International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 16, Number 1 (2021) pp.

13-21
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Properties of the Caputo-Fabrizio Fractional Derivative

G. A. Mboro Nchama¹ʼ²*, L. D. Lau Alfonso³, A. M. León Mecías², M. Rodríguez Ricard²

¹Departamento de Ciencias técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), Malabo, Guinea Ecuatorial.
²Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba.
³Instituto de Cibernética, Matemática y Física, Calle 15, No. 551, entre C y D, Vedado, Habana 4, CP-10400, Habana, Cuba.

Abstract ordinary fractional differential equations with the Caputo-

Fabrizio derivative. In Section 5, we deduce new integral
In this paper, we investigate some properties related Caputo-
inequalities. Section 6 is dedicated to conclusion.
Fabrizio fractional derivative. We prove some regularity
properties and bounds characterizing the Caputo-Fabrizio
derivative operator. Using the method of Laplace transform, 2. PRELIMINARIES
we found explicit solutions of some differential equations
containing the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative. Different Here, we present basic definitions and theorems, which are
types of inequalities generated by using the Caputo-Fabrizio used in our subsequent discussion.

Definition 1. We postulate that two functions f and g have

derivative are also presented.
Keywords: Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative, Fractional the same sense of variation (synchronous) on [0,∞) if [20]
integral inequalities, Functions with the same sense of
variation.  f ()  f()    g()  g()   0, ,   0, t  , t  0.
For example, one can easily see that functions f (t)  t and
1. INTRODUCTION
g(t)  t 2
are synchronous on [0,∞), i.e.

A fractional derivative D is an operator, which generalizes
the ordinary derivative. The origins of the fractional        2  2                   
derivatives date back to 1695 when L’Hopital raised, by a
             0.
2
letter to Leibniz, the question of how the expression
Definition 2. Let 𝑓(𝑡) ∈ 𝐿1𝑙𝑜𝑐 (ℝ). The Laplace transform of
dn
D f (t)  n f (t),
n
𝑓(𝑡) is defined by [21]
dt

should be understood if n was a fraction [1]. This question is
commonly accepted as the first occurrence of what is
f (t) (s) :  est f (t) dt .
0
currently known as fractional calculus. Since then, this branch
has been addressed by eminent mathematicians, such as Euler, Definition 3. The Sobolev space W1,p (a, b) is defined by
Laplace, Fourier, Liouville, Riemann, Laurent, Weyl, and
[22]
Abel, who first applied it in physics to solve the integral
equation arising from the tautochrone problem [2]. Fractional f  Lp (a, b) :  g  Lp (a, b) : 
derivative has various definitions, which do not generally  
coincide. This is possible since different researchers attempt W1,p (a, b)   b b
.
 a

to preserve different properties of the classical integer order f '   g,  C 0 (a, b) 
derivative. Fractional operators are used in various fields of a 
science and engineering to describe some natural phenomena
in [3-9], to enhance the contrast in an image [10-12], as well We set H1 (a, b)  W1,2 (a, b) .
as to prove the existence and uniqueness of fractional
differential equations in [13-18]. Note 1. Let I  [a, b] , then C1 (I)  W1,p (I) for all
1  p  .
In 2015, Caputo and Fabrizio introduced a new fractional
approach [19]. The interest for this definition was due to the Definition 4. Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝛼 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 < 𝑏, 0 < 𝛼 < 1, 𝑓 ∈ 𝐻1 (𝑎, 𝑏).
necessity to describe a class of non-local systems, which The Caputo-Fabrizio fractional integral of order  is defined
cannot be well described by classical local theories or by by [23]
fractional models with singular kernel [19]. In this paper, we t
present some interesting properties of Caputo-Fabrizio
derivative, as follows: In Section 2, we briefly review the
I f (t)  1    f (t)    f    d.

at
a
basic concepts and definitions. In Section 3, we obtain some
regularity properties. Section 4 presents the solutions of some Definition 5. Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝛼 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 < 𝑏, 0 < 𝛼 < 1, 𝑓 ∈ 𝐻1 (𝑎, 𝑏).

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 16, Number 1 (2021) pp. 13-21
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

The Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative of order  respect is continuous and integrable for all t,  a, b , we conclude
to time variable is defined by [24]
that the function
 t
1   t  

Dat f (t)  e 1
f '    d 1 t 

 t 
1  a F(t)    e 1  f '   d,
1  a
1  


f a    a, b .
t
   f (t)  e 1 is differentiable in This means that
1   
(1)
Dat f  t   C1 a, b.


t
  t  
 e 1
f    d. Dat : C1 a, b  C1 a, b is
1   
2 Theorem 3. The operator
a
bounded and
Definition 6. Let 𝑎, 𝑏, ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 < 𝑏, [𝑎, 𝑏] ⊂ ℝ. The space of
a, b to ℝ  1  

 b a  
continuous functions from the subset is defined D f 1   1  e 1
 f C1 a,b
. (4)
C a,b
at
 
by 
𝐶([𝑎, 𝑏], ℝ) = {𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → ℝ , 𝑓 ∈ 𝐶[𝑎, 𝑏]},
Proof. Considering the norm defined in (3), we obtain
with the norm

1 t   t  
f (x) Ca,b  max f (x) . (2) 
D f   e 1
f '    d
xa,b at C1  a ,b  1  a C1  a ,b 
Definition 7. Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 < 𝑏. We denote by C 1
a, b 1 t 

 t  
the space of real-valued functions f (x) whose derivative f '    e 1 f '    d
1  a
C1  a ,b 
is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏], with the norm

f (x) C1 a,b  max f (x)  max f '(x) . (3) 
1 t 
  e 1
 t  

f     f '    d 
xa,b x a,b
1  a C1  a ,b 
Theorem 1. Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and f C n
a, b . 1 t 

 t  
C1  a ,b  
Then the equality [25]  f  e 1
d
1  a

dn  n i
n  at 
n

   t a  

  f i   t  
 n i
D f (t)  1 
1
 

1
dt 1   
n 1i f C  a ,b   1 e 

1
i 1
 
n  
n

  1   1  

 b a  
 Dat f (t),  f   1  e 1
.
 1    C  a ,b 
1

 
holds true.

3. SOME REGULARITY PROPERTIES OF THE Lemma 1. Let f  t   H1 a, b. Then

CAPUTO-FABRIZIO DERIVATIVE OPERATOR
In this section, we introduce some theorems that characterize Dat f  t   L2  a, b  .
the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative in certain spaces,
Proof. One can easily see that
such as C (space of all continuous functions) or C¹ (space of
functions which first derivative  2
1   t  
D f t f '    d dt
b t
 e
 2
is continuous). Although this class of spaces are considered
 1
L2  a,b  1  a
very restricted, their importance for practical applications is at a
great because the character of the majority of dynamic
processes is smooth and has no discontinuities.
Theorem 2. Let f  C a, b . Then D f  t   C a, b .
1 
at
1

1 b
1   a   f '   d dt
a
t 2

Proof. As the function

1 

 t 

1 b
1   a   f '   d dt  1ba  f '
a
b 2 2
L2  a,b 
 ,
y  t   e 1
 f '   ,
1 
as required.

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 16, Number 1 (2021) pp. 13-21
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

f  C1 a, b.
 

Theorem 4. Let Then   t  
f    d dt   f    d dt
b t b t
  e 1

D f W a, b ,1  p  .
1,p a a a a
at

    max f    d  dt   b  a  max f  t  ,
b b 2

Proof. As f  C a, b , we obtain from Theorem 2 that

1
a  a  a ,b   ta ,b 

Dat f  C1 a, b . Considering the Note 1, we know that f ' t  f '  t  dt  max f '  t  dt
b b

L1  a ,b 
  a  a t a ,b 

C1 a, b  W1,p a, b , p  1. Therefore   b  a  max f '  t  ,

t a ,b 

D f W 1,p
a, b. f t
b
f  t  dt 
b
max f  t  dt
at
L1  a ,b 
  a  a t a ,b 
Theorem 5. The Caputo-Fabrizio operator
  b  a  max f  t  ,
D : C a, b  W

at
1 1,1
a, b satisfies t a ,b 

we obtain

1   b  a  1    b  a   Dat f 
ba
max f '  t  
ba
max f  t 
Dat f  f . W1,1 a,b  1    1    ta,b
 2
C a,b
W1,1 a,b 
1   
2 1 t a,b

ba 
 max f  t   b  a  max f  t 
2
Proof. Using the Theorem 1 and (1), we obtain
1      1    ta,b 
2 t a,b 3

Dat f
W1,1 a,b 
 Dat f
L1 a,b 

d 
dt
 Dat f  1 
1
 b  a  max f 't 
L a,b 
1  t a,b 

1    b  a   b  a  
f ' t  
2
 Dat f  1
max f  t 
Dat f
L1 a,b  1  1     3  t a,b
L1 a,b 
             
2 2
 1 1 1 
1 1
 f '  t  L1 a,b  Dat f  b  a   b  a  
2
1    1  L1 a,b  1
   3 
max f '  t 
 1    1    1     ta,b
2 2
1
 f '  t  L1 a,b
1   
 b  a   b  a  
2
1
1 

 t a   t 

 t      3 
max f  t 
f a   f    d  1    1    1     ta,b
1  
 f (t)  e 1 1 2 2
e
1   
2 a
L1 a,b 
 b  a   b  a  
2
1
1 1    3 

 f '  t  L1 a,b  f  t  L1 a,b
 1    1    1    
2 2
1   
1     
2


 t a 
  b  a 1   b  a  
2

max f '  t   max f  t  
1 
 e 1
f a     3  t a,b
1      1    1    1       ta,b 
2 2
2
L1 a,b 


 b  a  11       b  a 
 2
 t   t 
f    d dt. f t
b

1    a a
 e 1  ,
1    C1  a,b 
3 3

as required.
Combining the last previous inequality with the fact that Theorem 6. The subspace C1 a, b  H1 is invariant with

respect to the Caputo-Fabrizio operator D at .
 
  t a    t a 
f a  f  a  dt
b
e 1
  a
e 1
Proof. We want to show that for all f  C1 a, b , then
L1  a ,b 
b
f  a  dt 
b
max f  t  dt   b  a  max f  t  , Dat f  C1 a, b . From the Note 1, we know that
   a t a ,b  t a ,b 
C1 a, b  H1 . Let f  C1 a, b . Then using Theorem 2
a

we conclude that Dat f


 C1 a, b .

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© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Theorem 7. Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 < 𝑏, Ω = [𝑎, 𝑏] and D    the 4. ORDINARY FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
space of test functions. The operator 𝑇 𝛼 : D    → ℝ given Fractional differential equations frequently appear in various
by areas of engineering applications. Some examples of
differential equations containing fractional derivative have

1 b   b   been explored [26]. In [27], authors considered the following
T  u    e 1
u '    d,
1  a linear fractional differential equation

is a distribution. Dat x  t   x  t   f  t  ,

    1 such that 0    1,a   , t  . In this


Proof. We have to proof that operator T is linear and where
continuous. For any u,   D    , we obtain the linearity, as section, we present some examples of the solution of
follows: differential equations containing the Caputo-Fabrizio
fractional derivative.

1 b   b  
T    u      e 1
 u    '    d Example 1. Let us consider the equation
1 
D0t x  t   c2  D0t x  t   c3  x  t   0,
a

 b 

 b   (8)
  e 1  u  '    d
1  a
 x  0  x 0 , (9)
 b   b  
  e 1
   '    d  T   u   T     .
1  a
where c2 ,c3 , , , x 0  with 0  ,   1 .
Applying the definition of fractional Caputo-Fabrizio
Suppose that u is any element of the space of test function derivative, we rewrite equation (8) as
D    . Then we know that u  W01,p   1  p    . 
1 t   t  
Thus, u  a   u  b   0 and  e 1
x'    d 
1  0
  (10)
1   b   1 t   t  
T u  u '    d  c
b
 x'    d  c3 x  t  .

  2  e 1
1
e
1  1 
1  0
a



 b a   b 

 b   
 u  b   e 1
u a    e 1
u    d  Applying the Laplace transform to (10) and taking into
1  a
 account the condition (9), we get

  b  
p s 

u    d.
b

1    a
 e 1
2
x(t)  , (11)
(7)
q s

u, u n  D   
 where
Now, to show the continuity of T , let take
p  s   [x 0 1     c 2 x 0 1   ]s  x 0  c 2 x 0,
such that u n  u . Using (7), we obtain
q  s   [1     c 2 1     c3 1   1   ]s 2

T  u   T  u n      c2   c3 1      c3 1     s  c3.

The function q  s  has two roots


   b  
 u     u n     d
b

1    
 2
e 1
a

 0    0  
 

 b   1  , 2  ,
sup u     u n   
b

1   
2
 a ,b

a
e 1
d, 21 21
with
which tends to zero by the uniform convergence of the u n and
 0    c 2   c3 1      c3  1   ,

  b 
grace to that e 1
 L1    . Thus the operator T  is a
distribution. 1  1     c 2 1     c3 1   1   ,
   02  4c3   1.

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Case 1. When   0 : we have from (11) that Case 3.   0 : we obtain from (11), the following

c1x 0 1     c2 x 0 1     s  c1x 0  c 2 x 0
x(t)  x  t    2
 0 
 x 0 1     c 2 x 0 1     s  x 0  c 2 x 0 s  
  21 
 s  1  s   2  (12)
A2 B2
  .
A B A  s   2   B  s  1  0   
2
   s
21  s  2 
. 0
s  1 s   2  s  1  s   2   1
Using elementary calculations, we obtain Where A and B are constants given by

c1x 0 1     c 2 x 0 1      2  c1x 0  c 2 x 0 0
B  , B2   c1x 0 1    c2 x 0 1     c1x 0  c2 x 0,
 2  1 21
c1x 0 1     c 2 x 0 1     1  c1x 0  c2 x 0
A 
and
.
1   2 c1x 0  c2 x 0  B2
A2   2  1 ,
Applying inverse Laplace transform to (12), one easily obtain 0
x  t   A  e1t  B  e2 t . (13) respectively. Applying the inverse Laplace transform, we
obtain
Case 2. When   0 : we obtain from (11) that
0 0
t t
x  t   A2  e 2 1
 B2  t e 2 1
. (16)
p  s  1  x 0 1     c 2 x 0 1     s    x 0  c 2 x 0 
x(t)   
q  s  1 2 This result can be formulated in the following Theorem.
0   1   02  
2

s      c3   Theorem 8. Let 0 < 𝛼, 𝛽 < 1, 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 , 𝑥0 ∈ ℝ.
 21   1  41  
 1) If   0 , then the problem (8)-(9) has a unique solution,
 which is given by (13).
s 0
x 1     c2 x 0 1    21 2) If   0 , then a unique solution to problem (8)-(9) exists
 0 
1 2
0   1   02  
2 and is given by (15).

s      c3   3) If   0 , then the problem (8)-(9) has a unique solution,
 21   1  41  
 which is given by (16).
 x 0  c 2 x 0  0
 Example 2. Consider the equation of linear vibrations with
x 0 1     c 2 x 0 1    x 0 1     c 2 x 0 1    21 the fractional dissipation term of order    0,1 .
  .
1 2
 
2
 0  1    2

s      c3  0   f ''  t   c1  D0t f  t   c2  f  t   0, (17)

 21   1  41  

(14) f '  0   f1;f  0   f 0 , t  0, (18)
Using inverse Laplace transform, we obtain where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝛼 ∈ ℝ. Inserting the definition of Caputo-
c1x 0 1    c2 x 0 1   
0
 t 1   
2 Fabrizio derivative into (17), we obtain the equation
x t  e 2 1
 cos   c3    t 
0

1 1  41 
f '''  t  

f ''  t  
1    c2  c1 f ' t

c1x 0  c2 x 0  1  1 
 0 0 (19)
c x 1    c2 x 0 1    c1x 0 1    c 2 x 0 1    21  2 1 t (15)   c2
 1 0  e   f  t   0.
1 1   02  1 
  c3  
1  41  The corresponding characteristic equation of (19) is

1  2 
 2 1    c2  c1   c2
 sin   c3  0   t. r3  r  r  0,
1  41  1  1  1 

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which, by using the Cardano’s method, the roots are where G is given by (21).
 a1 Proof. Suppose that f and g are functions having the same
r1  S1  S2  3 , sense of variation on 0,   . Then, for all   0,   0 , we

 S1  S2 a1 i 3 have
r2     S1  S2  ,


2 3 2
 f ()  f()    g()  g()   0.
S1  S2 a1 i 3
r3     S1  S2  , Hence,
 2 3 2
where
f ()g()  f()g()  f ()g()  f()g(). (23)
a1 

, a2 
1    c2  c1 , a    c2 .
Multiplying both sides of (23) by
1  1  1 
3
 
 2
  t    t  
3a  a 2
e 1
e 1
and integrating with respect to
Q  2 1 ,S1  3 R  Q3  R 2 . 1   
4
9
9a a  27a 3  2a13  and  over  0, t  x  0, t  , we obtain the inequality
R 1 2 ,S2  3 R  Q3  R 2 .
54
Taking into account the conditions (18), we finally obtain
   t    t 
t     t 
r2 1  f 0   f1  r3 r1t r1  f 0  1   f1  r3  r2 t r3t 2  2 
e 1
f      e 1 d
 g  d 
f t  e  e e . 1    0  1    0 
r1  r2 r1  r2
   t    t 
t     t 
 2  2 
e 1
f    g    d  e 1 d
5. FRACTIONAL INTEGRAL INEQUALITIES
1    0  1    0 
INVOLVING THE CAPUTO-FABRIZIO FRACTIONAL
   t    t 
t     t 
DERIVATIVE  2  2 
e 1
f    d  e 1 g    d
In literature, few results have been obtained on fractional 1    0  1    0 
integral inequalities using Caputo-Fabrizio fractional
operators [28]. Motivated by [29], we propose, using this    t    t 
t     t 
operator, to establish some new integral inequalities. We write  2  2 
e 1
f    e 1 g    d,
 d
 t
1    0  1    0 
1   t s 

D f (t)  e 1
f '  s  ds
1  0
0t
which is equivalent to

1  

 
t 
f 0   t 
t

   f (t)  e 1
G  fg  
1    0
1   (20) e 1
d
 2



t
  t s  
e f  s  ds. 
t
 1   t  
G  fg 
1    0
1
d
1    e
2
2 (24)
0

 G f   G g  G g  G f .
Let


t
  t s 
G  f  (t)  f  s  ds.
1    0
1
2
e (21) Inequality (22) follows from (24).
Theorem 10. Let 0    1 and f , g two non negative
Theorem 9. Let    0,1 , f and g are two functions that functions having the same sense of variation on 0,   such
have the same sense of variation on 0,   . Then that

1  

t  1) f  0   g  0   0,
G f   G g   1  e 1   G  fg  , (22)
1    2) fg  D0t  fg  .

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Then 2) fg  D0t  fg  .
D0t  fg   f  t   D0t  g   g  t   D0t  f  Then
(25)
 1    D 
0t f  D g. 
0t D0t  fg   f  t   D0t  g   g  t   D0t  f  . (30)
Proof. From Theorem 9, we get Proof. Combining the fact that functions f and g have the

    same sense of variation with the conditions 1) and 2), we
 f   s  ds 
t
  t s 

 1   
2 e 1


obtain from Theorem 10 the inequality
 
D0t  fg   1    D0t  f  D0t  g 
0


   
 g   s  ds 
t
  t s 
e
(31)
  f  t   D0t  g   g  t   D0t  f  .
1

 1   
2 (26)
 0 

   On the other hand, considering that functions f , g, f ', g ' are
 
 fg   s  ds 
t
  t s 

 1   
2 e 1


 non-negatives, we conclude that
 0    
D f  0, D g  0, D fg  0 . Therefore, all terms of
0t 0t 0t
1  

t  inequality (31) are non-negatives. Then, deleting the second
   1  e 1 .
1    term of the left hand
side of (31), we obtain (30).
Combining the expression (20) with the conditions
Theorem 12. Let 0    1 and
f  0   g  0   0, we obtain from (26) that f ', g ' two non-negative
functions having the same sense of variation on 0,   . Then,
 1 
 f  t   D0t  f  t   
1    D0t f  t   D0t g  t 
 1  1   
t 
 g  t   D0t  g  t   
  G  f 'g ' .
(32)
1     2  1  e 1
(27)   
 1 
 fg  t   D0t  fg  t    Proof. As f ', g ' are two non-negative functions having the
1   
1  

t 
same sense of variation on 0,   , then for all   0,   0
  1  e 1  . we have
1   
f '()g '()  f'()g '()
Using the condition fg  D0t  fg  , one easily obtain


 f '()g '()  f'()g '().

1
0   fg   D  fg  

 fg   D0t  fg  . (28) (33)
1 
0t
Multiplying both sides of (33) by
 
Combining (28) with (27), we achieve
 
1
 t    t  
1
e e and integrating with respect to
 1  1   
f  t   D0t  f  t   
3

1   
 and  over  0, t  x  0, t  , we obtain the inequality
 1 
 g  t   D0t  g  t  
1       t 
(29) t t 
1      t  
     e 1 d
1   0  1   2 0
 e 1
f '  g '  d 
1  1 
   fg  t   D0t  fg  t  .
1   1    1        t 
t t
  t  
f '    g '    d  e 1 d
1   0  1   2 0
Inequality (25) follows from (29).   e 1


Theorem 11. Let    0,1 and f , g, f ', g ' ( f ', g ' are
 1  1 
 1

t t
  t    t  
derivative of functions f , g , respectively) non-negative     e 1
f '  
 d e g '    d
functions on  0,   . Moreover let f , g have the same sense
1   1   0 1   0 
0,   such that  1  1 
 1

t t
  t    t 
  g '    d,
1   1   0 1   0
of variation on
  e 1
f '  d  e
1) f  0   g  0   0, 

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 16, Number 1 (2021) pp. 13-21
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

which is equivalent to Data availability. No data were used to support this study.
t 
1   t 
G  f 'g '  e 1
d
1  0
Conflict of Interest. Authors declare that they have no
(34) conflict of interest.

 Dat f  t  Dat g  t  .
1  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Inequality (32) follows from (34).
This work is supported by Universidad Nacional de Guinea
Theorem 13. Let 0    1 and f ', g two functions having Ecuatorial (UNGE). The authors would like to thank the
the same sense of variation on  0,   . Then,
anonymous reviewers for their valuables suggestions that
helped improve the presentation of this paper.

1  

 t a  
D0t f  t   G  g    1  e 1   G  f 'g  . (35)
  
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