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Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy and Wind-Power Utilization

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ISSN: 0260-4027 (Print) 1556-1844 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gwof20

Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy

and Wind-Power Utilization

L. Lakatos , G. Hevessy & J. Kovács

To cite this article: L. Lakatos , G. Hevessy & J. Kovács (2011) Advantages and
Disadvantages of Solar Energy and Wind-Power Utilization, World Futures, 67:6, 395-408, DOI:
10.1080/02604020903021776

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World Futures, 67: 395–408, 2011
Copyright

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ISSN 0260-4027 print / 1556-1844 online
DOI: 10.1080/02604020903021776

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR

ENERGY AND WIND-POWER UTILIZATION

L. LAKATOS, G. HEVESSY, AND J. KOVÁCS

University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Wind-mills were widely used for grinding corn in the last century in Hungary.
The use of solar energy for water heating, taking a bath, shower, and drying crops
has had a tradition for a long time. This article presents in what proportion the
two types of energy are disposable in the course of the year, how this difference
between the simultaneous disposability of the two types of sources of energy
changes depending on seasons, and by what a diffusion and variance in a month,
a part of a day, or an hour the examined parameters can be characterized.

KEYWORDS: Hybrid system, solar energy, wind energy.

INTRODUCTION
The last of the use of atmospherical sources of energy (solar energy and wind-
power) goes back a very long time in Hungary. Wind-mills were widely used for
grinding corn in the last century in a number of communities in the Hungarian
Lowland. Because wind could also be used for energy generation in a lower
technical level, it is beyond many people as to why there are no wind turbines or
wind farms in the country.
The same can also be said about solar energy. The use of solar energy for water
heating, taking a bath or a shower, and drying crops has had a tradition for a long
time.
The origin of the kinds of energy called “renewed” traces back to solar radiation.
However, only a certain part of solar energy can be used. The angle of incidence
of solar rays influences the measure and efficiency of utilization.
In addition to this the distance between the site of installation and Equator
(parallel) and the angle of adjustment of the solar cell in comparison to solar
rays also influence the measure and efficiency of utilization. Furthermore, solar

Herewith we give thanks to the Environmental Ministry for supporting the realization of
the competition No. K36022135H “The Possible Methods for Using Simultaneously Solar
Energy and Wind-Power in the Area Eastwards from Tisza” in the framework of the KAC
Programme.
Address correspondence to L. Lakatos, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Agricultural
Sciences, Agro-Technical Institute. H 4032 Debrecen, Böszörményi 138, Hungary. E-mail:
lakatos@agr.unideb.hu

395
396 L. LAKATOS ET AL.

radiation reaching the site of installation also changes as a function of season, not
to mention weather conditions.
The increase of the proportion of use of renewed sources of energy has two
goals within the European Union—to restrain the effects of global climate change
by decreasing the emission of carbon dioxide (Agreement of Kyoto) and on the
other hand to increase the safety of energy supply by decreasing the proportion of
the use of fossil sources of energy (increasing the proportion of renewed sources of
energy). Because of increasing oil prices, the import dependence can be decreased
and the interests of environmental protection can also be better proved effectual.
One of the essential objectives of the guideline No. 2002/91/EK relating mainly
to energy use of inhabitants and institutions is the decentralization of energy
generation.
The use of solar energy contributes best of all to inhabitants meeting the energy
needs of their own household by an energy supply without sources of energy free
of emission (i.e., renewed sources of energy).
This article presents in what proportion the two types of energy are disposable in
the course of the year, how this difference between the simultaneous disposability
of the two types of sources of energy changes depending on seasons, and by
what a diffusion and variance in a month, a part of day, or an hour the examined
parameters can be characterized.
The industrial revolution transformed the economy and society of the Earth in
an unprecented measure. The use of energy used to take place only on market bases
for a long time and everyone used to use and apply everything in such a manner,
which was the most advantageous for them in the short run and resulted in as high
a profit as possible with as small investment as possible. Within approximately 200
years a lot of forests were cleared, mines were opened and closed, mineral oil and
natural gas reserves were exploited in excess, and atomic power plants were put
into operation without the appropriate safety measures. The exploitation of nature
has resulted in the erosion of the environment, irreversible damage to nature,
and environmental pollution. As a result of these processes it can be declared
that:

r The reserves of conventional combustible (fossil) fuels (coal, mineral oil, and
natural gas) are going to be exhausted within 50 to 200 years in the case of
their utilization at the present rate.
r an area of 6 hectares is going to turn into desert
r 17 million hectares of forests are going to become desolated
r 26 trillion tons of soil are going to be eroded
r the ozone layer of the stratosphere is decreasing
r CO2 -emission is increasing by 28 percent in a year

Fossil energy sources available on the Earth were also generated by solar rays.
Because of the very long time of their formation there is no real chance that
these will be regenerated. Therefore can only be reckoned with so-called renewed
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY & WIND-POWER 397

sources of energy in the Earth. However, these sources of energy have very different
specific intensity:

r Solar radiation: in the tropics: 0.25 kW/m2 , in Hungary: 0.16 kW/m2 ,

r wind: in the case of a speed of 6 m/s 0.13 kW/m2 , in the case of a speed of
20 m/s 1.04 kW/m2 ,
r ebb and flow: 0.002 kW/m2 ,
r waves: in the case of 1.5 meter-high waves 14.5 kW/m2 ,
r geothermal power plant: 0,00006 kW/m2 ,
r river hydroelectric power plant: in the case of a speed of 6 m/s 108 kW/m2 .

As a comparison it can be declared that

r coal-fed power plant: 500 kW/m2 ,

r atomic power plant: 650 kW/m2 (characteristic specific intensity) (Barótfi,
1993).

Due to the anxieties because of high oil prices and climate change an increased
intensity can be observed in the field of investments for using renewed sources
of energy all over the world. Investors are urged with such motivations, like tax
allowances, increased power transmission prices guaranteed for a long time, wind-
power and solar energy potential data in Europe, but more and more in the United
States to establish wind turbines, solar energy plants, and biomass heating plants.
The current stock price of companies producing green energy is very high and
getting higher and higher—the current price of Conergy generating solar energy
has increased almost by 30 percent and that of its competitor, SolarWorld, by
100 percent between May and August of 2006 on the German stock exchange—
and governments (recently that of Romania) announced their large-scale plans
concerning the production of renewed energy.
In Hungary hardly more than 1 percent is the proportion of power plants
producing renewed energy in the field of power production, which we would like
to increase by Eu demands to 3.6 percent.
The European Union brought the campaign into action, the goal of which is
to increase the awareness of inhabitants of renewed sources of energy. In the
framework of this program the survey took place at the end of 2005, which looked
for the answer to the question concerning the appropriate forum for developing
the production of renewed energy and energy consumption habits of inhabitants
and their willingness to change them.
According to the Hungarian Energy Association, European public opinion
expects that governments take steps for a more active technological research
and development of the production of renewed energy for decreasing energy
dependence. In the opinion of 47 percent of pollees the EU is the best level for
making decisions for addressing challenges concerning high energy prices, global
warming, and the safety of energy supply. Thirty-seven percent of pollees said
that the appropriate decisions should be made at a national level.
398 L. LAKATOS ET AL.

Solar energy, which is the most popular in the circle of respondents for de-
creasing the energy dependence, has got 48 percent of votes. This is followed by
such new energy generation technologies as hydrogen or pure coal (41 percent),
whereas wind-power, which is very popular in Hungary, has been thrust to the
third position. Only very few people consider in the long run the regulation of the
oil industry (23 percent) or atomic energy (12 percent).
It is remarkable that solar energy has been thrust to the first position by 43
percent of Hungarian respondents, while wind and other sources of energy run a
dead heat in the second position (37 percent). The popularity of atomic energy is
less than 9 percent.
According to the guideline No. 2001/77/EC issued by the European Union all
member states will have had to remarkably increase the proportion of electric
power generated from renewed sources of energy within the gross electric power
consumption and in general energy consumption.
Taking into account this guideline the most large-scale increase can be forecast
in Lithuania (25%), Denmark (20.3%), and Cyprus (19.3%). The expected measure
of increase is only 2.8% in Hungary. This is remarkably behind the planned average
development of neighboring countries (Czech Republic 10%, Slovakia 16.4%,
Slovenia 13.6%).
The Hungarian government started the transformation of the energetic system
of Hungary with the decisions No. 2199/1999. (6.VIII.) and 1107/1999. (8.X.)
in accordance with requirements of the EU-accession and took the appropriate
organizational and financial measures so that these goals are realizable. One of the
planned possible methods for realizing these goals is the program “20,000 roofs
with solar collectors 2010,” the effect of which is a remarkable increase to be
expected until 2010. Therefore we consider it very important to analyze the possi-
bilities of the production of solar energy, which are suitable for decreasing the use
of fossil sources of energy and substituting this in the familiar or entrepreneurial
level.

OUTLINE OF THE LITERATURE

The main problem of wind-power production is that there are usually low wind
speeds, there are more rarely stronger winds (Bartholy and Radics, 2001), which
blow only for a short time and so only slow-moving turbines can be economically
operated (Patay 1985). Therefore, wind turbines should be especially circum-
spectly installed in Hungary. So-called air ducts should be found and the axis
altitude of turbines should be chosen in such a manner that the axis is as far as
possible from the surface (Honti–Tóth, 1988).
The use of solar energy also has a past in Hungary. The drying of crops
with solar energy means a remarkable proportion in the whole energy utilization
of agriculture according to Sembery (1990). Hot water has been produced in
holiday cottages and weekend-houses for taking a bath for a long time. In the last
decades solar collectors and solar cells appeared, by means of which hot water for
consumption and electric power can be produced (Fenyvesi and Luch 1982). The
installation of solar cell systems was begun in areas where there was no electric
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY & WIND-POWER 399

network (Kacz and Neményi 1998). The serious disadvantage of the island-like
installation is that the storage of surplus energy quantity produced in summer
cannot be solved in the long run, whereas in winter solar energy supply systems
are often undersized. In the systems feeding into the network there is no such
problem.
The most serious problem of solar energy supply is that at night there is no
available energy and in winter only a relatively low quantity of solar energy is
available.
Because there are difficulties in the use of both wind-power and solar energy,
let us see in what proportion the two kinds of energy can be utilized.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The climatic database of solar energy and wind-power consists of the measures
of solar radiation and wind-speed per hour carried out between 1994 and 2003
and originating from the Agro-meteorological Observatory of the Faculty of Agri-
cultural Sciences of Debrecen’s University. Moreover, a solar energy and wind-
power measuring and producing system was purchased in the framework of the
competition of the Environmental Ministry, “The possible methods for using si-
multaneously solar energy and wind-power in the area eastwards from Tisza.” The
24-meter-high solar energy-wind is completed by a 30-meter-high meteorological
measuring tower and so both energy generation and theoretical energy calculation
can be simultaneously realized.
The 24-meter-high tower is provided with a Whisper-H80 1-kW-capacity tur-
bine, to which 5 40-W-capacity solar cells belong. Four solar cells are positioned in
the main compass points, while one of them carries out the control in a horizontal
direction (Figure 2).
Wind gauges have been mounted onto the 30-meter-high tower in the altitude
of 10 and 30 meters and a temperature and global radiation gauge in the altitude
of 2 meters. The installation took place in February 2004 in an apple orchard in
the fields of Nagykálló (Figure 1).
If the temporal structure, changes, and main statistical characteristics of the
intensity of solar energy and wind-power are known, they can be used more
successfully at the same time. Data and results measured during the project in
Nagykálló are intended for supplying data to this.
The more and more wide-ranging application of environment-friendly sources
of energy is one of the tasks of our era of high priority. The quantity of available
conventional kinds of energy is decreasing, whereas the costs of exploitation
are increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to use such new sources of energy
during the next few years, which makes possible a safe energy supply in the long
run.
Aeolic generators, solar cells, and solar collectors have already been put into use
in a number of countries of Europe in the level of familiar farms and households,
which efficiently promote the decrease of the household’s energy costs and in
many cases the used energy could also be covered.
400 L. LAKATOS ET AL.

Figure 1. The wind power station unit in Nagykálló.

Hundreds of wind-mills used to be in operation in this area of Hungary. If the

techniques of a lower level of that time were also suitable for producing wind-
power, it is not understandable why there are no wind turbines and wind farms in
this area of the country.
Because wind speed vertically increases according to the logarithm or power
function, in the altitude of 20 to 30 m and even more in the altitude of 50 to 60 m

Figure 2. The solar power station unit in Nagykálló.

 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY & WIND-POWER 401

the speed of the wind is remarkably higher, which means that in this altitude more
wind-power is also available. The other deficiency of the nowadays available
network-like wind data lies in the fact that because of the sporadic network of
stations there are many areas in the country where there are no available wind data.
It can be said about available data in a number of cases that measuring stations
have been positioned to a place sheltered from the wind because of the effect of
the town’s buildings breaking the displacement of air and so representativity of
data is not realised in many places any longer (i.e., these data cannot be used for
calculations and designs).
The deficiencies of information about the wind can be summarized on the basis
of the aforementioned in the following way:

r low number of measuring points (20 to 30)

r not appropriate conditions of positioning
r measuring of wind speed does not takes place in the appropriate altitude in the
energetic point of view

In the framework of the competition “The possible methods for using simultane-
ously solar energy and wind-power in the area eastwards from Tisza” financed
by the Environmental Ministry, a solar energy and wind-power measuring and
producing system was purchased, which consists of 24- and 30-m-high towers.
The diameter of the H80 propeller is 3 m and the work area of the blade is
7.3 m2 .
The H80 is enabled by its permanent magnetic generator and individual me-
chanics to use the most energy in comparison to other wind turbines in its category.
Wind gauges have been mounted onto the 30-meter-high tower in the altitude of
10 and 30 meters and a temperature and global radiation gauge in the altitude of
2 meters. The installation took place in December of 2003 in an apple orchard in
the fields of Nagykálló.
The fields of Nagykálló have not been appropriately surveyed from the point
of view of wind-power yet and so the measuring supplies very important data for
surveying the solar energy and wind-power potential of the area eastward from the
Tisza. Due to the lower north-eastward ranges of the Carpathian Mountains the air
duct coming into being in the area offers an efficient energy supply to consumers
in accordance with expectations. We would like to offer evidences for this by
carrying out these measures. The altitude point offers a good possibility not only
to measure wind-power, but also to use solar energy. The horizontal limitation is
very low because of the protuberant terrain.

RESULTS
Results show that calculated and measured values correspond to each other very
well and the regression connection indicates a significant relation in a level of
0.1% (Figure 3).
402 L. LAKATOS ET AL.

18,0

16,0

14,0
Calculated values (m/s)

12,0

10,0

8,0

6,0
y = 1,0023x + 0,0872
2
4,0 R = 0,6706

2,0

0,0
0 5 10 15 20
Measured values (m/s)

Figure 3. Relation between the wind speed measured and calculated in the altitude
of 30 m in the spring of 2004 in Nagykálló.

Despite the close relation it cannot be excluded that in some cases inaccuracies
of 6 to 7 m/s are also possible during the calculations and so if it is possible, it is
more proper and reliable to take the results of measuring for basis.
The common monthly specific capacity values of solar radiation and wind
in accordance with their frequency can be calculated not only in the measuring
altitude of 10 m, but also be determined in higher altitude (30 m) (Figure 4).
In the figure is evidently shown that monthly average wind capacities exceed
the values of solar radiation capacity between November and March.
The probability of availability of the two sources of energy separately and
together can be analyzed by means of a climate database prepared before in the
course of the day. If solar radiation and wind-power data of the last 10 years are
calculated, it can be observed that wind-power is available in higher proportion in
winter and at the beginning of spring, while solar radiation is available in summer
in a higher proportion (Figure 5).
After the analysis of events during the hours characterized by a wind speed of
more than 3 m/s and global radiation of more than 200 W/m2 the following can
be established:
In the course of the last year solar energy and wind-power and energy produced
by means of the hybrid system was available in relation with the elapsed time
separately in the months in the following proportion (see Figure 6).
On the basis of the aforementioned it can be said that the proportion of the use
of wind-power is much higher than the availability of solar energy from November
until April. This establishment does not contain the absolute quantity of energy,
but shows only the relative time of the utilization. In Figure 7 is also shown that
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY & WIND-POWER 403

140
common 10 m
solar radiation
120
wind speed 10 m
wind speed 30 m
100
common 30 m
Capacity (w/m2)

80

60

40

20

0
June
April

August
May

July
February

October

November

December
March

September
January

Months

Figure 4. Average common weighed (specific) capacity of solar radiation and wind
from 1994 until 2003 (W/m2).

hybrid systems can be characterized by higher availability in every month than any
other systems utilizing solar energy and wind-power separately. Mainly in March,
May, July, and September a more remarkable advantage can be established in the
case of use of hybrid systems.

100%

80% solar radiation

Proportion (%)

wind speed
60%

40%

20%

0%
January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Month

Figure 5. Percentage distribution of available wind-power and solar energy in sepa-

rate months (from 1994 until 2003).
404 L. LAKATOS ET AL.

solar energy
70,0
wind energy
60,0
Proportion in percent

hybrid system
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December
Months

Figure 6. The proportion of common usability of solar energy and wind-power in

2004 in Nagykálló.

If monthly average wind speeds are known, the question arises of how often and
with what probability values achieving or exceeding these average values occur in
the area eastwards from the Tisza. In Figure 7 is shown that although the highest
wind speed can be measured in spring months, the frequency of this higher wind
speed value is usually between 35 to 40%.
50
Realative frequency of wind speed (%)

48
46

44
42
40
38

36
34
32
30
September

December
January

February

November
October
June

August
March

July
May
April

Months

Figure 7. Frequency of wind speed values achieving and exceeding average wind
speed values (from 1994 until 2003).
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY & WIND-POWER 405

Table 1
Expectation time and energy of wind and solar energy utilization in
different altitude
Energy
>3 m/s
>200 W/m2 10 m 30 m Global Radiation
Above Limit Value 10 m 30 m Global Radiation
Number of Hours Hours Hours Hours kWh/m2

January 376.0 449.0 64.0 42.7 84.4 17.2

February 395.0 476.0 11.0 47.0 93.0 37.3
March 351.0 428.0 158.0 42.8 84.7 63.5
April 323.0 399.0 244.0 29.7 59.1 116.9
May 421.0 493.0 308.0 36.7 72.6 153.0
June 283.0 369.0 321.0 16.1 33.2 182.7
July 308.0 413.0 316.0 18.8 38.7 179.9
August 263.0 353,0 309.0 14.7 30.5 173.8
September 253.0 321.0 237.0 17.9 36.3 111.6
October 208.0 274.0 165.0 19.9 40.1 66.1
November 394.0 455.0 73.0 57.3 112.3 23.1
December 239.0 335.0 42.0 17.9 37.0 12.8
Year 3814.0 4765.0 2348.0 361.5 721.8 1137.7

The decision should be made how many hours the possible energy genera-
tion can be expected in the different altitude in separate months (10 m, 30 m)
(Table 1). The longest period suitable for energy generation was in May in
both altitude levels in 2004. Despite this the most energy could be produced

Table 2
The solar and wind energy rates in different months and altitudes
Wind
>3 m/s Hybrid
Above Limit Value Solar
Proportion of Occurrence 10 m 30 m Global Radiation 10 m 30 m
% % % % %

January 50.5 60.3 8.6 53.5 62.8

February 56.8 68.4 15.9 61.2 70.5
March 47.2 57.5 21.2 57.0 64.9
April 44.9 55.4 33.9 59.9 65.4
May 56.6 66.3 41.4 67.9 74.6
June 39.3 51.3 44.6 58.1 64.2
July 41.4 55.5 42.5 61.6 68.8
August 35.3 47.4 41.5 55.1 61.4
September 35.1 44.6 32.9 49.6 55.1
October 28.0 36.8 22.2 40.9 47.7
November 54.7 63.2 10.1 58.5 66.1
December 32.1 45.0 5.6 35.2 47.6
Year 43.5 54.3 26.7 54.9 62.4
406 L. LAKATOS ET AL.

250
Wind energy
200 Solar energy
Hybrid system
150
Hours

100

50

0
January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December
Months
Figure 8. Maximum length of the period free of energy in separate months in 2004
in the fields of Nagykálló.

in November. As far as solar energy supply is concerned June was the most advan-
tageous for solar radiation. This month there were the most hours with effective
radiation as well as the highest solar energy generation was also achieved this
month.
55,0

50,0

45,0
Relative frequency (%)

40,0

35,0

30,0

25,0

20,0

15,0

10,0
September

December
January

February

November
October
June

August
March

July
May
April

Months

Figure 9. Probability of occurrence of solar radiation intensity values achieving and

exceeding the average monthly solar radiation intensity values (from 1994 until
2003).
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY & WIND-POWER 407

Table 3
Length of the period free of energy generation at 10 m level
10 m Wind Hours Solar Hours Hybrid Hours

January 6.6 29.6 5.7

February 4.6 23.4 4.2
March 7.6 20.2 5.7
April 7.1 14.0 6.1
May 4.7 13.2 4.7
June 6.1 11.4 5.8
July 6.0 12.6 4.9
August 8.7 13.6 7.0
September 9.3 14.2 8.1
October 14.1 18.7 9.6
November 8.4 28.1 7.5
December 10.1 54.0 9.1
Year 14.1 54.0 9.6

The number of hours characterized by wind speeds value above average was as
follows in the altitude of 10 m as well as 30 m (Table 2). The change of the axis
altitude from 10 m to 20 m increases the number of usable hours in average by 8
to 10%. The usability rate of hybrid systems approached the proportion of 75% in
May.
The most serious problem of solar energy utilization is that there is no radiation
at night. This causes especially a serious problem in winter when day production
is also low because of the small angle of incidence of solar rays (Figure 8).

Table 4
Length of the period free of energy generation at 30 m level
30 m Wind Hours Solar Hours Hybrid Hours

January 5.3 29.6 4.5

February 4.0 23.4 3.9
March 5.9 20.2 5.6
April 4.6 14.0 4.4
May 3.7 13.2 3.9
June 4.3 11.4 4.6
July 4.4 12.6 4.1
August 5.9 13.6 5.5
September 7.8 14.2 6.9
October 7.5 18.7 5.9
November 6.2 28.1 5.5
December 7.1 54.0 6.7
Year 7.8 54.0 6.9
 408 L. LAKATOS ET AL.

Not only in 2004, but also on the basis of the average of many years, it can
be said that in winter it can be reckoned with as high a factor of uncertainty
as possible, which is caused by the frequent fog besides the rather dull weather
(Figure 9).
By using the hybrid energy producing system the length of the period free of
energy generation can be remarkably decreased. The shortest period free of energy
supply was in February and the longest one was in October in the case of the use
of hybrid systems in 2004 (Table 3).
In comparison with the altitude level of 10 m, not only can stronger winds
be measured in the altitude level of 30 m, but also energy generation is more
permanent, that is, the periods free of wind and energy generation are shorter
(Table 4).

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The results presented in this article convincingly prove that there are very good
possibilities for common use of solar energy and wind-power in Hungary as well.
Both solar energy and wind-power are rather changeable and at the same time
forms of energy offering a characteristic temporal access. As soon as the temporal
structure, fluctuation, and main statistic features of these two variables are known,
a more successful common utilization becomes more possible than now. The
project of Nagykálló would like to supply data to this.
In the knowledge of measuring data the interior structure of daily, hourly data
as well as data measured in 10 minutes, in connection to which no measuring
has been carried out yet before. We hope that by analyzing the temporal and
spatial behavior of wind and solar radiation we can effectively promote the more
wide-ranging propagation of hybrid systems (solar–wind) in Hungary.

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Széchenyi Nyomda Kft.
Fenyvesi, L., and Luch, A. 1982. Napenergia hasznosı́tó berendezések a mezőgazdaságban
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