공업수학 I

2021. 5. 13

이동호
Bessel’s Equation
• Bessel’s Equation

𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 2 − 𝜈 2 𝑦 = 0
By Frobenius theory ∞

𝑦 𝑥 = ෍ 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 𝑚+𝑟 (𝑎0 ≠ 0)
𝑚=0

∞ ∞ ∞

෍ (𝑚 + 𝑟)(𝑚 + 𝑟 − 1)𝑎𝑚 𝑥 𝑚+𝑟 + ෍ (𝑚 + 𝑟)𝑎𝑚 𝑥 𝑚+𝑟 + ෍ 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 𝑚+𝑟+2

𝑚=0 ∞ 𝑚=0 𝑚=0

− 𝜈 2 ෍ 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 𝑚+𝑟 = 0
𝑚=0
Bessel’s Equation
For 𝑥 𝑟
𝑟 𝑟 − 1 𝑎0 + 𝑟𝑎0 − 𝜈 2 𝑎0 = 0
For 𝑥 𝑟+1
(𝑟 + 1)𝑟𝑎1 + (𝑟 + 1)𝑎1 − 𝜈 2 𝑎1 = 0
For 𝑥 𝑟+𝑠
(𝑠 + 𝑟) 𝑠 + 𝑟 − 1 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑠 + 𝑟 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠−2 − 𝜈 2 𝑎𝑠 = 0

Indicial Equation
𝑟 𝑟 − 1 + 𝑟 − 𝜈 2 = 0 → (𝑟 + 𝜈)(𝑟 − 𝜈)
Bessel’s Equation
• For 𝑟 = 𝑟1 = 𝜈
𝑠 + 2𝜈 𝑠𝑎𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠−2 = 0
Since 𝑎1 = 0, 𝑎3 = 𝑎5 = ⋯ = 0
Let 𝑠 = 2𝑚
2𝑚 + 2𝜈 2𝑚𝑎2𝑚 + 𝑎2𝑚−2 = 0

1
𝑎2𝑚 =− 2 𝑎2𝑚−2
2 𝑚(𝜈 + 𝑚)
Bessel’s Equation
𝑎0
𝑎2 = − 2
2 (𝜈 + 1)

𝑎2 𝑎0
𝑎4 = − 2 = 4
2 2 𝜈+2 2 2! 𝜈 + 1 𝜈 + 2

(−1)𝑚 𝑎0
𝑎2𝑚 = 2𝑚
2 𝑚! 𝜈 + 1 𝜈 + 2 … (𝑣 + 𝑚)
Bessel Functions 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)
• For 𝜈 = 𝑛 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟)

(−1)𝑚 𝑎0
𝑎2𝑚 = 2𝑚 , 𝑚 = 1,2,3, …
2 𝑚! 𝑛 + 1 𝑛 + 2 … (𝑛 + 𝑚)

1
Let 𝑎0 =
2𝑛 𝑛!

(−1)𝑚
𝑎2𝑚 = 2𝑚+𝑛 , 𝑚 = 1,2,3, …
2 𝑚! 𝑛 + 𝑚 !
Bessel Functions 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)
Bessel function of the first kind of order n
∞
𝑚 2𝑚
𝑛
(−1) 𝑥
𝐽𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 ෍ 2𝑚+𝑛
2 𝑚! 𝑛 + 𝑚 !
𝑚=0

Ex) 𝐽0 𝑥 , 𝐽1 (𝑥) ∞
(−1)𝑚 𝑥 2𝑚
𝐽0 𝑥 = ෍ 2𝑚
2 (𝑚!)2
∞ 𝑚=0
(−1)𝑚 𝑥 2𝑚+1
𝐽1 𝑥 = ෍ 2𝑚+1
2 𝑚! 𝑚 + 1 !
𝑚=0
Bessel Functions 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)
For large 𝑥
2 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)~ cos(𝑥 − − )
𝜋𝑥 2 4
Bessel Functions 𝐽𝜈(𝑥)
• For any 𝜈 ≥ 0
• Gamma function, Γ(𝜈 + 1)
∞
Γ 𝜈 + 1 = න 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 𝜈 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜈Γ 𝜈
0

∞
Γ 1 = න 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1
0

Γ 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛!
Bessel Functions 𝐽𝜈 (𝑥)
1
Let 𝑎0 =
2𝜈 Γ 𝜈+1

(−1)𝑚
𝑎2𝑚 = 2𝑚
2 𝑚! 𝜈 + 1 𝜈 + 2 … (𝜈 + 𝑚)Γ 𝜈 + 1

(−1)𝑚
𝑎2𝑚 = 2𝑚+𝜈
2 𝑚! Γ 𝜈 + 𝑚 + 1
Bessel Functions 𝐽𝜈 (𝑥)
• Bessel function of the first kind of order 𝜈
∞
(−1) 𝑚 𝑥 2𝑚
𝐽𝜈 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝜈 ෍ 2𝑚+𝜈
2 𝑚! Γ 𝜈 + 𝑚 + 1
𝑚=0
Bessel Functions 𝐽𝜈 (𝑥)
• Theorem (properties)

𝑎 𝑥 𝜈 𝐽𝜈 𝑥 ′ = 𝑥 𝜈 𝐽𝜈−1 𝑥 𝜈𝑥 𝜈−1 𝐽𝜈 + 𝑥 𝜈 𝐽𝜈′ = 𝑥 𝜈 𝐽𝜈−1

𝑏 𝑥 −𝜈 𝐽𝜈 𝑥 ′ = −𝑥 −𝜈 𝐽𝜈+1 𝑥 −𝜈𝑥 𝜈−1 𝐽𝜈 + 𝑥 𝜈 𝐽𝜈′ = −𝑥 𝜈 𝐽𝜈+1

2𝜈
𝑐 𝐽𝜈−1 𝑥 + 𝐽𝜈+1 𝑥 = 𝐽 𝑥
𝑥 𝜈

𝑑 𝐽𝜈−1 𝑥 − 𝐽𝜈+1 𝑥 = 2𝐽′𝜈 𝑥

Bessel Functions 𝐽𝜈 (𝑥)
Ex)
2𝜈
𝐽𝜈+1 𝑥 = 𝐽𝜈 𝑥 − 𝐽𝜈−1 𝑥
𝑥

2
𝐽2 𝑥 = 𝐽1 𝑥 − 𝐽0 𝑥
𝑥

2 −3 1
‫׬‬1 𝑥 𝐽4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 −3 𝐽3 𝑥 ]12 = − 𝐽3 2 + 𝐽3 1
8
Bessel Functions 𝐽𝜈 (𝑥)
1 3 5
• Elementary Bessel Functions with 𝜈 = ± ,± ,± ,…
2 2 2

2
𝐽1 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
2 𝜋𝑥

2
𝐽 1 𝑥 = co𝑠 𝑥
−2 𝜋𝑥
Bessel Functions 𝐽𝜈 (𝑥)
• General Solution
If 𝜈 is not integer, ∞
(−1)𝑚 𝑥 2𝑚
𝐽−𝜈 𝑥 = 𝑥 −𝜈 ෍ 2𝑚−𝜈
2 𝑚! Γ 𝑚 − 𝜈 + 1
𝑚=0

𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝐽𝜈 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝐽−𝜈 𝑥

If 𝜈 is an integer
𝐽−𝑛 𝑥 = (−1)𝑛 𝐽𝑛 𝑥
Homework
Chapter 5.4
3, 6, 9, 19, 22