Question 1: How many types of Reinforcement and when it occur, respectively ?

There are two types of reinforcements – positive and negative reinforcement

- Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior produces a new stimulus or motivating forces.
For example, Wearing a cool jacket may produce praise and many compliments for the student,
Teachers are applying the principle of positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement of
inappropriate behavior is a potential problem for all teachers because often teachers
unintentionally reinforce misbehavior of students. In brief, when a consequence strengthens a
behavior by providing the addition of a stimulus, positive reinforcement has occurred.
- Negative reinforcement occurs when the consequence that reinforces or strengthens behavior is
obtained by eliminating a stimulus. When a particular action leads to stopping or avoiding a
negative or a aversive situation, the behavior is likely to be repeated because the individual has
learned how to avoid something negative or uncomfortable.
An example is that, consider the parent who is continually complaining about a teacher and
insisting the student’s teacher be changed.To eliminate the constant complaining as the
principal, you have eliminated the aversive situation with the parent, and if there are no further
negative consequences, you are likely to repeat your behavior to quell other parents’ similar
complaints.
- Whether positive or negative reinforcement always involves a strengthening of the behavior.

Question 2: True/False

a. Bureaucratic expectations specify the appropriate behavior for a specific role or position ( true)
b. Individuals will not accept change if they consider it coming from outside their organization or
department or it seems imposed on them.

Question 3: True/False Explain

a. The organization of school districts permits several grade plans and combinations of elementary
and secondary schools. ( True)
The school district consists of many school.
Most school districts comprise grades K to 12, with separate elementary and secondary school;
however, a small school district may include only grades K to 8 and a neighboring school district
will include grades 9 to 12
The organization of school districts permits several grade plans and combinations of elementary
and secondary schools.
b. People often resist change as well as accept it

Question 4: Comparing and analyzing the differences among the duties of the chief state school officer
and the school superintendent in the USA ?

Here is some different among the duties of the Chief State School Officer and the School Superintendent
in the USA:

a. State School Officer:

 - The chief state school officer serves as the head of the state department of education and, in
most case, is also the chief executive of the state school board. He or she is usually a
professional educator.
- The major responsibilities associated with the office are likely to include the following duties:

+ Serving as the chief administrator of the state department of education

+ Selecting personnel for the state department of education

+ Recommending and administering an educational budget for the state department of Education

+ Ensuring compliance with state educational laws and regulations

+ Explaining and interpreting the state’s school laws

+ Deciding impartially controversies involving the administration of the school within the state

+ Arranging the studies, committees, and task forces as deemed necessary to identify problems and
recommend solutions

+ Reporting on the status of education within the state to the governor, legislature, state board of
education and public

+ Recommending improvements in educational legislation and policies to the governor and state
legislature

+ Working with local school boards and administrators to improve education within the state.

b. the School Superintendent:

- One of the board’s most important responsibilities is to appoint a competent superintendent of
schools within districts.
- The superintendent is the executive officer of the school whereas the board is the legislative
policymaking body. The average tenure of superintendents is approximately five years.
- The superintendent’s power are broad and her duties are many and varied. Besides being an
advisor to the board of education, the superintendent is usually responsible for certain
functions:
+ Serves as superior and organizer of professional and nonteaching personnel
+ Makes recommendations regarding the employment, promotion and dismissal of personnel
+ Ensure compliance with directives of higher authority
+ Prepares the local school budget for local school board review and administers the adopted
budget
+ Serves as leader of long-range planning
+ Develops and evaluates curriculum and instructional programs
+ Determines internal organization of the local school district
+ Makes recommendations regarding school building needs and maintenance
- In addition, the superintendent is responsible for the day to day operation of the schools within
the district and serves as the major public spokesperson for the schools
- Superintendent are often under strong pressure from various segment of the community, and
much of the superintendent’s effectiveness will depend on his ability to deal with such pressure
groups.
- For example, school superintendents have to deal with demands may be made for better
facilities for students with handicaps or learning disabilities, more bilingual programs, improved
vocational education and school desegregation.
- School superintendents have to deal with parents requirements on upgraded academic
programs if they feel the education is not as superior as their children deserve.
- In small or rural districts where enrollments are declining, the superintendent may be
pressured, on one hand, to save money by closing schools and, on the other hand, to keep all
schools open to preserve the pride and identity of the community.
- School superintendents also have to balance the demands and expectations of the parents with
the socio-psychological needs of the students.