
8000.0
'6
Θ
Φ
Φ 6000.0
Ξ
oδ
4000.0
π,
o
J
2000.0
0.0
instructional purposΘs only to

Εxοeφts fiom this woτk may be reproduced by instructofs for distrlbution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or
enrolled in οouτses foτ which thΘ textbοok has been adopted' Αny other reprοducιion or trαnsιαιion of this νοrk beyond ιhαt permiιted
students
by Secιions Ι07 or Ι08 οfthe ]976 ιJnited Stαtel Cοpyrighι Αct\'ιithout the permissiοn ofιhe cοpyrighι owner is unΙαlυfuΙ.
173
8-49
Assumptions applied to each heat gain are discussed in the solution to

Problem 8-'16. The equipment heat gain is assumed to be continuous; the
lighting heat gain is assumed to occur from 8 a.m.-6 p.m. The total
convective and radiative heat gains are determined in the following table.
The latent cooling Ιoads are equivalent to the latent heat gains shown in the
last column.
Latent
Τotal Total from
Name: People Liohtinο Eουioment Total Radiative Convective Peοοte
Radiative
Fraction: 0.7 ο.59 0.2
Heat Heat Heat

Gain Gain Heat Gain Heat Heat Ηeat Gain Gain
Hour (w) (w) rw) Gain (W) Gain (W) /\ΛΛ (w)
1 0 0 70ο0 70οο 1400 5600 0
2 0 ο 7000 7000 1400 5600 0
3 0 0 7000 7ο00 1400 5600 0
4 0 0 7000 7000 1400 5600 0
5 U 0 7000 70ο0 1400 5600 0
6 0 0 7000 7000 1400 560ο 0
7 0 0 7000 7ο00 140ο 5600 0
I 2835 5625 7000 1 5460 6703.25 8756.75 2835
9 2835 5625 7000 1 5460 6703.25 8756.75 2835
't0 2835 5625 7000 1 5460 6703.25 8756.75 2835
11 2835 5625 700ο 1 5460 6703.25 8756.75 2835
12 2835 5625 7000 1 5460 6703.25 8756.75 2835
13 2835 5625 7000 1 5460 6703.25 8756.75 2835
14 2835 5625 7000 1 5460 6703.25 8756.75 2835
15 2835 5625 7000 1 5460 6703.25 8756.75 2835
'16 2835 5625 7000 1 5460 6703,25 8756.75 2835
17 2835 5625 7000 '15460 6703.25 8756.75 2835
18 0 5625 70ο0 12625 4718.75 7906.25 0
19 0 0 7000 7000 1 400 5600 0
20 0 0 7000 7000 1400 5600 0
21 0 0 7000 7000 1400 5600 0
22 0 ο 7000 7000 1 400 5600 0
23 0 ο 7000 700ο 1400 5600 ο
24 0 0 7000 7000 1400 5600 0
heat gains using Εquation 8-67 and the radiant time factors from Τable 8-
21 , as shown in the next table.
EXceφtS fτοm this work may be reproduοed by instruοtors for distribution on a not_for_prοfit basis Γor testing or instructional puφoses only to
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174

(w) ΗG HG Load (w)
Hour
1 7000.0 5600.0 1400.0 2888.2 8488.2
2 7000.ο 5600.0 1400.0 2830.6 8430.6
3 7000.0 5600.0 1 400.0 2777.5 8377,5
4 7000.0 5600.0 14ο0.0 2727.8 8327.8
5 7000.ο 5600.0 14ο0.0 2680.7 8280.7
6 7000.0 5600.0 1 400.0 2635.8 8235.8
7 7000.ο 5600.0 140ο.0 2592.7 8192.7
8 15460.0 8756.8 6703.3 3814.6 12571.3
9 15460.0 8756.8 6703.3 4292.6 13049.3
10 15460.0 8756.8 6703.3 4539.8 13296.5
11 15460.0 8756.8 6703.3 4694.4 13451.2
12 15460.0 8756.8 6703.3 4806.9 13563.6
'13 1546ο.0 8756.8 6703.3 4897.4 13654.2
14 15460.0 8756.8 6703.3 4975.3 13732.1
15 15460.0 8756.8 6703.3 5045.3 13802.0
ιo 15460.0 8756.8 6703.3 5109.7 13866.5
8756.8 6703.3 5170.2 '13926.9
17 15460.0
'18 12625.0 7906.3 4718.8 4754.8 12661.0
19 7000.0 5600.0 1400.0 3825.2 9425.2
20 7000.0 5600.0 1400.0 3446.7 9046.7
21 7000.0 5600.0 1400.0 3246.7 8846.7
22 7000.0 5600.0 1400.0 31 19.9 8719.9
23 7000.0 5600.0 1400.0 3027.2 8627.2
24 7000.0 5600.0 1400.0 2952.4 8552.4
18000.0
16000.0
14000.0
Ξ
'12000.0
'6
Θ 10000.0 ---G- lnternal Fteat Gain (W;
(!
q) *x* Cooling Load (νγ)
Ξ 8000.0
oE
6ο00.0
IE
o
J 4000.0
2000.0
0.0
basis for tΘsting or instruοtional puφoses only to

Εxcerpts tioιτ this work may be reproduced by instΙuctors fοτ distribution οn a not-for-profit
reprodλc'tiοn or trαnsιαιιon of thιs νork beyond ιhαt permitted
students enrolled in οourses tbr which the textbook has been adopted. Αny other
iysr,itιon, 107 οr ]0Bοf the 1976ΙJnitedStαtesCopyrighιΑctlνithoutthipermissiοnof thecopyrightoνnerisunΙαινful'
175
8-50
Heat gain to the space = 0.8 x 6000 W = 4800 W, assumed 59% radiative,
41o/o convective, from Τable 8-20' The sensible loads are then determined
from the radiative and convective heat gains using Equation 8-67 and the
radiant time factors from Table 8-21, as shown below. Τhere are no latent
cooling loads.

Ηour (w) ΗG HG Load (w)
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 79.8 79.8
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 52.4 52.4
3 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.7 34.7
4 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.1 23.1
0.0 0.0 0.0 '15.6 15.6
5
6 4800.0 1968.0 2832.0 1473.9 3441.9
7 4800.0 1968.0 2832.4 2060.5 4028.5
8 4800.0 1968.0 2832.0 2365.5 4333.5
9 4800.0 1968.0 2832.0 2540.5 4508.5
10 4800.0 1968,0 2832.0 2646.7 4614.7
11 4800.0 1968.0 2832.0 2713.2 4681.2
12 4800.0 '1968.0 2832.0 2755.6 4723.6
13 4800.0 1968.0 2832.0 2782.9 4750.9
14 4800.0 1968.0 2832.0 2800.5 4768.5
15 4800.0 1968.0 2832.0 2812.0 4780.0
16 4800.0 1968.0 2832.0 2819.5 4787.5
17 4800.0 1968.0 2832.0 2824.3 4792.3
18 48ο0.0 1968.0 2832.0 2827.5 4795.5
't9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1366.5 1366.5
20 0.0 0.0 0.0 777.9 777.9
21 0.0 0.0 0.0 471.8 471.8
22 0.0 0.0 0.0 296.0 296.0
23 0.0 0.0 0.0 189.3 189.3
24 0.0 0.0 0.0 122.5 122.5
A plot showing the lighting heat gain and resuιting cooling loads follows.
puφoses onΙy to-

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t-
176
6000.0
5000.0
Ξ
,6 4000.0
Θ --{- |nternal Fleat Gain (\Λl)
(υ
3000.0
Ι
Φ ___x* Cooling Load (\Λ/)
oδ
ιl,
o
J
57 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour
ι-
8-5'1
The schedule described in problem 8-18 is reduced to the number of

peopιe present per hour in the table below. Assuming "Seated, light office
*ork'', the sensible heat gain per person is 245 Btu/hr (72νν) and the latent
heat gain per person is 2bO Btu/hr (59 W). lnternal heat gains from
occupants are assumed to be 70o/o radiative. The latent cooling loads are
equivalent to the latent heat gains shown in the table.
heat gains using Equation 8-67 and the radiant time factors from Table
8-
21 , as shown below.
As is readily evident from the plot, the heavyweight zone significantly

damps the response to the heat gains'
on a not-fοr-profit basis for testing οr ιnstructional purposes only to

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177
Latent
lnternal Radiative Cooling heat
People Heat Gain Convective Radiative Cooling Load gain
Hour οresent (w) HG HG Load (w) (\Λ/)
1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.6 20.6 0

2 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5 12.5 ο
3 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.8 7.8 0
4 0 0.0 0.0 ο.0 5.0 5.0 0
5 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 3.4 0
6 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.5 0
7 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 0
I 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.6 0

9 40 2880.0 864.0 2016.0 1021.8 1885.8 2360
10 40 2880.0 864.0 2016.0 1484.5 2348.5 2360
11 60 4320.0 1296.0 3024.0 2233.7 3529.7 3540
12 60 4320.0 1296.0 3024.0 2593.8 3889.8 3540
13 60 4320.0 '1296.0 3024.0 2784.5 4080.5 3540
14 70 5040.0 1512.0 3528.0 3143.9 4655.9 4't30
'15 70 5040.0 1512.0 3528.0 33'17.9 4829.9 4130
16 70 5040.0 1512.0 3528.0 3410.8 4922.8 4130
17 10 720.0 216.0 504.0 1931 .3 2147.3 590
18 0 0.0 ο.0 0.0 1010.7 1010.7 0
19 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 552.7 552.7 0
20 0 0.0 ο.0 0.0 309.2 309.2 0
21 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 175.8 175.8 0
22 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 101.1 101.1 0
23 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 58.8 58.8 0
24 0 ο.0 0.0 0.0 34.6 34.6 0
6000.0
5000.0
Ξ
4000.0
'Ξ
Θ --*- lnternal Heat Gain (W1
π, 3000.0 *-s*
Φ Cooling Load (W)
Ξ
οδ
2ο00.0
π,
o
J
1000.0
puφoses only to
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ιhαt permitιed
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178
Solution to be provided by an instructor.

basis for
wοrk may be reprοduced by instru:lor:.fo, distribution on a not-for-profit has been
Excerpts from this
on1y ω stuαeλs enrο1led i, "or.r"s
for which the textboοk
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o}thιs ινork beyo'nd thαt permitted by Sections
adopted. Αny other repiodλction "y γ""ititi"λ owner is unlαwful'
Αct the permission-o/'λu copyrιgit
of the 1976 (Jnitecl itotus Copyright 'ιiinλ, ιhe Piimiision Depαrtment, John
ιnfοrmαtionilrouιa i" oaarrrruiΙo
h'uouurt, for permission or further
'';i,;;;'';:"{,-i", il l Riνir Street' Hoboken' NJ 07030'
CHAPTER 9
average degree day is 6283'

From Table 9-1, the number of
From Fig. 9-1, Co = 0'60
Using Εq' 9-2,
_ tu l hr)(}'60)
(24hr l dαy)(6283' F dαy)\2-^2-^1000Β = 438,727 std ft3
f- (0 η(7ο_ 12"tr)(10ο \Βtu l stdff)
gas
Or F = 438.7 mcf of natural
f-
(24hrldαy)(6283'F_dαy)(Ζ-^?5,000Βtulhr)(0'60) = 102,867 kw-hr
(1 J) ql o _Γz' r)βaL2Βtu
l kW _ hr)
0'287
$Elec = 102,867(0.1 O) = $1
$Gas = 438.7(4.5) = $1,974
SΕΙec_$Gαs |0287_ι974
= 4.2
$Gαs ι914
or the electric cost is about

5'2 times as much'
(1 02,s 67 k-t4l
_ hDβ a lΨ !u_
l kY-' hr)
lmΦ
Source energy using eιec' =
@at)(000stdff
= 1063'6 mcf
Source energy using gas = 438'7 mcf
>_Ξ-
ΕSΕ,_ΕSG 1063.6 _438'7
"o,"ff=-tiU - more1.42Source energy'

=
That is eleο. heat uSeS 242%
9-3
DU'
The following are information for Washington'
degree day is 4224'
From Table g-l,1he number of average
From Fig. 9-1 , CD= O'62'
is 20 "F'
From Table B-1a, the outdoor temperature
Forenergyefficientfurnace,assume85o/oeffiοiencyfactor,
Using Εq' 9-2,
l
-, F
,-,= 04hr l d αν)(4224"
_ dαy)(|20'000Βt u hr)(0'62\
'o'=177,468stdft3
" 20"trX1O00Βtu l stdft3)
Or F = 177 .5 mcf of natural gas
-10.85X7O_
9-4 Load Profiles
80000
+5
Qro" = ato
1
160000
-
120,OO0=a(20)+b ξ tηoooo
g=2(gQ)+b
αt_ l z000ο
€6 lοοοoο
j
12ο,ooQ =(20 _60)a E'
soooo
6oooo
a = -3OOO, b = 180,000
Ξ3 4oooo
Q uo" = 180,000 -
3'000 to 2OoOo
0
30 4o
Outdoor TemP, "F
9-5
8o. = Qrn - Qιnt = 18O'oOO - 3'Oo0 to - 20'0ο0

_
ξo" = 160,000 3,000
to
or instructional puφosΘS only to

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Exοeφts from this work may be reprοduced -
Α-ny oιher *p-a""riλλ"]r'i,o^ιoιι*7
*is wor-k beyond ιhαt permiιted
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studοnts enrolled in courses to. wι,λι-' "α"pi.λ. iλ'! copyright oνner is unlανful'
l'oii'iλιi'rλi,'λ,r, copyrιgn, 'a}iΙ:i';;u' irrλ'*iλ" of ιhe
by Secιions ]07 or 108 o7 m,
186
9-6
Group lll lιl lVVVl

Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday shift 2 shift 1
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
1481012162024
Hour
Αssumes Sunday and Saturday in shift 2
See Table 9-2

shift 1 shift 1 Total Total Frac. of Frac. of
Group hrs in Days in shift 1 hrs in shift 1 hrs in
ea. qp ea. qp. hrs ea. qp ea. οp. hrs ea. gp ea. qp.
0 28 0.0 '1.0
I 0 0
il 0 0 0 28 0.0 1.0
Πt 2 5 1ο 28 0.36 0.64
IV 4 5 20 28 0.71 0.29
V 4 5 20 28 0.71 0.29
VI 4 5 20 28 0.71 0.29
instructional puφoses only tο

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adopted- Αny other reprodiction or ιrcιnsιαιion οf this wοrk beyond ιhαt permitιed
students enrolled in courses for whrch the textbook has been
bySecιiοns ]07 οr ]08of the Ι976(JnitedStαιeSCopyrightΑcινιthoutthepermissionof ιhecopyrighιowneriSunlανfuΙ.
lo/
9-6 (Cont.)
Bin. Shift t hrs in each Group shift I shift 2

Temp lII III IVVVI hrs hrs
62 0 0 34 96 68 69 267 375
57 0 0 38 77 82 58 255 346
52 0 0 49 67 94 86 296 388
47 0 0 36 47 62 87 232 337
42 ο 0 35 48 65 99 247 420
37 0 0 32 38 54 75 199 422
32 0 0 27 28 36 66 157 347
27 0 0 10 17 17 28 72 157
22 0 0 I 12 16 22 58 113
17 0 0 6 1 4 11 22 73
12 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 16
TotaΙ: 1807 2994
9-7
The procedure is the same as Problem 9-6. Use appropriate bin data from
Αpp. B in last step as per Table 9-3.
9-8
Refer to Εxample 9-2, insert shift hours of Problem 9-6 in column 2 and 3
of Table 9-5 and recalculate.
9-9
Reconstruct Τable-9-3 for the appropriate city to obtain Shift A and Shift B
hours. lnsert the hours in columns 2 and 3 of Table 9-5 and recalculate.
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188
9-10
Reconstruct Table 9-3 using the shift hour fractions from Problem 9-6 and
bin hours and temperatures for the appropriate city. lnsert the shift hours
in column 2 and 3 of Table 9-5 and bin temperatures in column 1 and
recalculate.
9-1 1
Solution furnished by an instructor.
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Exοeφts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distributiοn on a not-for-prοfit basis fοr
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Requests for permission or further informαtion should be αddressed to the Permission Depαrtment,
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CHAPTER 1O
1O-1. (a) o+ + ρΖι_Pz+'Ψ + ρZz+ ρWp + ρ tt, Vl = VziZι=Ζz

',*
neglect (! iιz; Wp = -Η, g/g/" = -80 (ft - lbf)/lbm
Pz = Pl + ρWp = 20 + 62.4(80)1144 = 54.7 psig
Ps = Pz - PΖs_ U:)rg= 54.7 _ (62'4 X 50)/1 44 _ (20 x 62'41144)
Pg= 54.7 _ 3ο.3 = 24'4 psig

Pι=Pz- PZι-((izg_ =54.7 (#)(20+ '15) =
ffiX25)
(1't)g+
28.7 psig
(b) Neglecting the pump, the pressure or head required for this pipe is:
ΔP = 28'7 - 20 psi or ΔP = 8.7 psi
Δ Η 20.1 ft.
87I 20 Note:
I
1
Γ This is the
lo
t-
characteristic
lο
lσ
for only part
lο) of the total
|Ξ system.
Ξ
0L_
oa 150
10-2. Ηl = Hz * Ηο + (. trZz= (8 x 2.31) - 250 + 30 + 300 =

Jt
190
Ηl = 98.5 ft of water
Pι = 42'6 psig ε 294 kPa
'10-3. Ηl_Ηz=Hp+ !,t+Ζz=0
H^ = - ('-2, = -25- 300 = -325ft: H^ = 325ft of head

= 970 kPa
100
10-4.
(Ι +ΙΙ )+ 12 + 1b
Ξ(σ
ο
Ξ5o
75
10-5. (a)Ηl=alΦι+Zι ιL
H2
Hz=ΔzQz+Ζz U z2
I
(σ
ο.) Hq
-c.
z
Series Connection
a a
Ql=Qz;SumΗ H=Ηlr
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students enτolled in οourses for ιvhiοh the textbook has been adoρted' Αny οιher reproducιion or ιrαnsΙαιion of ιhis νοrk beyond ιhαι
permitted by Sections ]07 or Ι08 ofιhe ]976 United Sιαιes CopyrighιΑctwithouι the permissiοn οfιhe copyrighι oνner is unΙανfuΙ.
191
H=Hl *Hz
Η=Qz(aι+Az)+Gι+zz)
Parallel Connection
Hl = Ηz, Ζι=ZzorZ=0
Sum Q
Ql= Ê,Φz=
Yar Ê
Yaz
Q =Q l +Q r= JH_Ζ(Jil q * ^[-νη) .
a +Ζ
6ra*M)'
4.026
10-6. t t=f!Y1
' D2g ; V = 6. 3ft/sec, L = 3OO ft, D = 12
Referring to Figures 10-2a and 1 0-2b
62'4(1 .04)6'30(4'026 l12)

Re = ρνD _ = 75,696
μ (2'7 11490)
ε = 0.00015 ft; Table 10-1
ε/d=o.ooo1 5" 4.026

12
ε/D = 0.00045; f = 0'022 Fig. 10-1
/3OO)
(,= 0.022 \' (6.30)2
= 12.1 ft of 30o/o E.G.sol.
(4.026 t 12) 2(32.17)
= 12.6 ft of water : 38 kPa
-'.--Ξ-
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192
10-7. (a) so
Ξ(σ
J-
925
100 125 150

gpm
(b) Qn = 48 gpm; Qs = 24 gpm; Qc = 32 gpm;
(c) 28ft
(d) Qn 60 gpm
=
Qs = 32 gpm ο_ 125 gpm
Qc = 41 gpm }
10-8. Refer to Problem 10-7; Ζι = Ζz _ 0
ai +
(a) Hn= uoQi, θn= 9= =O.9O8O
50'
Hs = auQ3, Θs = 9=
a6 30'
= o'o278
=
Hc = a.Q3, θc = +=+
aa 45' =o.O'148
H- a2 02
= 0.001 55Q2
(^n/o!o8 + JΤt ozτa + J.roιua)2 645.06
(b) Q = 100 gpm; H = O.OO155 x (1OO), - 1S.5 ft

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permiιιedbySectiοns Ι07 or l08 of ιhe ]976LlniιedSιalesCοpyrightΑctιι]iιhouιιhepermissionοf ιhe copyrighιονnerisunlανfuΙ.
193
Hn = Hs = Ηc = 'l5.5 ft
Qn= JΠ/rΑ =.,/l55/O.OO8 =44gpm
Qg= .'m lo'o2?8 = 23'6 οpm
Qc = Jss/oJl4g = 32.4 gom
(c) From (a) above. H = 0.001 55(12q2 = 24.2 tt
Qn= =55qpm
Qg = Jπ2loβ278 = 29.5 gpm
Qc = J%2toβ148 = 4O.4 qpm
e = 125 gpm
_Pr)l'''' D2
1o-9. Q = CαA r|2g"(P,
'--L 'D1 =84.8 v'vv
= O.55
ρ -] 154.1
aSSume Cα = 0.638 using Fig. 10-9;
-4 ζ (O.os4s)2 = O.00565
Ar= m2
Pι_Pz
= O.O98(13.55)9.s = 13.O13 J/kg
ρ
Q = 0.63S(0.0056 5)t2(13,013)11/2 = 0.0184 m3/s x 292 gpm
999(3'26)(0:085)
V z= 3.26 m/s; Re - = 1.98 x'105
1.4x10-3
C6 ^:
0.638 From Fig. 10-9.
Τherefore the original assumption is satisfactory.
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ι
194
_ρ,ll"' _|z x s?'ιτ x o.os x 144

1t2
1o-1o. (a)V.. = Γ2g" (Po,
L-" [ ρ )] L
=3.97 ft/sec
ι0 +91x 144)
Table A-1a; ρ = 59'83 lbm/ft3
(b)rir = ρVA(O. 821= 59.83 x 3.97 r+][qΨ''l2 o.εz

ι4rι
*
12 )
rh = 39 lbm/sec or 140,674 lbm/hr
10-11 (a)
40
#
35
Ξ(σ
T2s
Φ
(b) Read from Fig. 10-11a at 35 ft and '125 gpm, W. = '1.6 HP
(c) Q = 180 gpm, H, = 20 ft; 1.8 ΗP
(d) Τhis is actually out of the operating range of the pump and the
efficiency is very low. ln situations like this there is a danger of
overloading the pump motor; however, that does not appear to be
a problem in this case since the motor is probably a 2HP model.
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195
10-12. NPSHR = NPSHΑ ft (Figure 10_1 1b)

= 20
NPSHA = [e"e") -2,-r,- f&9"]
\ ρg / ι ρg)
to
20='uΧ 13.55x62.4 -Ζ"_2_ t_l'soτxι 44
(
12 62.2 \ az.z
Ζ"=32'85_20_2_1'17 = 9.68 ft; (2.)rr, = 9.68 ft
'10-13. (a) 231 gpm, ξp = 73'4%

200
W, = 12* tlP
140
(b) 225 gpm ηo = 73 '3o/o 100
W, = 12- ΗP
10-14. (a) η, = 73.3oλ; W, = 11. 5 HP

185
(b) 225 gpm; '185 ft of head 149

ηr=73.5%;Ws=14ΗP
(c) ηo= 73o/o, W. = 14 ΗP

225 231
gpm
10-15 From Problem 10-14b, the original system defined by 225 gpm and 149
ft of head and would operate at 242 gpm, 173 ft of head and require
14.4 HP with the 7in impellor. Τhen,
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_.ι _Ι
196
ΓPln= 35οo[+.l =3o37

\242 )
" Π3
H^ = (go37 )' = l3O ft
ι3500/
w^ 4.4(s037)' e.4 HP
" 1
ι3500,
=
The Εfficiency wouΙd not Chan ge,74.2oλ
1o-16 Dn = 7(o e7) = 6 8 in

"r(#)=
Hn = *, (Ψ)' = 173 (o'g44)= 163 ft
η 1. .[Ψ)u = 14'4(o'g17) = 13 2 ΗP
The Εfficiency would not Chan ge,74.2oλ
10-17. Uses Fig. 1 0-20 or program PIPE
(a) 25 gρm; 1 % in., V < 4 ftlsec,2in dia. or less

(b) 40 gpm; 2in. V < 4 fVsec,2in dia. or less
(c) 15 gpm; 1Υιin., v < 4 fUsec, 2in dia. or less
(d) 60 gρm;2% in', '(,'1< 4 pVsec; dia > 2 in.
(e) 2OO gpm; g %in., .(,'1< 4 ftllOO pUsec; dia > 2in.
(η 2ooo gpm; 8 in., /1 slightly > 4 ftl1oo ft
Exοerpts 1iom this work may be reprοduced by instructors fbr distribution on a not-fοr-profit basis for testing or instructional puφosos only to
students enrolΙed in courses tbr which the textbook has been adopted' Αny οιher reproduction or trαnsιαιion of this νork beyond ιhαι
permiιιed by Secιions ] 07 or Ι 08 of ιhe ] 97 6 Unιted Sιαιes Copyrighι Αcι ν ithοuι the permission of ιhe cοpγ,ι'ighι ονner is unlαwful.
197
1ο-18. (a) K = 30 ft, ft = 0.019; K = 0.57 (Table 10-2; Figure 10-22a)
V = 3.82 fVsec; ! r = 0'57(3'822lβ2.2x2)= O.13 ft
(b) K = 340 ft, ft= 0.017; K = 5.78

V = 5.0 f/sec; ! r = 5.78 x 5.02t132.2 x2) = 2.24 ft
(c) K= 60ft, ft= 0.018; K = 1.08

V = 6.5 ft/sec; ! r= 1.08 x 6.52t(2x32.2) = 0.71 ft
'10-1e. !r= 2.31 (#)' = 10.8 ft of water or 4.7 psi.
10-20. Assume com. stl. pipe
Q = O.O3 mt/s = 108 m3/hr, size pipe for about 4 mllOO m
From Fig. 10-20, use 5 inch pipe, lD = 130 mm
f -_ ..25 ml100 m; [1= (3'251100)200

nt
λ' a, 6.5 m of water or 63.7 kPa
=
ΔPg = 35 kPa
- Γ o-99-1'
| ' ι7
For strainer. ΔP" " 1 0.00722 J
= '27 kPa
Then for the pump:
ΔPp = 63.7 + 35 + '17 .3 + 3(1000)(9 .807)11000 = 145'4 kPa
Ηp = 145.419'807 = 14.8 m
Q = O.O3 mu/s - 30 L/s
10-21. Size the pipe using Fig. 10-20 or program PIPE. Fitting equivalent
lengths found using Fig. 10-22a; 10-22b and Τable 10-2' Program
PιPE could be used to solve the complete problem including fitting
losses. Data for hard calculations are summarized below:
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students enrolΙed in οourses Γor whiοh the textbook has been adopted' Αny other reproducιion or ιrαnsΙαtion of ιhis νork beyond ιhαt
permitted by Sections ]07 or Ι08 ofιhe Ι976 Uniιed SιζlιeS Cοpyright Αcιlνiιhοuι ιhe permission ofιhe cοpyrighι oνner is unΙανful.
L
198
/o\
lO(3) 1ot3] Θ \:-/
Θ
ro(3) I o(3)
] 5ι5)
qpm
Sec. it Le ιt Con. Coil
Τotal
ft.
No. stze tn. ft./'100 ft ft. ft. Valve ft. ft.
120
1 3.38 45 1.5 1.5
3
70
5 3.64 '15 0.6 0.6
2.5
40
6 3.'1 24 0.7 11.4 12.1
2
40
7 3.'1 13 0.4 12.0 12.4
2
90
4 5.84 27 1.6 1.6
2.5
120
10 3.38 42 1.4 1.4
3
5ο
2 4.7 22 1 10.0 11.0
2
50
3 4.7 26 1.2 10.0 11.2
2
30
I 6.3 28 1.8 14.4 16.2
1.5
30
9 6.3 13 0.8 15.0 15.8
1.5
ch 120 20
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students enrol]ed in courses Γor whiοh the tΘXtbook has been adopted' Αny οιher reproducιiοn or trαislαtiοn of ιhis νori beyoncl ιhαι
permitted by Secιions ] 07 or Ι 08 of ιhe ] 976 (Ιnιted SιαιeS Copyrighι Αct wiιhοut the peimission οf ιhe cοpyrighι owλer is unΙcnνful.
199
The head losses for the three parallel runs are approximately the
same.
For run (1-5-6-Z-4-10), Hp = 49.6 ft

For run (1-5-S-g-10), Hp = 55.5 ft
For run (1-2-3-4-10), Hp = 46J ft
Therefore, a pump should be selected to provide about 56 ft of head

at
120 gpm.
10-22. 500 gpm, Use 5 inch pipe; !'f = 4.17 fil1OO ft
V = 8.0 ftlsec
Length of pipe = 160 + 3O + 12 = 202 ft

6-5 in elbows = ,lS ft (Figure 10_22)
3-5 in gate valve = 12 ft
1-5 in gΙobe valve = 130 ft; Total equivalent length

= 419 ft
. 4.17(41e\
/, = -Ι_1}-J "/ = 17 '5 ft of water
For strainer: ! 2.31 = e.24ft of water

"= [#)'
For cond | !
"o
= 20 ft of water
Τhen Hp = 17 '5 + 9.24 + 20 + (3o _ 12) = 64.7 ft at 5OO gpm
10-23'Use Εq. 10-33
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on a not-Γor-profit basis fbr testing or instructional puφosοs only to
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Αny οιher Ιeprοdactιon or ιrq'nsιαιion of ιhis νork beyοnd thαι
permiιιed by Sections ] 07 or Ι 08 of ιhe 1 976 United Sιαιes Cοpyright
Αct νiιhλut ιhe peimission of the cοpyτ.ighι owner is unlανfuΙ.
L
200
6oott*:;*g -,l) - 3x6 sxlo-u (1,0 -oull
,,_ _
-
". = 19.4 9a1. = 74 L
I
gz.οgο og.οgο ]
οoo[[9 Ψξg
L[ 0'ο1ο0zz
_,'l _ 3x6.5x1
) o_u (1,, o _
'-___-_-J
ou1l
10-24' Use Eq. 10-34 v, =
ι '_ 69:ο%,
Vr-_8.Ζ-gal = 33 L
10-25. Use Eq. 10-33

tl = 60oF, P2= 50 psig, P1 = 20 psig, v1 = O.O16ο53 ft3/lbm
vz = O.O1 6772 ft3/lbm, tz = 220"F
Vτ= = _11_5_gal. - 435 L
10-26
(a) Use Eq. '10-16
Τ
P,+ PτPzι= Pzgzz +ρνv+ρg
'g"9cι
lL 24o tΙ,
9c
Ι
P9nLE
''
=
ff (zz-zι)+ ρw +
-9cl
Exοerpts from this work may be reproduced by instruοtors for distribution on a nοt_for-profit basis for
testing οr instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in οourses for which the textbook has been adopted,' Αny other reproductιon or ffαλιαιion
of ιhis wori beyond-ιhαι
permiιιed by Secιiοns ]07 οr ]08 οfιhe Ι976 L]niιed Sιαιes CopyrightΑctνΙιhouι ιhe peimission οfthe copyrighι
owλer is untιιυful'
-
=
# e4o)
#(60)
+
# es1=Be psis or 61 2 kpa201
(b)
P,'+ρg!= P2+ρg2
9c - --gc
Pz=Pι-
t (zι-zz)=89.o -effi
Pz = -15 psig = -i03 kpa or about o absorute
(c) No, makeup water is not available to overcome

a pressure of gg
psig. However, the domestic water system probabry
has a
booster pump.
10-27 (a) Pι = Pz * o* (zz-zι) + ρνν * ρ9ι,

9c gc
62.4(240)
= 5+ 62.4(60) . 62.4(25)
'n0.8
144 144 144
Pr = 93.8 psig or 647 kpa
(b) η =Pz+ !9 (zz-zι) = 5 *62|(,2ra0) = 5 + 104 =.t09 psig

9c
Pl = 109 psig or 752 kPa
Excerpts from this work may be repτoduced by instructors

for distributiοn οn a not-for-profit basis for testing
students enrolled in courses for which the or instructiοnal puφoses only to
iextbook t-,u. υ".n
permiιιed by Sections ] 07 or Ι 08 of the ] 976 1dγνωj Ατ-ιl λrir, Ιrpr"a""rιon or ιrαnslαιion οf ιhis work beyond ιhαι
United Stαιes copyrighi Αcι withλuι ιhe p,e1miιsιon of ιhe copyright ονner
is unlαινful.
202
(c) This location is at Ιeast workable. Ηowever the pressure at the
pump is still very high. The domestic service water
pressure would have to be boosted to a higher pressure at the 2oth
floor.
10-28
(oo , sz) + (a, x +o)= (ao x ιτ)
Qo *Q. = Qα= 100
Solve Simultaneous
57Qb + (O x 1OO) - 4OQb = 100 x47
ab = Ψ
17
= 41.2 say 41gpm
(b) Q. = Q.. = 1OO - 41 = 59 gpm
(c) Size all pipe for 100 gpm
D = 3 in. from Fig. '1

0-20 or PIPE
10-29. (a) Each chiller requires 600 gpm. Since chiller 2 is partially loaded it
must have the full flow of 600 gpm.
Therefore, Q"p = 1200 - 750 = 450 gpm
(b) (150 - 60) + (450 x 42) = 600 ts, ts = 46.5 F
(c) LR = 150/600 = 0.25
(d) Main pipe to and from sec. Circuits: D = 8 in. com. stl.
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students enτοlled in courses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted' Αny οther reproductiοn or trαnslαιion of this work beyond ιhαι
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203
Dns = Dco = O in. com. sfl. (S in. a litile small)
D"p = 6 in. com. sfl.
Dsc = DRo = 6 Ιn. com. stl. ( could be 5 in. but easier to make all
6
in.)
(e) Rpm, = ΓPIΠl 050l12oo) = 35OO(75o/12o0) = 2188
(η ιW = *#=1-ff =,l_[ffiJ' =, (##) = O 756
or 75o/o
10-30. (a) Q"n = 12OO -750 = 450 gpm
(b) Qrtr (450x42)+ (750x60)

+ Qztz = Qsts; ,. =
= 53.3 F
1200
Both chillers receive the same temp. water
(c) Load ratios are the same:

LR=
##=0628or63%
10-31.
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a not-for_profit basis fοr testing or instruοtionaΙ puφoses only to
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permitted by Sectiοn's Ι 07 or 108 of ιhe ] 976 ΙJnitecl Stαtes Cοpyrιghι
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204
10 (13) 2 2Ο(6) 3 *{s)

T'r^;n
ι }iJJυα' ^ !
**ntΓ*if Φr
u? 1*{S}
ι$
BaΙ*n*s
ve,v*
{typi*aii
Ω*{s} s 2Ο(s) 8
**rnnr** pip*
Note: Piping is type L copper

Αll |engths are total equivalent lengths
FΙow rate Lost head ft (m)

Coil opm (L/s) Coil Con. valve
A 40(2.5) 12(3.7) 10(3)
B 40(2.5) 15(4.6) 12(3.7)
c 50(3.2) 18(5.5) 15(4.6)
10-31. (continued)
Section Dia. ir L" !.r

No. gpm in. ft ft
ftl1ο0'
1-2 130 3 3.7 60 2.2
2-3 90 2% 4.8 20
)
3-4 50 2 5.0 30
^,îl C r; 355
' he reproduced by instruοtors for distribution on a not_Γor-profit basis fortiting or instructionai puφoses onΙy
to
-ιhαι
hiοh the textbook has been adopted' Αny oιher λeprοduction
''/ United Sιαιes Cοpyrighι Αcι ιιithouι ιhe permission οr ιrαislαιiοn of ιhis wori beyond
of ιhe copyv.ight oνλer is unlωυful.
205
Con. C 15
4-5 130 3 3.7 40 1.5
Com. oi 0 3 0.0 39.2 ft (tote
2-6 40 2 3.4 30 1.0
Coil A 12
Con. A
3-7
10 23 ft (total)
40 2 3.4 10 0.5
Coil B 15
Con. B 12
7-8 80 2% 3.9 20 0.8 28.3 ft (totat)
Circuit 1-2-3-4-5-1 is the path of greatest lost head. From Fig.

choose at
1O-1 1
40 ftof head and 130 gpm the 7 in., 1750 rpm model which
froduces about 43
ft of head.
Ξp^q 2ΟΟ 2ΟΟ

lbu] 2(rΟ)3(rΟ}
t p,ih-*:y +ο* Ιs*ianc*
vxlγ*
PumP {12)l 4Q
t1i {typi*ai}
r
f
*hill*r
p ιl Π]$} $
ι*
{} *οntr*i
ιJ
. valv*
{ typi*xi}
10-32.
Notes: PΙpe is schedule 40, commercial steel.
Αll lengths are total equivalent lengths exc|uding control valves.
Circuit Flow rate Control valve

gpm (L/s) head loss ft (m)
Α 60(3.8) 40(12)
B 70(4.4\ 5ο(15)
c 70(4.4\ 50(15)
'' be reproduοed by instruοtors
for distribution on a not-for_profit basis for testing or instructional
puφoses on1y to
"hiοh the textboοk has been adopted. Αny oιh-er )eproducιiοn
or ιrαλhιiοn o7 tnπ beyond thαι
'976 United Stαtes Cοpyrighι Αcι ννithouι the peλission of ιhe copyright ονner 'orκ
is unlαwful.
206
Section Dia. if L" (.t

No. gpm in. ft/'l00' ft ft
1-2 200 4 2.4 200 4.8
2-3 140 3 4.2 200 8.4
3-4 70 2% 3.5 240 8.4
Con. 50
4-1 200 4 2.4 400 9.6 81 .2 ft (total)
2-5 60 2% 2.5 240 o
Con. A 40
5-4 140 3 4.2 200 8.4 54.4 tt (total)
3-6 70 2% 3.5 40 1.4
Con. B 50 51.4 ft (total)
Circuit 1-2-3-4-1 has the largest head loss of alΙ paths. Select pump for 2OO
gpm at 81 ft of head. From Fig. 10-1 1, use: 5Υ' in., 3500 rpm model. Will
operate at 96 ft at 200 gpm.
10-33 (a) qst = 20 x 12,000 x2= 480,000 Btu
/1 _ gst 480000
= 512.8 ft3
ρc, (t,.-t.) 62.4(1) (60-45)
orQ=3,8369a1
(b) Vol = 513 ft3 ora Space 8 ftx 8 ftx 8 ft ora cyΙindrical tank 8 ftdia. x
10.2 ft
10-33. (continued) Solution - Sl:
(a) Qg1 = (352_280) (2)= 144k\^l-hr= mc, (trt.) _ Qρcp(t-t.)
q Qst - 144 x3600

= = 14 m3
ρο, (t1ts ) 980(4. 184) (1 6-7)
' 1le reproduοed by instruοtors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instruοtional purposes only to
'.'hiοh the textboοk has been adopted. Αny oιher reproduction οr trαnslαtion of ιhis wοrk beyond thαt
^76 (Ιnιιed Sιαιes Copyrighι Αcινιιhout ιhe permission οfthe cοpyrighι oιυner is unlανful'
207
(b) Vol. = 2Αmx2.4mx2.4m
10-34. Solutions may/can Vary. Α typical solution is:
(a) Use 2 chillers of '15 tons total capacity in a reverse return system
similar to figure 10-32. The piping would be routed overhead around
the complex with supply and return running parallel, starting and
returning to the equipment room.
(b) Total flow rate is
Qτ =16 x2'25 = 36 gpm Using PIPE or Fig 10-21; Dia. = 2in'
(c) Estimated length =225x4x2= 1s00ft. Τotal Eq. Length=2x 18OO =

3600 ft
Assuming an average Ιoss of

about 2.5 ft1100 ft; The pump head required would be:
Hp = 2.5 x 3600/100 = g0 ft with flow rate of 36 gpm
'10-35 Solutions may vary
(a)Figure 10-34 is a schematic of what the system wouΙd be.

However, there would be 3 chillers and the secondary piping would
be routed in a square fashion around the outside of the parking
garage in reverse return.
(b)Τhe primary system would appear as in Figure 10-34 with the
common pipe as shown because of the expected variable and light
load at night.
(c)The tertiary circuits would be as shown in Figure 10-34 and piped in
a reverse return manner.
(d)For each building:
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students enrolΙed in οourses for whiοh the textboοk has been adopted' Αny other reprοductiοn οr ιrαislαιion of ιhis νork' beyοnd thαt
peιmitted by Sections Ι 07 or Ι 08 of the ] 976 tJnited Sιαιes Cοpyrighι Αcι 1ψiιhouι the permission of ιhe cοpyrighι owner is unΙα:wful.
208
1500 x 't2000
Qi 600 gpm
4x500(60-45) =
=
QΤ=4x600 =2400 gpm

(e) Dia. = 10 in., Figure 10-20 or plpE
10-36.
;ControΙ valve (Typical)

I
Y φ a_Air Vent (Typical)
,+9*Π4 Heating Device (Typical)
T<-TypicatTrap
r-€
IE
ι o r--5
erξι--]
!- - -<-'-'
Possible
-ξ2 < Vacuum Breaker on each
Heatinq Device
;-
10-37 ' Αssume boiler pressure of 2'O psig with ΔP/L = 2'O oz or 0'125 psi/1OO
ft' (TabΙe 10-4a). Τhen, ΔP = o'125x 175l1OO = 3'5 ozor 0'22 psi ΔP
is about Υzthe alΙowabΙe from Table 10-4a'
Assume boiler pressure of 1.o psig with ΔP/L Ξ 0'125 psi/1Oo ft.
(TabΙe 10-4a)' Then ΔP = 0'125 x 175l1OO = 0'22 psi which is near
the maximum in Τable 10-4a' Either boiler pressure could be used,
but select2.0 psig to be conservative.
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basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in cοurses for whiοh the textboοk has been adοpted. Αny oιher reproducιiοn
or ιrαnsιαιion of ιhis wοrk beyoncl thαt
permiιted by Sectiοns Ι 07 or 108 of ιhe ] 97 6 (]nitect Stαιes Cοpyrigh} Αcι νith'οuι ιhe peimission
of ιhe cοpyright ονλer is untωνfuΙ.
209
From Figure 10-48a at 850 lb/hr; ΔP/L = 0.'125 ρsil100 ft, and boiler
pressure of 2.0 psig: Pipe diameter = 4 in., with steam velocity of
4,00ο ftlmin at zero psig. Correct velocity to 2'0 psig (Fig. 10-49a)
V = 3,800 ftlmin
10-38. For each unit at full load:

ft. = 283 lb/hr
Pipe size depends on slope of line, Τable 10-5a. For slope of 1/8 to Υι
in./ft, D = 1 in. nominal specify slope of % in./ft (conservative).
10-39. Refer to Table '10-5a.

The available head is = 2 x'100/110 = 1'82ftl1ο0 ft. Then at 850 lb/hr
of condensate flow, D = 1 in. nominal is adequate.
10-40 (a)
q = rhcp(t,-t,) =
ga##(1)(6s - 42)
ι'ι
^ - 1200x 1200x7'48 -= λ1'250
= ^F^ gpm -..-
60 X 624(654η
(b) Αssuming no changes in the temperatures, the total flow rate would
be:
-P Ξ9t
Φ., =
1200 \
1l25O) '/
= 937.5 or 938 gpm
Τhe chillers could share the flow:

-=469gpm
'2=
^-938
(J,
and be above their minimum flow of 70o/o.
jι 469
- = 0.75 or or Ts%
Qmin 625
EΧcerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
students enrolΙed in οourses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny οther reproducιiοn or ιrαnslαιion οf ιhis νork beyond thαι
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210
Τhis is probably the best way to operate. Τhere would be no bypass

flow and the parallel pumps couΙd operate at:
RPM, = *x
625
35OO = 2,626
(c) At 6ο% full load, again assuming no change in temperature, the

totaΙ flow rate would be:
Qp = 0.6(1 250) = 750 gpm
This is too much flow for one chilΙer and not enough for two chillers
at minimum flow of 875 gpm or 438 gpm each. Τherefore, both
chilΙers will have to operate at least at 438 gpm each and some ftow
bypassed equal to:
Φυ, = 875 - 75O = 125 gpm
The pumps could both be slowed to:
RPMP =
' ,9'?
1250
ι35oο) = 2'450
(d) Αt 25% of fuΙΙ capacity, again assuming the temperatures do not

change, the flow rate for the load is:
d, = 0.25(1250) = 313 gpm
which is less than the minimum flow rate for even one chiller.
Τherefore, shut down one chiller and operate the other at least its
minimum flow of 438 gpm. The bypass flow would be:
Qop = 438 - 3]3 = 125 gpm
One pump would be shut down and the speed reduced for the other
pump to:
RPM,' = *(3sOO) =2,453

625
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students enrolled in οοurses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reproclucιion οr ιrαislαιion of this work beyοnd'thαt
permitted by Sections ] 07 or Ι 08 of the ]976 Uniιed Sιαtes Cοpyrighι Αcι withοuι ιhe permission of ιhe copyright owner is unlανfut.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduοed by instructors for distribution on a not-fοr-prοfit basis for
testing or instructional pulposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbοok has been
adopted. Αny other reproduction or trαηslαtion of this work beyond thαt permitted by Sections ]07 or
Ι0B of the Ι976 United Stαtes Copyright Αct without the permission of the copyright iwner is unΙαιυful.
Requests for permission οr further informαtion should be αddressed to thi permission Depαrtm'ent,
John Wiley & Sons, Ιnc, ] Ι ] Riνer Street, Hobοken' NJ 07030.
GHAPTΕR 11
11-1 . (a) Using Eq. 1 '1-1b
1=L959ll-,
, = '-Ao'ν= Ψ= O.353 Αssumed K
ζJΑ" =6
ft2;
s5ο
-=ug-ô)
X5o = ' 50.,/0.353
1: = 68.5 ft; x1ρρ = 34.2ft; xlso = 22.8ft
(b) Q, = CQov"/v,, C = 2; Εq. 11-2a
(Q,)so = 2(3OO)850/SO = 10,2OO ft3/min
(Q,)loo = 6Oο(85O)/1OO = 5,1O0 ft3/min
(Q,)rso = 6OO(850)/150 = 3,400 ft3/min
11_2' Using Εq. 11-3
t, _ t, = 0.8(to _ tι.) (V,/Vo), Δt, = 0.8(100-75) V,ll'tοO
(Δt,)so = 0.8(28)50l1100 = 1'02 F
(Δt*)loo = 2'04 F
(Δt )lso = 3.06 F
11-3. 50 ftlmin throw = 24 - 6 = 18 ft

212
From Eq. '1 1-'1 and Qo = Vo x Αo; Assume K =6
Qo_ Xζ Q" *v* 18 x 5o

λ;=1l3Kro'ffi =1.13K- = 132.7
.13x6 '1
Αny combination shown would be D^
acceptable. The size would depend δ ln. ft.

a
29 J 0.25
on the available total volume flow 39 4 0.33
rate of air and the size of the space. 49 5 0.4t7
59 6 0.500
118 t2 1.00
11-4. Q, = Q oC V , Eg. 11=2a

"lV,
Vo= Q o/Ao = ιzstl L- r9)'l= οsο fVmin
L4 \ιz1 1
V,= V"(1.13)Kl lx ; K= 6, x = 12ft
r-
vr= 636 x 6(1 .i q'γ4
' t12 = 159 ft/min
^l+x(O.S)2
Qr= 125x2x6361159 = 1000 cfm
11-5. A ceiling type diffuser system has the ability to handle large
quantities of air because the air is discharged radially and
diffuses the high velocity jet in a short distance.
11-6. (a) A perimeter type system would be necessary to achieve a

satisfactory heating performance. Αny other type of system
would lead to a cold and drafty floor.
ExοeΙpts Γrom this wοrk may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-fοr_profΙt basis for testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
students enrolled in οοurses for which the textbοok has been adopted. Αny other reprοduction or trαnsι{ιιion οf this work beyοnd ιhαι
permiιted by Sections ]07 οr l08 ofthe Ι976 tJnited Stαtes CopyrighιΑctνiιhoutιhe permission ofιhe copyrighιονneris unlαιllfuΙ.
213
(b) An overhead type system would be preferred because
of the
greater need for cooling during the summer
and less need
for heat durΙng the winter.
11-7 ' Α perimeter type system would be the best choice. This type
system is required to do a good job of heating. Α spreading jet
should be used when heating and a nonspreading jet should
be used when cooling.
11-8' Some kind of overhead system wouΙd be preferable since

cooΙing would be the dominant mode of operation.
However,
ceiling diffusers with radial discharge woutd not be required
due
to a low volume of circuΙated air' Α high side walt type
of system
or ceiling diffusers with discharge in only one or
two directions
with a Ιarge throw would be preferred. This would give
the
maximum air motion with a smaΙl amount of circulated
air.
11-9. 10 in. round diffuser, TabΙe 11-4;650 cfm
lnterpolation between 600 & zoo cfm is required
NC=0.5x(21 -17)+17=19
x5o = 0.5(1 1-10) + 10 = 10.5 ft
p=oo62(ffi)'=oo73in wq
11-10.
For 150 cfm/ft, ΔPo = O.08 x (150116712 = O.ο65 in' wg.

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214
Throw values are for a 4 ft active length then
X5ο = 21 _ 0.6(4) = '18.6 ft;
Τhe uncorrected NC for a 10 ft length is NC = 23 _ 0.6(5) = 20.
For a length of 6 ft the correction is -2.

Corrected: NC = 20 -2 = 18
11-11. Model 28, 4-48 T-Bar; Table '1 1-6, 270 cfm
lnterpolate:
NC = 0.7 (36 - 32) + 32 = 34.8 or 35
xso = 0.7(11 -10) * l0 = 10'7 or 11 ft
, ^-^'t2
p=O.r[ +l )
ι245
=o.13in.wq
-
11-12' From Table 11-1, L = 12 ft' Then from Τable 11-2 at
Q= 40 Btu/(hr-ft21, lxuo/L1rr*
=1.3 and the range is1.2 - 1.8, and X5s = 1.3 x12= 15.6ft
A good solution would be to use the 4 in. size with

'150 cfm/ft. with uncorrected throw of 18 ft and NC = 19.
The corrected throw is:
Xso ='18 x 0.85 = 15.3 ft and NC = 19 - 4= 15
P = 0.057rΨ)' = O.066 in. wq

ι139 ) -
11-13. (a) Room char. Length = 14 ft, Table 1 1-'1
(x5ρ/L)rr, = 0.8, Table 11-2
Range of xso/L = 0.5 to 1.5; xso = 0.8 x 14= 11.2ft
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students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reprοducιιon or ιrαnsιαιion οf this ιυork beyond thαt
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215
The best choice would be a 12 in. size with 600 cfm
14'3
(b) xso = 13. --'-'--νν'-
:9 Q) = 14.3ft;x5e/L
80'ι - = 1.02(in the range)
14
ΔPo = o.o81 (ffi)' = 0.0g6 in. wg., NC = 22+ffιol =24.5
11-14. Room char. Length is 26 ft,Table 11-2

(a) (x5ρ/L),,, = 1.6 (Table 11-2); range of (x5g/L) = 1'2 - 2'3
26 = 41.6 ft; Q/diff = 60012 = 3OO οfm
Xso = 1.6 x
From Τable 11-5, the 18 x 4, 14 x 5, or

12 x 6 sizes may be acceptable aΙthough the throw is
less than desired. Xso = 31 ft
Xso/L = 31.6126 = 1.2 (barely in the acceptable range)
(b) Xso = 31- ft (zero defΙection)
NC = 22*,
^po:
o.o6e (#)'= 0.065 in. ws.
11-15 lt is good practice to keep the core veΙocity below 5OO ftlmin. A
solution is the 18 x '1 2; Table 11-7
ΔPo- -o.O45 [,Ψ)'

ι535/
= -O.O57 in. wg
65
NC= 21 + fZl
135' ι =24
Note that static pressure and ΔPo are negative.
11-16. Guidelines:
1-Place diffusers under or between double windows.
2-Select throw using the ΑDPl procedure. Characteristic length
Εxοerpts from this work may be reprοduοed by instΓuctoΙS for distribution on a not-for-proflt basis for testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
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216
= floor to ceiling.
3-Noise criteria (Nc) should usuaΙly be less than 30.
4-Be Sure that the totaΙ pressure required is compatible
with the pressure characteristics of the system. For example,
a smalΙ commercial system may have a fan that produces only
about 0.6 in. wg. total pressure while a large commerciat system
may operated at2-5 in. wg. total pressure. The diffusertotal
pressure Ιosses should be no more than abo ut 10% of the
fan total pressure.
5- Use data from Table 1 1-3
11-17 ' GuideΙines:

1-center diffusers in square or nearly square spaces. Divide
large or irregular spaces into imaginary square spaces and
pΙace a diffuser in each Space. Select throw using ΑDPl procedure.
2-Τry to obtain a balance between many small diffusers versus
a few very rarge diffusers to be cost effective.
?_
vι
4_ t See Problem 11-16
5- Use data from Table 11-4
11-18. Guidelines:
1-Locate diffusers about 12 in. below ceiling on inside waΙls. Setect
throw using ADpl procedure.
2-Τhe jet may be spread with this type diffuser. However, more
than one diffuser should be used where the room width is at
least two times the room depth.
3-
Iζ. See problem 11-16
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Αcιlνiιhλuι ιhe peimιssiοn οfιhe copyrighι ονner is untανυful.
v&
217
4-
5- Use data from Table 1 '1-S
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218
-ffi
11-19. Guidelines:
'1-Locate grilles in ceiling near
the inside wall.
2-Noise criteria (NC) should be less than 30.
3-The negative static pressure should be held to minimum,
especially for light commercial systems with small fans.
core velocities of less than 5oo ftlmin will usually yield a
quiet system with a reasonably low-pressure loss. Higher
velocities and pressure ross may be tolerated with heavy
commercial applications.
4- Use data from Tale 11-7.
11-20. (a) H-24, Mod 28

at 89 cfm each
+l+ <-l-+ +l-+ 2Ψ'-windows
*l-+ +t-e +l-r
€l+ +l-, €Ι_+
(b) X1oo= 3ft; L =7 ft; X19ρ/L =3l7 = O.43; o.3 < (x19ρ/L) < 1.o
89 cfm/diffuser; ΔPo - 0.06 in. V/g.; ΝC = 20
Νote: other acceptable soΙutions also exist.
11-21. SimiΙar to 11-2O

- Diffusers shouΙd throw air towards the windows
- Arrange to obtain uniform air motion
- Might use diffusers with short throw around exposed walls with
larger units in the interΙor.
11-22. L = 9 ft; Table'l i-1

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othe, )eprocturtιon or trαnsιαtion of ιhis νork beyond ιhαι
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219
X59/L = 0.9; Τable 11=2, straight Vanes ( Assume light load for a
secondary system)
xso=0.9x9=8.'1 ft
Α solution: 9-4 ft length diffusers with 50 cfm/ft, 2 in. size,
Τable 11-3, x = 8.5 ft (no correction required); NC = 15 - 4 = 11
ΔPo = β0l4q2 x O.036 = O'047 in. wg.
Place 3 diffusers on each exposed wall
11-23. Use 4-'12 in. size from Τable 11-4
650 cfm/diffuser; L = 20 ft 80
Room Load = 18
Btu
(hr _ ftΖ )
=
78
x5sil = 0.8, Table 11-2
x = 16 ft (desired)
(650 - 630)
Xactual = (7 _ '15) + 15 = 15.5 ft
F5 _ 63οi
-fl :
xact_15.5_.,
= 0.78 (in acceptable range)
^
NC = 27; ΔPo=O 105 rΨ]'=
ι630/
O.112 in. wg.
11-24' Use 14-H-48, Model 28 diffusers from Τable 11-6;

229 cfmldif. as shown. L = 20 ft, xlse/L
= 0.3 and acceptable range is 0.3 to 1.0.
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220
Desired throw: xloo = 0.3 x 20 = 6 ft.
Actual throw: Xact = 6.5, TabΙe '1 '1-6
o.K.
ltLr
Xr"t/L = 6'5Ι20 = 0.33, 80
NC = 29, ΔPo = 0.095 in. wg.
78
11-25. Refer to Problem 11-23, Q = 2600 cfm; refer to Table 11-7.

Αssume a Ιay-in ceiling with 2 ftx 4 ft tiles. Τo assure a quiet
return, limit NC to about 20. Use 2-24 in. x24 in. grilles with
1300 cfm each. Nc < 25, ΔPo = -0.048 in. wg.
11-26. Refer to Problem 11 -24,3200 cfm.

Assume a2ftx4 ft lay-in ceiling.
Use 24 in. x 24 in. size from Τable 11-7 ' Using three units,
cfm/grille = 320013 = 1067; Nc < 2ο
ΔPo = -0.033 + 0.006 = -0'027 in. wg.
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Ι 0B of the t 976 United Stαtes Copyright Αct without the permission of the copyright owner is unlαwful.
Requests for permissiοη or further informαtion should be αddressed to the Permission Depαrtment,
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CHAPTER 1 2
12-1. (a) W. = rt (Pl _ Pz)lρ Αssume standard air
Q(Pl -P2) _ 2ooο(1.9)

= = o.60 HP - O.45 kW
6350 6350
(b) r,=
ξffi =#ffi+ = O 54 or 54oλ
(c) V = 2Ooo/O '84=2,381ft/min, Pu = Q381l4ooq2 = ο.35 in wg

P. = 1.9 - 0.35 = 1.55 in wg
2000x'1.55
W" = = 0.49
6350
Ιs = Ws/Wrr, = 0'4911'1 = 0'44 or 44o/o
(d) From (c) abovet P, = 1.55 in wg
12-2 a, 2ooo (ffi#) =24oocrm = 1,133 L/s

Qz =
#ffi =
ΔP,z = ΔP.l = 1.55 (ffi#)' = 223in wg ρ 555 Pa

[Hffi)'
(κpv")2
ΔΓ ι o( -*Ψ9\ =z'τιin
-ι1οOo/ wg =682Pa
".[ffi)=
ΔPoz =
W, = \iν, [RPM, ]' =l '1

(12o0lu = l.9 HP = 1'42k\Ν
ιRPM1 ι1000/
'
221
12-3. (a,b) Qz = Q (750i900) = 0.833 Q r
Poz= PO1(75ol9OO)2 = ο'694 Pο1
HPz- ΗP1(75oi9oo)3 = 0.579 HPl

80ο RPM 7OO RPM
a Po HP a Po HP
6,000 2.3 2.75 5,250 1.76 1.84
10,000 1.87 3.5 8,750 1.43 2.34
14,000 1.15 3.45 12,250 0.88 2.31
12-3
2.4 6
σJ
(d) Po = 1-30 in. wg
Ξ 2.0 5
.Ξ Φ = 9625 cfm
'1.6 4
ΗP = 2.34
I
Φ
Ξ
Φ 1.2 3 (L
U) Ξ
Φ
α 0.8 2
E
Ξo
t- 0.4
1
0.0 0
02 468111214
cfm x 10-3
12-4. Since pressure in in. wg. is plotted on the ordinate instead of head the
pressure must be adjusted to reflect the barometric pressure at 5280 ft
elevation.
Po = (Po)rtο(ρ/P.tα) = (Po).tα(Po/Po,'tα)
also, W = W.tα(ρ/Ps*o)= Wr16(P6/P5'r16)
Po,,tα = 14.696 psia; Po = O.491(29'42 _ 0.0009 x 5280); Eq. 3-4
or instruοtional puφosοs only to

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222
Po = 12.112 psia
Τhen in Denver, Co the ne\M characteristics may be obtained by
computing Po and W at various volume flow rates from Fig. 12-8.
Po = (Po),ro(2.112t14.696) = 0'824(P6)916 ?Πd W - 0-824 Wstο.
Q cfm
6,000 '10,000 14,000
Po W Po W Po W
Sea Level 2.3 2.75 1.87 3.5 1.15 3.45
Denver 1.9ο 2.27 1.54 2.88 0.95 2.84
:.
(b) ΔW=ff= _ 35
(w",0 - w)1oo 3.5 - 2.88
.
ΔW = 18% (decrease)
12-5. Refer to Problem 12-4 for explanation.
P6 = (99.436 - 0.10 x 1618) = 83.256 kPa

Po = (Po)stο = (83.256/101 '325) = 0.822(Po).16
\Λ/ = Wstο x0'822
(a)
Q m3/min
125 155 180
Po W Po W Po W
Sea Level 400 1 350 320 1 600 260 2000
Αlbuquerque 329 1110 263 1315 214 1644
οnly to
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wοrk beyond ιhαι
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223
(1600--1315)
(b) ΔW = 10O = 17'ro/odecrease
1 600
12-6. (a) This is at the limit of the good selection range. lt would be
better to choose a different fan.
(b) Α near perfect match with the fan capable of producing about
1.85 in. V/g. totaΙ pressure at 10,000 cfm.
(c) A bad application and out of the recommended range.

Would probably be unstable.
12-7 [From Fig. 12-9]

(a) No, fan is too small.
(b) No, not a good application, fan is too large.
(c) YeS, near perfect appΙication; moderate fan speed,

high efficiency.
12-8. 150 m3/min, 4OO Pa [From Fig 1 2-10J

The fan would be acceptable and is reasonable.
η1 = 55%; RPM = 85O; W, = 185o W
12-9. (a) At 1418 cfm = 1420 cfm, Ve = 2OOO ft/min
P" = [+Ψl'
ι4005,
= o.zs in. wg., Po = P, + P, = O.88 in. wg.
P. = 0.88 - 0.25 = 0,63 in. wg. - 518 in. wg.

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students enrolled in οourses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny οther reproducιion or ιrαnslαιion of this νοrk beyοnd thαι
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224
(b) From Τable 12-1 in col. For 5/8 in. wg.

The rpm is 1092 and power is 0.39 ΗP
0.94
O.BB
\o10e2 rPm
0.80
1240 1420
cfm
12-10' (a) ΔPo = 3.0 + 0.3 + 0'20 = 3.50 in. wg.
(b) desired fanr.ι ,'t svstem with svstem

{z' P eifect factor
3. 'osystem wlthout system
3.CI
ι effect faοtor
iffu" setection without

I system effect factor
. 't3,500 15,00ο
Q cfm
(c) 13,500 to 14,000 cfm
12-11.
/2istem, actual
βε,,f-οr whiιih tl
οr ]08 οfthe ]9
225
System eff. Factor .1gO pa

= 610 - 430 =
12-12' D" = (4 x 12 x 16lπ)112 = 15.6 in
Αssume blast area ratio = 0.7, Table 12-3

\/
V = 4ο00(1 2 x 161144) = 5333 fVmin
"
One eff. Duct length = 5.3 diameters, table 12_2
or L" = 5.3 x '15.6 = 83 in.
% Εff ' Duct length = 100 x 30/83 = 36
Elbow in position C, Fig. 12-13
EΙbow loss factor = 0'79, Τable 12-5
ΔPo = 0.79(5333l4o0q2 = 1.40 in. wg.
12-13' V ι = 4OO 0l |π x 142l14 x 1aa)] = 4,276 ftlmin

Duct length = 28 in.; R/D = 10.5114 = o.7s; L/D = 29114 = 2.0
Elbow and duct loss factor = 1.O, Τable 12-6
ΔPo - 1'0(4276l4ooq2 = 1'14 in. wg.
12-14' Blast area ratio = 0.7, TabΙe 12-3

D" = (4 x 20 x 2Olπ)1l2 = 22'6 in.
V = 1O,OOO x 1441(20 x20) = 3,600 fVmin

L" = 3.6 dia., Table 12-2
L/Le - (0122.6)13.6 = 0.12
Co = 0.4, Table 12-4
ΔPo = 0. 4(3600l4ooq2 = O.32in. wg.
12-15' D" = (4 x 12 x 12lπ)1l2 = 13.5 in.
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basis for testing οr instructiona1 puφoses onΙy to
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226
V" = 25001(12x 121144) = 2500 ft/min
One eff. Duct length = 2.5 diameters,Table 12-2
L = 2.5 x 13.5 = 33.9 or 34 in.
12-16. From Problem 12-15, Vr= Ve = 2500 ft/min (assumed)

ΔPo = C"(v /4005)2; Co = O.16/(250O t400q2 = O'41
From Τable 12-6, LlH = 4'3
Length = 4.3 x 12 = 51.5 in.
12-17. (a) Τhe design condition and the observed condition are on
nearly the same system characteristic. Therefore, it is
probable that the fan is not running at the desired speed
of about 920 rpm but at a lower speed of about 6'10 rpm.
(b) The fan is operating near the 920 rpm characteristic

but something related to the duct system has changed.
Possibly a damper is closed, a duct has collapsed or some
other obstruction is present.
(c) Both the system and the fan characteristic have

changed. The duct system has probably
become fouled or slightly damaged is some way while
the fan speed has decreased slightly due to \Μear and tear.
1.5x5000
12-18' Wsn,l = 16 HP; Wsh,2 Ξ = 1.62
6350x0.73
% Diff = rco(16_,!62)
16 = +οO% [decrease from 1 to 2!
ι )
puφoses only to
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students enrolled in courses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reprοductiοn or ιrαnslαιion of
ιhis work beyond thαt
permiιιed by Sections ] 07 οr Ι 08 of ιhe 1 976 United Sιαιes Cοpyrighι Αcι Ι|ithοuι ιhe ρerfiιissiοn οf ιhe cop1'ν'ighι oνner is unΙανfuΙ.
227
12-19. (a) Assume 15,000 cfm is an equivalent value for the day.
Forfull load point 1: Wr = 16 x0.746x24=286.5 kwh
For part load cond.: Wp = 6.7 x 0]46 x24 = 120.Okwh
(28q'9_ ]20)
ιW = x '1OO
= 58o/o (decrease)
286.5
(b) No, the fan would be forced to operate to the left of the maximum
pressure and would probably be unstable.
12-20' W l = 28.5 ΗP; W z= 17 '5 HP (static po\Μer used)

(28'?:17 '5)
ΔW = 1OO = 39o/o (decrease)
28.5
12-21. (a) Wr = 28.5 x 0.746 x24 = 510 kwh

W, = 27 '0 xO'746 x24 = 483 kwh (vanes assumed "λ open)
(510_:183)
ιW = 1OO = 5'3% (decrease)
510
(b) W, = 27 x0.746x24 = 483 kwh
(510_l_483)
ΔW = 1OO = 5'3% (decrease)
51ο
(a) and (b) essentiaΙly the same.
12-22' The actual inside dimensions are 10 x 8 in. or D" = 9.8 ιn., Table 12-7
For duct, unlined, ΔPo/L = 1 .8 in. wg./100 ft (Fig. 12-21)
2ooox144
O - = 3600 fvmin
1 0x8
From Fig. 12-23, roughness corr. Factor = 1.51, then for the
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permiιιed by Secιions ]07 or Ι08 ofιhe ]976 United Sιαιes CοpyrightΑcιwithouι the permissiοn ofιhe copyright olνner is unlαwful.
228
lined duct, ΔPo/L = 1 .8(1 .5'11 = 2'72 in' wg./100 ft. and
ΔPo - 50 x2'7211ο0 = '1.36 in. wg. or about 338 Pa
12-23. ΔPo = (ΔPo)rl X P/P.l,

ρ _]!}-
Psι Pο,rz
Pυ = 0.491(29'42 - 0.0009 x 5000) = 12.236 psia
ΔPo = 1.36(12'236114.696) = 1'13 in. wg. or about 282 Pa
12-24.
Q = 600 cfm
|
tl
()Θ
-=t'
Dz = Ds = 10 in'', A2lA1= 0.6 = Α3/Aa
ΔPd/L = 0.185 in. wg./100 ft; Fig' 12-21

ΔPzs = 0.1 85 x20l100 = ο.037 in. wg.
For contraction, AzlAι = 0.6, Coz= 0'21
] Table 12-gA
For expansion, A+/As = 1'67, Cρa = O.80
'
600
Υz= Vs= - = 11OOfUmin; Υι=Vgx =660ft/min
ι(ιo1' ff
4112 )
ΔPιz= 0'21(11}ol4oO5)2 = O.O16 in. wg.
ΔPοo = 0.80(660/4o05)2 = a'O22 in. wg.
ΔPo = 0.037 + 0.016 + 0'022 = 0.075 in. wq.
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229
12-25' (a) Bellmouth, Co = 0'2i Αbrupt, Co = 0.5; Table 12-109 & 10Α
ΔPos = O'2(1ooo/4oo5)2 = O.o125 in' W9. - 3.1 Pa
ΔPon = O.5(1oOo/4oO5)2 = O.0313 in. wg. x7'8Pa
(0'0313 - 0'0125)
o/o Diff . - (1oo) = lsoo/o
0 0125
(b) ΔPoa = O'2(40O0l40oq2 = O.2O in. wg. ε 50 Pa

ΔPon = O.5(4OOol4ooq2 = O.50 in. wg' x 124 Pa
- (0.5 - 0.2) (1oo) =

o.2\/
o/o Diff. 15Oo/o
12-26. Table 12-8a, Co = 0.25

V = 1200l[(πla)x(1 4ln)2! = 1122'5 ftlmin
o
ΔPo O.25(1122.5l4oO5)' _ O.O2 in. wq.

=
also
Vo = 0'6l|@lξ(0.35)2] = 6'24 mls
ΔPo - 0.25(6.2411.2q2 = 5.8 Pa
12-27. (a) Co = 0.15, Table 12-8b

Vo = 25OO x 1441(16 x 16) = '1406 ftlmin
ΔPo - o.15(1 40614005)2 = O.O'185 in. wq.
or Vo = 1.21(0.4 x 0.4) = 7.5 m/s

ΔPo = 0'15(7 '5l1'2q2 = 5.1 Pa
(b) Co = 1 '2 Τable 12-8C

ΔPo = 1.2(140614005)2 = O.148 in. wq.
or ΔPo = 1'2(7.5l1'29)'= 40.6 Pa
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230
12-28. a/a c= 25O18OO = 0.3125
Aυ/Ac=(6112)2=O.25
Co = 0.345, Τable 12-11A
Vυ = 25Ol|(πl4)(6t2)2]= 1273 ft/min

or Vυ = 0'12[(ila)(ο.15)2] = 6.8 m/s
ΔPoο = 0.345(1 273t4o05)2 = O.O35 in. wg.
or ΔPoο = 0.345(6 '8t1'2q2 = 9.6 Pa
Qr/Qο=55O/80O=0.6875
ΑS/Ac = (0112)'= 0.694
C" = 0.135, Table 12-11A
V. = 550l|(πla)(0l12)'! = 1οo8 ftlmin
or V, = o.26ll(ila)(0.25)21 = 5.3 m/s
ΔPo" = O.135(1oO8/4οο5)2 = O.OO9 in. wq.

or ΔPo" = O.135(5.3/1 2972 = 2'3 Pa
12-29. From Problem 12-28

a/aο = O.31 25; A/A"= 0'25
Vo = 1273 fVmin or 6.8 m/s
Cο = 0.93, Τable 12-11F
ΔPoo = 0.93(1 273l4oo5)2 = O.O94 in. wq.
or ΔPoο = O.93(6.811'2q2 = 25.8 Pa
Qr/Qc = 0.6875; Αr/A" = 0.694

C, = 0.135; Table 12-118
V, = lOOB fVmin or 5.3 m/s
ΔPo, = O.135(1oOs/4oo5)2 = O.OO9 in. wq.
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231
or ΔPo, = o.135(5.3/1 29)2 = 2'3 Pa
12-30' (a) Ao/Al = 6.0, θ = 180 deg., Co = 37'4, Table 12-98

o?9-0"'^!o
vr = = 2,ooo ft/min
(18x18)
ΑoVo = ΑlVl, Vo = 1, x 2,O0O = 2000/6 = 333 fVmin

Αo
ΔPo = 37.4(333l4o0q2 = 0.260 in. wq.
(b) Co = 14.35 (Table 12-98)

ΔPo = 14.35(333t4ooq2 = O.O99 in. wq.
12-31. ao/Q" = 5OO/1OOO = O.5o

Αο/A" = (8Ι12)'= o'444
ΑS/Αc = (8/1 2)' = 0'444
Q,/Qc = 500/1OOO = O'5
(a) Cυ = 0.755, Table 12-12A lnterpolation required or use

1
C" = O.2'15, Table 12-12A l ASHRΑE Duct Fitting Data
Vο = 50Ot|πt4)(8t2)2]= 1432 ft/min - v,

or Vυ= O.24l|(πl4χo.2)'] =7'64mls
ΔPoυ = 0.755(1 4g2l4o05)2 = O.O97 in. wο.
or ΔPoo = O'755(7 .64112972 = 26'5 Pa
ΔPo, = O'215(1432I4OO5)2 = O.O28 in. wq.

or ΔPo, = O'215(7.641129)2 = 7 '54 Pa
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233
1 55 0.'135 0.07 4 0.50 2(0.26) 1020 0.032 0.034 0.140 35
2 72 0.055 0'ο40 0.16 2(0.26) 630 0.004 0.013 0.057 14
3 20 0.050 0.010 2.0 0.17 550 0.038 0.003 0.051 13
12-33' L = D x Co/f; f = 0.019, ΤabΙe 12-13

Bellmouth: L = 1 x0.210.019 = 10.5 ft
Αbrupt Int.: L = 1 x 0.5/0.019 = 26.3 ft

Q = 1OOO x πl4 = 785 cfm; ΔPo/L = O.12in'wg'l1oo ft, Fig' 12-21
ΔPog = 0.12x 10'5l100 = 0.0126 in. wg. or about 3.'1 Pa
ΔPon = 0.'12x26'3l100 = 0.0316 in. wg. or about 7'9 Pa
12-34' From ProbΙem 12-26' Co = 0.25, D = 14 in'

Lu = DxC olfi f = 0.017 , Table 12-13
lx 0'25
-
γ'=
12 0.017
= 17 '2ft
Q = 12OO cfm; ΔPο/L = 0.'13 in. wg./1OO ft

ΔPo = 0.13 x 17 '2l100 = 0.022 in. wg. or about 5.6 Pa
Note: Most of following duct sizing problems can be solved with the computer
program, DUCT.
12-35. From Figure 12-36.
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234
Estimate Tota] Εquivalent Length of Run 1-2-3 to be approximately

132 ft, Τable 12-14' Then ΔPo/Le = (0.13 x 1 00)1132
= 0.'10 in. wg./100 ft size ducts using Figure 12-21 and record the
actual ΔPo/L from Figure 12-21'
Section Le a D ΔP/L ΔPn

No. ft cfm in. in. wq. in. wg.
100 ft
1 45 300 I 0.084 0.ο38
2 16 220 I ο.090 0.014
3 71 100 6 0.083 0.059
4 55 80 5 0.14 0.077
5 55 120 6 0.125 0.069
Run 1-2-5 actually has the greatest lost pressure.
ΔPlη = 0.038 + 0'077 = 0.115 in. wg.;

ΔPιzs = 0.038 + 0.014 + 0.059 = 0.121 in. wg.
ΔPlzs = 0.038 + 0.014 + 0.059 = 0.1'1 '1 in. \Λ/g.
12-36. The design pressure loss is (0.25 - 0.1 ) = 0.1 5 in. wg. (for supply ducts)
Assume the run with the largest equivalent length is:
1-2-3-4-5, Le = 185 ft
(0'15 _ 0'03)
Τhen for design: ΔPo/Le - x 1OO = 0.065 in. wg./'1oO ft
185
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235
Section Θ has a total flow of 845 cfm. Τherefore, the maximum

velocity in section Θ wjl! be about 800 fVmin if a 14 in. duct is used.
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\
236
12-36. (continued)
(a)
Section Le a D ΔP/L ΔPn

No. ft cfm in. in. wο. in. wg.
100 ft
1 88 845 14 0.065 0.ο57
2 18 595 12 0.07ο 0.013
3 16 395 12 0.034 0.0054
4 17 275 9 0.065 0.0'1 1
5 46 125 7 0.065 0.030

6 51 250 I 0.060 0.031
7 43 200 8 0.072 0.031
I 49 120 7 0.065 0.032
I 49 150 I 0.040 0.020
With the equal friction method, every branch should have a damper for
balancing purposes.
Αctual total pressure loss:
ΔPo - ΔP1 + ΔP2 + ΔP3 + ΔPa + ΔPu + ΔPοs
ΔPo = 0'146 in' wg'
Note that run 1-2-3-4-7 actuaΙly has the greatest loss in total pressure
but the difference is not significant. Use ΔPo = 0.15 in. wg.
(b) Sizing of the longest run, 1 -2-3-4-5, is the same as (a) above where
ΔPo/L = 0.065 in. wg./100 ft. Construct a new table as follows:
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----------------
237
MAIN DUCT RUN BRΑNCH DUcτS
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (e) (10) (1 1) (12) (1 3) (14) (1 5)
Sec Le cfm DJwxh ΔP v ΔPo ΣΔPo Br. ΔPι Le ΔPi οfm D"/wxh v
No. ft. in. L fpm (2)(5) Σ(7) Seο ΔPoot ft. L in. fpm
100 No. -(8)* ('10)100
ΔPα (11)
I BB 845 14 0.065 800 0.057 0.057 f) 0.ο39 51 0.076 250 9 550
2 '18 595 12 0.070 760 0.013 0.070 7 0.036 43 0.084 200 I 570
J 16 ?oξ 12 0.034 500 0.005 ο.ο75 8 0.035 49 0.071 120 7 500
4 17 275 I 0.065 600 ο.01'1 ο.086 9 0.020 49 0.041 150 I 420
5 46 125 7 ο.065 500 0.ο3 0.116
ffuser G 0.030 0,146
The left 8 columns are the same as (a) above. The branches, 6-7-8-9,
are sized to balance in the right hand 7 columns.
(c) Equal Friction Method
-- Design Procedure --
Sysιem type: Supp}y
Duct Sizing Method: Equal Friction
Rounding Method: Round Nearest
-- Ean Selection --
Knoι\Ιn Fan Parameter: F'an TotaΙ Ρressure : 0. 250 in. wg
Fan Αlrflow: B45.0 cfm

Fan or Externa1 Total Pressure: Ο.25Ο in. wg
Coi1 Lost PreSsure: Ο . ΟΟ0 in. wg
Εi1ter Lost Pressure: 0 . 000 in. wg
Misc. Lost PreSSure: 0.ΟΟΟ in. wα
ΑΗU External Total Pressure: Ο.25Ο in. wg
AΗU Pressure for Supply System: 0.150 in. wg - or 60.0

AHU Pressure for Return System: 0.1Ο0 in. wg - or 40.0
%
-- Lost Pressure from Αir HandJ_ιng Unit to Diffuser --

Diffuser ΙD Q Tota1 Delta P
(cfm) (1n. wg)
71 125.0 A.L20
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238
22 150.0 0.154
t6 120.a 0. 130
30 200.0 0. t25
34 250.A 0. Ι21
Total B45. Ο
-- Calculated Fitting VaΙues --

ΙD Fitt1ng Type Dia. Q Velocity Delta P AP /L
( in) (cfm) (ftlmin) (in. wg) (in. wg)
1 Air Ηandling Unit 0.0 845.0 0.0 Ο.000

2 Straight Duct 14. Ο 845.0 '79Ο.4 0.013 0.06415
3 ConicaΙ Contraction 14. Ο 845.0 19A.4 0. Ο13
4 Εlbow 1Δ a 845.0 '790.4 0. Ο06
5 Elbow 14. Ο 845.0 19A.4 0.006
6 Tee / νΙΥe main 72 .4 595.Ο '75'7.6 0. Ο05
branch oΔ 250.0 565. 9 0.018
common 14.0 B45.Ο 19a.4
7 Straight Duct 72 .0 595.0 151 .6 0. ΟΟ7 0.011_61
B Tee / wye main 10.0 395.0 124.2 0.004
branch 8.0 20Ο.0 573.0 0.01_7
coτnmon 72 .0 595.0 151 .6
9 Straight Duct 10.0 395.0 124.2 0.007 0.08259
1Ο Tee/ wye main 9.0 215.0 622.5 0.003
branch 1 .0 L20.0 449.0 0. Ο16
coΙτιmon 10.0 395.0 '724.2
11 Straight Duct 9.0 215.0 622.5 0.007 0.07138
12 Tee / 1.0 L25 .0 0.002
,νΙye il?}l.n ?n 150.0
461 .1
561.3 0.009
coΙnmon 9.0 215.0 622.5
13 Straight Duct 7.0 125 .0 461 .1 0.008 0.05817
14 Εlbow '7.0 L25 .0 461 .1 0.002
15 Straight Duct 1 .0 L25 .0 461 .'7 0.002 Ο.05B17
16 Elbow 7.0 L25 .0 461 .1 0.003
17 Diffuser / GrilΙe ] 2η n 0.030
18 Straight Duct 1.0 15Ο.0 561.3 0.006 Ο. Ο8082
19 Elbow '1
.0 1s0.0 561.3 0.005
20 Straight Duct 1 .0 15Ο.0 561.3 0.016 Ο. ΟB0B2
21 EΙbow 7.0 15Ο.0 561.3 0.005
22 Diffυser / GrΙΙ 15Ο.0 0.040
23 Elbow ?n L24.0 449.0 0.002
24 Straight Duct 7.Ο ι20.0 449.a 0. Ο11 0.05405
25 ΕΙbow 7.0 120.0 449.0 0. Ο03
26 Diffuser,/ Gri11e 120 .0 Ο.036
21 Ε]-boν'τ 2Ο0.0 573.0 Ο.0Ο3
28 Straight Duct 8.0 2AA. 573.0 0.010 0. ο7106
29 Elbow 8.0 20Ο.0 573.0 0.005
30 Diffuser / GritΙ 2Ο0.0 0.040
31 Elbow 9.0 250.0 565.9 0.003
32 Straight Duct 9.0 250.0 565.9 0.013 0.06004
33 EΙbow 9.0 250.0 565.9 0.004
34 Dlffuser / GrilΙ 250.0 0. Ο50
(c) Balanced Capacity Method
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____
System type: Supply

239 -
Duct Sizing Method: Balanced Capacity

-- Fan Selection --
Known Fan Parameter: Fan Total Pressure : -
0.250 in. wg
Fan Αirflow: B45.0 cfm

Fan or External Total Ρressure: Ο.250 in. wg
CoiΙ Lost Pressure: 0.Ο00 in. wg
E'iΙter Lost Ρressure: 0.000 in. wg
Misc. Lost PreSSure : 0 . 0Ο0 in. ι^rq
ΑHU Εxterna1 Total Pressure: Ο.25Ο in. wg
AΗU Pressure for SuppΙy System: 0'150 in. wg - or 60.0 %
ΑHU Pressure for Return System: 0.1Ο0 in. wg - or 40.0 %
-- LoSt Pressure from Αir Ηand1ing Unit to Diffuser _-

Diffuser ΙD Q Tοtaι Delta P
(cfm) (in. wq)
L] 125.0 0.138
22 150.0 Ο.154
26 720.0 0.145
30 200.0 0.140
34 250.0 0.141
Total 845.0
-- Cal cu-Lated Fitting Values --
ΙD Fitting Type Dia. Q Velocity DeΙta P ΔP/L

(in) (cfm) (ftlmin) (in. wg) (in. wg)
1 Air Handling Unit 0. Ο 845.0 0.0 0.00

2 Straight Duct 14.0 845.0 '790.4 0.013 Ο.06415
3 14.0
Conicaf Contraction 845.0 190.4 0.013
4 E}bow 14.0 845.0 190.4 Ο.006
5 trlbow 14.0 845.0 '190.4 0.006
6 Tee / Wye main1'2 .0 595 . 0 '7
57 .6 0 . 005
branch8.0 250.0 116.2 0.016
common 14.Ο 845.Ο '790.4
7 Straight Duct 72.a 595.0 '751 .6 Ο.0Ο7 0.07167
8 Tee / \NΥe main 10.0 395.0 124.2 0.004
branch 1 .0 200.0 1 48.4 0.016
common 72.0 595.0 15'1 .6
9 Straight Duct 10.0 395.0 -124.2 0.007 0.08259
10 Tee / Wye main 9.0 215.0 622'5 0.0Ο3
branch 6.0 720.0 6lL.2 Ο.013
common 10.0 395.0 124.2
11 Straight Duct 9. Ο 215 '0 622.5 0.0Ο7 0.07138
L2 Tee / Wye main 6.0 \25.0 636.6 0.003
branch 1 .0 150.0 561.3 0.009
coΙnmon 9.0 21 5.0 622.5
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240 636.6 0.016
13 Straight Duct 6.0 125 .0
0.72304
L4 Elbow 6.0 L25 .0 636.6 0.004
15 Sιraight Duct 6.0 L25 .0 636 .6 0.005 0.72344
76 Εlbοw 6.0 1rη n 636 .6 0.007
l1 Diffuser / Grille 1,25 .0 Ο.030
18 Sιraight Duct 7.0 150.0 561.3 0.006 0.08082

19 Elbow /.u 150.0 561.3 0.00s
2a Straighι Duct 7.0 561.3 0.016 Ο.08082
27 Elbow 1.0 15Ο.0 561.3 0.005
22 Diffuser / Grille 150.0 0.040
23 Elbow 6.0 1"20 .0 6tt .2 0.004
24 Straight Duct 6.Ο 120.0 6L7.2 0.023 0.ΙL427
25 Elbow 6.0 t2a .0 6L1.2 0.006
26 Diffuser / GrilΙe 120.0 0.036
2"7 El-bow 1.4 200. Ο 148.4 Ο.005
Straighι 200.0 ΔQ n nT q 0.13629
28 Duct 1.0 '1 Δ
0.009
29 Elbow 7.0 200.0 "7
48 .4
30 Diffuser / Grille 200. Ο
'716.2
0. Ο40
0.005
31 Εlbow 8.0 250.0
1L6 .2 0.10661
32 Strarght Duct 8.0 25Ο.0 ^ ^41
0.007
33 Elbow 8.0 250.0 'Ι 16 .2
34 Diffuser,/ Grille 250.0 0.050
12-37. ΔPos + ΔPon = ο.70 _ 0.35 = 0.35 in. wg.
ΔPos = 0.65(0.35) = 0.23 in. wg.

ΔPoκ ^y
0.35 _0'23 = 0.12 in. wg.
Τhe method of Solution is similar to Problem 12-36' An
acceptable solution follows:
(a) Longest run - 1 -2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-1 1 -13
The summation of equivalent lengths may vary v/ith designers.
ΔPo/Le
(0.23 - 0.03) 100 = 0.092 in. wg./'100 ft
=
217
Size all Suppιy ducts for this pressure loss per unit length.
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basis for testing or instructional puφoses only tο
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students enrolled
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pe,rmιιed by Sections ] 07 οr l δε o7 ,ιr, νiιhout
1976 Uniιed Stαtes Copyrigh't Αct ιhe of ιhe
241
1 1200 16 150
2 1 050 14 100
3 850 14 100
4 750 12 75
5 650 12 100
b 550 12 200
7 475 10
8 225 I
9 175 7
10 50 5
11 125 6
12 50 5
13 75 6
14 50 5
basis for testing or instruοtional puφoses only ω

Εxοerpts frοm this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit
in courses for wt'iοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny oιher reproducιion or ιrαnsl(tιion of ιhis work beyond thαι
students enrolled
ofιhe copyrighι oνner is unΙανful'
permiιιed by Secιiοns ] 07 or l δε i7 in, Ι976 United Stαιes Cοpyrigh't Αct ιlithouι the peimissiοn
----=-
c
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*
12-37. (continued)
ΔPo for the longest run will be about 0'22 in. wg' for the above sizes"
Τherefore, size the return system for a pressure loss of (0.35 _0'22)
or 0.13 in. wg. -
For the return system:

(L")r* x 230 ft, ('1 r - 2r - 3r)
then ΔPo lL"= r0'13-__0'05'] ''oo = O.O35 in. wg./'1oo ft

ι230)
Using the equal friction method:
Section a D L" ΔP"/L ΔPo

No. cfm in. ft in. wg.
1r 1200 18 115 0.038 0.044

2r 800 '16 70 0.033 0.023
3r 400 12 44 0.ο36 0.0'16
4r 400 12 14 0.036 0.005
5r 400 12 28 0.036 0.010
Return system is the same for parts (a) and (b).

ΔPo for return = 0.133 in. \Mg.
(c) Equal Friction Method
-- Desiqn Procedure --
System type: Supply
Duct Sizing Method: Equal- Γriction
Rounding Method: Round Nearesι
-- Ean SeΙection --
Known Εan Parameter: Εan Total Pressure : 0.700 in. wg
244
Εan Airflow: 1000.0 cfm
Fan or ExternaΙ Total Pressure: 0.700 in. wg
Coil Lost Pressure: 0.25Ο in. wg
F'iΙter Lost Pressure: 0 . 10Ο in. wg
Μisc. Lost ΡresSure: 0.0Ο0 in. wg
ΑHU Externa1 Total Pressure: 0.350 in. ι^rg
AΗU Pressure for SuppΙy System: 0.228 in. wg - or 65.0

Pressure for Return System: 0.123 in. wg - or 35.0
%
AHU %
-- Lost Ρressure from Αir Ηand1ing Unlt to Diffuser --

Diffuser ΙD Q Total DeΙta Ρ
(cfm) (in. wg)
2'7 75.Ο 0.221
30 75. Ο 0.201
34 75.0 0.2Ι1
38 s0.0 0.272
56 75.0 0.171
60 100.0 0.158
63 100.0 0.171
61 100.0 0.L42
12 200.0 0.2a2
15 150.0 0.131
Total 1000. Ο
-_ Calculated Fittinα Values --

ΙD Εitting Type Dia. Q VeΙocity Delta P
(in) (cfm) (ftlmin) (in. wg) (in.
^P/Lwg)
1 Αir Ηandling Unlt Ο.0 1000.0 0. Ο 0.000
2 Conical- Contraction 14.0 1000.0 935.4 0.011
3 Straight Duct 14.0 1Ο00.0 935.4 0.007 0.08745
4 Tee / wye main l2.a 850. Ο 082.3 O. O1O
branch 1 .0 15Ο. Ο 561.3 0.061
coΙτΙnon 14.0 1000.0 935.4
5 Straight Duct 12.0 850.0 L082.3 0.003 0.13819
6 Tee / Wye main 12 .0 650 . 0 82'7 .6 0 . 008*<10>
branch 1 '0 2a0.0 1 48.4 Ο.058
coΙnmon L2 '0 B50.0 1082.3
7 Straiqht Duct l2.0 650.0 B2'7 .6 0.005 0.08429
B Tee / vfrze main 10.0 550.0 1008.4 Ο.0Ο9
branch 6.O 1OO.O 5O9.3 Ο.Ο37
common L2.0 650.0 821.6
9 Straight Duct 10.0 550.0 1008.4 0. ΟΟ6 0.15164
10 Tee ,/ Wye main 10.0 450.0 825.! O. O1O*<10>
branch 6.0 100.0 509.3 0.064
coΙπnon 10.0 550. Ο 1008.4
11 Straight Duct 10.0 450.0 825.7 0.004 0.10485
L2 Tee ,/ Wye main 9. 0 350 . Ο 192 .2 O . ΟΟ5
branch 6.0 100.Ο 509.3 a.024
conτnon 10.0 450.0 825.L
13 Straight Duct 9. 0 350 . 0 1 92.2 0. 014 0. 11082
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245
14 Tee ,/ Wye
main 8. Ο 215.a .8
"781 Ο. Ο05
branch 5.0 75.Ο 550.0 0.019
common 9.0 35ο.Ο 192.2
15 Straight Duct B.0 215.0 '7B1.8 0.0Ο6 0.7268'7
L7 ΕΙbow B.0 215.0 1B1.B 0.0Ο8
18 Straight Duct 8.0 215.0 181 .B 0.013 0.L268'7
19 Tee ,i Wye main B.0 225.a 644.6 Ο.0Ο9*<10>
branch 4.0 5Ο. Ο 573.0 a .021
common 8.0 215.4 l1i .B
20 Straight Duct B.0 225.a 644.6 0. Ο07 0.0880Ο
27 Tee / Wye main 7.0 150.0 561.3 0.003
branch 5.0 75.0 550. Ο 0.011
coΙnmon B.0 225.0 644.6
22 Straight Duct 1 .0 150.0 561.3 0.018 0.08082
2? Tρρ / Ιn1lzo main
f νν / νγli ν 5.0 75.0 550.0 0.002
branch 5.Ο 75.0 550.0 0.007
coΙnmon 1.a 150.0 561.3
24 Εlbow 5. Ο 75.0 550.0 0.006
25 Straight Duct 5. Ο 75.0 550.0 0.072 Ο.11869
26 Rectangular Transition 5. Ο 75.0 210.a 0.0Ο5
2'l Diffuser / GrilΙe 75.0 0.030
28 Straight Duct 5.0 75.0 550.0 0.0Ο7 0.11869
29 Rectangular Transition 5. Ο 75.0 210.a 0.0Ο5
3Ο Diffuser / Grille 75.0 0.025
31 Elbow 5.0 75. Ο 55Ο.0 0.0Ο6
32 Straiqht Duct 5. Ο 75.0 550.0 Ο.018 0.11869
33 RectanguΙar Transition 5.0 75.0 21a.0 0.005
34 Dif fuser / Gril-le 75.0 A.025
35 Elbow 4.0 50.0 573.0 0.007
36 Strarght Duct 4.0 50.0 573.0 0.017 0.16916
31 Rectangular Transition 4.0 5Ο.0 180.0 Ο.010
38 Dif fuser ,/ cril1e 50. Ο 0.020
53 Elboιv 5.0 75.0 550.0 0.006
54 Straiqht Duct 5.0 75.0 550. Ο 0.01B 0.11869
55 RectanguΙar Transition 5.0 75.0 210.0 0.005
56 Diffuser / cril1e 75.0 0.030
51 Ε1bow 6.0 100.0 509.3 0.004
58 Straight Duct 6.Ο 100.0 509.3 0.008 a.0122l
59 Rectangular Transition 6.0 1Ο0.0 360.0 0.003
6Ο Diffuser / cri]ιe 100.0 0.045
6L Straight Duct 6. Ο 100.0 5Ο9.3 0.072 a.0B221'
62 Rectangular Transition 6. Ο 100.0 36Ο.0 Ο.003
63 Diffuser / Gri1Ιe 1Ο0.0 0.032
64 E1bow 6.0 100.0 509.3 0.0Ο4
65 Straight Duct 6.0 1Ο0.0 509.3 0.008 a.08221-
66 Rectangular Transition 6.0 100.0 360.0 0.003
61 Diffuser / Gril]_e 1Ο0.0 0. Ο45
6B Straight Duct '7 .A 200.0 148.4 0.02'7 0.l.3629
69 Elbow 1.0 200.0 148.4 0.013
70 Straight Duct 1 .0 20Ο. Ο 48 ' 4
"7
0 .a21 0.1-3629
11 Rectangu1ar Transition 1 .0 20Ο. ο 120.0 0.001
12 Diffuser / Gritle 20Ο. Ο 0.045
13 Straight Duct 1 .0 150.0 561.3 0.032 0.08082
14 Rectangular Transition 7.0 150.0 54Ο.0 0.001
15 Dif fuser ,/ Grille 150.0 Ο.020
16 Elbow 8.0 215.0 181 .B 0.005
* - De}ta P ιfas computed using the fitt1ng equivalent lenqth
Balanced Capacity Method

Exοeφts from this wοrk may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enτοlled in οourses Γor whiοh the textbook has beοn adopted. Αny οther reproduction or trαnslαιion of ιhis νοrk beyond thαt
pernιiιιed by Secιions ]07 or l 08 οf the ]976 Uniιed Stαtes Copyright Αcι νιιhout ιhe permissiοn οf ιhe cοpyrighι owner is unlcrνιful.
246
-- Desiqn Procedure --
Note that almost alΙ branch ducts need a damper to increase the diameter and
reduce ve1οcity.
System type: Supply
-- Fan Selection --
Known F'an Parameter: Ean Tοta1 Pressure : 0.700 in. wg
Εan Αirflow: 100ο.Ο cfm

Fan or Εxternal Total Pressure: Ο.7ΟΟ in. wg
CoiΙ Lost Pressure: 0.25Ο in. wg
Filter LoSt Pressure: 0 . 1Ο0 in. wg
Misc. Lost Pressure: 0.000 in. wq
ΑHU External Total Ρressure: 0.350 in. wg
AHU Pressure for Supply System: 0.228 in. wg - or 65.0 ?

ΑHU Pressure for Return System: 0.L23 in. wg - or 35.0 ?
-- Lost Pressure from Αir Handling Unit to Diffuser --

Diffuser lD Q TotaΙ Delta P
(cfm) (in. wq)
2'7 75.0 0.221
30 75.0 0.243
34 75.0 0.271
3B 50.0 0.2L2
56 75.0 0.232
60 100.0 0.219
63 100. Ο 0.285
61 100.0 0.25'7
12 2Ο0.0 0.202
15 150.Ο 0.17Ο
TotaΙ 10Ο0.0
-- CaΙcuΙaιed Γiιting Vafues --

ΙD Εltting Type Dia. Q VeΙocrty DeΙta P
^P/Lwg)
1 Αir Ηand1ing Unit Ο.0 10Ο0.0 0.0 0.000
2 Conical Contraction 14 .0 1000.0 935.4 0.011
3 Stralght Duct 14. Ο 1000.0 935.4 0.007 0.08745
/ .Γaa / τlτ.,o main 72.a 850.0 L082.3 0.010
branch 6. Ο 15O . O 1 63 .9 O. O57
coττunon 14.0 1000.0 935.4
5 Straight Duct l2.0 850. Ο 1-082.3 0.0Ο3 0.13819
6 Tee / wye main !2.a 650.0 821.6 Ο.OΟ8*<1O>
branch 1.a 20Ο.Ο '748.4 0.058
Excerpts from this work may be reproduοed by instruοtors for distribution on a nοt_for-profit basis fοr testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
students enrοlΙed in οourses fοr whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny οther reProduction or ιrαnsΙαιiοn of ιhis work beyond ιhαι
permiιιed by Secιiοns Ι07 or ] 08 οf the Ι 97 6 United SιαιeS Copyrighl Αct νiιhouι ιhe peιmission of ιhe cοpyrighι olνner is unΙcrννful.
247
coΙnmon 72 .0 85Ο.0 ι082.3
7 Straight Duct 1_2 .0 650. Ο 821 .6 0.005 0.08429
B Tee / wye main 10.0 1008.4 0.009
branch Δo 10Ο.0 ι145.9 0.039
coΙnmon L2 .0 650.0 821 .6
9 Straight Duct 10.0 550.0 10ΟB.4 0.006 0.15164
10 Tee / Wye main 10.0 450.0 825 .7 0.010*<10>
branch 4.Ο 100.0 1145. 9 a .062
coΙnmon 10.0 55Ο. Ο 1ο0B.4
11 Strarght Duct 1Ο.0 450.0 825.L 0.004 Ο.104B5
'rΙ99^^ / rîr7^
/ νlyν maln 9.0 350.0 192.2 0.005
branch 4.0 1Ο0.0 1145. 9 0.031
coΙτιΙnon 10.0 450.0 825.1
-7q2 2 0.11082
13 Straight Duct 9.0 35ο. ο 0.014
74 Tee / Wye main 8.0 275.0 181 .8 0.005
branch 4.0 75.0 859.4 0.017
coΙnmon on 350.0 1A) )
ι5 Straight Duct 8.0 t1\ a 181 .8 0.006 0.L2681
L1 Elbow 8.0 ο' tr Λ 181 .8 0.008
LB Straight Duct 8.0 215.0 181 .8 0.013 0.!268'7
L9 Tee / Wye main 8.0 225.0 644 .6 0.009*<10>
branch 4.ο 50.0 573.0 0 .021
coτnmon 8.0 215 .0 81 .8
'7
20 Straiqht Duct 8.0 aa tr Δ 644 .6 0.0Ο7 Ο. Ο88Ο0

2L / l1lrΣ^
ιγ ] ν ηa1n 7.0 150.0 561.3 0.003
branch 5.Ο 75.0 550.0 0.011
common o.u 225.0 644 .6
22 Straight Duct 1.4 15Ο.0 561.3 0.018 0.08082
23 Tee / Wye main 4.0 75.Ο 859.4 0.007
branch 5.0 75.Ο 550.0 0.007
coτΙυnon ?n 150.0 561.3
24 Elbow 5.Ο 75.0 55Ο.0 Ο.006
25 Straight Duct 5.0 75.0 550.0 0.at2 0.11869
26 Rectangufar Transition 5.0 ?tr Λ
210 .0 0.00s
21 Diffuser / crille 75.0 0.030
28 Straight Ducι 4.0 75.0 859.4 9.02! 0.35266
29 Rectangular Transition 4.Ο 75.0 214 .0 0 .024
30 Diffuser / Gritle 75.ο 0.025
31 tr1bow ηn 7η n 550. Ο Ο.006
32 Straight Ducc 5.Ο 75.0 550.0 0.018 0.11869
33 Rectangular Transition trΛ 75.0 214 .0 Ο.0Ο5
34 Diffuser / Grille 75.Ο 0. Ο25
35 Elbow 4.0 5Ο. Ο 573.0 0. ΟΟ7
36 Straight Ducι 4.0 50. Ο 573.0 0.017 Ο.16916
31 Rectangular Transition ΔΓ\ 50.0 180.0 0.010
53 Elbow 4.4 75.0 859.4 0.015
54 Straighι Duct 4.0 75.0 859.4 Ο.053 0.35266
55 Recιangufar Trans1tion 4.0 75.Ο 210 .0 0 .424
56 Diffuser / GriΙ1e 'tr
Λ 0.03Ο
51 ΕΙbow 4.0 1Ο0.0 1145.9 0 .021
58 Sιraighι Duct 4.4 1Ο0.0 1145.9 0.060 0.59144
59 Rectangular Transition 4.0 10Ο. Ο 360.0 0.042
60 Diffuser / GriΙ]e 100.0 0.045
67 Straight Ducι 4.0 1ο0.0 L1_45 .9 0.090 0.59144
62 Rectanqular Transition 4.Ο 10Ο.0 360.0 0 .042
64 ΕΙbow Δol 100.0 1145. 9 Ο a2'1
65 Scraight Duct 4.Ο 10Ο.0 7L45 .9 0.06Ο 0.59'744
66 Rectangular Transition 4.0 100.0 360. Ο 0.042
61 Diffuser / crille 100.0 0.045
68 Straight Ducι 7.Ο 2ο0. Ο 148.4 a.021 0.!3629
Exοerpts from this work may be reprοduced by instructors for distribution on a not-fοr-profit basis for testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textboοk has been adopted. Αny other reprοducιiοn or ιrαnsιαtion οf this νork beyοnd thαι
permitted by Sections ] 07 οr l 08 οf the 1 976 United StαιeS Copyrighι Αcι'withouι ιhe permission of the cοpyrighι owner is unlανυful.
248
69 EΙbow 1.0 200.a ']48.4 0.013
70 Straight Duct 1 .0 200.0 148.4 0.02'1 0.1-3629
lt RectanguΙar Transition 1 .0 2Ο0.0 120.0 0.001
12 Diffuser / Gril-le 200.0 0.045
13 Straight Duct 6. Ο 150.0 '7
63.9 0.069 0.17139
14 Rectangular Transition 6. Ο 150.0 540.0 0.007
15 Diffuser / Griι1e 150.0 Ο.020
16 EΙbow B.0 2'75.a '7B'7.B 0.0Ο5
* - Delta Ρ was computed using the fitting equivalent Ιength
Return Ducts, Equal Friction Method

-- nηοj ^_ D:ocedure
vνυΙYlΙ L ]
__
System type: Return

Duct Sizing Method: Εqual Friction
-- Fan SeΙection --
Known Εan Parameter: Εan Tota1 Pressure : 0.700 in. wg
Fan ΑirfΙow: 1200,0 cfm

Fan or External Tοtal Ρressure: Ο.7ΟΟ in' wg
Coil Lost Pressure: Ο.25Ο in. wq
ΕiΙter LoSt Pressure: 0.100 in. wg
Misc. Lost Pressure: 0.000 in. wg
AΗU Εxternal Tota1 Pressure: 0.350 in. wq
AΗU Pressure for SuppΙy System: 0.228 in. wg - or 65.0 %
ΑΗU Pressure for Return System: 0.123 in. wg - or 35.0 %
-- Lost Ρressure from Αir Ηandling Unit to Diffuser --

Diffuser ΙD Q TotaΙ Delta P
(cfm) (in. wg)
11 400.0 0.125
14 400.0 0.113
l"7 400.Ο 0.096
Tota1 120Ο.0
_- CaΙcu1ated F'itting VaΙues -_
TD Fitting Type Dia. Q Velocity Delta P LP/L
(in) (cfm) (ftlmin) (in. wg) (in. wg)
1 Αir Handllng Unit 0. Ο 1200.0 Ο.0 Ο. ΟΟ0
2 Rectangular Transition 18.0 72A0.0 679.1 0.001
3 Straight Ducι 1B.0 L200.a 619.1 0.002 0.03512
4 Tee / \ηye main 1'2.a 400.0 509.3 0.026
branch 16.0 800.0 573.0 0.026
coπlmon 18.0 1200.0 679.1
5 Straight Duct 16. Ο 800.0 0
573 ' 0.006 0.03a24
6 Tee / wye main 12.0 4ΟΟ.0 509.3 0.0]-5
branch \2.0 400.0 509.3 0.013
coΙnmon 16.0 800.0 573.0
Exceφts from this work may be reproduced by instruοtors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructiοnal puφoses only to
students enrolled in οourses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reproducιion or ιrαnslαιion of ιhis νοrk beyond thαι
permitιed by Sectiοns ] 07 or Ι 08 of ιhe 1976 United Sιαtes Cοpyright Αcι νithouι the permission οf ιhe copyright oνner is unΙανfuΙ.
249
7 Stralght Duct 12 .0 400.0 509.3 0.007
0. Ο3476 B Elbow 12 .0 400.0 509.3
Ο. Ο03
9 Straight Duct L2 .0 4Οο.0 s09.3 0.001 0 .034'7 6
10 Rectangular Transition L2 .0 4Ο0.0 l-00.0 0.014
11 Diffuser / criΙle 4Ο0.0 0.050
72 Straight DucL L2 .0 400.0 5Ο9.3 0.001 0.03476
13 Rectangular Transition L2 .0 40Ο.0 100.0 0.014
L4 Diffuser / GrilΙe 400.0 0.050
15 Straight Dυct L2.A 400.0 509.3 0.003 0.03476
16 Rectangular Transition L2 .0 400.0 100. Ο 0.014
11 Diffuser / Gri-ι1e 400.0 0.05Ο
12-38. The three branches from the plenum must be designed as close as
possibιe for the Same preSSUre ]oss. Start \Ι/ith B since it appears
to be more extensive than Α or c.
For B: ΔPo/Le =[
0.18 - 0.025 '100 = 0.107 in. wg./100 ft
145
0.18-0. 025
For Α: ΔPo/Le =( '100 = 0.109 in. wg./10ο ft
142
0.18 - 0. 025
For C: ιP"/L" =( 100 = 0.149 in. wg./100 ft
104
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
students enrolled in courses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reproductiοn or trαnsιαtion of ιhis wοrk beyond ιhαι
permiιted by SecιioιιS ] 07 or ] 08 οf the Ι 97 6 United SιαιeS Copyrighι Αct νithouι the peιmission of ιhe cop1',ι"ighι oνner is unlcrνful'
250
12-38. (continued)
MA|N DUcτ RUN BRΑNCΗ DUCTS

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (e) (1 0) (11) (12) (13) (14) (1 5)
Seο. Le cfm D" ΔP v ΔPo ΣΔPo Br. ΔPi Le ΔPi cfm De v

No. ft. in. L fpm (2)(5) Σ(7) Sec ΔPo6+ ft. L in. fpm
actual 100 Νo. -(8)+ (1 0)1 00

*r"
-ΔPα (1 1)
1
8 44 500 12 .057 650 .025 025 14 0.094 55 0.171 125 b 660
o 22 375 10 .085 700 .019 .044 10 0.ο75 52 0.144 200 7 760
175 630 o28 .072 12 0.047 38 0.124 75 5 550

B 11 25 7 0.1 1
IJ 54 100 o .ο87 520 .047 0.119
Tot 145 ΔPο .025 0 144
40ο .095 760 ο.048 0.048 7 0.084 38 0.221 100 ξ 750

1 50 10
2 19 300 .ο92 700 0.018 .ubb b 0.ο66 48 0.1 38 100 b 510

q7
Α 0.02 .086 4 0.046 0.ο8'1 '100 o 500
25 200 ο8 59ο
48 100 o .095 530 0.046 . t5z
Tot. 142 ΔPο 0.025 157
15 56 225 7 17 850 0.095 .095 to 0.041 38 0.1 ο8 125 ο 610
c 17 48 100
^
.085 510 0.04'1 '136
Tot. 104 ΔPο 0.025 161
Note that the resulting total pressures losses turn out to be:
(ΔPo)a = 0.144 in.wg., (ΔPo)n = 0.157 in. wg.; (ΔPo)c = 0.161 in. \Μg.
Within the accuracy of the calculation these are appΓoximately equal'

It may be necessary to use a damper in branch B, sec. 8.
12-38.
Branch A, Balanced Capacity Method

__ Γ)Αq
ννJf
i α- pηocedure --
Y11
! l
System type: Supply

Rounding Method: Round Nearesι
__ Εan Sefection -_
Known Εan Parameter: Plenum Tota1 Ρressure : 0.1B0 in. wg
Fan Αirflow: 4Ο0.0 cfm

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students enrolled in οourses 1br whiοh the textbook has been adopted' Αny other reproduction or trαnsιαιion of this νork beyοnd ιhαt
permittecι by Secιions ]07 or Ι08 ofthe ]976 Uniιed Sιαtes Cοpyright Αcινiιhouι ιhe permission ofιhe cοpyrighι owner is unlαwful.
251
Fan or External Total Pressure 0.269 1n. wg
Coil Lost ΡreSSure 0.000 in. 1^rg
E'iΙter Lost Pressure 0.000 in. wg

Misc. Lost Pressure 0.Ο00 in. \^rg
AΗU External Total Pressure: 0.269 in. 1^rg
ΑHU Pressure for Supply System 0.180 in. wg or 6'7 0%

ΑΗU Pressure for Return System 0.089 in. wg or 33 0%
Lost Ρre$-sure from Αir Handling Unit to Diffuser --

1
Diffuser ΙD ν^
r^-^1
ΙOιd-L n^l
ιreΙLd-^ n
r
(cfm) (in. wg)
15 100. Ο 0.171
19 100.0 0.155
23 100. Ο 0.141
29 100.0 0.187
Total 400.0
-- Calculated Fittlng Values --

ΙD Εitting Type Dia. a Velocity Delta P
(in ) (cfm) ( ftlmin) (in. wg) (in.
^P/Lwg)
1 Αir Handllng Unit 0.Ο 4ΟΟ. Ο Ο.0 0.000

2 Conlcal Contraction 9.ο 40Ο. Ο 905.4 0.011
3 Straight Duct 9.0 400.0 905.4 0.003 0. 14157
4 Elbow 9.Ο 40Ο. 905.4 0.011
qn
Ο
5 Stralght Duct 400.0 905.4 0.014 0.14157

6 Tee / wye main 8.0 300.0 Qξo / 0.006
branch 5.0 100.0 733.4 0.039
coΙnmon on 400.0 onξ /
7 Straight Duct 8.0 3Ο0.0 859.4 0.018 0.14878
8 Tee / wye main 1.4 200.0 t48.4 0.005
branch trΛ 100.0 7?? I 0.020
coΙnmon 8.0 300.0 a ξo 1
9 Straiqht Duct '7.0 200.0 148.4 0.016 0.1_3629
10 Tee ,/ Wye main ξn 100.0 133.4 0.004
branch 5.0 100.0 1)) Λ
0. Ο]_3
coτnmon 1.0 200. Ο 148.4
11 Straighι Duct 5.0 100.0 133.4 0.020 0.1_9911
72 E1bοw 5.0 100.0 1aa Λ
0 .0!2
13 Straight Duct 5.0 1ΟΟ.0 1)) Λ
0.016 0 .1997'7
1'4 RecιanguΙar Transition 10Ο.0 360. Ο 0.010
15 Diffuser / Grille 10Ο. Ο 0.025
16 EΙbow 5.0 100.0 7?? Δ 0.0Ο7
t'7 Sιraight Duct ζn 100.0 a 1a Λ
0.016 0.Ι99'71
18 RectanquΙar Transition 5.0 100.0 36Ο.0 0.010
79 Diffuser / cr1lιe 100.0 0 .425
2A Efbow 5.0 1ο0. Ο ??? Δ 0.007
2L Straiqht Duct trΛ 100.0 aa1 Λ
0.016 0.L9911
22 RectanguΙar Transition 5.0 100.0 360.0 0. Ο10
23 Diffuser / cri]_ιe 100.0 a.025
24 Sιraight Duct 5.0 1Ο0. Ο 111 Λ
0.016 0.3-991"7
2-Ι ButterfΙy Damper 5.Ο 10Ο.Ο 1" 1 Λ
0.058
28 RectanguJ-ar Transition 5.Ο 100.0 360.0 0. Ο10
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252
Branch B, Balanced Capacity Method

/t"
-- -\.
Desιgn Procedure _-
System tyρe: Supply
-- Εan Sefection __
Κnown Ean Parameter: Plenum Total PressurΘ : 0.180 in. wg
Fan Αirflow: 500.0 cfm

Fan or Εxternal Total Pressure: Ο.18Ο in. wg
Coil Lost Ρressure: 0.000 in. wg
Γi1ter Lost Pressure: 0.000 in. wg
Misc. Lost Pressure: 0.Ο00 in. Wg
AHU External- Total Pressure: 0.180 in. wg
AΗU Pressure for SuppJ_y System: Ο.18Ο in. wg - or 1OO.O

Pressure f or Return System: 0 . 000 in. \^Ιg - or
%
AHU .ο %
-- Lost Ρressure from Αir Ηandling Unit to Diffuser --

Diffuser ΙD Q TotaΙ De]ta P
(crm1 (1n. wg)
13 10Ο.0 0.185
L6 75.0 0.179
19 200.0 0.\42
23 125.a Ο.15B
Total 5Ο0.0
-- Calculated Εittinα VaΙues --

ΙD Εitting Type Dia. Q Velocity Delta P
^P/Lwg)
1 A1r Ηandling Unrt 0. Ο 500.0 0.0 Ο. OOO
2 ConicaΙ Contraction 10.0 5Ο0.0 916.1 Ο. O11
3 Straight Duct 10.0 500.0 976.1 0. Ο18 0.72'723
Λ 'Γaa / τι;l',o main 9.0 375.0 848.8 O.Ο06
branch 6.O Ι25.O 636.6 O.o42
coπιrrion 1Ο.0 500.0 916.7
5 Straight Duct 9.0 375.0 B4B.B 0.019 0.725"75
6 Tee / wye main 6.ο 2ΟΟ.0 1O18.6 Ο.OO9
branch 6.0 175.Ο 891.3 0.019
coΙnmon 9.Ο 375.0 84B.B
7 Elbow 6.0 175.0 891.3 0.008
8 Straight Duct 6.0 175.0 891.3 O.014 0.22175
9 Tee / wye main 4.0 75.Ο 859.4 0.OO6
branch 5.0 1ΟΟ.0 '733.4 0.020
coΙnmon 6.0 175.Ο B91.3
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253
10 El-bow 5.0 100.0 '733.4 0.007
11 Straight Duct ξn 100.0 1?2' Δ 0.028 0.1_99'71
\2 RectanguJ-ar Transition 5.0 100.0 360.0 0.010
13 Diffuser,/ Gril1e 10Ο.0 0 .025
L4 Straight Duct 4.0 75.0 859.4 0 .028 0.35266
15 Rectangular Transition 4.0 75.0 210 .0 0 .025
16 Diffuser / GriΙ1e 75.0 0 .025
71 Straight Duct 6.0 200.0 1018 .6 0.041 0 .29022
18 RectanguΙar Transition 6.0 200.0 120 .0 0.014
19 Diffuser,/ Griιle 200 .0 0.025
20 Straight Duct b.u 125 .4 636.6 0 .0L2 0.72304
27 Butterfly Damper 6.0 1-25.0 636.6 0.044
22 Rectangular Transition 6.0 1oξ Λ
450.0 0.005
23 Diffuser / critle L2s.A a .02s
Branchffilanced Capacity Method
-- Design Ρrocedure --
System type: Supply
-- Εan Se1ecιion --
Knoιtn Ean Parameter: Plenum Total Pressure : 0.180 in. wg
Εan ΑirfΙοw: 225.0 cfm

F.an or External Total Pressure: 0. 180 in. wg
ColΙ Lost Pressure: Ο. 0Ο0 in. wg
Filter Lost Pressure: 0 . 000 in. \^Ιg
M1sc. Lost Ρressure: 0.000 in. wg
AΗU ΕXterna1 Tota1 Pressure: 0. 18Ο in. wq
ΑHU Ρressure for Supply System: 0.180 ln. or 10Ο.0 z

Pressure fοr Return System:
\.^/g
AHU 0. Ο0Ο in. wg or .C) z
-- Lost Pressure from Αir Ηandlinq Unit to Diffuser

Diffuser ΙD a Totat DeΙta
(cfm) (in. wg)
1-4 10Ο.0 Ο.191
1B 725.0 0.186
Total aatr Λ
-- Ca1cu1ated Fittinα Values --

ΙD Fitting Type Dia. a Velocity Delta P AP /L
(in ) (cfm) ( ftlmin) (in. wq) (1n. wg)
1 Air Handling Unit 0.0 225.A O. O O. OOO

2 Conical Contraction 8.Ο 225.0 644 .6 O . OO5
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254
3 Stralght Duct 8.0 225 .0 644 .6 0.003
0.08800
4 Butterfly Damper 8.0 644 .6 0.!12
5 Straight Duct 8.0 22\ Λ 644 .6 0.003 0.08800
6 Elbow 8.0 na tr n
644 .6 Ο.006
7 Straight Duct 8.0 225 .0 644 .6 0.004 0.08800
8 Elbow 8.0 225 .0 644 .6 0.006
9 Straight Duct 8.0 C1ζ 644 .6 Ο.005 0.08800
1Ο Tee / Wye main 6.0 .0
1_25
^
636.6 0.003
branch 6.0 1Ο0.0 509.3 0.011
coΙτ'ιmon 8.Ο 225.0 644 .6
11 Straight Duct 6.0 1ΟΟ. 509.3 o. oo7 o. 0822L
72
Ο
Efbow 6.Ο 100.0 509.3 0.003
13 RectanguΙar Transitj-on 6.0 10Ο.0 360.0 0.003
74 Diffuser / Grille 100.0 0.02s
15 Sιraight Duct 6.0 14tr
636.6 0.010 0.12304
71 Rectangular Transition
^
6.0 L25 .0 450.0 0.00s
18 Diffuser / GriΙle L25 .0 0 .025
12-39. Solution follows Example 12-14 closely.
12-40 Solution follows Exampte 12-14 closely
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for testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
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or ιrαλhιion of ιhis wοrk beyond ιhαι
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of the cοpyrighι oιιλer ii unΙαw'ful.
-
255
12-41.
SF
2
1 F
M c E
Po=o S
1 A
2 8,,
Supply fan: ΔPo = 4 in. wg.

Return fan: ΔPo = 1.75 in. wg.
12-42.
4 SF
2 S
Space Pressure
S
1
Pυ=0
-1 A
-2
le
Fan, ΔPo = 5.75 in. wg.
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257
12-43.
1 RF
M c Ε
Pυ=0
S
-1
-2
Supply fan: ΔPo = 4 in. wg.

Return fan: ΔPo = 1.75 in. wg.
12-44.
SI
Pυ=0
-1
-2
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258
Fan, ΔPo = 5'75 in. wg.
12-45.
(a) Αssume a reasonable duct velocity of about '1200 fpm. ΔPo/L = 0.095
in. wg./100 ft. and D" = 18 in. (may be converted to 20x14 in. for
example)
For the duct: ΔPο - (0.095 x 40)1100 = 0.038 in. wg.
For elbows: Co = O.15; ΔP" = 2x o.15(118O/4OO5)2 = 0'026 in. wg.

For damper: Co = O.52, ΔPα = 0'52(118o/4OO5)2 = 0.045 in. wg.
For grille: ΔP, = 0'25 in. wg
For expansion: Vo = V.'(A.'/Αo) = 118Ol2 =59O fpm
ΔPu - 1'2(59ol4oo5)2 = 0.026 in. wg.
overall: ΔPo = 0.038 + 0.026 + 0.045 + 0'25 + 0.026 =
ΔPo - ο.385 in. wg.
(b) For 18 in. duct with 1,ο00 cfm, ΔP/L = 0'027 in. wg./10ο ft
For duct: ΔP6 = 0'027 x 401100 = 0.01 1 in. wg.
For elbows: ΔP" = 2x0'15(59ol4og5)2 = 0.006 in. wg.
For griΙle: ΔP, = O'25(1Qoo/2oοο)2 = 0.063
For expansion: Vo = 59012 = 295 fpm

ΔP" = 1'2(295l4oO5)2 = O.OO7 in. wg.
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259
For damper: ΔP6 = 0.385 _ (0.01 '1 + 0.007 + ο.063 + 0.007) =
ΔP6 = 0'297 in' wg. = Co"(59O lAooqz
(c) Co" = 0.29710.022 = 13.7
12-46. Equal Friction Method

Note that a damper has been inserted in duct 6 (Nο. 34 betow) to
cause an increase in duct diameter from 8 to 9 1n. with a consequent
decrease in velocity to an acceptable 1evel.
-- Deslgn Procedure --
System type: Supply
Duοt Sizing Method: trqua1 Εr1ction
-- Fan Selection --
Known Fan Parameter: E'an Tota1 Pressure : ο.900 in. wg
Fan Αirflow: 845.0 cfm

Εan or Ext.ernaΙ Total Pressure: 0.9ΟΟ in. wg
Coil Lost Pressure: Ο.500 in. wq
Εilter LoSt Pressure: 0.100 in. wg
Misc. Lοst Pressure: 0.050 in. wα
AΗU External Total Pressure: 0.250 in. wg
AΗU Pressure for Supply System: 0.150 in. wg - or 60.0

Pressure for Return System: Ο.10Ο in. wg - or 40.0
%
AΗU %
-- Lost Ρressure from Αir Ηand1ing Unit to Diffuser --

Diffuser ID Q TotaΙ Delta Ρ
(cfm) (in. wq)
19 150.0 Ο.141
24 L25.0 0.128
28 120.0 a.123
32 200.0 0.11s
38 25Ο.0 0.143
Total 845.0
-- Ca1cu1ated Fittinα Values --

TD Εitting Type Dia. Q Velocity Delta P
(in) (cfm) (ftlmin) (in. \^/g) (in.
^P/Lwg)
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260
1 Αir ΗandΙing Unit 0.0 845.0 0.0 0.000
2 Conical Contraction L4 .0 845.0 190 .4 0.008
3 Straight Duct 14.0 845.0 190 .4 0.003 0.06415
4 Elbow 14.0 845.0 190.4 0.0Ο6
5 Straight Duct 14.0 845.0 190 .4 0.005 0. Ο6415
6 Elbow 14.0 845.0 190 .4 Ο.006
7 Straight Duct 14.0 845.0 190.4 0.006 Ο. Ο6415
8 Tee / vlye main ι2 .0 595.0 15'7 . 6 0. Ο05
branch on 250 .0 56η q
0.018
coΙτιmon 74 .0 845.0 190.4
9 Straight Duct 12.A ξoζ n 151 .6 0. Ο07 0 .01 L61
10 Tee / Wye main 10. Ο 395.0 1'Δ 0.004
branch 8.0 200.0 573.0' 0.017
co]πnon 12 .0 595.0 -151
.6
11 Straight Duct: 10. Ο 395.0 '1
0.0Ο7 0.08259
L2 Tee ,/ Wye main 9.0 G22'Δ '\
215 .0 0.003
branch 7.0 12A.A 449 .0 0.016
coΙτιmon 10.0 395.Ο 124 .2
13 Stralght Duct 9.Ο 215.0 622 .5 0.0Ο7 0.07138
1-4 Tee / Wye main 1.0 150.0 561.3 0. ΟΟ3
branch 1.0 L25 .0 46'7 .'7 0.011
coΙττnon 9.0
15 Straight Duct 1.0 15Ο.0 561.3 0.006 0.08082
16 ΕΙbow 1.0 15Ο.0 561.3 0.005
11 Strai ght Duct 1.4 150.0 561.3 0.016 0.0BΟ82
18 Rectangular Transition 1.0 150.0 450.0 0.004
L9 Diffuser,/ Grltle 150. Ο 0.040
20 Sιraight Duct 1.4 125 .0 46'7 .1 0.013 0.05817
21- EΙbow 1.0 L25 .0 461 .1 Ο.0Ο2
22 Straight Ducι 7.0 1atr Λ
rZJ . υ Δ61 1 0.002 0.05817
23 Rectanqular Transition 1.0 12η n 375.0 0.002
24 Diffuser / Gri1Ιe T rξ n Ο.030
25 EΙbow 1.0 L20 .0 449.A 0.002
26 Straight Ducc 7.0 72A.A 449 .0 0.011 0.05405
21 Rectangular Transition 7.0 720 .0 36Ο.0 0 .002
28 Diffuser,/ crill_e 120.0 Ο.036
29 Εlbow 8.0 200.0 573.0 0.003
JU SιraΙqhι ι]uct 8.0 20Ο. Ο 573.0 0.010 0.07106
31 Rectaigular Transition B.Ο 240.A 600.0 0.000
32 Diffuser,/ Grille 200.0 0.04Ο
3 3 E]_bοw 9.0 250.0 565.9 0. ΟΟ3
34 Stralght Ducι 9.0 250.0 565.9 Ο. Ο13 0.06Ο04
35 Butterfly Damper 9.0 250.0 ξ6η q
0 .024
36 Straight Duct oΛ 565.9 0.001 0.06004
3'/ RectanguΙar Transition 9.Ο 250 .0 750.0 0.001
38 Diffuser / Gri1le 250. Ο 0. Ο5Ο
Balanced Capacity Method

Note that dampers have been inserted in ducts 6 and 7 (No. 31 and
36 below) to cause an increase in duct diameter and a consequent
decrease in velocity.
System type: Supply
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students enτoΙΙed in courses for which the teΧtbook has been adopted. Αny οther reproducιion or trαnlslαιion of ιhis ινork beyond ιhαι
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261
_- Εan Selection --
Known Γan Parameter: Fan Tota1 Pressure : 0.9OO in. wg
Εan Airflow: 845.0 cfm

Fan or Εxternal Total Pressure: 0.900 in. wg
Coil Lost Pressure: Ο . 500 in. wg
Εi1ter Lost Pressure: 0.100 in. wg
Misc. Lost Pressure: 0.Ο50 in. wα
ΑΗU Externa1 Total Ρressure: 0.250 in. wg
AΗU Pressure for Supply System: 0.150 in. wg _ or 60.O ?

AΗU Pressure for Return System: Ο.100 in. wg - or 4O.O %
_- Lost Pressure from Αir Ηandling Unit to Diffuser --

Diffuser ΙD Q Total De]ta P
(cfm) (in. wg)
19 150.0 0.141
24 725.0 0.728
28 720.0 0.140
33 200. Ο 0.140
38 2s0.0 0.131
Total 845.0
-- Calculated Fittlng Values --

ΙD Εitting Type Dia. Q VeΙocity De1ta P
^P/L wg)
1 Α1r ΗandΙing Unit Ο 0. B45. O O. O O. OOO
2 Conical Contraction Ο 14. B45. O 19O.4 Ο. OΟ8
3 Straight Duct 14.0 845. O '79a.4 O. OO3 O. Ο6415
4 Elbow 14 . 0 845. 0 '7
90 .4 O. OO6
5 straight Duct 14.0 845.0 i90.4 o.oo5 0.06415
6 Ειbow 14.0 B45.O 190.4 O.OO6
7 Straight Duct 14.ο 845.0 19O.4 O.OO6 O.O6415
8 Tee / wye main 72.A 595. O j5j .6 O. OO5
branch 10.0 250.0 458.4 Ο.020
coΙnmon 14.0 845.Ο 190.4
9 Stra1ght Duct 72.0 595.Ο 151 .6 O.ΟΟ7 0.0'716'7
10 Tee / Wye main 10.0 395. O j24.2 O. OO4
branch 8.0 20Ο.0 573.0 O. O17
coΙτunon ι2.0 595.0 151 .6
11 Straight Duct 10.0 395. Ο 124.2 O. OO7 O. O8259
12 'Tοο / τιι',o main 9.0 21 5.O 622.5 O.OO3
branch 6. O L2a.O 6Ιl.2 O. O13
coπ]Ιnon 10.0 395.0 '724.2
13 Stralqht Duct 9. Ο 2']5.O 622.5 O. OO7 O. O713B
\4 τee / Wye main 1 .0 15O. Ο 561.3 O. OO3
branch '7 .0 L25.0 46i .i 0.011
co]nmοn 9.Ο 2'75.0 622.5
15 Straight Duct 1 .a 150.0 561.3 O. OO6 Ο. O8Οs2
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262
1-6 Elbow j .0 15ο.0 561.3 0.0ο5
1-1 Stralght Duct i .0 150.0 561.3 0.016 0.08082
1B Rectangular Transj-tion i.0 150.0 450.0 0.004
19 Diffuser / Grilte 150.0 0.040
20 Straiqht Duct j.A 12η n 461 .'7 0.013 0.05817
2ι Ε1bow 1.O 125.0 461 .'7 0.002
22 Straight Duct 1.0 1t\ cl 461 ."7 0.002 Ο.05817
23 Rectangular Transition i.0 725 .0 375. 0.002
24 Diffuser / eriΙle
Ο
125.0 Ο.030
25 El-bow 6. 0 120 .0 677 .2 0.004
26 Straight Duct 6. 0 120 .0 G11 2 0.023 0.1\42-7
21 Rectangular Transition 6.0 120.0 36Ο.0 0.007
28 Diffuser / Grill_e 120 .0 0.036
29 Elbow 8.0 200 .0 573.0 0.003
30 Butterfly Damper 8.0 200. Ο 573.0 0 .024
31 Straight Duct 8.0 200 .0 ξ?? n
0.010 0.07106
32 Rectangu1ar Transitiοn 8. Ο 200.0 600.0 0.00Ο
33 Diffuser / Gri11e 200.0 0.040
34 E1bow 1Ο.0 250.0 458 .4 0 .002
35 Butterfly Damper 10. Ο 250.0 458 .4 0.0L6
36 Straight Duct 10.0 250.A 458.4 0.008 0.03599
3-l Reclangular Transit1on 1Ο.0 250. Ο 750. Ο 0.001
38 Diffuser,/ critle 250 .0 0.050
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CHAPTER 13
13-1. From Ξq' 13-2
h-= tr* = lb* = ft'

_ Α (C* c- ) r.,,. _ t2 (lο* , n,
) ft2 _hr
Now C and W are related by Eq 13-14

|%
C = Wρ" ψ* = lb*/ft3
lba fto
Τhe density of dry air must be used. Then from Εq. ,1 3-17
hο = hrP"' = -ft3 X9 = ]b,

ftz _ hr-- ft3 _hr
ft2
Consider Eq. 13-13 which is dimensionless
h Btu ft3 lb,F ft2 - hr
F |b, Btu
η-zι-
P3Cp,hη ftz _ hr _
- ^-Ξ-^---;- - |
ft3
Clearly dimensionless when C* is used.
13-2. using Eq. 13-'18,

h Le2t3 1; hα
= = = -η- = ,,'9. = 41'7lba/(hr -
cpahα Cp, 0.24 ftr)
also h, = hα/ρ" = 41 .7lO'O75 = 555.6 ft3/1hr _ ft')

h6 : 0.057 kgal(m'- s)
13-3. hd = 0.61s p"oa7

k
261
0,075x100x60x(1 t14_
ΚΞo = oβ44
= g52
k = 0.0147 Btul(ft-hr-F) (Τable A-4a)

Ot.O,::!,
n=
(1t12) \ ' = 2.S9Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
x 0.61 5(852)047
h6 = h/cpa =2.5910.24= iO.B lba/(ft2-h11

h, = h6/ρ" = 1O.8/0 .O75 = 144 ff lσt'-hr)
13-4. Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 pro 3 0r h = 0.023 (k/D) Reo.s pro 3
and h6 = h/cpa, assuming Le = '1
Re = ρ V olμ; V = 600/ (il$ = 471 ft/min or 28,260 ftthr
νL= 0.044lbmlft-hr; ρ = 0.075 (TabΙe A-4a)

0'075Ι?8'260x1
Re = = 48,170
0.044
Pr = 0.7; k = 0.01 47 btulhr-ft-F (TabΙe A-4a)
h = O.O23 ΨΨ (48,17o)os(O.7)o., = 1.7 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)

1
hα = 1'710'24 = 7'1 lba/(ft2-hr)

h* = h6/ρ^=7'1l0'075 = 95 ft3/(ft'-hr)
13-5. 43,560 ft2 = 1 acre; Γi'l * = hdΑ(Wr, - W-)

Use j factor anaΙogy, h/crh6 = Le2l3
Αssume: Le = 0.85; Cρ + 0'24
E
Thenho- ' =23.221bal(ft2-hr)
o.24(o.8q2t3
Using chart 1: W- = 0.013 Ιbu/lba
W* - 0.0223lb"ilba (assume sat. air at 80 F)
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__.Ξ_
262
Γh, = (23'22)1ooo(43,56OXo.o223
- o.o1 3)
fr,,, = 9,415,ooO lbr/hr Ξ 19 gpm/acre
13-6. Use analogy of Eq. 13_1g
Ql= hαΑ(W- - Wr)irgi Q. = hΑ(t- - t*)

q = qr + Q., W, = 0.00765; W- Chart
= O.O'1 10; 1
ho= h 144Ε\- 9(1.15)=,- =

3 \ l' ν'il 024(σ82τπ =49'23lba/(ft2-hη
|
coLe2l
Q/Α = 49.23(0.o 11-0.00765)1o65 = 176 Btu/(hr _ ft')
Q./A = 9(1 .1 5)(75-50) = 25g Btu/(hr-ft2)

q/Α = 435 Btui(hr _ ft2)
= 1'37 kWlm2
13-7. Qr= rh,(i*-i,,)

Γh, = hdΑ(WV, - W-)
h6 = h/(cr"Lezu); cp, = 0.24 Btul(lba _ F); Le2t3 = 1
hα = '510'24 = 6'25lbal(hr - ft')

'1
W, = 0'0223lb,/lba W* = o.0096 lb,/Ιba

i- = 28.4 Btu/lba; Chart 1
Γh, 6.25(300 x 15O)(O. 0223

= - 0.0096)
Γh, = 3,572lbWhr
Q1 = 3,572(1,05o) = 3,75O,600 Btu/hr oΓ x 1,o99 kW

Αny water on the deck and occupants neglected.
13-8' lt is assumed that the blanket is folded in half

over the clothes line with
one side exposed to air.
ho =
h
18.g7tbai(hr -ft )
#(0.g3)-2l3 =
Le-2t3 =
cp
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for distributiol on a nοt-for-profit basis for testing
students enrolled in οourses for which the or instructionaΙ puφoses only to
iextboοk t-'u, υ""r, adopted. Αι-ιsl oιher Ιrj)a""rnn
permitted by Secιions ] 07 or ] 08 οf the Ι 976 |Jniιecl or ιrαnslαιion of rhis νork beyοnd thαι
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the copyrighι oνner is unlανυful.
263
Γh* = hdΑ(Wb - W,); Wn = 0.0312;W^= 0'0152
Γhr, =
} 'ΔΘ=m*/[hdΑ(Wv_W")]
Δθ=
(16 - 4)
= 0.71 hr
I 8. 87(56)(0. 03 1 2 - 0.01 52)
Δθ = 42'6 min Say 45 min.
13-9. The procedure is the same as example 13-1 except that the
energy balance line A-B will have a positive slope
and tl ι=75"F, tlz = 90"F
Ans: 68162"F; 17 .4 ft2:4.8 ft
13-'10. The solutions to this problem closely follows example 13-2.
Ans: 77169"F; 17.4 ft2; 4.8 ft

Αns. 31126 C; '1.6 m2; 3 m
13-11. The procedure is the Same aS example 13-2 exοept that the energy
balance line A-B will have a negative slope and the inlet and outlet
water temps. are reversed.
Αns: 71t69"F; 17 '4 ft2;5.5 ft
13-
50
12. A. = rh r/G,
hαam =5510.24=229.2
45 4000 x 0.071 X
Ε
_ο 40
h1/h6 = -3.05 =#, 6O/1OOO = 17 ft2
J
οο 35
|ι 'l
o- 30
τ
I
-J- I
Ι_
ιlJ
25 t t2t
ι
Εxοerpts from
students enrοl] Y or instruοtional puφoses only to
|αιion οf ιhis wοrk beyond thαt
permiιted by Sι 20 ghι οwner is unlαwful.
60 70 80 90 100
264
Υ : 2'7, Then
L = Gry/hdθm = 10ο0 x2'71229'2 = 11 .8 ft
13-13. The solution to this problem closely follows example 13-3
13-14. Ans: 1.4 to 1.5
13-15. Solution of this problem follows example '13-4 closely.
'13-'16. Αns: 5OO ft2; 12'2 ft
13-17. Extrapolate the 72 F wb curve in Fig. 13-9. The largest cooling

tower modeI ''M'', iS not Ιarge enough to handle 2ο00 gpm.
Therefore use two towers of 1000 gpm each. Select the
model "L" which ls rated at about 1100 gpm.
13-'18 See example 13-3; the cooΙing tower must be larger.
13-19. See example '13-3; the cooling tower must be larger.
13-20. (a) Model B or C using Fig. '13-9
(b) Cooling Range = t 1 -t. 2= 100-85 = 15 F

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students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted' Αny οther reprοduction or trαnsιαtion of ιhis νοrk beyοnd thαι
peιmitted by Secιiοns ]07 or l 08 of ιhe ] 976 United Sιαιes Cοpyright Αcι the permission ofιhe copyrighι owner is unlαινful'
'yiιhouι
265
Αpproach = t. z-twol = 85 _ 76 = 9 F
Tower capacity = Q
q = (200 x 60 x 8.33)(1)(15) = 1,499,400 Btu/hr
13-21 q - 5OO qpm x Δt; qpm =

'=??o,oô = 50
500x1 0
qpm/ton= 50
-^^. =3.0
(250,000 /1 5,000)
Note: !n this case, '1 ton = 15,000 Btu/hr
Cold water temperature; t" = 70 - 10 = 60 F
From Fig. 13-7; t*o = 42 F
13-22. Αlbuquerque, NM; tψ6 = 64 F (Τable B-1a)

(a) From Fig. 13-7; cold water temperature = 73 F;
gpm/ton = 2'5i \Λ/arm water temperature Ξ (73 + 10) 83 F
(b) Charleston, SC; tψ6 = 79 F (Table B-1a)
From Fig. 13-7; cold water temperature = 84 F,
gpm = ΨΨ
15,000
x2'5= 83 gpm (a & b)
13-23' (a) tons = ''?9?99o = 80, gpm/ton = 24OΙ8O= 3.O, maximum two = 72F
15,000
(b) gpm/ton = Ψ
80
= 4'o',max. t,5 = 65 F
13-24. Model G, nominal rating - 600 gpm & 250 tons (Table 13-2).
Using Figure 13-9; assume gpm is constant.
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266
With cooting range of (97 - 85) = 12
Max. two = 76 F (Figure 13-9)
With cooling range = 15, tu, = 100 F
Max. two = 74 F (Figure 13-9)
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-------_-=\ ---
basis for
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textbοok has been
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permitted by Sections 107 or
adoptΞd. Αny other reprοiuction oi trαnslαtion of this work beyond thαt
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ΙOti οf the lbτo υnιeλ Smtes Copyright Αct withοut the the
Requests for permission or furtλer ffirmαtion should be αddressed to the Permission Depαrtment,
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CHAPTER 14
120-60
14-1. (a) P - 200 60 = 0.43
-
200-180
*= = 0.33
120 - 60
F = 0.985 {Fig. 14-191
(1so - 6_q)_:(299_ 120)

LMTD _ (180 - 60)
ln
(200 -120)
LMTD = 98.7oF
(29'92x0'491x144)
(b) C" = (fr = 50oo *uo φ'24)
"r)",, 53.35(520)
= 5490 Btu/hr-F
cn = cc(1,2 - tu1)/(t*z - t*r) = 5490(1 20 -60y(200 - 180)
= '16,500 Btu/hr-F
(c) Cn = (rh cp)* = (Q pcp)* = 16,500 Btu/hr-F

16'500 275(7.48)
Q= =2η5ft3/hr; Q - = 34 gpm
(6OlΧ1) 60
(d) q = UAF(LMTD)
Cι-., (t*z--t*l) _ 16,500(2ο0 _ 180)
UA = = 3390 Btu/hr-F
F(LMTD) 0.985(e8.7)
UA UΑ UA
(e) NTU =
Cmin Cc Cair
3390
NTU = = 0.62
5490
^-
267
(f) 120-60
\/ 0.43
"= 200-60
268
14-2' (a) q
UΑF(LMTD) = (rh cp),i,(1 10-50)
=
Γh, = 4000 x 14'7 x 144l(53.35 x 510) = 311'2 lbΙmin
or 18,672|b/hr
Q = 18,672(0.24)(110-50) = 268,874 Btu/hr
q = (rh cr,,)('l80 - tr.,o) = Q5 x 8.33)(1)(180 - tho)60
-
tι.o = 1 80
=?9y+
25x8.33x60
= 158.5 F or 159 F
p= 110-50 =0.46: *='180-159 =0.35

180 -50 1 10 - 50
F = 0.98; Fig. 14-1
LMrD=S# =88
't[
^J
A = 9/(UF x LMΤD)' ='!u!!!ô== = 312 ft2
10x0.98x88
(b) Cair = 18,672(0'24) = 4481 = Cmin

Cwat = 25 x (60.817 .48) x 60 = 12,193 = Cr*
110 - 5o Cmin 4481
, =
180 - 50 = 0.401' -
crr, 12,193 = o.3T
NTU = 0.7, Fig. 1 4-18

0'7\!481
UA/C,1. = O'7i ,μ= ,10 = 314 ft2
14-3. (a) Γh air = 32οo x 60 x ::'::'!!-

53.35x555
= 13,726lb/hr
Cair=Cmin=3294
1ox3oo l refriο.
NTU - = 0.91
l
125 125
3294
ε = 0.615, Fig. 14-18 T
atr.
at C.inlCrr, = 0
+
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permitted bν Secιιons ] 07 or Ι 08 οf ιhe Ι 97 6 LΙniιed Sιαιes Cοp1τ'ighι Αct Ιψiιhouι the permissiοn of ιhe copyrighι oνner is unlcτwfuΙ.
r_.-
269
14-3. (continued)
0.61s = ,':"=-'^? , tco = t"o = 0.6'1 s(125- gs) + g5
125 - 95
t,o = 113'5'F
(b) Q = Cui,(tao - tai) - rh,.irg = 3294(11 3.5 - 95)

. 3294(1 13.5 - 95)
lrl,. = ------------.6s.s = 928 tb/hr
14-4' (a) ,= Γηl

κy L -] L 90(0.00 8 l 12) J
lm =
(1.0 - 0.5) 18.26= 0.76
12
R/r = 1l0.5 = 2.0i η = ο.8, Fig' 14-4
taηh(mrl)
(b) = [E -,][.'+ O.35rnBj 1.243
\mrφ) \r )\ ,ο =
,., =
r/
mrΦ - (18.26)(0 '5112)1.243 = 0.9454
tanh(0.9454)
,_
' 0.9454
=0.7g
(c) Within readability of Fig. 14-4 the answers are the same
14-5. ξs = 1+ (1 - η); η = O.78 from proplem 14-4

A
ξs = 1-0.9(1-0.78) = 0.80
'1 Λ^
1 1 Δx 1 1 (0.01 5112)
Uo ho?ro k(Α, /Αo ) hi(Αi /Αo ) 10x0.8 (100x1)
1
J-
= 0.17; Assumes Α; = Αo and k.opp",. = 100
200x(1/9)
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students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny οther reprοducιion or ιrαnslαιiοn οf ιhis wοrk beyond thαι
permiιιed by Secιions ]07 or Ι 08 of ιhe 1976 United Sιαιes Cοpyright Αcι withouι ιhe permissiοn οf ιhe cοpyright oνner is unlαlνful.
270
The second term may be neglected
Uo = 5.9 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
'1
14-7.
Uo=!10x0.8 1 100(1/9)
=0.133
Uo = 7.5 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
tanh(m/)
14-8. ,' -
m!.
, = Γeη-l''' =| z"sτ _1''' =64.18

v
κy ] l]
m-1
L l za1o.'t [ 6x1 o_3
mI = 64.18(6 x 1O-') = 0.385; η = 0.953
14-g' ns=1 -η)_1-o.s5(1 _O.95)

*(1
η. = 0.96
Ar = 2ΗLWP, mm2; Α, = LW mm2; A = Ar + (LW _ tLWPS)
Where P" = fin pitch in fins/in. and L = W = 1
Δ =- 2HLWP' + LW _ tP, _2x6x0'47 +1_0'16x'47 - '1l' lo+

'1AΛ'
Αo ,ΗL\Λ/P' 2x6x'47
+=\:γ--J^
u 1400 57(0.96) = O.O19; U = 52.3 W(m' _ c)
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271
tan h(m r/ )
14-11 η=
'Φ= [}_,][,+O35.(})]
.
mrΦ
R"
= 1.2s ψ(β - 0'2)'''; m =
r
Γ znl1l2
Lπ]
*=},β=;;L>M
(a) Diml =;'=Ψ = 0.56 in
b = 1.35 in
Dim, = ' rΓrg)'

2Lι2l*or1''' l
= jιιo.uu)'* (1'35)'1'''= O.73
Then L = Dimz = 0.73in.; M = Dimr = 0.56 in.

0'56 =1'75:3=0'73
ψ=(0.64 =1.3
t2) 0.56
R" t2=2.22
= 1.27(1.Ts)(L3-0.3)1
r
2x10
φ = (2.22-- 1)t1 + O.35ln( 2.22)!= 1'56; . = = 16.33 ft-1
f'''
Γ
L e0(0.01/ 12)
mrΦ - 16.33(0.32112)1.56 = 0.631
tanh(0.762)
n_
' =0.869
0.762
(b) Dim.-a-12.5mm
'2
Dim2 = ' !2'lZZt + 12.5'ltt2 = 12.65 mm
L = Dimz = 12.65 mm
b=22mm
M = Dimr = 12.5 mm
12'65
t=12'5 =2.s:g= =1.012
5 12.5
R"
r
= 1.27(2.s)(1.01 2 - 0.g)1t2 = 2.69
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students enτolled in οourses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted' Αny οther reproducιιon or ιrαnsιαtion ofιhis lνοrk beyond thαι
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272
2.69 -
1)t1 + 0.35 ln(2.69)] = 2.26
Γ zxoε ll=66.67m-1
Φ =
m=l E'\vv _^ -_
1170(0.00018)_j
mrQ = 66.67(0.005)2.26 = 0.753
_ tanh(O.753)
'
11 =
0.753
η = 0'85
14-12. + -1-, h; (Α, 7no ;ι neslecting

Uo= hoΠo v-_ tube wall resistance - _----{
)
(a) 1o=1 -η)-1_o.9(1 _O.s4)=0.86
*(1
1 1
%
=
1o10€6
* :^
οoo(l o)
= 0.120; Uo = 8.60 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
(b) ro =1 -0.9(1 -0.81) = 0.83

1= 1 * = 17.8; Uo = 0.056 kW(m2 - c)
% 0,.068ro s3 ^4^
1a.+rl o1
1t12
0 64( 1)'
14-13. (a) Rct = 2.222 x 10-6 ι 0.010- )
ο.010
]""'
Rct = 4.15 x 10-a 1hr-ft2-r1/εtu
(b) '12 fins/in = 0.472 fin/mm

uott=
72_
rc(1t0 1)'
Rct=3.913x10-7 ι 0.18 )
1o 1 .oe3 x 1o-41m2 - cyw
0.18
l
14-14' Re= ρνD;ρ=60.6 lbm/ft3

μ
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peιmitted by Secιions ] 07 οr Ι 0B of the ] 976 Uniιed Sιαιes Copyι'ighι Αcι νψiιhοuι the Permissiοn of ιhe copyrighι oνner is unlανfut.
273
Dr = 0.545112 = 0.0454 ft; Table C-2
V = ι 2'5
e 'lA= x+
7 '48^ 60(π t4)(o'o454)2
=3.44fVsec
μ = o.93 lbm/(ft - hr) = 2'58 x 1O-a lbm/(ft-sec) Τable A-1a

60.6(3.44)0'0454
Re = = 36,6g3i Re = 36,700
2.58x10-a
(L/D),in = 410'0454 = 88 ft
Pr = 2'43 (Pr = crμ/k)
ιlo
'',u = O.ο23 κ"Bu Pro'; k = 0.383 Btu/(hr-ft-F)
k
h = O.O23 ,Ψf''='J. (36,7oo)o'12.431o' = 1,136 Btu/(hr-ft2-F1
(0.0454)
14-15' ρ = 1'o1(62.4) = 63.02 LBM/FT2 [Fig. 1 0-2a]
μ= 0.7l1490 = 4'7 x '1o-4 lbm/ft-sec [Fig. 1O-2b]
Cp = 0.93 Btu/lbm-F [Fig. 14-ε];

K = 0.93 Btu/lbm-F [Fig. 14-9]
Υ fVsec [ProbΙem M-1aJ;
= 3.44
D = 0.0454 ft [Problem 14-14]
Re=ffi=20,940
'045Δ 63.02(3.4 4)0
(L/D),1n = 88 ft [Problem 14-14]

o _Cpβ _4'7x1o41sοoo)o.93 _ΕΕ.)
k
lr---ν''νia-
ο.285
h = O.O23 ,!o:',u=u], (2ο,94O)ou15'521o'= 690 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
(0.0454)
14-16' ρ = 1.O45 x 62.4 = 65'21 lbm/ft2 ;
μ = 1 '3l1490 = 8'725 x 1O-a lbm/(ft-sec)

co = 0.81 ;k= 0.22; V = 3.44 ft/seC, D = 0.ο454 ft
Re=#=11,670
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274
,," _ 0.81x8.725x1 0-43600 .1

= ..16
0.22
h = 0.023 !:?3=). (i 1 ,670)0.(.1 ..t6)0. = 209 Btu/(hr-ft2-F1
0.0454 '
14-17. Use hydraulic dia. for rectangular channel

Dη = 4rn = a(AJP) = 4(3/8) = 1.5 in. = 0.125 tt
ρ = 62.4lbm/ft3 [Table A-1a];
μ = 3.45 lbm/(ft-hr) [Table A-1a]

u':o!!_),Ψ
Re = -'-?? = 32,556
(3.45l3600)
cp = 1.003 Btu/lbm-F [Table a-1a]
k = 0.338 Btu/(ft-hr-F); Pr = 3.45 x 1 .003/0.338 = '10
(a) For cooΙin9, h = O.O23 !D R"o'Pro'
h = O.O23 9Ψ
0.125
(32,556)0r11o.21o. = 5O9 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
(b) For heating;

h = O.O23 9Ψ
0.125
(32,556)0s11O.21o. = 642Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
14-18. Dr, = 0.125 ft [From problem 14-171
ρ = 62.4(1.o45) = 65'2lbm/ft3 [Fig. 1 O-2a]
μ = 3.5/149O = 2.35 x 1o_3 lbm/ft-sec [Fig ' 10-2b]
Re=
c, = 0.89 btu/(lbm-F) [Fig. 14-8]
k = 0.28 Btu/(ft-hr-F) [Fig. 1a-g];
Pr = 2.35 x 1 o-3136oο)(o.s9) l0 '28 = 26.9
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students enrolled in courses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reproducιion or ιrαnsιαιion of ιhis work beyond ιhαι
permitιed by Sections ] 07 or Ι 08 of ιhe 1 976 United Sιαιes Cοpyrighι Αcι y,ithouι ιhe permission of the cοpyright owner is unlανυful.
275
(a) Cooling
h 0.023 ('13,900)0t126.910t = 28s Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
=
#
(26'9):1
(b) Heating: h = '""
285
(26'910'e
= 396 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
99ο'2(1 '5)(0'012) _
14-1g' (a) Re = ρΥD _
μ o'uffi =29'905
^'''
Assume L/D > 60 ,

Then Φ o.o23 Reo.8Pro4, Pr = [o'sgοxlo3x+'lεzl e.gl
k =
ι 6373 )
=
π = 9 9?: (O.637X31 ,157)o s(3.91)o 4
0.o12
h = 8287 W(m2 - C) = 8.29 kw(m',- C)
Data from Figures 10-2a, 10-2b, 14-8 and 14-9.
(b) Re =
(1 'ο28)999(1 '5)(0'012) 15,4OO
=
1.2x10-3
,r=ffi=8.9
.2x10-3x3.7x10-3
1
:- o.o23
h = Ξ'Ξ]Ξ (ο.5o)(15,4oO)08(8.9)oo = 5140 W(m2 _ c)
0.012
= 5.1 4 k\Νl(m2 - c)
62'4(0'5)(0'3!112)
14-20. (a) Re = = 922< 2soo
(3.45l3600)
hD .1.86tReP. D .,lls
-
= l.vvιl.-,, [ra)o 'o : Αssume ( n)o'o =,
τ L, ιr',,l,,1oΦLΙl,,- ιλJ
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permitted by Secιiοns ] 07 or Ι 08 of the ] 976 Uniιed Sιαιes Copyrighι Αct |νiιhout ιhe permission of ιhe cοpyright οlιner is unlcrlνfuΙ.
276
,,=ξ1# =1O'4
p22(1o.ol(ffi),"'
π =
sff# = 66 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
(b) Same procedure as part a using data for 30o/o ethylene

glycol from Figures 10-2a, 10-2b,14-8 and 14-9.
992.2(0.1.0)x103
14_21. Re - = 1519
653
There is a question about the flow regime. lt is probably
in the transition region. Assume it is laminar and use
7 10.14
Eq. 1 4-24 and assu me | -U- I = 1.
[ρ'J
o.653X'1ο_3(4.182)
Pr - = 4'34
0.63
τ- 1 89φΞ3)
n=-O.O1 ι'--_\- -
'ι 3 )'
1519(4'34)rΨ']]1/3 328 W(m'- c)
14-22. Use average values for Gu and G. and Eq. 14-26.

G.' =:o;(rh."9'v
)"us=
Α.''
0.912;(Gr)",s = ln't,,u =237.81bm/(ft2-hr)
z(o.sε9)'
4\12)
(rh,),us - (1 + 0.1)12 = 0.55 lbm/hr
(Gu),us = 0.55/4" = 290'6 lbm/(ft2-hr)
DG, _ r0.589)r?ΞΞ)
= 12 3
lιt ι 12 ,ι 0.95 /
DGu _r0 589)rΞ9ψ)
= 15
βι ι 12 ,ι 0.95 /
138(pr.,,.
[#j"'L?
=
H= E)"102
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permiιιed by Sections ] 07 or Ι 08 οf the ] 97 6 Uniιed Sιαtes Copyrighι Αct νilhout ιhe permission οf the copy'ighι oνner is unΙαινfuΙ.
277
pρ'( e")"' .,u.o1, 61 o )"'
= = 1oo8
βι lρ") ι0.0135/
Pr' _ 0.95(1.001) =2.48
0.384
i,, = 1001 Btu/lbm
Δt ρ 80 = 1'160 _ s0); twall Ξ 80'F (Using water outside the tubes)
6 13.8
0.384 - '4n' Γ 1φ]-l"u
'' 2
= - - ο.58 g t12
QΑ8)
L,1 ,(uη]Uυδl' ,,,oo8]o
"
h = 888 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
14-23. Use average values of G. and Gu and Eq. 14-26
"4 ζ (O.o15)'= 1'767 x

A"= 1O-a mt
(ο.s8)o. 126x1o_3 Ιz
(G. )"us = = 0.314 kg/(m2 - s)
1.767x10-a
0.126x10-3 (1 + O. 1 2) t 2
(Gu)"ug = = 0.399 kg/(m2 - s)
1.767x10-a
DGr _ ο 015(0.311)
= 12'1
βι 0.390x10_"
gzο Ι2
DGu ( ρr)"' =
O.o15(0.39_9
[ l1 = 1024
βι |ο" ) O.39Ox1o_3L0'219J
Pr.' - O'39Ox1 9jΙ1' 19x1 03 = 2'46; ig = 2326kJ/kg

0.665
Δt = 45C = (73 _ 28); liquid water assumed outside tubes
h=13gφj95)(2'46)1t3lffi].,u..o24)o2=5022W(m2-c)
h = 5.02 kw(m2 - c)
14-24' Use Εq. 14-28

At inlet x : 0.20; at outlet 10oF superheat
R_22 1
p,ειJ*FsnRιε 1"Q,psi?i k,':. Ω if,'$-"t.nω puφoses only to
Excerpts from this wοrk may ,l"rΓj],' ξ,ο,Jhm/fu
wοrk beyοnd ιhαι
students enrolled in οourses'for which tbe textbook has been adopted. Αny oιher reproduction or trαnsιαιιon of this
permιtted by Sections ]07 or Ι08 ofιhe 1976 United Sιαιes CοpyrightΑcι\υithout ιhe permission ofιhe copyright ονner is unlαννful.
278
Since X" Σ 1.O; Cl = 8'2 x 1O-3; n = O.4

Αssume tube wall thickness of 0.016 in.
Τhen D; = 0.375 - 2(0.0161 = 0.343 in.
π-g|
Ai= = 6'417 x
'4 1o-4 ft2
rh= 80
rJ = -:-
A j 6.417x10-a
= 124,700 lbm/(ft2 - hr)
μ.= 0'52lbm/(ft-hr) at 30'F (sat. temp. at 70 psia)

GD 124,700(0.343 I 12)
= 6855
βι
=
- 0.52
k = 0.056 Btu/(hr-ft-F) at 30'F (sat. temp.); Table Α-3a
i1g = 88'5 Btu/lbm
o
(0.o56)
Γrοεssl, (ττaφ'qaa'sβz'ιτ))lo
5(32l 7)
h 8.2x 1O-3
=
(O.343, r)L'ooccΓ ι J.]
h = 779 btu/(hr-ft2-F)
14-25. Use Equation '1 4-28

R-22;G = 2OO kg/(m2 - s); Dr = 8.5 mm; L = 2 m; P,= 210 kPa
ξ = 30%, Xe = 100%
Tsat = -24C a|210 kPa abs. Pres. [Table A-3b]
μ. = O.27O x 1O-3 N-s/m2 [Table Α-3b]; extrapolate
k. = 0.107 W(m - c) [Table A-3b]
iβ= 223 kJ/kg [Table A-3b]
GD=200(0.0085_)
=6296
βι 0 '270x10_3
Cι = 8.2 x '1O-3; n = O.4
. r0.
(o'1O7)Γ 7(223)1 000
6 = 8'2x 1O-3 β296\2
0.0085 L' Ie 2x9.80 7 J]
h = 4106 W(m2 _ C) = 4.11 kννlm',_ c
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profιt basis for testing or instruοtional puφoses only to
students enrolled in οoursοs for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reprοducιion or ιrαnsιαιion οf ιhis work beyond thαι
permitlecl by Sectiοns ] 07 or Ι08 οf ιhe ] 976 tJnited Stαtes Cορyright Αct \νiιhout ιhe permissiοn οf the copyrighι oνner is unΙπwfuΙ.
279
14-26. " f !!1
lr, =
D2g
, Assume isothermat
Re = 36,700; ProbΙem 14-14; smooth tubes

f =0.022, Fig. 10-1;L=(6x6)+(5xl)=41 ft
Dr = 0.0454 ft; V = 3.44 fUsec, Problem 14-14
lr, =o.o2z* -!1- 2x32.17

0.0454
*lt!!l,t =3.65ft
14-27' " f !ζ,

l ι. =
D2g
Αssume isothermal
V =O.5ft/sec; f =64/Re =641922=O.OOg

L = (10 x 10) + (9 x 1.5) = 113.5 ft; Di = 0.34 in.
lι. = 0.06 n*11?^'?x12, -

0.34 Ψ',
2x32.17
= 1'07 ft
14-28. Refer to Fig. 14-10

Load/circuit = 10 x 1 2,000110 = 1 2,000 Btu/hr
Length/οircuit = (6 X 5) + (5 x 0.75) = 33.75 ft
(a) ΔP. /L = 0.10 psi/ft; CF = 1.25 Fig. 14-10
ΔP. = 0.10 x 33.75 x 1'25 = 4.22 psi
(b) ΔP. /L = 0.04 psi/ft
CF = 1.25
ΔP. = 0.04 x 33.75 x 1'25 = 1.7 psi
14-29. Gt,^ = 18OO lbm/(hr-ft'); t, = 7O"F,tz= 120"F

(a) Figure 14-12
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students enrοlΙed in courses fοr which the textbook has been adopted' Αny other reprοduction or trα'nsιαιioi of ιhis νork beyλni thαι
permitted by Sectιons ] 07 or Ι 08 of the 1 976 Uniιed Sιαtes Copyrighι Αcι νiιhout ιhe pemission οf the copyrighι owner is unlαwfuΙ'
280
G'Xo G"
σ - ΨΨ
Re, = , Gc =
μ 0.56= 3214 ''_'-''\-
lbm/(ft2-hr)
ψ= 4.6 x 10-2 lbm/(ft-hr) at t = 95oF (Table A-4a)

3214(1 .083 t12)
Re, = 6306
4.6x10-2
j = 0.0091;f = 0.021 Fig. 14-12
I = jG" c, Pr-2l3 = O.OO91 (3214)0.24(O.T)-2t3
= 8.91 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
(b) Re6 = 6306 x 0.52511.083 = 3057; assumes expanded tubes

plus fin collars.
A 4xoxrα _ 4 1.25x1.083x0.56
= 1O.O8
At πD6D π 0'0152x0 '525x12
JP = (3057)-04(1O.OS)-015 = 0.0285 (Eq. 14-39)
j= 9. 1x1ο-3 Fig. 14-14; h = O.OO91(3214)(0.24)(0.7γzl!
= 8.9 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
0.525x10 08
D*= = 0.904
(1.25 - 0.525)
1+
116.7
Using Eq. 14-44.
" ( 0.525,0 I 1.25 - 0.525 ι 'zs _,,l_o

u
FP= (3o57)-0 2'[αoo+.1 |

I _
4( L- o o06) 10.e04 -
t \67 ) ]"
0.173
f = 4.2 x 1O-2 or f = 0.042 (Note that f may be in error up to
!35o/o (Figure 14-15)
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permitted by Sectιons ] 07 οr Ι 08 οf the 1 976 Uniιed Stαtes Copyrighι Αcι wiιhout ιhe permission of the copyrighι owner is unlαwful.
281
Gc(0'0275)
14-30. (a) G" = 4.5 kg/(m'-.); tp = 2OC; Re = '
μ
μ = 1 8'2 x 10-6 Ν-s/m2 1Table A-4b]
4'5(0'027Ξ)
Re = = 6800; Cp = 1.OO5 kJ/kg-C
18.2x10-o
j = 0.009; f = 0.020 [Fig. 14-121
h = jG" copr-2t3 = o.oog0(4.5)1.005(0.7)-2t3 - 0.051 kJ/(m2-s-c)

6 = 0.051 kw(m2-c)
(b) See problem 14-29b for prcedure
14-31. Use Eq. 14-42 or 14-45

l,n -- el-Γr,r *
o2{ eι_,l*'+4l
2gρ-ρ1L\,*" )lo''_' )_, η λ-,
' 'i=
ρ, #!S#L
53.35(530)
= 0.O75 lbm/ft3; ρ2 = O.068 lbm/ft3
P,, = (ρl + ρ2)l2= 0'072lbmlft3

A _ αΥ _147(1.083112)5 = 118'45
Aο σAf, (1)0.56
Where V = Αt. xL; A1," = 1 ft2;L = 5 x'1.083/1 2 = 0'451
lh
β214)2
''=2(32'17)(0'072)(0.075)(3600)Ζ _Γ(, * ιo.u6), )r9Ψ _ l)*
/\0.068 )
L\
o 042(1 1s 5)(0 075)l
o 072 -l
h = 12.2ft of air
ΔPo = Ω, (1i::?)Α;'z
= 0 18 in. wg
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permιtted by Sections ] 07 or Ι 08 of the ]976 United Stαtes Copyright Αcι νiιhout ιhe permissiοn οf the cοpyrighι owner is unΙανful.
282
14-32. Use Equation 1 4-42 or 14_45
ti = 10C; t2 = 30C, ffΑ" = 1 18.5 from problem
14-31
1O1x103
oι =
ffi1 = 1.244 kg/m3; Pz= 1.161 kg/m3;
pm = 1.203 kg/m3
t' =
ffi[(,'. (0 56)2
)(#- 1).
\
o.O19(1 18.5)/ 1μ!1
1.203 )
I r, = 1.67 m of air
ΔPo = 1 6, (#lι',rool = 2'O8mm of wg.
or ΔPo = 1'67(1'244)9'807 = 20.4 Pa
14-g3. Re = G.Dr, , Dι' = O.O101 ft

μ
Αt 65.F, μ = 4.39 x 1O-2 Ιbm/(ft-hr) [Table A-4a]
κe=lffi 2700(0.0101)
=621
From Fig. 14-16;j = 0.013, f = 0.053

h = G" co j Pr-2t3 = 2700(0.24)O.013(0.72)-2t3 = 1 O. S Btu/(h r-ft2-F)
Where co= 0'24 Btu/(lbm-F); Pr = O.72 From Τable A-4a
14-34' Use Eq. 14-33; tυ = 65 F

14.6x144
'o Ξ -ff
53.35(535)
= 0'074lbmlft3; ρ2= 0.077 lbmlft3
Pm = (ρl + ρ")l2 = 0.076 lbmift3
Εxοerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors

for distribution on a not-for_profit basis for testing or instructional
students enrolΙed in οοurses fοr which the texδook has been puφoses only to
adοpted. ,lny otlrr', iφr:oΙλ'-"ιiλn o, ιronrtotιon of ιhis νork
permiιιed by SeCιionS ] 07 or Ι 08 of ιhe Ι 97 6 Uniιed Sιαιes beyoncl ιhαt
Copyrιghι Αcι νιιnout inte p,eλλsion of the cοpyrighι oτι,ner is untcιwful.
28s
A 4L -ψI2 = 132
π=π= oοlοl
Assume a contraction ratio of 0'5
Then Κi -- 0 '32', Κ" = 0 '27 Fig ' 1 4-17
ΔPo _
_ e7oq2 _ t(o.32 * l- os2)
4)(3600)'
π 2β2.17 )1 4'6(1 44)(0.07
_'''1#'\
+ 2 (#- 1) -o 053(1 3r)ιffi#] _ r _ (o 5)2
ΔPo/Pg1 =4'126x10-a
0'17 in' wg'
ΔPo = 4'126x 1o-4114.6)(1 44)(12)t62'4 =
14-35. (a) Coil DescriPtion'

Type of coil = Refrigerant condenser
coil
Tube pattern = Staggered plate-fin-tube
Material = Αluminum fins with copper tubes
Refrigerant type = Refrigerant 134
Finned side fluid = air
of Hg
Finned side air pressure = 29'92 inches
Face area -- 4'44 square feet
Height of heat exchanger = 20'0 inches

Width of heat exchanger = 32'0 inches
Numberofrowsoftubesintheairflowdirection=4
Numberoftubesperro\Λ/=16circuitsontubeside=4
inches
Fin pitch = 8 fins/inch Fin thickness = '006
Vertical tube spacing = 1'250 inches basis for testing or instructional
puφoses only to
by instructors for distribution on a not-fbr-profit ιhis νork beyond ιhαι
ΕxcerDts from this work may be reproduced λny- o,rnr, ,rρroλur'ioλir-ιron,Ιαιιoi
of
,ι-'. ιexibook ιr, υ..nrjopi.α*'
sιudenιs enτolled in courses ι", *-L1.λ ciiilii, iri ih" prr^ιr,rio' oj'n" copyrighι
oνner is unlωυful'
permiιιed by Sections ] 07 * ,oi'iiiλ)jili'bnii i,o*, ''ιhout
284
Horizontal tube spacing = 1'083 inches
Tube outside diameter = .500 inches
Tube wall thickness = .016 inches
lnside tube fouling factor = 'OOOO BTU-HR-SQFT-F
'/6C
14-95. (continued)
Btu/hr
Total heat transfer rate = -48783'2
-48783'2 Btu/hr
Sensible heat transfer rate =
Entering air conditions:
Dry bulb temPerature = 95'0 F
Face velocitY = 650'00 FPM

Air volume flow rate = 2888'9
CFM
Leaving air conditions:

F
Dry bulb temPerature = 111'4
Tube side conditions:
125'0 F
Refrigerant saturation temperature =
of water
Air pressure loss = '393 inches
PSI
Tube side Pressure loss = 1'07
Fin efficiency = '3gg Surface effectiveness = '824
Tubesideheattransfercoefficient=388.88tu/hr-SQFT-F
Finnedsideheattransfercoefficient=12'5Btu/hr-SQFT-F
-20'7 F
Mean temperature difference =
(b) Yes
14-36. Coil DescriPtion'

Type of coil = water or brine solution
coil
Tube pattern = staggered plate-fin-tube
tubes
Material = aluminum fins with copper
Tube side fluid = water
ι:;i:i'b:;,ff:;;i!:'ii:i1r,*"Ιir;?j':ii,:!;;iiii:i!jΙ:'i#ii!*''
:i:.J:fJ:f;':T:J$E::',i:;i1:i1i:'*iJ$ιι'{ij:{..Ti
i ii6 t'Jniιed Sιαιes Copyrighι
Αcι w permι
ilhouι ιhe
ρermiιιed by Secιiοns "''iοi')i 'i
Ι 07
286
Finned side air pressure = 29.92 iches of Hg
Face area = 5.56 square feet

Height of heat exchanger = 20.0 inches
Width of heat exchanger = 40.0 inches
Number or ro\Λ/S of tubes in the air flow direction = 2
Number of tubes per ro\Μ = 16 Circuits on tube side = 4
Fin pitch =7 fins/inch Fin thickness Ξ .008 inches

Vertical tube spacing = 1.250 inches
Ηorizontal tube spacing = 1.083 inches
Τube wall thickness = .016 inches
lnside tube fouling factor = .0000 Btu-hr-SQFT-F
Diameter of inlet pipe/header = 1.0 inch(s)
Total heat transfer rate = -95759.1 Btu/hr

Sensible heat transfer rate = -95759.1 Btu/hr
Dry bulb temperature Ξ 7ο.ο F
Face velocity = 650.00 FPM
Air volume flow rate = 3611.1 CFM
Dry bulb temperature = 94.6 F
Entering fluid temperature = 150.0 F
Leaving fluid temperature = 128.2 F
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for_prοfit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
'work beyond thαι
students enrolled in courses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted . Αny oιher reprοduction οr trαnsΙαtion of ιhis
permitted by Sections l 07 οr Ι 08 of ιhe ] 976 t]niιed Stαιes Copyrighι Αct wιthouι ιhe permissiοn οf ιhe copyrighι oιυner is unΙαwful'
287
Τube side fΙuid velocity = 4.00 FPS
Cooling or heating liquid flow rate = 9.0 GPM
Air pressure loss = .187 inches of water
Tube side head loss = 8.20 feet or water
Fin effiοiency - .831 Surface effectiveness = .846
Tube side heat transfer coefficient = '1368.8 Btu/hr,SQFT-F

Finned side heat transfer coefficient = 14.4 Btu/hr-SQFT-F
Mean temperature difference = -56.8 F
14-37. From problem 14-29, Re = 6306 (based on xp)

and h5 = 8.9'1 btu/(hr-ft2-F)
:jn _.1
= r -1280 Nr(Re)-1 2 (Eq. 14-42)
jι
i
then Ψ _ 1_ 1280 x 5 (Re)-1'2 = 1_ 6400 Re_1 '2

iι
1_(8x12so)(6306)_1 1
and Jξ_
i
o
ιJ.ιr, 872
js
_
, ^ = g
1 _ (5x1 2s0)(63o 6l_ι 'z
now hε/hs = jε/js = 0'872

hε = 0'872(8.91)
ha = 7.77 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
14-38. From problem 14-30, Re = 6800 and h5 = 51W(m'- C)

jn 1- 128oNr(Re)l 2
js- 1- 64OORe-1 2 [From sotution to 14-371
jο _ 1_(6x128ο)(680)] 2
js 1- 64OO(6801-r z
= 0.96
Excerpts from this work may be reproduοed by instructors for distribution on a nοt_for_profit basis for testing or instructional puφoses only to
students enrolled in cοurses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny οther reprοducιion or ιrαnslαιion of ιhis τνork beyond thαt
permιιιed by Sections ]07 οr Ι08 ofthe ]976 United Stαtes CοpyrighιΑcιwithοuι the permιSsion ofιhe copyright o'ννner is unlαwful.
288
ιl ur rr s = jo/js = 0.96
hο = 0'96 x 51 = 49W(m2 - C) or o.o49 kW(m2 - c)
14-39' Re, = ρ%xo = =o':1:= rΨ

(1.os3/12) x 60 = 8225
μ 0.0445 0.54
j = 0.0095 (Fig. 14-12)
x60x
ιl - jcco Pr-2l3 = O.OO85 x ο.o73,
ffi o-24(o'η-2t3
h = 10.5 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
0.0123 - 0.0092 .1 .033 x 1O-a,) Using Chart
v ι_
1 or
c.. =
_ 85 55
0.0123-0.0063 ) PSYC
.^^ -
νz- 1O-a
-- 85_q5 = 1.5 x
Cavg = 1'27 x1O-a; Use Eq. 1 4-7o &14-73',k = 1zε*s}η;
From Table 5-1a.
##l, -Ψ] = u, 3; M = 22'7 ft-1

M2 =
- = 1'265
Ψr = 1'27 ψ(β- o.3)"' = # (1 o.3)1t2
'ιr [E'_ l)[l

*=
/ι
+ O.35ιn&l
r)
Φ = (1 '265 _ 1)[1 + 0.35 ln(1.265)] = 0'287
MrΦ = 22.7 xΨ xO'287 = 0'285
tanh(mrl)
-
'
Πm-_--'- = 0.g74 or
g7.4o/o
mrΦ
ξ,s = 1 * (1 - η,) = f _O.94(1 _ o'g74)= O.98 or 98%
14-40' For 80/67oF; tοp = 60oF
surface temperature must be equal to or less than 60"F'

puφoses only to
for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instruοtionaι
Exοerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors of this wοrk beyond thαι
bee, uJopt.α. Αny οιher reproλucιion οr trαnsιαιiοn
students enrolled in οourses for whiοh the texδook has
νιιhout ihe permission of the cοpyright owner is unlα'wful'
permitιed by Secιions Ι 07 * l οε'"iinr''i ii'6-Unirrd Srorω cipyr,ιghι 'aci
289
Moisture would condense at the base of the fin on the
tube outer surface if it condenses at all'
Let t* be this temPerature.

9 = UiAi(t,- tr) = h6η9A(i, - ir)
where
--"-'_
1 =-1' *,1*,Αr=Ai
UιAi hiAι kΑ,
""- 1U,=!*41=
,nα ' :_- '9o]:^
hi k 1000 12x190
= O.OO1
Ui = l OOO Btu/(hr-ft2-F); where k"opp", = 190 Btu/(ft-hr-F)
t* = tr .
ffi(i,-
i*) = 50 +
ffi (31.7 - i*)
Αssume a value for tr, read i* from chart 1 and compute t* to
check assumption' Assume t* = 55'8'F then i' = 23'7 Btu/lba

and the calculated t* checks O.K. Therefore moisture will
condense at the base of the fin and on some portion of the fin.
There will probably be no condensation near the outer edge of the
fin.
14-41. For 27Ι19 g, tοο = 15 C
Solution is similar to problem 14-40
UiAi(t, _ tr) = h6η6(i3 _ i*)
1 1 Uι= 52.98
= +0'0005 = O.O1888;
ui 53 58
t*=ti -
ffi (i"_i*) =14'3-,g4,,* β4.2_i,) *H
For t* = 16, i* = 45. Checks O.K.
on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instruοtiοnal

puφoses only to
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in οourses which the textiook has been adopted. Αny oιher reprοduction or ιrαnsιαιion οf ιhis νοrk beyond thαl
students enrοlΙed 1br
prr^ιt'rca υy srctiοns ] 07 or l οε ij rni l ozο LΙniιed Sιαtes cip)rιgnt 'ιci lνιthοuι ξ
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290
There will be no condensation because the tube outside wall
is
greaterthanthedewpointtemperatureoftheair.
14-42" This problem is intended for computer solution because

considerable iteration is required'
Coil DescriPtion:
Type of coil = water or brine solution
Tube pattern = staggered plate-fin-tube coil
Material = aluminum fins with copper tubes
Tube side fluid = water
Finned side air pressure = 29'92 inches of Hg

Width of heat exchanger = 60'0 inches; W = 2H
Number of rows of tubes in the air flow direction = 5
Number of tubes per ro\Λ/ = 24 Circuits on tube side = '12
Finpitch=12fins/inchFinthickness=.008inches
Vertical tube spacing = 1'250 inches
Tube outside diameter = '500 inches
Tube wall thickness = '016 inches
lnsidetubefoulingfactor=,OOO0Btu-hr-SQFT-F
Diameter of inlet pipeihead er = 2'5 inch(s)
or instructional purposes only to
for distribution on a not-for_profit basis for tΘsting
Εxοerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors of ιhis work beyond thαι
has υ*,' iy oιη" or trαnsιαιion
students enrolled in courses fbιwhich the texibook "J"pi"α. 'q "p'oλucιιon
permission οf the copyrighι owner is unlανful'
l
permitιed by Sectiοns ] 07 * οε'"iiλr''i ii'6-inι,"d S,o'r, coiir|ιgn, 'a"i
'ιthout
ihe
291
14.42. (continued)
Total heat transfer rate = 232885.0 Btu/hr
Sensible heat transfer rate = 164919.4 Btu/hr
Wet bulb temperature Ξ 68.0 F
Enthalpy = 32'3 Btu/LBMΑ
Humidity ratio = 83.3 grains/LBMA
Comment: coil is 34.3 percent dry
Wet bulb temPerature = 57.1 F
EnthalPY = 24'4 Btu/LBMA
Ηumidity ratio = 68.7 Grains/LBMA
Τube side fluid velocity = 4.00 FPS
Cooling or heating liquid flow rate = 26.9 GPM
Τube side head loss = 14.09 feet of water
Fin efficiency = .gg9 Surface effectiveness = .819
Tube side heat transfer coefficient = 822.3 Btu/hr-SQFT-F

Finned side heat transfer coefficient = 10.0 Btuihr-SQFT-F
ExοeΙpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors 1br drstribution on a not-for-pro1lt basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses fοr whiοh the textbook has bοen adopted. Αny oιher reproducιion or τrαnsιαtion of ιhis wοrk beyond thαι
permitled by Sections ] 07 οr Ι 08 of ιhe ] 976 tJniιed Sιαtes Copyright Αct without ιhe permissiοn οf the cοpyrighι ονner is unΙανfuΙ.
292
14-43. Coil DescriPtion.

Τype of coil = Direct expansion
Tube pattern = Staggered circular-fin-tube coil
Material = Aluminum fins with copper tubes
Refrigerant tYPe = refrigerant22
Finned side air pressure = 29.92 inches of Hg

Number of tubes per ro\Μ = 16 Circuits on tube side = 16
Fin pitch = 12 Fins/inch Fin thickness Ξ .014 inches

Horizontal tube spacing = 1.300 inches
lnside tube fouling factor = .0000 Btu-HR-SQFT-F

Sensible heat transfer rate = 162201'8 Btu/hr
Dry bulb temperatuΓe = 82.0 F
purposΘS only to
EΧceφts fiοm this work may be rοprοduced by instructors for drstribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instιuοtional
of this νork beyοnd thαt
students enrolled in courses for which the texibook has been adopted. Αny oιher reproducιion or trαnsιαtiοn
permitted by Secιiοns ] 07 or Ι 08 οf ιhe ] 976 (Ιnited Sιαιes Cοpyrιght Αct \υιιhouι the permissiοn of ιhe copyrighι
oνner is unlανful'
293
Wet bulb temPerature = 67.0 F
Enthalpy = 31.4 Btu/LBMA
Ηumidity ratio = 74'9 Grains/LBMΑ
Face velocity = 500'00 FPM
Comment: Coil is .0 Percent drY
Dry bulb temPerature = 52'2 F
Enthalpy = 20.6 Btu/LBMA
Humidity ratio = 52.1 Grains/LBMA
Tube side conditions.
Refrigerant saturation temperature = 35.0 F
Tube side pressure loss = 1.36 PSI
Refrigerant quality entering/leaving evaporator = '29
Enthalpy change in evaporator = 62'75 Btu/LBM
Fin efficiency = .679 Surface effectiveness = '885
Tube side heat transfer coefficient = 375.5 Btu/hr-sQFT-F
Finned side heat transfer coefficient = 9.3 Btu/hr-SQFΤ-F
14-44. Coil DescriPtion:

TYPe of coil = Steam
Tube pattern = Triangular plate-fin-tube coil
Τube side fluid = Steam
Finned side fluid = Air
basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
Exceφts frοm this work may be reproduced by instructors for distτibution on a not-for-profit
Αny οther reprοducιion or trαnslαιiοfi ofthiswοrkbeyοnd ιhαt
Students enroιled in courses for whiοh the texibook has been adopted.
ihe permission of ιhe copyrighι owner is unlιrννful'
permitted by Sectiοns Ι 07 οr l οε iiin, ] 9t76 (Jnitecl Stαtes Copjrιght ,ιci τιithout
294

Number of tubes per ro\M = 16
Circuits on tube side = 16
Finpitch=8Fins/inch Fin thickness = .006 inches

Ηorizontal tube spacing = 1'299 inches
Τube outside diameter = '625 inches
Tube wall thickness = .0'18 inches
Total heat transfer rate = -554503'6 Btu/hr

Sensible heat transfer rate = -5545ο3'6 Btu/hr
Dry bulb temperature Ξ 60.0 F
Face velocitY = 750'00 FPM
Αir volume flow rate = 9000.0 cFM

Dry bulb temperature Ξ 116'1 F
Steam temPerature = 227 '1 F
Steam saturation pressure = 5'000 PSIG
Air pressure loss = '269 inches of water

Fin efficiency = .738 surface effectiveness = '756
purposes only to
on a not-for_profit basis for tοsting or instruοtional
Exceφts from this work may be reproduοed by instruοtors 1br distribution οf ιhis τυork beyond thαι
reprολucιion or ιrαnslαtion
students enrolled in οourses tbr w*ch the texibook has b..n uJo|t"d.
Αny οιher
ονner is unΙανful'
permitted by Sections ] 07 οr l οε^"i isizο LΙniteιl Sιαιes cοpyrιglιt ,ιci νιthout the permission of ιhe copyright
'n,
295
14-44. (continued)
Τube side heat transfer coefficient = 2051.7 Btu/hr-SQFT-F
Finned side heat transfer coefficient = 14.6 Btu/hr-SQFT-F
14-45. Coil DescriPtion:

Type of coil = Water or brine solution
Tube pattern = Staggered plate-fin-tube coil
Τubesidefluid=3Oo/oethyleneglycolsolution
Finned side fluid = Αir

Number of tubes per ro\Λ/ = 16
Circuits on tube side = 4
Fin pitch = 7 Fins/inch Fin thickness = .008 inches
Vertical tube spacing = 1'250 inches

Insidetubefoulingfactor=.OOO0Btu-hr-SQFT-F
'1'0 inch(s)
Diameter of inlet pipe/header =
Total heat transfer rate = -9ο610'1 Btu/hr
Sensible heat transfer rate = -90610'1 Btu/hr

purposes only to
distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional
EXceφtS fiom this work may be reproduοed by instructors tbr of ιhis νork beyond ιhαt
aJopteα. Αny other reproλucιion or ιrcιnsιαιion
students enrolled in οourses fbr which the texibook has been copyrighι oνner is unlωυfuΙ'
permiιted by Secιions ] 07 or l οε^"i i szο (Jniιed SιαιeS cip)rιgΙιt 'ιci νιιhοuι ihe permission of ιhe
'n,
296
Entering fluΙd temperature = 150.O F
Tube side fluid velocity = 4.00 FPS
Cooling or heating Ιiquid flow rate = 9.O GPM
Αir pressure loss = '186 inches of water
Τube side head loss ='10.13 feet of water
FΙn efficiency - .83'1 Surface effectiveness = .846
Tube side heat transfer coefficient = 796.O Btu/hr-SQFτ-F

Finned side heat transfer coefficient = 14.4 Btu/hr-seFT-F
Mean temperature difference = -57.6 F
Τhere is a 5 percent reduction in capacity and increased pressure loss

on the tube side.
14-46. Coil Description:

Type of coil = Water or brine solution
Τube pattern = Staggered plate-fin-tube coil
Material = Αluminum fins with copper tubes
Tube side fluid = 30oλ ethylene glycol solution
Exc€φts from this work may be reproduced by instruοtors for distribution on a nοt-for-profit basis Γor testing or instruοtional purposes
only to
studentsenroΙIedincoursesfοrwhiοhthetextbookhasbeenadopted. Αnyοtherreprολucιionοrιrαnsιαtioiofιhislυorkbeyλnithαι
permitιed by Sectiοns ] 07 or Ι 08 of ιhe 1 976 United Sιαιes Cοpyrighι Αct ιυ ithοuι ihe permission of ιhe copyright olνner is unlανful.
297
Finned side fluid = Air
Finned side air pressure = 29.92 inches of Hg

Number of tubes per ro\Λ/ = 24 Circuits on tube side = 12
Fin pitch = 12 Fins/inch Fin thickness Ξ .008 inches

Horizontal tube spacing = 1.083 inches
Τube outside diameter = .500 inches
Τube wall thickness = .016 inches

Diameter of inΙet pipe/header = 2'5 inch(s)

Sensible heat transfer rate = 155955.9 Btu/hr
Dry bulb temperature Ξ 80.ο F
EnthalPY = 32'3 Btu/LBMA
Ηumidity ratio = 83.3 Grains/LBMA
Comment: Coil is 43.6 percent dry
Excerpts from this rγοrk may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-pro1'it basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enτolled in courses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny oιher reproductiοn of trαnsι.]tiοn ofthis τιork beyond ιhαt
peιmiιιed by Secιions ] 07 or Ι 08 οf ιhe l 976 Uniιed Sιαιes Copyrighι Αct |νiιhout ιhe permission of the copyrighι oνner is unlαwfuΙ.
298
14-46. (continued)
Dry bulb temperature Ξ 58.6 F
Enthalpy = 25'1 Btu/LBMA
Humidity ratio = 71.4 Grains/LBMΑ
Leaving fluid temPerature = 62.0 F
Τube side fluid velocity = 4'00 FPS
Cooling or heating liquid flow rate = 26'9 GPM
Αir pressure loss = .756 inches of water
Tube side head loss = 18.13 feet of water
Fin efficiency = .699 Surface effectiveness = '819
Tube side heat transfer coefficient = 476.4 Btu/hr-sQFT-F

Finned side heat transfer coefficient = 10.0 Btu-hr-SQFT-F
The capacity is reduced by about 9 percent, the pressure loss on the
tube side is increased and the leaving air temperatures have increased
by about 1 degree.
14-47. Check Examples 14-1 through 14-5
Coil Description:
Type of Coil = Water or Brine Solution
Τube Pattern = Staggered Plate_Fin-Tube Coil
Material = Αluminum Fins With Copper Tubes
basis for testing or instruοtional purpοses οnly to
Excerpts 1iorτ this wοrk may be reproduced by instructors fbr distribution on a not-for-profit
students enroΙled in οourses for whiοh the texibook has been adopted. Αny oιher
reproducιion or ιrαnsιαtion οf ιhis work beyond thαι
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'n,
299
Tube Side Fluid = Water
Finned Side Fluid = Air
Finned Side Air Pressure = 0. FT. of Εlevation
Face Area = 2.17 Square Feet

Ηeight of Heat Exchanger = 12.5 ]nches
Width of Heat Exchanger = 25.0 linches
Number of Rows of Tubes in the Αir Flow Direction = 5
Number of Tubes Per Row = 10 Circuits on Τube Side = 5
Fin PΙtch = 8 Fins/lnch Fin Thickness = .006 lnches

Vertical Tube Spacing = 1.250lnches
Horizontal Tube Spacing = 1.083 lnches
Tube Outside Diameter = .525 lnches
Tube Wall Thickness = .015 lnches
lnside Tube Fouling Factor = .0000 ΗR-FTΛ2_F/Btu
Diameter of Inlet Pipe/Ηeader = 1.3 lnch(s)
Total Heat Τransfer Rate = -133026.9 Btu/HR

Sensible Heat Transfer Rate = -133026.9 BtuiHR
Entering Αir Conditions:
Dry Bulb Τemperature = 50.0 F
Face Velocity = 950.00 FPM
Αir Volume Flow Rate= 2061.6 cFM
Leaving Air Conditions:
Dry Bulb Temperature = 107.6 F
Tube Side Conditions:
Entering Fluid Temperature = 150.0 F
EXcerpts fiοm this work may be reproduced by instruοtοrs Γor drstribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instruοtional purpοses only to
students enrolled in courses for whiοh the textboοk has been adopted. Αny οther reproducιιon or trαnsιαιion of this ιιork beyond thαι
permitιed by Sections ] 07 οr Ι 08 of ιhe Ι 976 United Sιaιes Cοpyrighι Αct withοuι ιhe permission of ιhe copyright oνner is unlα:ινful.
300
Leaving Fluid Temperature = 128.3 F
Τube Side FΙuid Velocity = 4.00 FPS
Cooling or Heating Liquid Flow Rate = 12.5 GPM
Αir Pressure Loss = 1.13'1 lnches of Water
Tube Side Head Loss = 6.77 Feet of Water
Fin EfficieΠCy = '750 Surface Effectiveness = '771
Tube Side Ηeat Transfer Coefficient = '1 354.2 Btu/hr-SQFΤ-F

Finned Side Ηeat Τransfer Coefficient = '19.5 Btu/hr-SQFΤ-F
Mean Temperature Difference = -58.5 F
Τhe above results show that a 5 row coil would easily satisfy
the specified requirements. Τhe manual calculation of the
examples are very conservative.
Exοerpts from this work may be reproduced by instruοtors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instruοtional purposes only to
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adoptΞd. Αny οther repiodiction οr trαnslαtion of this work beyond thαt permitted by Sections
]07 or ]08
o7 ilιe lιzο (]nited Smtes Copyright Αct without the permission of the copyright owner is unlαwful.
iequests for permission or furtier-idormαtion should be αddressed to the Permission Depαrtment, Jοhn
Wiley & Sons, Ιnc, 11Ι Riνer Street, Hoboken, ]\ΙJ 07030.
Chapter 15
15-1 COP : qe/\rv; UseP-idiagram
_νV = i+_ig =119.5_105.5
= - 14.0 Btu / lbm p

14 ooF
Q"=il -iι=42'5-119'5 tlooF
4 ooF
= -77 Btu / lbm
g"=-Q"+\M=77-14
= 63 Btu / lbm
(a) COP=63 114=4.5

(b) CoP"".n.1 = 50ο l (570- 5οο) = 7'14
4.5
0r= = 0.63 or 63 %
7.14
(c)
ψ= Q" =
10 (12,000) _26,667
Btu lhr = 1ο.5 HP N 7.8 kW
coP 4.5
HP 10'5
then
ton 10 =
= 1.O5 and Ψ
kW
=O.22
10 (12,000)
(d) Qe = ΓhQe oΓ Γh = = 1905 lbm / hr = 0.24 kg /s
63
300
(e) W = 10.5 HP from (c) above = 7.8 kW
1905_ι0'68) x
(f) PD = rhv. = = 21'6 ft3 / min O.O1 m3 / s
60
15-2 W = 2.5 kW; rh = 0.05 kg / s
(a) 8c=il_iη, _νv - i+_iο
i+ =ig _W / rir : 398.4 + 2'5 / 0.ο5 = 448'4 kJ / kg
Qc = i1 -i4:260'3 - 448'4 = -188'1 kJ / kg
w = i3 -i4 = 398.4 - 448'4: -50 kJ / kg
9e : 9c -\M - 188.1-50 : 138.1 kJ / kg
(b) COP = 138.1 I 50 = 2.76
coP
( )carnot =
#*:3.86
(c) iι = 448'4 kJ / kg from part (a)
(d) 0r = 2.76 / 3.86 = 0 '72 or 72 o/o
15-3 R- 134a; Energy Balanοe
rh1i1 + mηiι =m2i2+ rh5i5 , rh1 = fi2= rh3 = rhη = rhs
is = i.l +iι _iz = 44'94 + 101 '54 _ 37.98 : 108'5 Btu / Ibm
Ps = P+ :16.6 Psia ! 100 F sat. liquid

P1: 138.8 Pjsla
5
w=i6-is,So=Ss
-r0 F
sat. vapor 80 F
Excerptsfromthiswοrkmaybereproduοedbyinstructorsfordistributionona.not-for-profitbasisfortestingorinstructionalpurposesonlyto
,l -_...__^ll^r;^^^llfaAqfnru,lιiοhthetextbοοkhasbeenadonteιl. Αnνotherreυroducιionortrαnslαιiono{thiswοrkb?νοbdthηι^2v":1'^)
_
301
io :'127 Btu / lbm lChart 3]
\Ι/ : 127 - 108.5 = 18.5 Btu / lbm
Qe = i+
_i3 : iι _iz = 1o1 '54 _ 37'98 = 63'6
15-3 (continued)
HP 132
^t
ton rhge
TT8
P
t9
HP (18.5) 778 (12,ooo)
=1.37
ton =
(63.6) 60 (33,000)
15-4 0ν =| 1+ C
Γ.
_ c^ rr..1l"' v3
L \PoJl
I
vb
n = k = 1.17; 1 ln= 0.855

r80
P./P6:180120:9 P
2
v3
o.9o [chart 4 tab le Α3a]
v6= ?2.38
-1I:
uuu]
(a) nu =|ι+ O.O3 - o.03 (9)o 0.90 = 0.75
,.. : ftua or ]1ι1 0u lb

'v PD PD =
v3
/ ft3
rh 0.75
PD 2.14
(b) Πν = * o.15_ o.15 (91o'εss 0.90 = 0.15

Γ,
tροt;fσΛrinctrlotinnql nllrnnsεsnnlvt^
Exοemtsfrοmthiqrνnrl-tra\,L--__-^j,'^^lL-.:__}_'.â^.^.--f,j_+-:!_,'+:^-_-___^}ε^--.nfi'+λ-"iafΛf
rh / PD = 0.15 t 2-14 = O'07 lb / ft3
(e\ fr, - tro = 1- o'07 = o.8o or 80 %

\v" rha 0.35
(d) Power is directly proportional to the mass flow rate
therefore, Power compares as in (c) above'
15-5 0ν =o'7o
4 cyl - 3" bore, 4" stroke, 800 rPm
Pι = 49] psia (chart 3)
Pι = 138.8 psia (chart 3) 2 qsoF
Πν = frΥ2, / PD; Υ2a = 1 'o4 ft3 / Ibm;
Table Α-2a @ 55 F / 52 psia

_
Qιz = rh (i2 η)
a
PD= GπlΦ() β00) = 52.36 ft3 / min
1728
iι __iι = 46 Btu / tbm
iz = 112 Btu / lbm
1ιz=ηPt" (iz_,.,l =
Ξ#f4 (.ε'46) = 2g26 Btu / min
Υ2a
or 912=139,560 Btu/hr = 11'6tons
15-6 R-22, assume suPerheat = 20 F
_. Ξ-- __^fi+ L-.]. f^f tea1inσ nr instnlctiοnaι nurooses onlv to

303
Subcooling = 10 F (a) 120 E

3t
t. 130 F, te 45 F
P 90 -3
b*
= =
\
Ρ;.}
P
Φ 4\'d
'15-6 (Continued)
ι|1
35
tl:130-10=120F
iι:iz:46 Btu / lb
(b) Q" = 144,000 Btu / hr (Fig. 15-7)
Wc = 14.8 kW = 50,498 Btu / hr
(c) te = 32.5 F (Fig. 1 5-τ); W = 13.3 kW
15-7 Refer to Fig ' 15-7 cΑP = 133,000 Btu/hr te= 47 F
^ l1 .'jL''L:^-.^_-^^+f^r-nrnfithasisfοrtestinsorinstructional purposesonΙyto
304
Evapl a),( c)
t-
Ξ
φ
α)
o
()
o
o
(d Ξ
ο- -Ξ
(τ,
ζ) ι_
Φ
Ξ
o
o-
( b) (a)( c)
io
orator Tι
15-8
Design Pointo -o(
-c
Ξ Ξ
Φ Υ
o
o 13.7 ;
o =
co-
'δ (ι)
ω Ξ
o- o
(σ α
o
Measured Operating
Points
Excerpts from this work may only to

students enrolled in courses ιhis work ιhαι permiιιed
by Secιions ]07 οr ]08 οf ιhe 1976 United Sι*eΝwff#{&ψeff&Etrβwib,gΦeruεgffi'"'^''n''' -
--
305
Pe = 69 psia; te = 30 F (Τable A-4)
(a) Τhe condensing temperature is still about '1 '15 F, but the
evaporating temperature is low, about 30 to 31 F.
(b) (qα _q) / aα = 1_*=0.36 or 36 % low

305
(c) lt appears that the evaporator is not loading the compressor.
Check for proper air fΙow over evaporator. Fan speed may be
low or an obstruction exists.
15-9 Suction valve, ΔP:2 psia G

lzτ s
Discharge valve, ΔP = 4 psia
sοsia
'10 F S.H. in intake man. and cyl. ,-Ι
sat R-22 νao'
Piston clearance=5oλ' 450F
Γ1+C_.ι r"']"nl γ"
P=90.73psia
ι
ηu=|
1 rPoJ.] uo
]
ExcΘrpts from this work may be reproduοed by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolΙed in cοtlrses fnr whinh tLΔ +__}L^^l'- L^^ L^^- ^j^_ι'
l
V3 = Vg at 45 F; vg = 0.604 ft3 / lbm (Τable Α-3a)
vo = 0.66 ft3 / lbm (Chart 4 at 55 F / 89 psia)
Pc=275+4= 279 psia; Pb = 90.73 -2= 88.73 psia

n:1.16, C=0.05
16l /o οo+\
(a) (Ξ+\1/1
L "_v'vι'ιs&rcJ .*
o" =| 1+ O.O5 _ o.O5 + 0'εeε
]ι .,l
(b)
ri'r - ry, (PD) / v. : (ο.838) 20 / 0.604 : 27.75|bmlmin N 0.2 kg /s
.n-1 I
P. n
(c) ψ=!Ψ, W=*o",[[ I
Pυ) -11
]
l, 2'79 ,oi6 I
* = 1J9(ss.73)
0.16'
(144) (o .66) l (
'|(8εzs)
)l 'ο _.' I
1
15-9 (cont inued)
= 1 0,466 ft - lbf /lbm x 31 kJ/kg
w _27.75(10,4666) _ 1.1.0 HP x 8.2 kW

0.80(33,ο00)
(Ψ
ι*l
Γ
'15-10 (a)
'ν
ou
L
=|l+ O.04 _ o.o4
)'''o]
'u'
Note: Αn average value c>f k assumed and 2 psi p res. loss
Excerpts from this work may be reproduοed by instruοtors for distribution on a not_for-profit basis for testing or instruοtional purposes only to
ctrr.lan+. i
^--îr-
307
assumed in suction header and valve.
Tv = 0.90, Γh = (PD) ηu lνz 19 β*p=zoo

irδ oor
= 9'4 (ο.90) l 0'74 o6o t"
'55 \l
I
I
rh ='l 1.44 lbm / min 60.oF

tzι6.
I
- 1'4_1
Γ
*
(1'4_1) \ /
-_1!- \ /Lι53/
w = (53) 44 (o'77) l [Ψ']
1 =94 91( ft _ lbη / lbm
fr*
vιl = = 9491 (11.44) / (0.9 x778) = 1t55 Btu / min
I
0m
QH=ψ+Qι=(155x60) + 3O,OOO = 39,3ooBtu/hr
15-10 (Continued)
or qH = 655 Btu / min
j9491
W23 =i2 -i3, iZ =iZt W = 133 +
778
=125.2Btu / Ιbm
9Η = ia _i3i iη = 9μ +iu = _#+ +125'2= 68 Btu / lbm

11.44
(b) lteration is required
P3 will decrease with the lighter load but Pz is also lower and
(P3 / P2) t'n will be about the same as part (a);
ν2 l ν6 will be about constant. Then Tv : Constant.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis flοr testinρ οr l'nstnlctiοnaΙ nιlrnοses onlv to
j
-+,,f,^-+-.-.---rl
308
However , Υ2= O.85 and rh : (PD)ην l νe = (9.4) 0.87 / 0.85
= 9.62 lbm / min.
ΠoWW
9491 (48)(1 03) : 14.78 Btu / tbm
53 (0.77) 778
=
W= (1 4.78) (9.62) (601 = 8530 Btu/hr;
Qn = 8530 + 24,000 = 32,530 Btuihr
Which assumes Ps I Pz is constant and 2 psi pres. loss in the
valve.
ie = iz t w :83.5 + 14'78 --94'3 Btu / lbm
iι =iz_ 9ιz = 111_24,000 / 9'62 (60) = 69'4 Btu / lbm
,, (50) = 188 psia 18

=
#
Ps
41.9 .83.5 9 4.3

t
15-11 Reduced air flow reduces the load on the evaporator. Without
suction pressure control the evaporator pressure will decrease
until condensate will freeze and completely block the
evaporator air flow. Liquid refrigerant will return to the
purposes only to
Εxοerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional
309
compressor and eventually cause the compressor suction
valve to faiΙ.
15-12 lnstall an evaporator pressure regulator set to maintain a
pressure such that the temperature of the evaporator surface
will not decrease below the freezing point for water.
15-'13 lnstall a suction pressure regulator on the compressor inlet.
Τhe regulator shouΙd be set to limit the suction pressure to a
level compatible with the compressor capacity.
15-14 (a) Using chart 2 with the construction shown,
the final temperature is 9ο F
(b) 'v L=!=0.18s

m - (ν 20 or
i
18.5 o/o
vapor (Use chart 2)
15-15 Using chart 2 tb ammonia/lb sol.
X3 = 0.495; ts = 125 F
28ooF
l8ooF
TzΞτ7 l6TT-sia
0 0.25 .495
χ+
Excerpts from this rπork may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for_profit basis for testing or instruοtionaΙ purposes only to
students enrolled in courses fbr whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reproduction or trαnslαιiοn of this work beνond ιhαΙ nemilto)
by Sectiοns ]07 or ]08 οfιhe !Q76 [Ιnifa'] Slnlo" r'^'.'-':'-ι'' ι ''
310
15-16 (coP)ma, = Ψ:fd:

\ _ - /Ιlιaλ T^ =
'9 - 180 + 460 : 64OR;
Tg(To _ ξ )'
Te=75 + 460 = 535 R; To =]00 + 460 = 560 R
(COP)ma x = 2.675
15-17 Refer to Chart 5 for saturated vapor at 10 mm hg.
Vapor must first be condensed to sat. liquid at '10 mm hg.
Q" = irs, Table Α-1a;
i'n = 1ο64.8 Btu/lbmu for 1 lbm of vapor oΓ 9. = 1064.8 Btu
at 50 F, P = 0.178 psia or
15-17 (continued)
P = 10 mm hg
Locate point I at x = 0; P = 10 mm hg
Locate point s atx = 0.6 ; P = 10 mm hg
ffru=1;m.=5
ms5mv
mm6ms
E
lv = ;5- tΠS = i x 45'5 Ξ 37.g (depends on scale used)
ob
(a) x = 0.50
(b) Q, = i, - io = -50 - (-70) = 20 Btu / lbm of solution
Exοerpts Γrom this work may be reproduced by instruοtors for distribution on a not-fοr-profit basis for testing or instruοtional purposes only to
students enτolΙed in οourses for which the textbook has been adopted. Αny oιher reproducιion or ιrαnslαιion of ιhis νοrk beyond thαι pemιιιed
by Sectiοns Ι07 or ]08 ofιhe ]976 tΙnited Sιοιρs Canιιriohι Δ?r1υ!a!"^''a n'^ ' '
311
Qtot : 1064.8 + (6 x 20) = 1 ,184.8 Btu
lm \m-1
ib 70δ
h9
0.5 0.6 0.8

χ+
Excerpts from this work may be reproduοed by instruοtors for distribution on a not_for_profit basis foτ testing or instructional purposes only to
students enτolled in οourses for whiοh the textbook has been adopted. Αny other reproduction or trαnslαtion of ιhis ιιork beyond thαι permitιed
bν Sections ]07 or ]08 οfιhe ]976 [kιitad Stntρc Γnh1'';-L} ι^l''':'1''' ' ''
311
ADDENDUM
to
Solutions ManuaΙ fοr McQuiston, ΙΙVAC 6e
ProbΙem 6-10
For the floor, it is unοlear what2 in. vertiοal edge insulation means (whether 2 in. is the
thiοkness of insulation or the depth of the edge insulated).
. The solution assumes that the insulation has R-value of 5.4 hr-ft2-oF/Btu and the
depth of the edge is 2 ft.
For the door, Table 5-8 in the 6th edition does not have U-value for the wood storm door
and there are three types of the wood door with 1 % in. thickness.
ο The solution assumes that the doors are panel doors with metal storm doοr; henοe,
its U-value is 0.28 But/hr-ft'-'F.
ΡrobΙem 7-9
The standard time zone for ottawa, ontario is Εastern Standard Time instead of Central
Standard Time.
. The solution uses Eastern Standard Time.
Prοblem 7-14
For the specified loοatiοn, the sunset oοοurs before 9:00 p.m. CDST on June 21.
ο The solution uses 8:Ο0 p.m. CDST instοad of 9:00 p.m.
Prοblems 8-25 and 8-26
Both problems do not specifu the window orientation.

. The solutions assume the west-facing window for both prοblems.
Tabte 8-20
Reοommended radiative and conveοtive fraοtions for solar heat gains should be revised
sinοe the 6th edition uses the SHGC values in the calοulation of the (οombined) solar heat
gain for the RΤS methοd.
Example 8-16
Τhe example actually uses 90%/10% of radiative/οonveοtive split of the cοmbined solar
heatgain. Ηowever,thetext (page270) says 100%/0Υoforthetransmittedsolarheatgain
and 630Λ1370Λ for the absorbed sοlar heat gain.
L--**-
312
ProbΙems 8_25 and 8-26
The solutions for both problems use 90%11,0% for the combined solar heat gain.
ExampΙe 9_1
The οalοulation for this example should be
('1Ι11?2Ψoi19.']!o:9Φ
= _ Ι22'606
" (0.ssx70- 0)(1000)
(Changing 13 to24 and 122790 to 122606).

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SOLUTION MANUAL

1-1 (a) 98 Btu/(hr-ft-F) x1.7307 = 170 W/(m-K)

(b) 0.24 Btu/(Ibm-F) x4186.8=1.0 kJ/kg-K

0.04 Ibm/(ft-hr) µNs

Btu 1 J 2.20462 Ibm MJ

(e) 1200 kW x 3412 = 4.1 x 10-6 Btu/hr

∆ P = 996 Pa ≈ 1.0 kPa

TOTAL BILL = ENERGY CHARGE + DEMAND CHARGE

( 96,000 ) kw - hrs ( 0.045 ) $ / kw − hr + ( 624 ) kw (11 − 50 ) $ / kw

+ $68 = $4,320 + $7,176 + $68 = $11,564

1-6 7 AM to 6 PM 11 hrs/day, 5 days/wk

1-9  = VA = 2 x 3.08 x 10-3 = 6.16 x 10-3m3/s

 = 6.16 x 10-3 x 998 = 6.15 kg/s

 = 7.07x10-2 x 4 = 0.283 m3 / s; ρ = 1.255 kq/m3

 = 1.225 x 0.283 = 0.347 kg/s

1-10 V = 3x10x20 = 600m3

 = 600 x 1 x 1 = 4.17 x 10-2 m3/s

1-12 q wat = −q air

11,200 = 5601.5 (t2-50); t2 = (11,200/5601.5) + 50 = 70 F

1-13 Diagram as in 1-12 above.

1.5 (4186)(90-t2) = 2.4 (1.225)(1.0)(30-20)(1000)

A= π (1/12) x 10 = 2.618 ft2

q = 10x2.618x(212-50) = 4241 Btu/hr

1-15 A= π x 0.25x4 = 3.14 16 m2

 = 5000x0.074x60 = 22,208 lbm/hr

q = 22,208x0.24(58-76) = -95,939 Btu/hr

Negative sign indicates cooling

(73.5x80) + (46.7 x 50)

2-1 through 2-20

Solutions are not furnished since many acceptable responses exist

3-1 (a) Pv = φ r Ps = 0.45(3.17)kPa = 1.43 kPa or 0.45(0.435) = 0.196 psia

Pa = 101 – 1.43 = 99.57 kPa or 14.696-0.196 = 14.5 psia

3-2 (a) English Units – t = 80F; P = 14.696 psia;

Pv = 0.507 psia Table A-1a

i = 0.24t + W(1062.2 + 0.444t)

i = 0.24 (80) + 0.0222[1061.2 + 0.444(80)] = 43.55 Btu/lbm

(b) English Units – 32F, 14.696 psia

Pv = 0.089 psia (Table A-1)

i = 0.24(32) + 0.00379 [1061.2 + 0.444(32)] = 11.76 Btu/lbma

3-2 (a) SI Units – 27C; 101.325 kPa

Pv = 3.60 kPa, Table A-1b

i = 1.0t + W(2501.3 + 1.86t) kJ/kga

i = 27 + 0.0229(2501.3 + 1.86 x 27) = 85.43 kJ / kga

(b) SI Units 0.0C; 101.325 kPa

Pv = 0.61 kPa, Table A-1b

i = 0.0 + 0.00377 (2501.3 – 1.86 x 0.0) = 9.42 kJ/kga

t = 80 F; Pv = 0.507 psia (Table A-1a)

i = 0.24(80) + 0.0269 [1061.2 + 0.444(80)] = 48.7 Btu/lbma

(b) English Units – t = 32 F, Pv = 0.089 psia ( Table A-1a)

i = 0.24(32) + 0.00456 [1061.2 + 0.444(32)] =12.58 Btu/lbma

3-3 (a) SI Units -27 C, 1500 m elevation

P = 99.436 + 1500(-0.01) = 84.436 kPa

Pv = 3.60 kPa, Table A-1b

i = 27 + 0.0277 (2501.3 + 1.86 x 27) = 97.68 kJ/kga

(b) SI Units – 0.0C; 1500m or 84.436 kPa

Pv = 0.61 kPa; Table A-1b

i = 0.0 + 0.00453 (2501.3 – 0.0 x 1.86) = 11.33 kJ / kga

3-4 (a) English Units – 70F, Pv = 0.363 psia

Pv = φ Pg = 0.75(0.363) = 0.272 psia

i = 0.24 (70) + 0.0117 [1061.2 + 0.444 (70)] = 29.58 Btu / lbma

(b) Pv = 0.75 (0.363) = 0.272 psia; P = 12.24 psia

i = 0.24(70) + 0.0141 [1061.2 + 0.444 (70)] = 32.20 Btu/ lbma

(a) 20C, 75% RH, Sea Level

Ps = 2.34 kPa; Pv = 0.75 x 2.34 = 1.755 kPa

1-9 = VA = 2 x 3.08 x 10-3 = 6.16 x 10-3m3/s

= 6.16 x 10-3 x 998 = 6.15 kg/s

= 7.07x10-2 x 4 = 0.283 m3 / s; ρ = 1.255 kq/m3

= 1.225 x 0.283 = 0.347 kg/s

= 600 x 1 x 1 = 4.17 x 10-2 m3/s

1-12 q wat = −q air

q = 10x2.618x(212-50) = 4241 Btu/hr

= 5000x0.074x60 = 22,208 lbm/hr

q = 22,208x0.24(58-76) = -95,939 Btu/hr

a = 5000 (0.0762) = 381 lbma / min = 22,860 lbma / hr

a = 5000 (0.061) = 305 lbma / min

a = 2.36 / 0.82 = 2.88 kga / s

a = 2.36 / 0.985 = 2.40 kga / s

q s = 63.95 (0.62) = 39.65 kW

q s = 203,317 (0.63) = 128,089. Btu/hr