County (United States)

13/08/2021 County (United States) - Wikipedia
County (United States)

In the United States a county is an administrative or
political subdivision of a state that consists of a County
geographic region with specific boundaries and usually Also known as:
some level of governmental authority.[3] The term Parish (Louisiana)
"county" is used in 48 U.S. states, while Louisiana and
Borough (Alaska)
Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called
parishes and boroughs, respectively.[3]
The specific governmental powers of counties vary

widely between the states. Counties have significant
functions in all states except Rhode Island and
Connecticut, where county governments have been
abolished but the entities remain for administrative or
statistical purposes. Massachusetts has removed most
government functions from eight of its 14 counties.
County populations also vary widely: in 2017,
according to the Census Bureau, more than half the Category Second-level administrative
U.S. population is concentrated in just 143 of the more division
than 3,000 counties, or just 4.6% of all counties; the Location States, federal district and
five largest counties ordered by population are Los territories of the United
Angeles County, California; Cook County, Illinois; States of America
Harris County, Texas; Maricopa County, Arizona; and Found in State
San Diego County, California.[4]
Number 3,243 (including 136 county
The number of counties per state ranges from the equivalents in the 50 states
three counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of and the District of Columbia,
Texas. Most counties have subdivisions which may and the 100 county
equivalents in the U.S.
include townships, municipalities and unincorporated
territories)
areas. Others have no further divisions, or may serve
as a consolidated city-county where a city and a county Populations Greatest: Los Angeles
have been merged into a unified jurisdiction. Some County, California—
municipalities are in multiple counties; New York City 10,039,107 (2019)
Least: Kalawao County,

is uniquely partitioned into five counties, referred to at
Hawaii—86 (2019)
the city government level as boroughs. Conversely, the

8 entities[a] (county
independent cities of the states of Virginia, Maryland, equivalents)—0 (2019)
Missouri, and Nevada are municipalities that do not Average: 104,435 (2019)
legally belong to any county, but may still function as if
Areas Largest: San Bernardino
they were consolidated city-counties.
County, California—
The United States Census Bureau uses the term 20,057 sq mi (51,950 km2)
Yukon–Koyukuk Census
"county equivalent" to describe places that are
Area, Alaska (county
comparable to counties, but called by different names.
equivalent)—145,505 sq mi
Louisiana parishes, the organized boroughs of Alaska, (376,860 km2)
independent cities, and the District of Columbia are Smallest: Kalawao County,
equivalent to counties for administrative purposes. Hawaii—12 sq mi (31 km2)
Alaska's Unorganized Borough, a 323,440-square-mile Falls Church, Virginia

(837,700 km2) area that has no county equivalent (county equivalent)—2 sq mi
government, is further divided into 11 census areas (5.2 km2)
that are statistically equivalent to counties. Smallest (including

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)#County_equivalents 1/19
Territories of the United States do not have counties; territories): Kingman Reef
instead, the United States Census Bureau also divides (county equivalent)—
them into county equivalents. The U.S. Census Bureau 0.01 sq mi (0.026 km2)[1][2]
counts American Samoa's districts and atolls as county Average: 1,208 sq mi

equivalents.[5][6] American Samoa locally has places (3,130 km2)
called "counties", but these entities are considered to Government Groups:
County commission,
be "minor civil divisions" (not true counties) by the Board of commissioners,
U.S. Census Bureau.[6] Board of supervisors (AZ,
CA, IA, MS, VA, WI) County
As of 2020, there are currently 3,143 counties and council (WA),
county equivalents in the 50 states and the District of Commissioners' court (TX),
Columbia.[7] If the 100 county equivalents in the U.S. Board of County
territories are counted, then the total is 3,243 counties Commissioners (NJ), Fiscal
and county equivalents in the United Court (KY), Police jury (LA)
States.[8][9][5][6][b] The county with the largest Individuals:
County
population, Los Angeles County (10,039,107),[10] and executive, County manager,
Sole commissioner (GA),
the county with the largest land area, San Bernardino
County mayor, County
County, border each other in Southern California
administrator, County judge
(however, eleven boroughs in Alaska are larger in area
than San Bernardino County). Subdivisions Minor civil division,
Township, City, Hundred
Contents
History
County variations
Consolidated city-counties
County equivalents
Territories
Names and etymologies
County government
Organization
Scope of power
Minimal scope
Moderate scope
Broad scope
Statistics
Population
Area
Geographic relationships between cities and
counties
See also
Notes
References
External links
History
The origin of the American counties are in the counties of England. English (after 1707 British)
colonists brought to their colonies in North America a political subdivision that they already used in
the British metropole: the counties. Counties were among the earliest units of local government
established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first
counties in order to ease the administrative workload in Jamestown. The House of Burgesses
divided the colony first into four "incorporations" in 1617 and finally into eight shires (or counties)
in 1634: James City, Henrico, Charles City, Charles River, Warrosquyoake, Accomac, Elizabeth City,
and Warwick River.[11] America's oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville,
Virginia, in Northampton (originally Accomac) County, dating to 1632.[12] Maryland established its
first county, St. Mary's, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. Pennsylvania and New York
delegated significant power and responsibility from the colony government to county governments
and thereby established a pattern for most of the United States, although counties remained
relatively weak in New England.[13]
When independence came, the framers of the Constitution left the matter to the states.
Subsequently, state constitutions conceptualized county governments as arms of the state.[14]
Louisiana instead adopted the local divisions called parishes that dated back to both the Spanish
colonial and French colonial periods when the land was dominated by the Catholic Church.[15] In
the twentieth century, the role of local governments strengthened and counties began providing
more services, acquiring home rule and county commissions to pass local ordinances pertaining to
their unincorporated areas.[14]
In some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties' smaller divisions usually
called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called "towns". The
county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, depending on state law.
The newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established
in 2001 as a consolidated city-county, previously part of four counties.[16][17] The newest county
equivalents are the Alaskan census areas of Chugach and Copper River, both established in 2019,[18]
and the Alaskan boroughs of Petersburg established in 2013, Wrangell established in 2008, and
Skagway established in 2007.[19]
County variations
Consolidated city-counties
A consolidated city-county is simultaneously a city, which is a municipality (municipal corporation),

and a county, which is an administrative division of a state, having the powers and responsibilities
of both types of entities. There are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U.S.,[3] including Augusta,
Georgia; Denver, Colorado; Honolulu, Hawaii; Indianapolis, Indiana; Jacksonville, Florida;
Louisville, Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky; Kansas City, Kansas; Nashville, Tennessee; New
Orleans, Louisiana; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and San Francisco, California.
Similarly, some of Alaska's boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-
boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the
geographically largest cities in the world, though often with population densities far below those of
most urban areas.
County equivalents
The term county equivalents is used by the United States Census Bureau to describe divisions that
are comparable to counties but called by different names:[20]
Alaska census areas: Most of the land area of Alaska is not contained within any of Alaska's 19
organized boroughs. This vast area, larger than France and Germany combined, is officially
referred to by the Alaska state government as the Unorganized Borough and outside of other
incorporated borough limits, has no independent "county" government, although several
incorporated city governments exist within its boundaries; the majority of it is governed and run
by the State of Alaska as an extension of state government.[c] The United States Census
Bureau, in cooperation with the Alaska state government for census and electoral districting
purposes, has divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas for statistical purposes
only.[d]
Louisiana parishes: The usage of the term parish for a territorial entity or local government in
Louisiana dates back to both the Spanish colonial and French colonial periods when the land
was dominated by the Catholic Church. New Orleans is a consolidated city-parish.
Independent cities: These are cities that legally belong to no county. They differ from
consolidated city-counties in that in the case of a consolidated city-county, the county at least
nominally exists, whereas in the case of an independent city, no county even nominally
exists.[23] As of July 2013, there are 41 such cities in the United States, including Baltimore,
Maryland; Carson City, Nevada; St. Louis, Missouri; and all 38 cities in Virginia, where any area
incorporated as a city is outside of the county jurisdiction.[24][25]
Washington, D.C.,[26] outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The City of
Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, which, in accordance with Article
1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, is under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress. When
founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria
County (which now forms Arlington County and a portion of the independent city of Alexandria)
—including the then City of Alexandria—was given back to Virginia. In 1871, the three
remaining entities—the City of Washington, City of Georgetown, and Washington County (which
was coterminous with the District)—were merged into a consolidated government of District of
Columbia by an act of Congress. Georgetown was abolished as a city by another act in 1895.
Consolidated city-counties are not designated county equivalents for administrative purposes; since
both the city and the county at least nominally exist, they are properly classified as counties in their
own right. The city limit or jurisdiction is synonymous with the county line as the two
administrative entities become a non-dichotomous single entity. For this reason, a consolidated city
county is officially remarked as name of city - name of county (i.e., Augusta–Richmond County
in Georgia). The same is true of the boroughs of New York City, each of which is coextensive with a
county of New York State.
Territories
There are technically no counties in U.S. territories. American Samoa has its own counties, but the
U.S. Census Bureau does not count them as counties (instead, the U.S. Census Bureau counts
American Samoa's three districts and two atolls as county equivalents).[5][6] American Samoa's
counties are treated as minor civil divisions.[6] Most territories are directly divided into
municipalities or similar units, which are treated as equivalent of counties for statistical
purposes:[5][2][6][27][28]
The 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico

The three main islands of the United States Virgin Islands
The nineteen Villages of Guam
The four municipalities of the Northern Mariana Islands
The three districts of American Samoa
The two atolls of American Samoa
The nine islands of the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands
The U.S. Census Bureau counts all of Guam as one county equivalent (with the FIPS code
66010),[5][6] while the USGS counts Guam's election districts (villages) as county
equivalents.[29][30] The U.S. Census Bureau counts the 3 main islands in the U.S. Virgin Islands as
county equivalents, while the USGS counts the districts of the U.S. Virgin Islands (of which there
are 2) as county equivalents.[5][29]
Names and etymologies

Common sources of county names are names of people, geographic features, places in other states
or countries, and animals. Quite a few counties bear names of Native American, French, or Spanish
origin.[31]
Counties are most often named for people, often political figures or early settlers, with over 2,100 of
the 3,144 total so named. The most common county name, with 31, is Washington County, for
America's first president, George Washington. Up until 1871, there was a Washington County within
the District of Columbia, but it was dissolved by the District of Columbia Organic Act. Jefferson
County, for Thomas Jefferson, is next with 26. The most recent president to have a county named
for him was Warren G. Harding, reflecting the slowing rate of county creation since New Mexico
and Arizona became states in 1912. The most common names for counties not named after a
president are Franklin (25), Clay (18), and Montgomery (18).
After people, the next most common source of county names are geographic features and locations,
with some counties even being named after counties in other states, or for places in countries such
as the United Kingdom. The most common geographic county name is Lake. Words from Native
American languages, as well as the names of Native American leaders and tribes, lend their names
to many counties.[32] Quite a few counties bear names of French or Spanish origin, such as
Marquette County being named after French missionary Father Jacques Marquette.[31]
The county's equivalent in the state of Louisiana, the parish (Fr. paroisse civile and Sp. parroquia)
took its name during the state's French and Spanish colonial periods. Before the Louisiana Purchase
and granting of statehood, government was often administered in towns where major church
parishes were located. Of the original 19 civil parishes of Louisiana that date from statehood in
1807, nine were named after the Roman Catholic parishes from which they were governed.
County government
Organization
The structure and powers of a county government may be defined by the general law of the state or
by a charter specific to that county. States may allow only general-law counties, only charter
counties, or both. Generally, general-law local governments have less autonomy than chartered
local governments.[33]
Counties are usually governed by an elected body, variously called the county commission, board of
supervisors, commissioners' court, county council, board of chosen freeholders, county court, or
county Legislature. In cases in which a consolidated city-county or independent city exists, a City
Council usually governs city/county or city affairs. In some counties, day-to-day operations are
overseen by an elected county executive or by a chief administrative officer or county administrator
who reports to the board, the mayor, or both.
In many states, the board in charge of a county holds powers that transcend all three traditional
branches of government. It has the legislative power to enact ordinances for the county; it has the
executive power to oversee the executive operations of county government; and it has quasi-judicial
power with regard to certain limited matters (such as hearing appeals from the planning
commission if one exists).
In many states, several important officials are elected separately from the board of commissioners
or supervisors and cannot be fired by the board. These positions may include county clerk, county
treasurer, county surrogate, sheriff, and others.
District attorneys or state attorneys are usually state-level as opposed to county-level officials, but
in many states, counties and state judicial districts have coterminous boundaries.
The site of a county's administration, and often the county courthouse, is generally called the county
seat ("parish seat" in Louisiana, "borough seat" in Alaska, or "shire town" in several New England
counties). The county seat usually resides in a municipality. However, some counties may have
multiple seats or no seat. In some counties with no incorporated municipalities, a large settlement
may serve as the county seat.
Scope of power
The power of county governments varies widely from state to state, as does the relationship
between counties and incorporated cities.
The powers of counties arise from state law and vary widely.[34]
In Connecticut and Rhode
Island,[35][36]
counties are geographic entities, but not governmental jurisdictions. At the other
extreme, Maryland counties and the county equivalent City of Baltimore handle almost all services,
including public education, although the state retains an active oversight authority with many of
these services.[37]
In most Midwestern and Northeastern states, counties are further subdivided into townships or
towns, which sometimes exercise local powers or administration. Throughout the United States,
counties may contain other independent, self-governing municipalities.
Minimal scope
In New England, counties function at most as judicial court districts and sheriff's departments
(presently, in Connecticut only as judicial court districts—and in Rhode Island, they have lost both
those functions and most others but they are still used by the United States Census Bureau and
some other federal agencies for some federal functions ), and most of the governmental authority
below the state level is in the hands of towns and cities. In several of Maine's sparsely populated
counties, small towns rely on the county for law enforcement, and in New Hampshire several social
programs are administered at the state level. In Connecticut, Rhode Island, and parts of
Massachusetts, counties are now only geographic designations, and they do not have any
governmental powers. All government is either done at the state level or at the municipal level. In
Connecticut and parts of Massachusetts, regional councils have been established to partially fill the
void left behind by the abolished county governments.[e] The regional councils' authority is limited
compared with a county government—they have authority only over infrastructure and land use
planning, distribution of state and federal funds for infrastructure projects, emergency
preparedness, and limited law enforcement duties.
Moderate scope
In the Mid-Atlantic and Midwest, counties typically provide, at a minimum, courts, public utilities,
libraries, hospitals, public health services, parks, roads, law enforcement, and jails. There is usually
a county registrar, recorder, or clerk (the exact title varies) who collects vital statistics, holds
elections (sometimes in coordination with a separate elections office or commission), and prepares
or processes certificates of births, deaths, marriages, and dissolutions (divorce decrees). The county
recorder normally maintains the official record of all real estate transactions. Other key county
officials include the coroner/medical examiner, treasurer, assessor, auditor, comptroller, and
district attorney.
In most states, the county sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer in the county. However, except
in major emergencies where clear chains of command are essential, the county sheriff normally
does not directly control the police departments of city governments, but merely cooperates with
them (e.g., under mutual aid pacts). Thus, the most common interaction between county and city
law enforcement personnel is when city police officers deliver suspects to sheriff's deputies for
detention or incarceration in the county jail.
In most states, the state courts and local law enforcement are organized and implemented along
county boundaries, but nearly all of the substantive and procedural law adjudicated in state trial
courts originates from the state legislature and state appellate courts. In other words, most criminal
defendants are prosecuted for violations of state law, not local ordinances, and if they, the district
attorney, or police seek reforms to the criminal justice system, they will usually have to direct their
efforts towards the state legislature rather than the county (which merely implements state law).
A typical criminal defendant will be arraigned and subsequently indicted or held over for trial
before a trial court in and for a particular county where the crime occurred, kept in the county jail
(if he is not granted bail or cannot make bail), prosecuted by the county's district attorney, and tried
before a jury selected from that county. But long-term incarceration is rarely a county
responsibility, execution of capital punishment is never a county responsibility, and the state's
responses to prisoners' appeals are the responsibility of the state attorney general, who has to
defend before the state appellate courts the prosecutions conducted by locally elected district
attorneys in the name of the state. Furthermore, county-level trial court judges are officers of the
judicial branch of the state government rather than county governments.
In many states, the county controls all unincorporated lands within its boundaries. In states with a
township tier, unincorporated land is controlled by the townships. Residents of unincorporated
land who are dissatisfied with county-level or township-level resource allocation decisions can
attempt to vote to incorporate as a city, town, or village.
A few counties directly provide public transportation themselves, usually in the form of a simple
bus system. However, in most counties, public transportation is provided by one of the following: a
special district that is coterminous with the county (but exists separately from the county
government), a multi-county regional transit authority, or a state agency.
Broad scope
In western and southern states, more populated counties provide many facilities, such as airports,
convention centers, museums, recreation centers,
beaches, harbors, zoos, clinics, law libraries, and
public housing. They provide services such as child and family services, elder services, mental
health services, welfare services, veterans assistance services, animal control, probation
supervision, historic preservation, food safety regulation, and environmental health services. They
have many additional officials like public defenders, arts commissioners, human rights
commissioners, and planning commissioners.
There may be a county fire department and a county police department – as distinguished from fire
and police departments operated by individual cities, special districts, or the state government. For
example, Gwinnett County, Georgia, and its county seat, the city of Lawrenceville, each have their
own police departments. (A separate county sheriff's department is responsible for security of the
county courts and administration of the county jail.) In several southern states, public school
systems are organized and administered at the county level.
Statistics
As of 2016, there were 3,007 counties, 64 parishes, 19 organized boroughs, 11 census areas, 41
independent cities,[f] and the District of Columbia for a total of 3,143 counties and county
equivalents in the 50 states and District of Columbia.[7] There are an additional 100 county
equivalents in the territories of the United States.[5][6][2] The average number of counties per state
is 62, with a range from the three counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas.
Southern and Midwestern states generally tend to have more counties than Western or
Northeastern states, as many Northeastern states are not large enough in area to warrant a large
number of counties, and many Western states were sparsely populated when counties were created.
The five counties of Rhode Island, the eight counties of Connecticut, and eight of the 14 counties of
Massachusetts no longer have functional county governments, but continue to exist as legal and
census entities.
The counties and county equivalents of the United States of America, by state or territory
State, Total Subdivisions[7] Average

federal
district
2019 Land Land
Counties Equivalents Total Population
or territory population[39] area[40] area
50,645 756
sq mi
sq mi
Alabama 4,903,185 67 — 67 73,182

131,171 1,958
km2 km2
570,641 19,677
sq mi
sq mi
Alaska[g] 731,545 — 30 30 24,385

1,477,953 50,964
km2 km2
113,594 7,573
sq mi
sq mi
Arizona 7,278,717 15 — 15 485,248

294,207 19,614
km2 km2
52,035 694
sq mi
sq mi
Arkansas 3,017,825 75 — 75 40,238

134,771 1,797
km2 km2
155,779 2,686
sq mi
sq mi
California 39,512,223 58 — 58 681,245

403,466 6,956
km2 km2
103,642 1,619
sq mi
sq mi
Colorado 5,758,736 64 — 64 89,980

268,431 4,194
km2 km2
4,842 605
sq mi
sq mi
3,565,287 8 — 8 445,661
Connecticut 12,542 1,568
km2 km2
1,949 650
sq mi
sq mi
Delaware 973,764 3 — 3 324,588

5,047 1,682
km2 km2
61
District of 61 sq mi
sq mi
705,749 — 1 1 705,749
Columbia[h] 158 km2 158
km2
53,625 800
sq mi
sq mi
Florida 21,477,737 67 — 67 320,563

138,887 2,073
km2 km2
57,513 362
sq mi
sq mi
Georgia 10,617,423 159 — 159 66,776

148,959 937
km2 km2
6,423 1,285
sq mi
sq mi
Hawaii 1,415,872 5 — 5 283,174

16,635 3,327
km2 km2

federal
district
2019 Land Land
82,643 1,878
sq mi
sq mi
Idaho 1,787,065 44 — 44 40,615

214,045 4,865
km2 km2
55,519 544
sq mi
sq mi
Illinois 12,671,821 102 — 102 124,234

143,793 1,410
km2 km2
35,826 389
sq mi
sq mi
Indiana 6,732,219 92 — 92 73,176

92,789 1,009
km2 km2
55,857 564
sq mi
sq mi
Iowa 3,155,070 99 — 99 31,869

144,669 1,461
km2 km2
81,759 779
sq mi
sq mi
Kansas 2,913,314 105 — 105 27,746

211,754 2,017
km2 km2
39,486 329
sq mi
sq mi
Kentucky 4,467,673 120 — 120 37,231

102,269 852
km2 km2
43,204 675
sq mi
sq mi
4,648,794 — 64 64 72,637
Louisiana[i] 111,898 1,748
km2 km2
30,843 1,928
sq mi
sq mi
Maine 1,344,212 16 — 16 84,013

79,883 4,993
km2 km2
9,707 404
sq mi
sq mi
6,045,680 23 1 24 251,903
Maryland[j] 25,142 1,048
km2 km2
7,800 557
sq mi
sq mi
6,949,503 14 — 14 496,393
Massachusetts 20,202 1,443
km2 km2
56,539 681
sq mi
sq mi
Michigan 9,986,857 83 — 83 120,324

146,435 1,764
km2 km2
79,627 915
sq mi
sq mi
5,639,632 87 — 87 64,823
Minnesota 206,232 2,370
km2 km2
46,923 572
sq mi
sq mi
2,976,149 82 — 82 36,295
Mississippi 121,531 1,482
km2 km2

federal
district
2019 Land Land
68,742 598
sq mi
sq mi
6,137,428 114 1 115 53,369

Missouri[k] 178,040 1,548
km2 km2
145,546 2,599
sq mi
sq mi
Montana 1,068,778 56 — 56 19,085

376,962 6,731
km2 km2
76,824 826
sq mi
sq mi
Nebraska 1,934,408 93 — 93 20,800

198,974 2,140
km2 km2
109,781 6,458
sq mi
sq mi
Nevada[l] 3,080,156 16 1 17 181,186

284,332 16,725
km2 km2
8,953 895
New sq mi
sq mi
1,359,711 10 — 10 135,971
Hampshire 23,187 2,319
km2 km2
7,354 350
New sq mi
sq mi
8,882,190 21 — 21 422,961
Jersey 19,047 907
km2 km2
121,298 3,676
New sq mi
sq mi
2,096,829 33 — 33 63,540
Mexico 314,161 9,520
km2 km2
47,126 760
sq mi
sq mi
New York 19,453,561 62 — 62 313,767

122,057 1,969
km2 km2
48,618 486
North sq mi
sq mi
10,488,084 100 — 100 104,881

Carolina 125,920 1,259
km2 km2
69,001 1,302
North sq mi
sq mi
762,062 53 — 53 14,379
Dakota 178,711 3,372
km2 km2
40,861 464
sq mi
sq mi
Ohio 11,689,100 88 — 88 132,831

105,829 1,203
km2 km2
68,595 891
sq mi
sq mi
3,956,971 77 — 77 51,389
Oklahoma 177,660 2,307
km2 km2
95,988 2,666
sq mi
sq mi
Oregon 4,217,737 36 — 36 117,159

248,608 6,906
km2 km2

federal
district
2019 Land Land
44,743 668
sq mi
sq mi
12,801,989 67 — 67 191,074
Pennsylvania 115,883 1,730
km2 km2
1,034 207
Rhode sq mi
sq mi
1,059,361 5 — 5 211,872
Island 2,678 536
km2 km2
30,061 653
South sq mi
sq mi
5,148,714 46 — 46 111,929
Carolina 77,857 1,693
km2 km2
75,811 1,149
South sq mi
sq mi
884,659 66 — 66 13,404
Dakota 196,350 2,975
km2 km2
41,235 434
sq mi
sq mi
6,833,174 95 — 95 71,928
Tennessee 106,798 1,124
km2 km2
261,232 1,028
sq mi
sq mi
Texas 28,995,881 254 — 254 114,157

676,587 2,664
km2 km2
82,170 2,833
sq mi
sq mi
Utah 3,205,958 29 — 29 110,550

212,818 7,339
km2 km2
9,217 658
sq mi
sq mi
Vermont 623,989 14 — 14 44,571

23,871 1,705
km2 km2
39,490 295
sq mi
sq mi
Virginia[m] 8,535,519 95 38 133 64,177

102,279 763
km2 km2
66,456 1,704
sq mi
sq mi
7,614,893 39 — 39 195,254
Washington 172,119 4,413
km2 km2
24,038 437
West sq mi
sq mi
1,792,147 55 — 55 32,584
Virginia 62,259 1,132
km2 km2
54,158 752
sq mi
sq mi
5,822,434 72 — 72 80,867
Wisconsin 140,268 1,948
km2 km2
97,093 4,221
sq mi
sq mi
Wyoming 578,759 23 — 23 25,163

251,470 10,933
km2 km2

federal
district
2019 Land Land
United States
3,531,905 1,124
(50 states and sq mi
sq mi
328,239,523 3,007 136 3,143 104,435

the District of 9,147,592 2,910
Columbia) km2 km2
15
American 77 sq mi
51,504 — 5 5 11,104 sq mi
Samoa[n] 199 km2

40 km2
210
210 sq mi
sq mi
Guam[o] 162,742 — 1 1 162,742

540 km2 540
km2
45
Northern
179 sq mi
sq mi
Mariana 52,263 — 4 4 13,066

464 km2 116
Islands[p]
km2
3,515 45
Puerto sq mi
sq mi
3,193,694 — 78 78 40,945
Rico[q] 9,104 116
km2 km2
U.S.
13 sq mi
1 sq mi
Minor Outlying 160 — 9 9 18

34 km2 4 km2
Islands[r][s]
45
U.S. 134 sq mi
sq mi
104,901 — 3 3 34,967
Virgin Islands[t] 346 km2 115
km2
United States
3,535,948 1,091
(50 states, the sq mi
sq mi
District of 330,744,054 9,158,064 3,007 236 3,243 101,987 2,825

Columbia,
km2 km2
and territories)
Population
The average U.S. county population was over 100,000 in 2019. The most populous county is Los
Angeles County, California, with 10,039,107 residents in 2019.[45] This number is greater than the
populations of 41 U.S. states. It also makes the population of Los Angeles County 17.4 times greater
than that of the least populous state, Wyoming.
The second most populous county is Cook County, Illinois, with a population of 5,150,233.[45] Cook
County's population is larger than that of 28 individual U.S. states and the combined populations of
the six smallest states.[45]
The least populous county is Kalawao County, Hawaii, with 86 residents in 2019.[45] Eight county
equivalents in the U.S. territories have no human population: Rose Atoll, Northern Islands
Municipality, Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, and
Navassa Island.[2][46][47] The remaining three islands in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands (Midway
Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island) have small non-permanent human populations. The county
equivalent with the smallest non-zero population counted in the census is Swains Island, American
Samoa (17 people),[48] although since 2008 this population has not been permanent
either.[49][50][51][52]
The most densely populated county or county equivalent is New York County, New York
(coextensive with the New York City Borough of Manhattan), with 72,033 persons per square mile
(27,812/km2) in 2015. The Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, is both the most extensive and the
least densely populated county or county equivalent with 0.0380 persons per square mile
(0.0147/km2) in 2015.[45]
In the 50 states (plus District of Columbia), a total of 981 counties have a population over 50,000;
592 counties have a population over 100,000; 137 counties have a population over 500,000; 45
counties have a population over 1,000,000; and 14 counties have a population over 2,000,000. At
the other extreme, 35 counties have a population under 1,000; 307 counties have a population
under 5,000; 709 counties have a population under 10,000; and 1,492 counties have a population
between 10,000 and 50,000.[45]
Area
At the 2000 U.S. Census, the median land area of U.S. counties
was 622 sq mi (1,610 km2), which is two-thirds of the median
land area of a ceremonial county of England, and a little more
than a quarter of the median land area of a French
département. Counties in the western United States typically
have a much larger land area than those in the eastern United
States. For example, the median land area of counties in
Georgia is 343 sq mi (890 km2), whereas in Utah it is
2,427 sq mi (6,290 km2).
A highway sign designating the
The most extensive county or county equivalent is the Yukon– border between Nicholas and
Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, with a land area of Greenbrier counties in West Virginia
145,505 square miles (376,856 km2). All nine of the most along a secondary road
extensive county equivalents are in Alaska. The most extensive
county is San Bernardino County, California, with a land area of
20,057 square miles (51,947 km2). The least extensive county is Kalawao County, Hawaii, with a
land area of 11.991 square miles (31.058 km2). The least extensive county equivalent in the 50 states
is the independent city of Falls Church, Virginia, with a land area of 1.999 square miles
(5.177 km2).[3] If U.S. territories are included, the least extensive county equivalent is Kingman
Reef, with a land area of 0.01 square miles (0.03 km2).[1]
Geographic relationships between cities and counties

In some states, a municipality may be in only one county and may not annex territory in adjacent
counties, but in the majority of states, the state constitution or state law allows municipalities to
extend across county boundaries. At least 32 states include municipalities in multiple counties.
Dallas and Oklahoma City, for example, both contain portions of five counties. New York City is an
unusual case because it encompasses multiple entire counties in one city. Each of those counties is
coextensive with one of the five boroughs of the city: Manhattan (New York County), The Bronx
(Bronx County), Queens (Queens County), Brooklyn (Kings County), and Staten Island (Richmond
County).
See also
City-County
Lists of counties in the United States
List of United States counties and county equivalents
Index of U.S. counties

List of former United States counties
List of the most common U.S. county names
Flags of counties of the United States
List of FIPS codes
Census geographic units of Canada
Municipalities of Mexico
Notes
a. The 8 county equivalents with zero people are Rose Atoll (American Samoa), Northern Islands
Municipality (Northern Mariana Islands), Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston
Atoll, Kingman Reef and Navassa Island
b. At the time of the most recent 2010 census, 3,143 counties and equivalents were recorded in
the 50 states and the District of Columbia, with another 100 county equivalents recorded in the
territories (when the nine Minor Outlying Islands are included). Since that time, the independent
city of Bedford, Virginia, was dissolved and had its territory added to Bedford County, Virginia.
Also, Alaska's Petersburg census area incorporated as Petersburg Borough and Alaska's
Valdez–Cordova Census Area split into the Copper River and Chugach census areas. The net
result of these changes has been the number changing but staying 3,143.
c. The Unorganized Borough, Alaska formed by the Borough Act of 1961 is a legal entity, run by
the Alaska state government as an extension of State government,[21] it and the independently
incorporated Unified, Home Rule, First Class and Second Class boroughs roughly correspond
to parishes in Louisiana and to counties in the other 48 states.[22]
d. These 11 statistical areas are used solely by the United States Census Bureau to tabulate
population and other census statistics within the Unorganized Borough; they have no legal
basis in Alaska state or federal law other than for electoral representation and federal financial
assistance purposes.
e. Unlike in Massachusetts, Connecticut's regional councils do not conform to the old county lines,
but rather, they are composed of towns that share the same geographic region and have similar
demographics.
f. Prior to July 1, 2016, there were 42 independent cities. At that time, Bedford, Virginia, gave up
its city status and became a town within Bedford County.[38]
g. The State of Alaska has 19 organized boroughs and one Unorganized Borough divided into 11
census areas.
h. The United States Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget consider the
entire District of Columbia to be a county equivalent.
i. The State of Louisiana has 64 parishes instead of counties.
j. The State of Maryland has 23 counties and the independent City of Baltimore.
k. The State of Missouri has 114 counties and the independent City of St. Louis.
l. The State of Nevada has 16 counties and the independent Consolidated Municipality of Carson
City.
m. The Commonwealth of Virginia has 95 counties and 38 independent cities.
n. American Samoa has 15 counties,[41][42][43] but these counties are not counted by the U.S.
Census Bureau. The Bureau instead counts American Samoa's 3 districts and 2 atolls as
county equivalents.[44][5]
o. Guam does not have counties. All of Guam is counted as one county equivalent by the U.S.
Census Bureau.
p. The Northern Mariana Islands do not have counties. The U.S. Census Bureau counts the 4
municipalities of the Northern Mariana Islands as county equivalents.
q. Puerto Rico does not have counties. The U.S. Census Bureau counts Puerto Rico's 78
municipalities as county equivalents.
r. The U.S. Minor Outlying Islands do not have counties. The U.S. Census Bureau counts each of
the 9 island groups in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands as county equivalents.
s. The Minor Outlying Islands have no permanent residents. All reported population consists of
temporary military and scientific habitation.
t. The United States Virgin Islands do not have counties. The U.S. Census Bureau counts the 3
main islands (Saint Croix, Saint Thomas and Saint John) as county equivalents.
References
1. https://www.britannica.com/place/Kingman-Reef Kingman Reef. Britannica.com. Retrieved July
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3. "An Overview of County Government" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130417063950/http://ww
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4. El Nasser, Haya (October 24, 2017). "Big and Small America" (https://www.census.gov/library/st
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13. Reynolds, Osborne M., Jr. (2009). Local Government Law (3rd ed.). St. Paul: West. p. 19.
14. "Learn About What What Counties Do" (http://www.naco.org/Content/NavigationMenu/About_C
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15. Tabor, B. "Bryansite - Louisiana parishes" (http://www.bryansite.com/countyLA.htm).
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19. Viechnicki, Joe (January 3, 2013). "Petersburg Becomes 19th Borough In Alaska" (http://www.al
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20. "County and equivalent entity" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200322003032/https://factfinder.c
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original (https://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/county_and_equivalent_entity.htm) on March 22,
2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
21. "Alaska Statutes Title 29 Chapter 03. The Unorganized Borough" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0090415065256/http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/LOGON/pubs/29_03.htm). Local Government
On-Line, Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce,
Community and Economic Development. August 18, 1998. Archived from the original (http://ww
w.commerce.alaska.gov/dca/LOGON/pubs/29_03.htm) on April 15, 2009. Retrieved July 17,
2008.
22. "Local Government in Alaska" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080718230624/http://www.comm
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Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. February 2001. Archived
from the original (http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/lbc/pubs/Local_Gov_AK.pdf) (PDF) on
July 18, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
23. Cities 101 -- Consolidations (https://www.nlc.org/resource/cities-101-consolidations), from
National League of Cities
24. "Population and Area of All Virginia Local Governments, 1790–2010" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20170525022119/http://www.dhcd.virginia.gov/CommissiononLocalGovernment/PDFs/Locali
ty-Populations.pdf) (PDF). Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development. April
19, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.dhcd.virginia.gov/CommissiononLocalGovernm
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25. "County & County Equivalent Areas" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071128044354/http://www.
census.gov/geo/www/cob/co_metadata.html). United States Census Bureau. April 19, 2005.
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November 28, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
26. Geography, US Census Bureau. "US Census Bureau Geography 2010 FIPS Code Files for
Counties and County Equivalent Entities" (https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/codes/cou.ht
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27. US Realm Taskforce Work Group. "US counties and county equivalent entities codes" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20180707093410/http://www.hl7.org/fhir/valueset-fips-county.html). FHIR.
Archived from the original (http://www.hl7.org/fhir/valueset-fips-county.html) on July 7, 2018.
28. "Census Bureau Code Lists: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)" (https://www.censu
s.gov/library/reference/code-lists/ansi.html#par_statelist). U.S. Census Bureau. April 23, 2019.
29. "How many counties are there in the United States?" (https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-many-cou
nties-are-there-united-states). USGS.gov.
30. "Guam -- Election Districts" (https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/metroarea/stcbsa_pg/Feb201
3/cbsa2013_GU.pdf) (PDF). Census.gov. 2012.
31. Kane, Joseph Nathan; Aiken, Charles Curry (2004). The American Counties: Origins of County
Names, Dates of Creation, and Population Data, 1950-2000 (https://archive.org/details/america
ncounties0000kane). Scarecrow Press. p. vii-xii. ISBN 978-0-8108-5036-1.
32. Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press. ISBN 080613576X
33. General law local government (https://ballotpedia.org/General_law_local_government#Total_ch
arter_counties_by_state), from Ballotpedia
34. Reynolds, Osborne M., Jr. (2001). Handbook of Local Government Law (2nd ed.). St. Paul:
West Group. p. 26.
35. "Connecticut State Register and Manual, Section VI: Counties" (https://web.archive.org/web/201
11127033757/http://www.ct.gov/sots/cwp/view.asp?a=3188&q=392376). Connecticut Secretary
of the State. Archived from the original (http://www.ct.gov/sots/cwp/view.asp?a=3188&q=39237
6) on November 27, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2010. "There are no county seats in
Connecticut. County government was abolished effective October 1, 1960; counties function
only as geographical subdivisions."
36. "Facts & History" (http://www.ri.gov/facts/trivia.php). Retrieved January 23, 2010. "Rhode Island
has no county government. It is divided into 39 municipalities each having its own form of local
government."
37. "Direct links to all 24 Maryland Local Education Agencies' web sites" (http://www.msde.marylan
d.gov/MSDE/schoolsystems/). Retrieved January 22, 2011.
38. Faulconer, Justin (July 1, 2013). "Bedford reversion to town becomes official today" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20170801044750/http://www.newsadvance.com/news/local/article_5dcbc886-e
1e9-11e2-a412-001a4bcf6878.html). The News & Advance. Lynchburg, VA. Archived from the
original (http://www.newsadvance.com/news/local/article_5dcbc886-e1e9-11e2-a412-001a4bcf6
878.html) on August 1, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
39. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and
Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019" (https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/t
ables/2010-2019/state/totals/nst-est2019-01.xlsx?#). 2010-2019 Population Estimates. United
States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 30, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
40. "Table 358. Land and Water Area of States and Other Entities: 2008" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20130707052113/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2012/CO-EST2012-alld
ata.html). Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012. United States Census Bureau. May 1,
2008. Archived from the original (https://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2012/CO-
EST2012-alldata.html) on July 7, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
41. Revised Constitution of American Samoa (https://new.asbar.org/revised-constitution-of-america
n-samoa/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200607074235/https://new.asbar.org/revise
d-constitution-of-american-samoa) June 7, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, American Samoa
Bar Association.
42. 2.0202 Districts (https://new.asbar.org/code-annotated/2-0202-districts/) Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20200607034033/https://new.asbar.org/code-annotated/2-0202-districts/) June
7, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Code Annotated, American Samoa Bar Association.
43. 6.0102 Definitions (https://new.asbar.org/code-annotated/6-0102-definitions/), Code Annotated,
American Samoa Bar Association.
44. "Counties of American Samoa" (http://www.statoids.com/yas.html). Statoids.com. Retrieved July
6, 2018.
45. "American FactFinder" (https://archive.today/20200214010228/https://factfinder.census.gov/face
s/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2015_PEPANNRES&src=pt). United
States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservi
ces/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2015_PEPANNRES&src=pt) on February 14, 2020.
Retrieved December 27, 2016.
46. http://www.statoids.com/ump.html Municipalities of Northern Mariana Islands. Statoids.com.
Retrieved July 7, 2018.
47. http://www.statoids.com/uas.html Districts of American Samoa. Statoids.com. Retrieved July 7,
2018.
48. https://www.britannica.com/place/Swains-Island Swains Island. Britannica.com. Retrieved July
7, 2018.
49. Unlocking the Secrets of Swains Island (http://npshistory.com/publications/noaa/unlocking-secre
ts-swains-island.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170719004908/http://npshistory.c
om/publications/noaa/unlocking-secrets-swains-island.pdf) July 19, 2017, at the Wayback
Machine, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, September 2013.
50. Swains Island (https://mtp.travel/users/1/posts/1575), Charles A. Veley, 27 November 2008.
51. Assessment of the Birds of Swains Island, American Samoa (https://www.researchgate.net/publ

ication/301667226_Assessment_of_the_Birds_of_Swains_Island_American_Samoa), Andrew
Titmus, Nicola Arcilla, and Christopher Lepczyk, The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, March
2016.
52. Atoll envisioned as a model for sustainability (https://www.staradvertiser.com/2014/09/20/hawaii
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External links
Geographic Areas Reference Manual (https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/gu
idance/geographic-areas-reference-manual.html) by the United States Census Bureau
National Association of Counties (http://www.naco.org/)
Atlas of Historical County Boundaries (http://www.newberry.org/ahcbp/)
Where Americans are moving, by county, in 2010 (https://www.forbes.com/2010/06/04/migration
-moving-wealthy-interactive-counties-map.html)
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The specific governmental powers of counties vary

Least: Kalawao County,

the city government level as boroughs. Conversely, the

Alaska's Unorganized Borough, a 323,440-square-mile Falls Church, Virginia

that are statistically equivalent to counties. Smallest (including

counts American Samoa's districts and atolls as county Average: 1,208 sq mi

A consolidated city-county is simultaneously a city, which is a municipality (municipal corporation),

The 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico

Names and etymologies

State, Total Subdivisions[7] Average

Alabama 4,903,185 67 — 67 73,182

Alaska[g] 731,545 — 30 30 24,385

Arizona 7,278,717 15 — 15 485,248

Arkansas 3,017,825 75 — 75 40,238

California 39,512,223 58 — 58 681,245

Colorado 5,758,736 64 — 64 89,980

Delaware 973,764 3 — 3 324,588

Florida 21,477,737 67 — 67 320,563

Georgia 10,617,423 159 — 159 66,776

Hawaii 1,415,872 5 — 5 283,174

State, Total Subdivisions[7] Average

Idaho 1,787,065 44 — 44 40,615

Illinois 12,671,821 102 — 102 124,234

Indiana 6,732,219 92 — 92 73,176

Iowa 3,155,070 99 — 99 31,869

Kansas 2,913,314 105 — 105 27,746

Kentucky 4,467,673 120 — 120 37,231

Maine 1,344,212 16 — 16 84,013

Michigan 9,986,857 83 — 83 120,324

State, Total Subdivisions[7] Average

6,137,428 114 1 115 53,369

Montana 1,068,778 56 — 56 19,085

Nebraska 1,934,408 93 — 93 20,800

Nevada[l] 3,080,156 16 1 17 181,186

New York 19,453,561 62 — 62 313,767

10,488,084 100 — 100 104,881

Ohio 11,689,100 88 — 88 132,831

Oregon 4,217,737 36 — 36 117,159

State, Total Subdivisions[7] Average

Texas 28,995,881 254 — 254 114,157

Utah 3,205,958 29 — 29 110,550

Vermont 623,989 14 — 14 44,571

Virginia[m] 8,535,519 95 38 133 64,177

Wyoming 578,759 23 — 23 25,163

State, Total Subdivisions[7] Average

328,239,523 3,007 136 3,143 104,435

51,504 — 5 5 11,104 sq mi

Samoa[n] 199 km2

Guam[o] 162,742 — 1 1 162,742

Mariana 52,263 — 4 4 13,066

Minor Outlying 160 — 9 9 18

District of 330,744,054 9,158,064 3,007 236 3,243 101,987 2,825

Geographic relationships between cities and counties

Index of U.S. counties

17. "Broomfield History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120329042558/http://www.broomfield.org/hi

51. Assessment of the Birds of Swains Island, American Samoa (https://www.researchgate.net/publ

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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;

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