11/01/2021 Ann Radcliffe - Wikipedia

Ann Radcliffe
Ann Radcliffe (née Ward; 9 July 1764 – 7 February 1823) was an
English author and the pioneer of Gothic fiction. Her technique of Ann Radcliffe
explaining apparently supernatural elements in her novels has been Born Ann Radcliffe
credited with gaining Gothic fiction respectability in the 1790s.[1] 9 July 1764
Radcliffe was the most popular writer of her day and almost Holborn, London,
universally admired; contemporary critics called her the mighty England
enchantress and the Shakespeare of romance-writers, and her Died 7 February 1823
popularity continued through the 19th century.[2] Interest has London, England
revived in the early 21st century, with the publication of paperback (aged 58)
reprints and three biographies.[3] Occupation Novelist
Nationality English
Genre Gothic
Contents
Biography
Literary life
Accusations of anti-Catholicism
Art connection
Novels
Gothic landscapes
Influence on later writers
Film reference
References
Further reading
External links

Biography
Radcliffe was born Ann Ward in Holborn, London, on 9 July 1764. Her father was William Ward (1737–
1798), a haberdasher, who moved the family to Bath to manage a china shop in 1772. Her mother was
Ann Oates (1726–1800) of Chesterfield.[4] Radcliffe occasionally lived in Chelsea with her maternal
uncle, Thomas Bentley, who was in partnership with a fellow Unitarian, Josiah Wedgwood, maker of the
famous Wedgwood china. Sukey, Wedgwood's daughter, also stayed in Chelsea and is Radcliffe's only
known childhood companion. Sukey later married Dr Robert Darwin and had a son, Charles Darwin.
Although mixing in some distinguished circles, Radcliffe seems to have made little impression in this
society and was described by Wedgwood as "Bentley's shy niece".[5]

In 1787, Ward married the Oxford graduate and journalist William Radcliffe (1763–1830), part-owner
and editor of the English Chronicle. He often came home late, and to occupy her time she began to write
and to read her work to him when he returned. Theirs was a childless but seemingly happy marriage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe 1/8
11/01/2021 Ann Radcliffe - Wikipedia

Radcliffe called him her "nearest relative and friend".[3] The money she earned from her novels later
allowed them to travel together, along with their dog, Chance. In her final years, Radcliffe retreated from
public life and was rumoured to have become insane as a result of her writing.[6] These rumours arose
because Radcliffe just stopped writing after publishing her five novels, though the last three were very
successful. She remained secluded for 26 years, with no real explanation available to her many fans.[7]

Ann died on 7 February 1823 and was buried in a vault in the Chapel of Ease at St George's, Hanover
Square, London. Although she had suffered from asthma for twelve years previously,[3] her modern
biographer, Rictor Norton, cites the description given by her physician, Dr Scudamore, of how "a new
inflammation seized the membranes of the brain," which led to "violent symptoms" and argues that they
suggest a "bronchial infection, leading to pneumonia, high fever, delirium and death."[8]

There are few artefacts or manuscripts that give insight into Radcliffe's personal life, but in 2014 a rare
letter from Radcliffe to her mother-in-law was found in an archive at the British Library. Its tone
suggests a strained relationship between the two, which may have inspired the relationship between
Ellena Rosalba and the Marchesa di Vivaldi in her novel The Italian.[9]

Little is known of Ann Radcliffe's life. In 1823, the year of her death, the Edinburgh Review said, "She
never appeared in public, nor mingled in private society, but kept herself apart, like the sweet bird that
sings its solitary notes, shrouded and unseen."[3]

Shortly after her death, Gaston de Blondeville was published for Henry Colburn, featuring A Memoir for
the Authoress, the first known biographical piece on Radcliffe.[10]

Christina Rossetti attempted to write a biography of Radcliffe in 1883, but abandoned it for lack of
information. For 50 years biographers stayed away from her as a subject, agreeing with Rossetti's
estimation. Rictor [sic] Norton, author of Mistress of Udolpho: The Life of Ann Radcliffe (1999), argues
that those 50 years were "dominated by interpretation rather than scholarship" where information
(specifically on her rumoured madness) was repeated rather than traced to a reliable source.[11]

According to Ruth Facer, "Physically, she was said to be 'exquisitely proportioned' – quite short,
complexion beautiful – 'as was her whole countenance, especially her eyes, eyebrows and mouth.'"[3]

Literary life
Radcliffe published five novels during her lifetime, which she always referred to as "romances"; a final
novel, Gaston de Blondeville was published posthumously in 1826. At a time when the average amount
earned by an author for a manuscript was £10, her publishers, G. G. and J. Robinson, bought the
copyright for The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) for £500, while Cadell and Davies paid £800 for The
Italian (1797), making Radcliffe the highest-paid professional writer of the 1790s.[1] Her first successful
novel was Romance of the Forest (1791).

Ann Radcliffe led a retired life and never visited the countries where the fearful happenings in her novels
took place. Her only journey abroad, to Holland and Germany, was made in 1794 after most of her books
were written. The journey was described in her A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794 (1795).[12]

Jane Austen parodied The Mysteries of Udolpho in Northanger Abbey. Radcliffe did not like the
direction in which Gothic literature was heading – one of her later novels, The Italian, was written in
response to Matthew Gregory Lewis's The Monk. Radcliffe portrayed her female characters as equal to
male characters, allowing them to dominate and overtake the typically powerful male villains and heroes,
creating new roles for women in literature previously not available.[13] It is assumed that this frustration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe 2/8
11/01/2021 Ann Radcliffe - Wikipedia

is what caused Radcliffe to cease writing. After Radcliffe's death, her husband released her unfinished
essay "On the Supernatural in Poetry", which details the difference between the sensation of terror her
works aimed to achieve and the horror Lewis sought to evoke.[14] Radcliffe stated that terror aims to
stimulate readers through imagination and perceived evils while horror closes them off through fear and
physical dangers.[15] "Terror and Horror are so far opposite, that the first expands the soul and awakens
the faculties to a high degree of life; the other contracts, freezes and nearly annihilates them."[16]

Radcliffe was unique in that she was known for including supernatural elements but eventually giving
readers a rational explanation for the supernatural. Usually, Radcliffe would reveal the logical excuse for
what first appeared to be supernatural towards the end of her novels, which led to heightened suspense.
Some critics/readers found this disappointing and felt duped. "Perhaps the most eloquent complaint
against the trope was penned by Walter Scott in his Lives of the Novelists (1821–1824). Regarding
Radcliffe’s penchant, he writes: “A stealthy step behind the arras may, doubtless, in some situations, and
when the nerves are tuned to a certain pitch, have no small influence upon the imagination; but if the
conscious listener discovers it to be only the noise made by the cat, the solemnity of the feeling is gone,
and the visionary is at once angry with his sense for having been cheated, and with his reason for having
acquiesced in the deception."[17] Some modern critics have been frustrated by her work, as she fails to
include "real ghosts". This could be motivated by the idea that works in the Romantic period, from the
late 18th century to the mid-19th century, had to undermine Enlightenment values such as rationalism
and realism.[17]

Accusations of anti-Catholicism
Ann Radcliffe's works are traditionally regarded as anti-Catholic. She was seen as one of the Gothic
authors that brought this prejudice more into the public eye of Anglican England.[18] Her works,
especially The Italian, often have Catholic ideas presented in a negative light, including prejudices in the
Inquisition, negative depictions of convents and nuns, monks as villains, and ruined abbeys. The
confessional is often portrayed as a danger zone controlled by the power of the priest and the church.[19]
The Italian and The Mysteries of Udolpho are both set in Italy, a land historically predisposed towards
Catholicism and against Protestantism. Radcliffe's works would have left her contemporary readers with
an impression of Catholicism as something ultimately cruel and corrupt, and of the author as alienated
from the denomination and its practitioners.[20]

It has been suggested that this connection with anti-Catholicism was at least partly a response to the
Catholic Relief Act of 1791, allowing Catholics to practise law, open Catholic schools and exercise their
religion.[18]

Some think she was ultimately ambivalent toward Catholicism and more of an Latitudinarian
Anglican,[21] or even Unitarian.[22]

Art connection
Radcliffe's elaborate descriptions of landscape were influenced by the painters Claude Lorrain and
Salvator Rosa. She often wrote about places she had never visited. Lorrain's influence can be seen
through Radcliffe's picturesque, romantic descriptions, as seen in the first volume of The Mysteries of
Udolpho. Rosa's influence can be seen through dark landscapes and elements of the Gothic.

Radcliffe said of Lorrain:[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe 3/8
11/01/2021 Ann Radcliffe - Wikipedia

In a shaded corner, near the chimney, a most exquisite Claude, an evening view, perhaps over
the Campagna of Rome. The sight of this picture imparted much of the luxurious repose and
satisfaction, which we derive from contemplating the finest scenes of nature. Here was the
poet, as well as the painter, touching the imagination, and making you see more than the
picture contained. You saw the real light of the sun, you breathed the air of the country, you
felt all the circumstances of a luxurious climate on the most serene and beautiful landscape;
and the mind thus softened, you almost fancied you hear Italian music in the air.

Novels
The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne (1 vol.) 1789
A Sicilian Romance (2 vols) 1790
The Romance of the Forest (3 vols) 1791
The Mysteries of Udolpho (4 vols) 1794
The Italian (3 vols) 1797
Gaston de Blondeville (4 vols) 1826

Gothic landscapes
Radcliffe used the framing narrative of personifying nature in many of her novels. For example, she
believed that the sublime motivated the protagonist to create an image that was more idealistic within
the plot.[23]

Influence on later writers

Radcliffe influenced many later authors, both by inspiring more Gothic fiction and by inspiring parodies.
In the eighteenth century, she inspired writers like Matthew Lewis (1775 – 1818) and the Marquis de
Sade (1740–1814), who praised her work but produced more intensely violent fiction. Radcliffe was
famous for having spawned a large number of lesser imitators of the "Radcliffe School", such as Harriet
Lee and Catherine Cuthbertson. Jane Austen (1775 – 1817) defined her fiction as a contrast to Radcliffe
and writers like her, especially in Northanger Abbey (1817), Austen's parody of The Mysteries of
Udolpho. Scholars have also noted a number of other apparent allusions to Radcliffe's novels and life in
Austen's work.[24]

In the early nineteenth century, Radcliffe influenced Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), and Sir Walter Scott
(1771–1832). For example, Scott interspersed his work with poems in a similar manner to Radcliffe, and
one assessment of her reads, "Scott himself said that her prose was poetry and her poetry was prose. She
was, indeed, a prose poet, in both the best and the worst senses of the phrase. The romantic landscape,
the background, is the best thing in all her books; the characters are two dimensional, the plots far
fetched and improbable, with 'elaboration of means and futility of result'."[25]

Radcliffe was also admired by French authors like Honoré de Balzac (1799 – 1850), Victor Hugo (1802 –
1885), Alexandre Dumas (1802 – 1870), and Charles Baudelaire (1821 – 1867).[26] Honoré de Balzac's
novel of the supernatural L'Héritière de Birague (1822) follows the tradition of Radcliffe's style and
parodies it.[27]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe 4/8
11/01/2021 Ann Radcliffe - Wikipedia

As a child the young Fyodor Dostoyevsky was deeply impressed by Radcliffe. In Winter Notes on
Summer Impressions (1863) he writes, "I used to spend the long winter hours before bed listening (for I
could not yet read), agape with ecstasy and terror, as my parents read aloud to me from the novels of Ann
Radcliffe. Then I would rave deliriously about them in my sleep." A number of scholars have noted
elements of Gothic literature in Dostoyevsky's novels,[28] and some have tried to show direct influence of
Radcliffe's work.[29]

In 1875, Paul Féval wrote a story starring Radcliffe as a vampire hunter, titled La Ville Vampire:
Adventure Incroyable de Madame Anne Radcliffe ("City of Vampires: The Incredible Adventure of Mrs.
Anne Radcliffe"), which blends fiction and history.[30] At the last minute a mysterious man on a white
horse saves the day, none other than Lord Wellington fresh from the Battle of Waterloo.

Film reference
Helen McCrory plays Ann Radcliffe in the 2007 film Becoming Jane, starring Anne Hathaway as Jane
Austen. The film depicts Radcliffe as meeting the young Jane Austen and encouraging her to pursue a
literary career. No evidence exists that such a meeting ever occurred.

References
1. The British Library Retrieved 12 November 2016. (https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/
an-introduction-to-ann-radcliffe)
2. "Ann Radcliffe" (https://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_18c/radcliffe/index.html).
3. Chawton House Library: Ruth Facer, "Ann Radcliffe (1764–1823)" (http://www.chawtonhouse.org/wp-
content/uploads/2012/06/Ann-Radcliffe.pdf), retrieved 1 December 2012.
4. Miles, Robert (2005). "Radcliffe [née Ward], Ann (1764–1823), novelist" (https://www.oxforddnb.com/
view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-22974;jsessionid=9D157A
579B70346A952D6CEF7710F514). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford
University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22974 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22974).
Retrieved 25 May 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership (https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subs
cribe#public) required.)
5. Norton, Rictor (1999). Mistress of Udolpho: The Life of Ann Radcliffe. London: Leicester University
Press. pp. 26–33.
6. "The Life of Ann Radcliffe" (http://rictornorton.co.uk/gothic/radcliff.htm). rictornorton.co.uk. Retrieved
13 December 2019.
7. Norton, Rictor, 1945– (1999). Mistress of Udolpho: the life of Ann Radcliffe. London: Leicester
University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-84714-269-6. OCLC 657392599 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65
7392599).
8. Norton, Rictor (1999). Mistress of Udolpho: The Life of Ann Radcliffe. London: Leicester University
Press. p. 243.
9. Alison Flood, Gothic fiction pioneer Ann Radcliffe may have been inspired by mother-in-law (https://w
ww.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/30/ann-radcliffe-gothic-fiction-mother-in-law), The Guardian, 30
January 2014.
10. Radcliffe, Ann Ward, 1764-1823 (1833). The posthumous works of Anne Radcliffe... To which is
prefixed a memoir of the authoress, with extracts from her private journals. H. Colburn.
OCLC 2777722 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2777722).
11. Rictor Norton (1999). Mistress of Udolpho: The Life of Ann Radcliffe (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=OrivAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP8). Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. VII. ISBN 978-1-84714-269-6.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe 5/8
11/01/2021 Ann Radcliffe - Wikipedia

12. "Ann Radcliffe | English author" (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ann-Radcliffe-English-author).

Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
13. Pourteau, Leslie Katherine. "'The Pride of Conscious Worth': Characterization of the Female in the
Novels of Ann Radcliffe." Texas A&M University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1997, pp. 1–9.
14. Dr. Lilia Melani. "Gothic History" (http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/engl403–1.2.
2-Gothic-History%E2%80%A8.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 3 May 2012.
15. Eighteenth Century Lit, Ann Radcliffe's Gothic (http://eighteenthcenturylit.wordpress.com/contempora
ry-reactions/the-gothic-in-ann-radcliffes-novels/), The Mysteries of Udolpho: Discover the secrets
within....
16. "Radcliffe, On the Supernatural, p. 1" (http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/gothic/radclif
fe1.html). academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu.
17. Miller, Adam (2016). "Ann Radcliffe's Scientific Romance". Eighteenth-Century Fiction. 28 (3): 527–
545. doi:10.3138/ecf.28.3.527 (https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fecf.28.3.527). ISSN 0840-6286 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/issn/0840-6286). S2CID 170625158 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17062
5158).
18. Mulvey-Roberts, Marie (2016). "Catholicism, the Gothic and the bleeding body". In Mulvey-Roberts,
Marie (ed.). Dangerous bodies. Dangerous Bodies. Historicising the Gothic corporeal. Manchester
University Press. pp. 14–51. doi:10.7228/manchester/9780719085413.003.0002 (https://doi.org/10.7
228%2Fmanchester%2F9780719085413.003.0002). ISBN 978-0719085413. JSTOR j.ctt18pkdzg.6
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18pkdzg.6).
19. Hoeveler, Diane Long (2014). "Interlocking Discourse Networks". In Hoeveler, Diane Long (ed.). The
Gothic Ideology. The Gothic Ideology. Religious Hysteria and Anti-Catholicism in British Popular
Fiction, 1780–1880 (1 ed.). University of Wales Press. pp. 15–50. ISBN 978-1783160488.
JSTOR j.ctt9qhfdt.6 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qhfdt.6).
20. Schmitt, Cannon (1994). "Techniques of Terror, Technologies of Nationality: Ann Radcliffe's the
Italian". ELH. 61 (4): 853–876. doi:10.1353/elh.1994.0040 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Felh.1994.004
0). JSTOR 2873361 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2873361). S2CID 161155282 (https://api.semantics
cholar.org/CorpusID:161155282).
21. Mayhew, Robert J. (2002). "Latitudinarianism and the Novels of Ann Radcliffe". Texas Studies in
Literature and Language. 44 (3): 273–301. doi:10.1353/tsl.2002.0015 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftsl.
2002.0015). JSTOR 40755365 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40755365). S2CID 161768388 (https://ap
i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161768388).
22. Chandler, Anne (2006). "Ann Radcliffe and Natural Theology". Studies in the Novel. 38 (2): 133–153.
JSTOR 29533749 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/29533749).
23. Brabon, Benjamin (2006). "Surveying Ann Radcliffe's Gothic Landscapes". Literature Compass. 3 (4):
840–845. doi:10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00357.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-4113.2006.00357.
x).
24. William Baker, Critical Companion to Jane Austen: A Literary Reference to Her Life and Work (Facts
on File, 2007); see entry on Radcliffe, p. 578.
25. Stanley Kunitz and Howard Haycraft, eds, British Authors Before 1800: A Biographical Dictionary
(NY: H. W. Wilson, 1952), p. 427.
26. "Ann Radcliffe" (https://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_18c/radcliffe/index.html).
Academic Brooklyn. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
27. Samuel Rogers, Balzac and the Novel (Octagon Books, 1969), p. 21.
28. Berry, Robert. "Gothicism in Conrad and Dostoevsky" (http://www.otago.ac.nz/deepsouth/vol1no2/ber
ry1_issue2.html). Retrieved 18 October 2014.
29. Bowers, Katherine. "Dostoevsky's Gothic Blueprint: the Notebooks to The Idiot" (http://www.darwin.ca
m.ac.uk/content/dostoevskys-gothic-blueprint-notebooks-idiot). Retrieved 17 October 2014.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe 6/8
11/01/2021 Ann Radcliffe - Wikipedia

30. Gibson, Matthew (2013). " 'A Life in Death, a Death in Life': the Legitimist Novels of Paul Féval and
the Catastrophe of the Second Empire". The Fantastic and European Gothic: History, Literature and
the French Revolution. ISBN 978-0-7083-2572-8.

Further reading
Cody, David (July 2000). "Ann Radcliffe: An Evaluation" (http://www.victorianweb.org/previctorian/rad
cliffe/intro.html). The Victorian Web: An Overview. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
"Ann Radcliffe" (http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_18c/radcliffe/index.html).
Brooklyn College English Department. 9 May 2003. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
Norton, Rictor (1999). Mistress of Udolpho: The Life of Ann Radcliffe.
Rogers, Deborah (1996). Ann Radcliffe: A Bio-Bibliography. ISBN 978-0-313-28379-6.
Rogers, Deborah. The Critical Responses to Ann Radcliffe

External links
Garnett, Richard (1896). "Radcliffe, Ann"  (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biog
raphy,_1885-1900/Radcliffe,_Ann). In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 47.
London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Works by Ann Radcliffe (https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Radcliffe,+Ann+Ward) at Project
Gutenberg
Works by Ann Radcliffe (https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Radcliffe%2C%20Ann) at
Faded Page (Canada)
Works by or about Ann Radcliffe (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ra
dcliffe%2C%20Ann%20Ward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%20W%2E%2
2%20OR%20subject%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20A%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22A
nn%20Ward%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ann%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20O
R%20subject%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Radcliffe%2
C%20Ann%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ann%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ann%
20Ward%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ann%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20
creator%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20Ward%2
0Radcliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%20Ward%22%20OR%20creato
r%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20A%2
E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20A%2E%20Ward%22%20OR%20cre
ator%3A%22Ann%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%22%20OR%
20title%3A%22Ann%20Ward%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ann%20W%2E%20Radcliff
e%22%20OR%20title%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ann%20
Radcliffe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ann%20Ward%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20descriptio
n%3A%22Ann%20W%2E%20Radcliffe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22A%2E%20W%2E%20R
adcliffe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%20Ward%22%20OR%20descrip
tion%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%20W%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ann%20Radcliff
e%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Radcliffe%2C%20Ann%22%29%20OR%20%28%221764-182
3%22%20AND%20Radcliffe%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at Internet Archive
Works by Ann Radcliffe (https://librivox.org/author/794) at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Listing in 'The Literary Gothic' (https://web.archive.org/web/20010418232631/http://www.litgothic.co
m/Authors/radcliffe.html)
Listing in The Victorian Web (http://www.victorianweb.org/previctorian/radcliffe/intro.html)
Biography, links, and e-texts at The Literary Gothic (https://web.archive.org/web/20010418232631/htt
p://www.litgothic.com/Authors/radcliffe.html)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe 7/8
11/01/2021 Ann Radcliffe - Wikipedia

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Radcliffe&oldid=999357801"

This page was last edited on 9 January 2021, at 19:45 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site,
you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a
non-profit organization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe 8/8