2021-06-02-Ultra Unification Juven Wang

Ultra Unification. 奧統⼀一理論. Ultra-Vereinigung.
 
Ультра Объединение. Ультра уніфікація. Ультра уніфікацыя.
Ultra Unifikacja. Εξαιρετική ενοποίηση. Ultra unificazione. Ultra
Unificación. 奥统⼀一理论. 울트라 통합. Ултра Унифицатион.  
การรวมกันเป็นพิเศษ. ‫איחוד אולטרה‬. அl#ரா ஒ'ŋ)ைணp-.
अल्ट्रा एकीकरण।. Ultra Birleştirme. !"#$% &%'$()%*'+%.
Yekkirina Ultra. Ultra apvienošana. Ultra-eenwording.  
‫ الترا التوحيد‬. ‫فوق العاده وحدت‬. अल्ट्रा एकीकरण …………………..
Discrimination vs Unification
1019 GeV
Energy
. . .? . . .
q
~c
MGUT MPlanck ⇠
G
16
Ultra Unification
10 GeV 2020
su(5), etc. Grand Unification

t Gerogi-Glashow
1974
246GeV
su(3)c ⇥ su(2)L ⇥ u(1)Y
Standard Model
su(2)L ⇥ u(1)Y
Glashow-Salam-Weinberg
1967
u(1)EM
Maxwell
1865
Strong Electric Magnetic Weak GUT Forces Topological Forces . . .? . . . Gravity
HEP-phenomenology: beyond particle physics (to extended objects or unparticle CFT).  

New Direction:Quantum Matter in Math/Physics.
Juven Wang Quantum Fields Beyond the Standard Model Slide: http://idear.info/ 0
An die Freude Ode to Joy
Freude, schöner Götterfunken,

Tochter aus Elysium,
Wir betreten feuertrunken,
Himmlische, dein Heiligtum! Heavenly one, thy sanctuary!
Deine Zauber binden wieder Thy magic binds again
Was die Mode streng geteilt; What custom strictly divided;
Alle Menschen Brüder/Schwester All us are brothers/sisters
Wo dein sanfter Flügel weilt.
Friedrich Schiller 1785

Ludwig van Beethoven 1824
Closed vs Open
What custom strictly divided, the magic binds again.
All us become brothers and sisters.
Ultra Unification. . Ultra-Vereinigung.  
Ультра Объединение. Ультра уніфікація. Ультра уніфікацыя.
Ultra Unifikacja. Εξαιρετική ενοποίηση. Ultra unificazione. Ultra
Unificación. . 울트라 통합. Ултра Унифицатион.  
การรวมกันเป็นพิเศษ. ‫איחוד אולטרה‬. அl#ரா ஒ'ŋ)ைணp-.
अल्ट्रा एकीकरण।. Ultra Birleştirme. !"#$% &%'$()%*'+%.
Yekkirina Ultra. Ultra apvienošana. Ultra-eenwording.  
‫ الترا التوحيد‬. ‫فوق العاده وحدت‬. अल्ट्रा एकीकरण
...
2021
Vafa (60$to$61) OX
P.A.Lee (75) Yau (12$x$6)
Green (75)
Wen$(12$x$5)
( )$4718)/)4658) Sachdev$(12$x$5)
Moore (12x5)
Zee (75 to 76)
Glashow (88)
Weinberg (88)
Wilczek (to 70)
Seiberg (to$65)
Witten$(to$70)
Kitaev (to$58)
p.s.$more$prominent$researchers…
Schwarz (to 80)
Happy Anniversary and Congratulations
on the Science Advance.
Ultra Unification
Juven Wang
Harvard CMSA
arXiv: 2012.15860 [PhysRevD], 2008.06499, 2006.16996, 1910.14668 [JHEP],

1812.11967 [Ann.Math.Sci.Appl.], 1812.11959 [CIMP], 1810.00844 [JMP],
1809.11171 [PhysRevR], 1807.05998 [PhysRevD], 1705.06728 [PhysRevX].
Wed, June 2, 2021

jw@cmsa.fas.harvard.edu
c
Thanks to Z Wan, X-G Wen, E Witten. K Ohmori, P Putrov. ...
Outline
1. General Statements of Main Research Results.
Overview on Standard Model, Grand Unification.
Symmetries and Anomalies of Quantum Field Theory /
Matter. Cobordism classification of Anomalies and their
Cancellation.
2. Logic to Ultra Unification.
- Three (two+one) Assumptions.
- Consequences: Gapped Topological/Gapless CFT sectors, Extra dim.
3. Ultra Unification Path Integral.
- (Gauge-) symmetry-breaking, -preserving, -extension mass or energy gap.
- Dirac/Majorana mass vs Interaction induced vs Topological mass/energy gap.
Outline
Cancellation.
Fundamental Physics embodies Topological Matter
Energy
1019 GeV . . .? . . .
q
~c
MGUT MPlanck ∼
G
Ultra Unification
1016 GeV 2020

≈ Gerogi-Glashow
1974
246GeV
su(3)c × su(2)L × u(1)Y
Standard Model
su(2)L × u(1)Y
1967
u(1)EM
Maxwell
1865
HEP-phenomenology: beyond 0d particle physics (to extended objects

or unparticle CFT). New Direction:Quantum Matter in Math/Physics.
Maxwell (1864-1865): electric+magnetism, and light unification.
Glashow-Salam-Weinberg [GSW] (1961-1967): Electroweak unification.
GSW+ Strong force: Standard Model (SM) in 3+1d (4d) spacetime.
Grand Unification/Unified Theory (GUT): Georgi-Glashow (1974)
SU(5), Georgi or Fritzsch-Minkowski so (10) GUT (a Spin(10) gauge
group). Electroweak+Strong+other forces in a simple Lie group.
• Spontaneous gauge symmetry breaking via Anderson-Higgs. These
forces were further conjectured to be unified in a simple Lie group gauge
interaction in the Grand Unification (GUT).
• In this talk, we propose a theory beyond the SM and SU(5) GUT with
15 Weyl fermions per generation, by adding new gapped Topological
Phase Sectors consistent with the nonperturbative global anomaly
cancellation and cobordism constraints (especially from the baryon minus
lepton number B − L, electroweak hypercharge Y , and the mixed
gauge-gravitational anomaly).
Ultra Unification (UU): Gapped Topological Phase Sectors are

constructed via symmetry extension, whose low energy contains unitary
Lorentz-invariant topological quantum field theories (TQFTs).
Ultra Unification (UU) as an effective field theory (EFT):
Electroweak+Strong+other GUT forces+topological phase sector,
SM 0d particles + with/out 0d right-handed “sterile” neutrinos.
Electroweak+Strong+other GUT forces+topological phase sector,
SM 0d particles + with/out 0d right-handed “sterile” neutrinos.
More than, not just a 2nd Chern class θ-term 8πθ 2 Tr[F ∧ F ] ∝
θ(−c2 + 21 c12 ) or dynamical axion θ. More than instanton or sphaleron.
• UU topological phase sector. e.g.,
• 4d topological field theory [Schwarz type unitary 4d TQFT, 4d analog
of 3d Chern-Simons-Witten theory] at low energy below an energy gap.
Long-range entangled intrinsic topological order.
• 5d Cobordism invariant invertible TQFT [5d iTQFT]. Short-range
entangled Z4,X ≡5(B−L)−4Y - Symmetry-Protected Topological state [5d
SPTs]. Global symmetry may be gauged at higher energy thus the 5d
bulk can be indeed long-range entangled.
• 4d gapless (unparticle) CFT.
- right-handed sterile neutrinos, or their combinations.
4d new sectors and 5th extra dimension:
Invisible to SM forces or GUT forces.
Visible to topological forces.
Equation/Path Integral: Weyl spinors + Yukawa-Higgs-Dirac/Majorana
term + U(1) Maxwell + SU(N) or Spin(N) Yang-Mills gauge theory
+ Lorentz-invariant unitary 4d non-invertible and 5d invertible TQFTs.
R
ZSM [AZ4 ] ≡ [Dψ][Dψ̄][DA][Dφ] . . . exp( i SSM [ψ, ψ̄, A, φ, . . . , AZ4 ]M 4 )
Z Z
θI
SSM = Tr(FI ∧ ?FI ) − 2 gI2 Tr(FI ∧ FI ) + / A,AZ )ψ
ψ̄( i D
M4 8π M4
4

+ |Dµ,A,AZ4 φ|2 − U(φ) − (ψL† φ( i σ 2 ψL∗ ) + h.c.) d 4 x.
(−ν ) (ν ) (nν ,nνµ,R ,nντ,R )

ZUU [AZ4 ] ≡ Z 5d-iTQFT/ [AZ4 ]
5d
≡ Z5d-iTQFT 4d
[AZ4 ] · Z4d-TQFT [AZ4 ] · ZSMe,R [AZ4 ].
4d-SM+TQFT
So UU is just an extension of SM and GUT from a low energy QFT/EFT

to GUT scale plus heavy topological phase sector. No Einstein or
dynamical gravity yet. Gravity as background geometry & topology
probes: placed on curved manifolds. Check mixed gauge-grav.anomaly.
No (yet): Lattice, String/M/F theory or String Landscape/Swampland.

Energy Hierarchy: Known and Unknown (?)
Energy Scale Hierarchy (E)
q mass (energy gap) scale ∼ E/c2
~c 19
MPlanck ∼ G ∼ 10 GeV
Mso(18)
MGUT∼1016 GeV
Msu(5) 3-Family
≈
• Higgs mechanism: su(5) → su(3) × su(2) × u(1) by φsu(5)24 = 24,
Msu(3)×su(2)×u(1) 3-Family
≈
quarks/leptons mass obtained via φsu(5)5 = 5 or extra φsu(5)45 = 45.
Fermi electroweak scale ∼ 246GeV
• Anderson-Higgs mechanism of Standard Model:
Msu(3)×u(1)EM 3-Family 1
≈ su(3) × su(2) × u(1) → su(3) × u(1)EM by φH = (1, 2, 2 ),
top quark mt ∼ 173GeV
≈ an analogous “4d superconductor effect” in CMP/HEP.
Higgs mφ ∼ 125GeV
≈
ΛQCD ∼ 200MeV
≈
left-handed neutrino mν < 1eV e− electron
zero energy u, d quarks confined in nucleons
Standard Model (SM) and GUT as EFT
Ultra Unification 4d and 5d coupled quantum system
Application to Beyond SM: Neutrino Physics and Dark Matter.

Logic to Ultra Unification
Assumptions:
1 Standard Model (SM) Ginternal : Lie algebra su(3) × su(2) × u(1).
GSMq ≡ SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)
Zq , q = 1, 2, 3, 6.
2 15 × (Ngen = 3) Weyl fermions (spacetime Weyl spinors) observed,
applicable to both SM and SU(5) GUT.
3 Discrete Baryon−Lepton number preserved at high energy:

Z4,X ≡5(B−L)−4Y ⊃ ZF2 , also dynamically gauged at higher energy (if we
embed the theory into quantum gravity: “global” symmetry must be
dynamically gauged or broken).
Check: Perturbative local & nonperturbative global anomalies via cobordism.
Logic not (yet) from: Lattice, String/M/F theory, Landscape/Swampland.
Take-Home One-Slide message
Our contemporary “accepted fundamental physics” paradigm, the 4d
Standard Model [SM], requires additional new sectors, either:
• living on the boundary of 5d bulk, or
• the 4d gapped Topological Phase Sector, or gapless (unparticle) CFT,
• right-handed “sterile” neutrinos;
given a crucial assumptions that a discrete symmetry of baryon minus
lepton number B − L, electroweak hypercharge Y is preserved at higher
energy (thus gauged above SM scale or GUT scale.)
Take-Home One-Slide message
Our contemporary “accepted fundamental physics” paradigm, the 4d
Standard Model [SM], requires additional new sectors, either:
• living on the boundary of 5d bulk, or
• the 4d gapped Topological Phase Sector, or gapless (unparticle) CFT,
• right-handed “sterile” neutrinos;
given a crucial assumptions that a discrete symmetry of baryon minus
lepton number B − L, electroweak hypercharge Y is preserved at higher
energy (thus gauged above SM scale or GUT scale.)
Z16 -global anomaly (with mixed gauge-gravitational probes) constraint:
(−(Ngen = 3) + nνe ,R + nνµ,R + nντ,R + ν4d − ν5d ) = 0 mod 16.
Ngen : generation of quarks and leptons.

nνe ,R + nνµ,R + nντ,R : number of right-handed “sterile” neutrinos.
ν4d : 4d hidden sector (such as gapped TQFT or gapless CFT).
ν5d : 5d hidden sector (such as invertible TQFT).
Cancellation to zero for cobordism class: TP5 or Ω5Spin× Z4,X ×GSM = Z16 × Z...
4 × Z2 × Z .
... 5
ZF
2
Three tightly related phenomena in quantum matter:
1. Symmetric gapping rule, Fidkowski-Kitaev ’09-’10 on 0+1d bdry of
1+1d, or Kitaev-Wen mechanism, symmetric mass (mass without
breaking “chiral symmetry”) without ’t Hooft anomaly. ν = 0 mod 16
of Z16 . We need 3+1d bdry of 4+1d.
gap: Eichten-Preskill’86, Kitaev,Wen,Wang’13, You-Xu’14, BenTov-Zee’15, Kikukawa’17, JW-Wen’18.
2. Symmetric anomalous TQFT/topological order with ’t Hooft

anomaly. νeven 6= 0 mod 16 of Z16 . (e.g. 2+1d bdry of 3+1d
Vishwanath-Senthil’12.) Topological Green-Schwarz’s. We need 3+1d
bdry of 4+1d.
3. Symmetry-breaking vs Symmetry-preserving vs Symmetry-extension

construction of gapped systems with ’t Hooft anomaly. We focus on a
3+1d bdry of 4+1d bulk with a group extension K → Ĝ → G :
• Bdry (extended projective global Ĝ )-bulk (global G ),
• Bdry (global G + gauge K TQFT)-bulk (global G ),
• Bdry (gauge Ĝ TQFT)-bulk (gauge G ).
Witten’16, JW-Wen-Witten’17.

Fundamental Physics embodies Topological Matter
Energy
1019 GeV . . .? . . .
q
~c
MGUT MPlanck ∼
G
16
Ultra Unification
10 GeV 2020

≈ Gerogi-Glashow
1974
246GeV
su(3)c × su(2)L × u(1)Y
Standard Model
su(2)L × u(1)Y
1967
u(1)EM
Maxwell
1865

Freude, schöner Götterfunken,

Tochter aus Elysium,
Wir betreten feuertrunken,
Alle Menschen Brüder/Schwester All us are brothers/sisters
Wo dein sanfter Flügel weilt.

Outline
Cancellation.
• X ≡ 5(B − L) − 4Y . B baryon number, L lepton number.
• Electric charge: QEM = T3 + Y .
• U(1)X subgroup sits at Spin(10):
ZF2 ⊂ Z4,X = Z (Spin(10)) ⊂ Spin(10).
(3, 1, 1/3)L ⊕ (1, 2, −1/2)L ⊕ (3, 2, 1/6)L ⊕ (3, 1, −2/3)L ⊕ (1, 1, 1)L ⊕ (1, 1, 0)L × 3 gen.
5 ⊕ 10 ⊕ 1 of SU(5) ∼ 16+ of Spin(10).

There is a Spin(d ) ×ZF2 Z4,X ≡ Spin(d ) ×Z2 Z4 structure.
Wilczek-Zee’79
Garcia-Etxebarria-Montero’18 arXiv:1808.00009.
Davighi-Gripaios-Lohitsiri’19 arXiv:1910.11277, Wan-JW’19 arXiv:1910.14668
so (10) GUT ⊃ su (5) GUT ⊃ Standard Model
Standard Model Lie algebra su(3) × su(2) × u(1).
GSMq ≡ SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)
Zq , q = 1, 2, 3, 6.
SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)
Lie group: Spin(10) ⊃ SU(5) ⊃ Z6 .
Gspacetime :
3+1d Weyl ΨL , a left-handed (L) chiral spacetime spinor of the Gspacetime :
Lorentz group Spin(1,3) (or Euclidean Spin(4)) in Spinor Rep.
3 + 1d ΨL ∼ 2L of Spin(1, 3) = SL(2, C), complex Rep.
Gspacetime nGinternal
Spacetime-internal sym G ≡ ( Nshared ) and Representation:
Spin(d)×Spin(10) SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)
ZF2
⊃ Spin(d) ×ZF2 Z4,X × SU(5) ⊃ Spin(d) ×ZF2 Z4,X × Z6 .
Here X ≡ 5(B − L) − 4Y .
Spin(d) ×ZF2 U(1)X = Spinc .
Spin(d) ×ZF2 Z4,X ≡ Spin(d) ×Z2 Z4 .
Symmetry (global symmetry, kinematics, maybe anomalous)
1. HEP: Partition function/path integral Z is invariant under a
G -symmetry transformation
ψ → ψ0, φ → φ0 , A → A0 , etc.
(but maybe up to e i Θ if anomalous with invertible anomaly).
Applicable to higher q-symmetry, couple charged objects to
(q + 1)-form field A
Z[A, . . . ] → Z[A0 , . . . ] = e i Θ Z[A, . . . ],
invariant under the background (gauge) transform A → A0 (may not
be small A + δA but large).
Symmetry (global symmetry, kinematics, maybe anomalous)
1. HEP: Partition function/path integral Z is invariant under a
G -symmetry transformation
ψ → ψ0, φ → φ0 , A → A0 , etc.
(but maybe up to e i Θ if anomalous with invertible anomaly).
Applicable to higher q-symmetry, couple charged objects to
(q + 1)-form field A
Z[A, . . . ] → Z[A0 , . . . ] = e i Θ Z[A, . . . ],
invariant under the background (gauge) transform A → A0 (may not
be small A + δA but large).
2. CondMat: Quantum Hamiltonian commutes with operators V̂ :
V̂ Ĥ V̂ −1 = Ĥ.
(V̂ as a co-dim (q + 1) as (d − q − 1)-dim operator.) Anomalous
symmetry if the internal symmetry operator V̂ is not tensor product
of onsite transformation V̂ 6= ⊗j V̂j (non-onsite symmetry).
Anomalies (ddim, invertible, local Z or global Zn classes)
1. HEP: ddim ’t Hooft anomalies — obstruction to gauge a global

symmetry G (G -bundle with G -connection). Lead to ill-defined
G -gauge theory. But useful G probe background field A to constrain
quantum dynamics. Z[A, . . . ] → Z[A0 , . . . ] = e i Θ Z[A, . . . ].
No trivial G -symmetric gapped phase. Section of determinant line
bundle.
2. CondMat: The internal part of G -symmetry cannot be local
onsite symmetry at the deep UV (Planck or lattice cutoff scale).
Anomalous non-onsite internal symmetry. Obstruction to gauge G .
3. Math: specified by (d + 1)dim invertible TQFT known as
cobordism invariant of cobordism group ΩdG ≡ TPd (G ).
Classify all invertible anomalies for SM and GUT gauge groups:
(Quantum) Anomaly in Physics: Boundary Phenomenon vs Bulk.
adjective for anomalies:

• (1) invertible vs noninvertible.
• (2) Z vs Zn -class: perturbative local vs nonperturbative global anomaly.
• (3) probes: gauge anomaly vs mixed gauge-grav. vs gravitational anomaly.
- chiral or axial anomaly: the nature of chiral internal symmetry.
• (4) bosonic (SO/O/E) vs fermionic (Spin/Pin± /DPin/EPin-structure).
• (5) background fields (’t Hooft anomalies) or dynamical fields
R.B.Laughlin ’81, Witten ’83-85, Callan-Harvey ’84-’85, Dai-Freed ’94.

Cobordism: Kapustin’14, Kapustin-Thorngren-Turzillo-Wang’14 (proposed), Freed-Hopkins’16 (systematic),
Wan-JW’18 arXiv:1812.11967: Encode higher-sym/classifying space. Wan-JW-Zheng’19 arXiv:1912.13504
Application to SM: Garcia-Etxebarria-Montero’18, JW-Wen’18, Davighi-Gripaios-Lohitsiri’19, Wan-JW’19
arXiv:1910.14668
The Use of Anomalies (perturbative local anomalies)
(1) Dynamical gauge anomaly. (2) ’t Hooft anomaly of background (Backgrd.) fields.
(3) Adler-Bell-Jackiw (ABJ) type of anomalies. (4) Anomaly that involves two
background fields of global symmetries and one dynamical gauge field.
Interpretation of ABJ (axial or chiral) anomaly
ψL/R →e± i α ψL/R
ZDiracΨ [A] or ZψL ,ψR [A] −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→
2(q g )d/2 µ1 ...µd

/ A )Ψ + αA ∂µ J µ,Chiral +
[D Ψ̄][DΨ] exp i M d d d x(Ψ̄( i D
R R
Fµ1 µ2 . . . F...µd ) ,
(d/2)!(4π)d/2
• ’t Hooft anomaly of background (Backgrd.) fields.

• Original ABJ: Mixed anomaly between U(1)V and U(1)A . In 4d, polynomial U(1)A -U(1)2V
• Dynamical gauge anomaly.
• Continuous U(1)A may be anomalous, but its discrete ZN,A can be anomaly-free with U(1)2V .
The charge q is quantized, thus Z class perturbative local anomaly.

Classify 4d Anomalies by 5d iTQFT/SPTs via Cobordism
5d invertible TQFT/SPTs and 4d Anomalies via 5d Cobordism
Kapustin’14, Freed-Hopkins’16 (systematic)
Unitarity of Lorentz ∼ Reflection positivity of Euclidean.
dd invertible TQFT with reflect.pos in Euclidean signature
⇒ anomaly of (d − 1)d reflect.pos Euclidean QFT.
⇒ anomaly of (d − 2) + 1d unitary Lorentz QFT. Take d = 5.
Here we only concern a cobordism group ΩdG ≡ TPd (G ),

Also a bordism group ΩGd = πd (MTG ) ≡ colimk →∞ πd +k (MTG )k . Note
(TPd (G ))tors = (ΩGd )tors .
tor: a torsion group (only a finite group part).
Tools: Pontryiagin-Thom construction, Thom-Madsen-Tillmann spectra,
Adams spectral sequence, and Freed-Hopkins’s theorem
Given a G structure, we will later show co/bordism group (abelian group

classification) and d d topological terms (invertible TQFT or Symmetry
Protected Topological states [SPTs]) and the anomaly of a (d − 2, 1)d
unitary Lorentz QFT.
Classify iTQFT/SPTs and Anomalies via Cobordism
Bordism group (abelian): ΩGd ≡ TPd (G )

• +: the disjoint union.
• Closure: Disjoint union of manifolds is a manifold.
• Identity: 0 is the empty manifold.
• Inverse: [M ] + [M̄ ] = 0 since ∂(M × [0, 1]) = M t M̄ .
• Associativity and commutativity: true for disjoint union.
Spin cobordism:Kapustin-Thorngren-Turzillo-Wang’14 (proposed), Freed-Hopkins’16 (systematic),

Wan-JW’18 arXiv:1812.11967: Encode higher-symmetry/classifying space.
Application to SM: Garcia-Etxebarria-Montero’18, JW-Wen’18, Davighi-Gripaios-Lohitsiri’19, Wan-JW’19
arXiv:1910.14668
Examples ΩdG ≡ TPd (G ): dd-iTQFT/SPTs and (d − 1)d anomaly
d 2 3 4 5 6 ...
TPd (Spin × U(1)) Z2 Z2 0 Z2 0 ...
TPd (Spinc ) 0 Z2 0 Z2 0 ...
bulk d d: 3d, 5d, 7d, 9d, 11d, etc, with Z class

boundary (d − 1)d: 2d(=1+1d), 4d(=3+1d), 6d, 8d, 10d w/ Z class
(U(1)) (TM)
2d-3d: U(1)2A and grav2 . iTQFT as CS3 and CS3 .
3 2 (U(1)) (U(1)) (TM)
4d-5d: U(1)A and U(1)A -grav . iTQFT as CS5 and c1 CS3 .
Z class: free part, or perturbative local anomaly.
Examples ΩdG ≡ TPd (G ): dd-iTQFT/SPTs and (d − 1)d anomaly
d 2 3 4 5 6 ...
TPd (Spin × SU(2)) Z2 Z2 0 Z2 Z2 ...
TPd (Spin ×Z2 SU(2)) 0 Z2 0 Z22 Z22 ...
bulk d d and boundary (d − 1)d.

d = 5 and d = 6:
1st Z2 : Witten anomaly. iTQFT as c2 (SU(2))η̃ ≡ η̃PD(c2 (SU(2))).
2nd Z2 detected on non-spin manifold: New SU(2) anomaly. w2 w3 (TM ).
JW-Wen-Witten’18 1810.00844
1 3 5 7
SU(2) isospin 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 mod 4 2r + 21 4r + 32 mod 4
SU(2) Rep R (dim) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 mod 8 4r + 2 8r + 4 mod 8
Witten SU(2) anomaly X X X
New SU(2) anomaly X X
Zn class: torsion part, or nonperturbative global anomaly.

Anomalies of SM and GUT via cobordism:
hep-th/0607134: Freed. generalized cohomology.
Check the bordism group ΩdG ≡ TPd (G ) —
1808.00009: Inaki Garcia-Etxebarria, Miguel Montero.

G = Spin ×Z2 Z4 , Spin × SU(n), Spin × Spin(n).
Spin×Spin(10)
1809.11171: JW-Wen. G = ZF2
, Spin × SU(5).
1910.11277: Joe Davighi, Ben Gripaios, Nakarin Lohitsiri.

G = Spin × GSMq , Spin × Spin(n), other GUTs
1910.14668: Wan-JW. (Subtle twisted cases.)

G = Spin × GSMq , Spin ×Z2 Z4 × GSMq , Spin ×Z2 Z4 × SU(5),
Spin × Spin(n), Spin×Spin(n)
ZF
e.g., n = 10, 18, other GUTs
2
Conservative view vs Optimistic view (New Arena Beyond the SM).
Classify 4d Anomalies by 5d iTQFT/SPTs via Cobordism
G = Spin × GSMq=6 , Spin ×Z2 Z4 × GSMq=6 and G = Spin ×Z2 Z4 × SU(5):
G = Spin ×Z2 Spin(10):
JW-Wen ’18 1809.11171, Wan-JW’19 1910.14668 uses Adams spectral sequence.

Other related work uses Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequence.
I. (Local) Anomalies of Spin(d) × GSMq |(SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1))/Zq
U(1)
1 U(1)3Y : 4d anomaly from 5d CS1 c1 (U(1))2 and 6d c1 (U(1))3
U(1)
2 U(1)Y -SU(2)2 : 4d anomaly from 5d CS1 c2 (SU(2)), 6d c1 (U(1))c2 (SU(2))
2 U(1)
3 U(1)Y -SU(3)c : 4d anomaly from 5d CS1 c2 (SU(3)), 6d c1 (U(1))c2 (SU(3))
4 U(1)Y -(gravity) : 4d anomaly from 5d µ(PD(c1 (U(1)))), 6d c1 (U(1))(σ−F·F)
2
8
SU(3)
5 SU(3)3c : 4d anomaly from 5d 12 CS5 , 6d 12 c3 (SU(3))
6 4d global Witten SU(2) anomaly from 5d c2 (SU(2))η̃, 6d c2 (SU(2))Arf.
It becomes part of local anomaly in Z when q = 2, 6.
Davighi-Gripaios-Lohitsiri1910.11277, Wan-JW 1910.14668, Davighi-Lohitsiri 2001.07731 JW 2006.16996.
c1 (U(1))(σ−F·F)
U(1)Y -(gravity)2 : 4d local anomaly from 5d µ(PD(c1 (U(1)))) and 6d 8
Example:
U(1)Y gauge
gravity gravity
X X
Tr[Ŷq ] = (YqL ) − (YqR )
q qL ,qR

= Ngeneration · Nc · 2 · (1/6) + (−2/3) + (1/3) + 2 · (−1/2) + (1) + (0)
= Ngeneration · (0 · Nc + 0) = 0.
Standard Model and GUT anomaly cancellation
II. (Local) Anomalies of Spinc × GSMq and Spinc × SU(5)
SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)
4d local anomaly from TP5 (Spinc × Zq
) and TP5 (Spinc × SU(5)).
Wan-JW’19 1910.14668, JW’20 2006.16996, ....
Garcia-Etxebarria-Montero’18 1808.00009, Davighi-Gripaios-Lohitsiri’19 1910.11277
(B − L)-(gravity)2 and (B − L)3 as ABJ anomaly or ’t Hooft anomaly
Global sym B − L Global sym B − L
(Backgrd. field) (Backgrd. field)
gravity gravity B−L B−L

(B − L)-(gravity)2 ⇒ jB : Ngeneration · (Nc /3) · 2 − 1 − 1 = 0.

jL : Ngeneration · 2 − 1 − nνR = Ngeneration · (1 − nνR ).

(B − L)3 ⇒ jB : Ngeneration · Nc · (1/3)3 · 2 − 1 − 1 = 0.

jL : Ngeneration · (1)3 · 2 − 1 − nνR = Ngeneration · (1 − nνR )
d ? jB = 0 but d ? (jB − jL ) = 0 only when nνR = 1.

Require the 16th Weyl fermion or break (B − L) or?
Do these anomaly survive when we break to: Z4,X = Z (Spin(10)) ⊂ U(1)X where
X = B − L or 5(B − L) − 4Y ?
Report of a Phys.Rev Referee
In this paper, the author formulates a unified model beyond the scale of the Standard Model
(SM) and Georgi-Glashow model, based on the fact that the discrete Z4,X symmetry of the
models has ’t Hooft anomaly of the mixed gauge-gravity type which also characterizes 5d
fermionic SPT phases (5d invertible TQFT) and 4d topological phases (4d TQFT).
The SM and Georgi-Glashow model contain the 15 Weyl fermions in each generations and
possess the global U(1)X symmetry where X = 5(B − L) − 4Y . The U(1)X symmetry is free
from the chiral anomaly, but has ’t Hooft anomaly. The discrete subgroup Z4,X of U(1)X
(U(1)X supset Z4,X supset ZF2 ) also has the Z16 mixed Z4,X -gauge-gravity anomaly. This
anomaly, on the other hand, characterizes 5d fermionic SPT phases (5d invertible TQFT) and
4d topological phases (4d TQFT) of the symmetries Spin ×Z2 Z4,X × SU(5).
The author considers the situation that the mixed Z4,X -gauge-gravity anomaly of the SM and
Georgi-Glashow model is cancelled by Z4,X -symmetric 5d invertible TQFT and 4d TQFT. This
formulation of anomaly-free unified model of the gravity theory, the standard QFT (the SM
and Georgi-Glashow model), and the TQFTs (5d invertible TQFT and 4d TQFT) is referred
as Ultra Unification by the author.
The above formulation is indeed mathematically viable, and is actually new as far as the
referee knows. The paper is clearly written, including the summary and review of the basic
results obtained by the author himself and other authors.
Therefore I recommend this article for publication in PRD without change.
III. (Local+Global) Anomalies: Spin ×ZF2 Z4,X × Ginternal/gauge
Focus on Z4,X = Z (Spin(10)) ⊂ U(1)X where X = 5(B − L) − 4Y .
G = Spin ×ZF2 Z4,X × GSMq and Spin ×ZF2 Z4,X × SU(5):

Z5 × Z2 × Z24 × Z16 , q = 1, 3.
TPd=5 (Spin ×ZF2 Z4,X × GSMq ) =
Z5 × Z22 × Z4 × Z16 , q = 2, 6.
TPd=5 (Spin ×ZF2 Z4,X × SU(5)) = Z × Z2 × Z16 .
AZ2 = (AZ4 mod 2) ∈ H1 (M, Z2 ) is a generator H1 (B(Z4,X /ZF2 ), Z2 ) of Spin ×ZF Z4,X .
2
1 Mutated Witten SU(2) anomaly c2 (SU(2))η̃:
4d Z2 to Z4 global anomaly free (q = 1, 3): c2 (SU(2))η 0 .
U(2) U(2)
4d Z2 to Z local anomaly free (q = 2, 6): 21 CS1 c2 (U(2)) ∼ 21 c1 (U(2))CS3 .
2 (AZ2 )c2 (SU(2)): 4d Z2 global anomaly free (q = 2, 6)
3 (AZ2 )c2 (SU(3)): 4d Z2 global anomaly free
4 c1 (U(1))2 η 0 : 4d Z4 global anomaly free
5 (AZ2 )c2 (SU(5)): 4d Z2 global anomaly free
Spin×Z2 Z4 +
6 η(PD(AZ2 )): Ω5 ∼
= ΩPin
4 = Z16 .
4d Z16 global anomaly not canceled for 15Ngen Weyl fermions. Alternative stories?
Standard Model and GUT anomaly cancellation
Outline
Cancellation.
Logic to
Ultra Unification
4d Z16 global anomaly not cancelled for 15Ngen Weyl fermions.
Alternative stories for not
including the 16th Weyl fermion (“sterile”/right-handed neutrinos)?
Assumptions:
GSMq ≡ SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)
Zq , q = 1, 2, 3, 6.

embed the theory into quantum gravity).
Consequences: Z16 anomaly index as total (Ngen = 3)·(15 = −1 mod 16).
(−(Ngen = 3) + nνe,R + nνµ,R + nντ,R + new hidden sectors) = 0 mod 16.
Anomaly-cancellation?
(1) Standard Lore: R-handed neutrino (16th Weyl) nνR = 1.
Z4,X preserved (gapless, or Dirac mass) vs broken (gap) by Majorana mass.
(2) My proposal: New hidden sectors beyond SM:
1 Z4,X -symmetry-preserving anomalous gapped 4d TQFT (Topological
Mass). (Topo.Green-Schwarz mechanism. Boundary topological order [2+1d Vishwanath-Senthil’12].)
2 Z4,X -5d invertible TQFT (SPTs) by cobordism invariant η(PD(AZ2 )).
3 Z4,X -gauged-5d-(Symmetry)-Enriched Topological state (SETs) +
gravity.
4 Z4,X -symmetry-breaking gapped phase (e.g. Landau phase or 4d TQFT).
5 Z4,X -symmetry-preserving gapless or breaking gapless (e.g., extra CFT).
HEP-PH Gapped Extended Excitation/Objects beyond Particle Physics.
HEP-PH Gapless Unparticle CFT Physics.
Extra dimension 5d (4+1d)

(−(Ngen = 3) + nνe,R + nνµ,R + nντ,R + new hidden sectors) = 0 mod 16
(−(Ngen = 3) + nνe,R + nνµ,R + nντ,R + ν4d,even − ν5d ) = 0 mod 16.
• ν4d,odd = 1, 3, 5, 7, · · · ∈ Z16 ⇒ Obstruction to symmetry-preserving gapped

phase. No 4d TQFTs constructible.
Cordova-Ohmori’19 1912.13069.
• ν4d,even = 2, 4, 6, 8, · · · ∈ Z16 ⇒ Symmetry-preserving gapped phase.

4d TQFTs constructible.
Based on generalization of symmetry-extension method. JW-Wen-Witten’17 1705.06728.
Hsieh’18 1808.02881, JW-Wan-Wang 1912.13504, JW 2006.16996, 2012.15860.
Possible implications to HEP-PH:

A HEP frontier beyond the conventional 0d particle physics relies on the TQFT
and gapped extended objects (gapped 1d line and 2d surface operators or
defects, etc., whose open ends carry deconfined fractionalized particle or anyonic
string excitations).
Outline
Cancellation.
More on Z16 global anomaly cancellation
Spin×Z2 Z4 ∼ +
η(PD(AZ2 )) for Ω5 = ΩPin
4 = Z16 .
+
η for ΩPin
4 = Z16 .
4d Z16 global anomaly not matched for 15(Ngen = 3) Weyl fermions.
New hidden gapped sector 5d iTQFT/SPTs/cobordism

invariant (with ν ∈ Z16 ):
(ν) 2π i
Z5d-iTQFT [AZ4 ] = exp( · ν · η(PD(AZ2 )) )
16 M5
2π i p1 (TM)
3 4 5
= exp( ·ν· 8· (PD(AZ2 ))+4·Arf(PD((AZ2 ) ))+2·η̃(PD((AZ2 ) ))+(AZ2 ) )
16 48 5
M
2π i σ
·ν· 8· (PD(AZ2 ))+4·Arf(PD((AZ2 )3 ))+2·η̃(PD((AZ2 )4 ))+(AZ2 )5 ).

= exp(
16 16 M5
2
Arf for ΩSpin
2 = Z2 . η̃ for ΩSpin
1 = Z2 .
More on Z16 global anomaly cancellation with ν4d,even
Spin×Z2 Z4 ∼ +
η(PD(AZ2 )) for Ω5 = ΩPin
4 = Z16 .
4d Z16 global anomaly not matched for 15(Ngen = 3) Weyl fermions.
New hidden gapped sector 5d iTQFT/SPTs/cobordism invariant (with νeven

2
∈ Z8 ):
2π i ν
(νeven ) even 3
Z5d-iTQFT [AZ4 ] = exp( ·( ) · ABK(PD((AZ2 ) )) )

8 2 M5
2π i νeven
= exp( ·( ) · 4 · Arf(PD((AZ2 ) )) + 2 · η̃(PD((AZ2 )4 )) + (AZ2 )5 ).
3
8 2 M5
2
−
Arf-Brown-Kervaire (ABK) for ΩPin
2 = Z8 . Arf for ΩSpin
2 = Z2 . η̃ for ΩSpin
1 = Z2 .
• ν4d,even = 2, 4, 8, · · · ∈ Z16 ⇒ Symmetry-preserving gapped 4d TQFTs constructible.
Mechanisms that can generate (symmetry-preserving) gapped phases?

Gap (Similar to confinement) without G -symmetry (chiral Spin ×ZF Z4,X ) breaking.
2
Anderson-Higgs symmetry breaking:
Anderson-Higgs mechanism may be realized abstractly:
0 ι
G → G
An injective homomorphism ι.
For a dynamical BCS superconductor:
The original group G = U(1).
The unbroken subgroup G 0 = Z2 (or fermionic parity Zf2 ).
The group G and G 0 can be viewed as gauge groups. In
Bogolioubov-de Gennes (BdG) equation, the ∆∗ ψ↑ ψ↓ + h.c. drives
to a gapped massive Z2 gauge theory (Z2 topological order).
Also for anomalous G -sym example, breaking to saturate ’t Hooft
anomaly.
AKLT- Haldane spin chain
X 1 1 ~ ~ 2

Ĥ = S~j · S~j+1 + Sj · Sj+1 + 1/3
j
2 3
(Known) Global symmetry-breaking:

ι
0 → SO(3).
ι
0 → ZT2 .
SO(3) or ZT2 symmetry is broken to 0.
New mechanisms that can generate
(symmetry-preserving) gapped phases?
• Symmetry-extension. JW-Wen-Witten ’17 arXiv:1705.06728
r
1 → K → Ĝ → G → 1
Gap (Similar to confinement) without G -symmetry (chiral Z4,X ) breaking.
The original global/gauge symmetry group G .
An extended projective group Ĝ . A normal subgroup K .
A surjective homomorphism r . Up to some math criteria (e.g.

algebraic topology, Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence).
A systematic construction of symmetry-extension:
r
1 → K → Ĝ → G → 1
More generally, SPTs in any d-dimensional spacetime,
νdG ∈ Hd (G , U(1)).
Pull back to Ĝ and split to Ĝ -cochains
1 = r ∗ νdG ∈ Hd (Ĝ , U(1)).
νdG ({g }) = νdG ({r (h)}) = νdĜ ({h}) = δµĜd−1 ({h}).

The mechanism works only for dim d ≥ 2 SPTs.
Witten 1605.02391, JW-Wen-Witten 1705.06728, Wan-JW 1812.11955
Guo-Ohmori-Putrov-Wan-JW 1812.11959, Kobayashi-Ohmori-Tachikawa 1905.05391
(New) Global symmetry-extension, Ex.1:
X 1 1 ~ ~ 2

Ĥ = ~ ~
Sj · Sj+1 + Sj · Sj+1 + 1/3
j
2 3
r
1 → Z2 → SU(2) → SO(3) → 1
SO(3) symmetry of the whole system is extended to SU(2) on the
bdry (or bulk).
Bosonic examples: Prakash-JW-Wei 1804.11236

Fermionic examples: Prakash-JW 2011.12320
(New) Global symmetry-extension, Ex.1:
R
If protected by SO(3) sym, described by bulk term (−1) w2 (VSO(3) ) .
Let SO(3) symmetry in the whole system is extended to SU(2):
r
1 → Z2 → SU(2) → SO(3) → 1
2
R
If protected by time-reversal sym, bulk term (−1) (w1 (TM)) .
Let ZT2 symmetry in the whole system is extended to ZT4 :
r
1 → Z2 → ZT4 → ZT2 → 1
We can extend the symmetry G to Ĝ , to obtain

symmetry-preserving gapped anomalous boundary.
(Global) symmetry-extension, Ex.2:
3d (2+1d) ZG2 -SPTs. ZG2 is extended to ZĜ4 on the boundary.
0 → ZK2 → ZĜ4 → ZG2 → 0
JW-Wen-Witten’17 1705.06728.
Spin×Z Z4
Construct symmetric TQFT with ∈ Z8 anomaly in Ω5
νeven
2
2
= Z16 :

2π i νeven
) · ABK(PD((AZ2 )3 )) )
(νeven )
Z5d-iTQFT [AZ4 ] = exp( ·(
8 2 M5
2π i νeven
3 4 5
= exp( ·( )· 4·Arf(PD((AZ2 ) ))+2· η̃(PD((AZ2 ) ))+((AZ2 ) ) ).
8 2 5 M
3 3 Z
(AZ2 )3 is a 3d bosonic SPT of H (BZ2 , U(1)) = H (B( Z4,X
F ), U(1)) = Z2 .
2
ω3 (ga , gb , gc ) = (−1)ga gb gc . Find β̃2 (h1 , h2 ) = f (g2 )k1 = (−1)g2 k1 .

β̃2 (h2 , h3 )β̃2 (h1 , h2 h3 ) (−1)g3 k2 (−1)[g2 +g3 ]2 k1
(δ β̃2 )(h1 , h2 , h3 ) = =
β̃2 (h1 h2 , h3 )β̃2 (h1 , h2 ) (−1)g3 [k1 +k2 +g1 g2 ]2 (−1)g2 k1
(−1)g3 k2 (−1)(g2 +g3 )k1
= = (−1)g1 g2 g3 = ω3 (ga , gb , gc ),
(−1)g3 (k1 +k2 +g1 g2 ) (−1)g2 k1
3-cocycle becomes a 3-coboundary via the pull back:
r Z4,X G
1 → ZK
2 → Z4 → Z2 = (
Ĝ G
) → 1.
ZF2
1 → [Z2 ] → Spin × Z4,X × GSM/GUT → Spin ×ZF2 Z4,X × GSM/GUT → 1.
May require additional symmetry extension. Non-abelian fermionic [Z2 ] TQFT.
5d Z4,X -SPTs by a cobordism invariant η(PD(AZ2 )).
What exactly is the 4d TQFT matching the anomaly?
Based on the Symmetry-Extension method and generalization.
JW-Wen-Witten ’17 arXiv:1705.06728.
Putrov-Thorngren-Wan-JW, ... (email exchanges, in preparation)
Simplified version:
HEP: a certain non-perturbative global (gauge/gravitational) anomaly in G becomes
→ Ĝ → G . We can construct a
anomaly-free in Ĝ . via a suitable group extension K ,−
topological K -gauge theory (TQFT) with G anomaly (becomes anomaly-free in Ĝ ).
Cond-Mat: SPTs with a finite onsite symmetry group G may have an

Ĝ -symmetry-extended (or G -symmetry-preserving) gapped boundary via a nontrivial
group extension by a finite K , given the bulk spacetime dimension.
Unwinding short-range entangled fermionic SPTs via supersymmetry extension.

arXiv: 2011.12320, 2011.13921
Ultra Unification manifest: supersymmetric topological quantum phase transition
Math Physics Equations: Ultra Unification Path (Functional) Integral example
(−ν ) (ν ) (nν ,nνµ,R ,nντ,R )
ZUU [AZ4 ] ≡ Z 5d-iTQFT/ [AZ4 ]
5d
≡ Z5d-iTQFT 4d
[AZ4 ] · Z4d-TQFT [AZ4 ] · ZSMe,R [AZ4 ].
4d-SM+TQFT
R
ZSM [AZ4 ] ≡ [Dψ][Dψ̄][DA][Dφ] . . . exp( i SSM [ψ, ψ̄, A, φ, . . . , AZ4 ]M 4 )
Z Z
θI
SSM = Tr(FI ∧ ?FI ) − 2 gI2 Tr(FI ∧ FI ) + / A,AZ )ψ
ψ̄( i D
M4 8π M4
4

∗
(Gauge) Symmetry breaking +|Dµ,A,AZ4 φ|2 − U(φ) − (ψL† φ( i σ 2 ψL0 ) + h.c.) d 4 x.
(−(Ngen = 3) + nνe,R + nνµ,R + nντ,R + ν4d − ν5d ) = 0 mod 16.
(−ν =−2) (ν =2)

X 2π i ABK(c∪PD(A3 ))
5d 4d
Z5d-iTQFT [AZ4 ] · Z4d-TQFT [AZ4 ] = e 8
c∈∂ 0 −1 (∂[PD(A3 )])
1 X R
a(δb+A3 ) 2π i ABK(c∪PD0 (b))
· (−1) M4 ·e 8 .
2|π0 (M 4 )|
a∈C 1 (M 4 ,Z2 ),
b∈C 2 (M 4 ,Z2 )
1 → [Z2 ] → Spin × Z4,X × GSM/GUT → Spin ×ZF Z4,X × GSM/GUT → 1.

2
Symmetry extension trivialize anomaly (JW-Wen-Witten’17 1705.06728). Fermionic non-abelian TQFT.
−
• Arf-Brown-Kervaire (ABK) for ΩPin 2 = Z8 . Fidkowski-Kitaev 1+1d fermionic chain
with boundary Majorana zero modes.
R 3
• a∈C 1 (M 4 ,Z2 ), (−1) M 4 a(δb+A )
P
b∈C 2 (M 4 ,Z2 )
braiding statistics of four of strings (2-worldsheets) is non-abelian in nature: quadruple
link invariant in non-abelian TQFT. Four loop braiding statistics. There could also be
three loop braiding statistics.
2π i ABK(c∪PD(A3 )) 2π i ABK(c∪PD0 (b))
• Bulk-boundary: e 8 . Similarly, boundary-boundary: e 8 .
• Hilbert space and ground state degeneracy (GSD) due to the odd class of ABK:
computable, non-abelian TQFT in nature.
What are physical observables for us (from SM)
and for 4d TQFT or 5d SPT?
Energy Hierarchy: Known and Unknown (?)
~c 19
Mso(18)
MGUT∼1016 GeV
Msu(5) 3-Family
≈
≈
≈ su(3) × su(2) × u(1) → su(3) × u(1)EM by φH = (1, 2, 2 ),
≈
ΛQCD ∼ 200MeV
≈
left-handed neutrino mν < 1eV e− electron
zero energy u, d quarks confined in nucleons
Energy Hierarchy:Who live above us heavily/heavenly
Upstair/Unknown(?)
~c
• ∆KW1 .so(18)
Mso(18)
Mso(10)×so(8)
Mso(10)×so(6) (possible dynamical gauge symmetry breaking)
MGUT∼1016 GeV Mso(10)×so(5)
• ∆KW2 .so(10) (beyond Higgs mechanism, an alternative to Hypercolor)
Mso(10) 3-Family • Higgs mechanism: so(10) → su(5) by φso(10)16 = 16 (for ∆TQFT )
or by φso(10)126 = 126 (for sterile Majorana mass Mν ).
so(10) → su(3) × su(2) × u(1) by another φso(10)45 = 45 or φso(10)54 = 54.
• ∆TQFT New Scenario: from Topological Mass/Energy Gap
of 4d non-invertible TQFT or 5d invertible TQFT
“4d Z4,X -symmetry preserving anomalous topological order and
Msu(5)×Z4,X 3-Family 5d SPTs/topological superconductor effects” in CMP/HEP.
• Mν Old Scenario: Majorana mass of right-handed neutrinos breaks Z4,X .
(Z4,X may become dynamically gauged [preserved] above a scale,
but become a “global” symmetry [or broken] below a scale.)
(∆TQFT is an alternative to Majorana/Dirac mass of heavy sterile
Msu(5) 3-Family right-handed neutrinos, alternative to the seesaw mechanism.)
≈
≈
≈ su(3) × su(2) × u(1) → su(3) × u(1)EM by φH = (1, 2, 2 ),
≈
ΛQCD ∼ 200MeV
≈
left-handed neutrino mν < 1eV
Juven Wang zero Quantum
energy Fields Beyond the Standard Model Slide: http://idear.info/ 53
Quantum communication with “TQFT” from our SM physics?
5d Z4,X -SPTs by a cobordism invariant η(PD(AZ2 )), and 4d TQFT.
Quantum communication with “TQFT” from our SM physics?
5d Z4,X -SPTs by a cobordism invariant η(PD(AZ2 )), and 4d TQFT.
One end has SM particles (we), another end has extended objects of TQFT?
AZ2 or AZ4 gauge field on I 1

(AZ2 extendable to a 5d bulk)
(AZ4 can end on SM particles in 4d)
4d spacetime
3
?JZ2 or ?JZ4 on V(1)
Σ2(2)
Σ2(1)
4d noninvertible TQFT extended operators

form a spun Whitehead link carrying
a discrete Z4,X -charge of X = 5(B − L) − 4Y
Braiding statistics and link invariants in 4d or 5d.

Methods: Putrov-JW-Yau ’16, Guo-Ohmori-Putrov-Wan-JW’18.

General Construction of Ultra Unification
1. We start with a QFT (e.g., SM or GUT) in general as an effective field theory
(EFT) given some full spacetime-internal symmetry G (can include higher-symmetry or
generalization), say in a D dimensional (Dd) spacetime.
2. We check the anomaly and cobordism constraint given by G via computing
ΩD+1
G ≡ TPD+1 (G ).
3. We check the anomaly index of the Dd QFT/EFT constrained by cobordism
ΩD+1
G ≡ TPD+1 (G ).
4. If all anomalies are cancelled, then we do not require any new hidden sector to
define Dd QFT/EFT.
5. If some anomalies are not cancelled, then either
(1) we need to break some symmetry out of G , or
(2) we extend the symmetry G to an appropriate G̃ to trivialize nonperturbative global
anomalies in ΩD+1G̃
≡ TPD+1 (G̃ ), or
(3) we propose new hidden sectors appending to Dd QFT/EFT, with a schematic path
integral (say if we add Dd-TQFT or CFT and (D+1)d-iTQFT onto the original theory):
Z (D+1)d-iTQFT/ [A] ≡ Z(D+1)d-iTQFT [A] · ZDd-TQFT or CFT [A] · ZDd-QFT/EFT [A].

Dd-QFT/EFT+TQFT or CFT
Assumptions:
GSMq ≡ SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)
Zq , q = 1, 2, 3, 6.

embed the theory into quantum gravity).
My talk:
Are there non-perturbative constraints, given the low
energy physics of known SM, guiding us discovering
hidden sectors?
1 Global structure of Lie group (more than local Lie algebra)
2 Discrete gauge/global symmetries
3 (Invertible) Anomalies (4d on 5d SPTs):
Perturbative Local (Z class)+
Non-Perturbative Global Anomalies (Zn class)
4 Classification of d d Anomalies via d + 1d Cobordism group
5 Symmetric gapping rule, Kitaev-Wen mechanism, symmetric mass
(mass without breaking “chiral symmetry”) without ’t Hooft
anomaly. ν = 0 mod 16 of Z16 .
6 Symmetric anomalous TQFT/topological order with ’t Hooft
anomaly. νeven 6= 0 mod 16 of Z16 . (e.g. 2+1d Vishwanath-Senthil’12)
7 Energy hierarchy
8 Z4,X is gauged at higher energy. (No global sym in quantum
gravity.)
Consequences: Z16 anomaly index as total (Ngen = 3)·(15 = −1 mod 16).
(−(Ngen = 3) + nνe,R + nνµ,R + nντ,R + new hidden sectors) = 0 mod 16.
Anomaly-cancellation?
(1) Standard Lore: R-handed neutrino (16th Weyl) nνR = 1.
Z4,X preserved (gapless, or Dirac mass) vs broken (gap) by Majorana mass.
(2) My proposal: New hidden sectors beyond SM:
1 Z4,X -symmetry-preserving anomalous gapped 4d TQFT (Topological
Mass). (Topo.Green-Schwarz mechanism. Boundary topological order [2+1d Vishwanath-Senthil’12].)
2 Z4,X -5d invertible TQFT (SPTs) by cobordism invariant η(PD(AZ2 )).
3 Z4,X -gauged-5d-(Symmetry)-Enriched Topological state (SETs) +
gravity.
4 Z4,X -symmetry-breaking gapped phase (e.g. Landau phase or 4d TQFT).
5 Z4,X -symmetry-preserving gapless or breaking gapless (e.g., extra CFT).
HEP-PH Gapped Extended Excitation/Objects beyond Particle Physics.
HEP-PH Gapless Unparticle CFT Physics.
Summary
Ultra Unification (UU):
Electroweak+Strong+other GUT forces + topological phase sector, e.g.,
• 4d topological field theory [Schwarz type unitary TQFT] at low energy
below an energy gap of Long-range entangled intrinsic topological order.
• 5d Cobordism inv. Invertible TQFT. Short-range entangled 5d SPTs.
• 4d gapless (unparticle) CFT.
4d new sectors and 5th extra dimension:
Invisible to SM forces or GUT forces.
Visible to topological forces.
• More than a θ-term F ∧ F or dynamical axion θ, instanton, sphaleron.
Z16 -global anomaly (with mixed gauge-gravitational probes) constraint:
(−(Ngen = 3) + nνe ,R + nνµ,R + nντ,R + ν4d,even − ν5d ) = 0 mod 16.
Topological quantum phase transition between

Dirac/Majorana Mass neutrinos νR and Topological Mass gapped 4d
TQFT. (4d particle-vortex duality and 4d mirror symmetry.)
(M31 galaxy — 2.5 million light-years away)
“Der schwer gefaßte Entschluß. Muß es sein? Es muß sein!”
Ludwig van Beethoven in 1826
A corner of Universe (age 13.8 billion years old)
“The heavy (high energy and gapped) decision. Must it be? It must be!”
Ludwig van Beethoven in 1826
Happy Anniversary and Congratulations
on the Science Advance.
Freude, schöner Götterfunken, Joy, beautiful spark of Divinity

Tochter aus Elysium, Daughter of Elysium,
Wir betreten feuertrunken, We enter, drunk with fire,
Alle Menschen Brüder/Schwester All us are brothers/sisters,
Wo dein sanfter Flügel weilt. Where thy gentle wing abides.

2021
Vafa (60$to$61) OX
P.A.Lee (75) Yau (12$x$6)
Green (75)
Wen$(12$x$5)
( )$4718)/)4658) Sachdev$(12$x$5)
Moore (12x5)
Zee (75 to 76)
Glashow (88)
Weinberg (88) Wilczek (to 70)
Seiberg (to$65)
Witten$(to$70)
Kitaev (to$58)
p.s.$more$prominent$researchers…
Schwarz (to 80)
1940s: S.S.Chern published an intrinsic proof of a generalized
Gauss-Bonnet Theorem to 4-dimensions, led to the Chern Class, to a new
exciting field of global differential geometry, and to new important
topological concepts in other areas of mathematics.
1946-1949: Unexpected new elementary particles were discovered by
experiments. Physicist center of attention. Joy to the world.
1948: A.Weil told E.Fermi his speculation that these new particles
related to topological classification ideas in geometry. Neither Fermi nor
others (such as Yang) understood Weil’s speculation across boundary of
math-physics.
Mid-1970s: Yang learned from J.Simon elements of fiber bundle
geometry and related concepts. Yang realized Weil maybe speculated
that day about relationships between particles and their new quantum
number with topological concepts such as Chern Numbers.
1954, Yang-Mills theory, Cobordism theory by R.Thom.
Fun fact - what Yang did not know:
arxiv:1703.00501 Gaiotto-Kapustin-Komargodski-Seiberg, arxiv:1904.00994 Wan-JW-Zheng.
Weil’s speculation across math-physics boundary to HEP-PH+QMatter?
Mathematical Science ⇔ Physics
I predict new topological gapped/gapless sectors + force/matter. Solutions for...

Our best is yet to come.
Math+Physics future is promising.
Need HEP and QM experiments. To be continued.
Energy
1019 GeV . . .? . . .
q
~c
MGUT MPlanck ∼
G
Ultra Unification
1016 GeV 2020

≈ Gerogi-Glashow
1974
246GeV
su(3)c × su(2)L × u(1)Y
Standard Model
su(2)L × u(1)Y
1967
u(1)EM
Maxwell
1865

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Ultra Unification. 奧統⼀一理論. Ultra-Vereinigung.

su(5), etc. Grand Unification

Strong Electric Magnetic Weak GUT Forces Topological Forces . . .? . . . Gravity

HEP-phenomenology: beyond particle physics (to extended objects or unparticle CFT).

Freude, schöner Götterfunken,

Friedrich Schiller 1785

Zee (75 to 76)

arXiv: 2012.15860 [PhysRevD], 2008.06499, 2006.16996, 1910.14668 [JHEP],

Wed, June 2, 2021

- Dirac/Majorana mass vs Interaction induced vs Topological mass/energy gap.

su(5), etc. Grand Unification

Strong Electric Magnetic Weak GUT Forces Topological Forces . . .? . . . Gravity

HEP-phenomenology: beyond 0d particle physics (to extended objects

Ultra Unification (UU): Gapped Topological Phase Sectors are

(−ν ) (ν ) (nν ,nνµ,R ,nντ,R )

So UU is just an extension of SM and GUT from a low energy QFT/EFT

No (yet): Lattice, String/M/F theory or String Landscape/Swampland.

Application to Beyond SM: Neutrino Physics and Dark Matter.

3 Discrete Baryon−Lepton number preserved at high energy:

Check: Perturbative local & nonperturbative global anomalies via cobordism.

Logic not (yet) from: Lattice, String/M/F theory, Landscape/Swampland.

(−(Ngen = 3) + nνe ,R + nνµ,R + nντ,R + ν4d − ν5d ) = 0 mod 16.

Ngen : generation of quarks and leptons.

2. Symmetric anomalous TQFT/topological order with ’t Hooft

3. Symmetry-breaking vs Symmetry-preserving vs Symmetry-extension

Application to Beyond SM: Neutrino Physics and Dark Matter.

su(5), etc. Grand Unification

Strong Electric Magnetic Weak GUT Forces Topological Forces . . .? . . . Gravity

HEP-phenomenology: beyond 0d particle physics (to extended objects

Freude, schöner Götterfunken,

Friedrich Schiller 1785

- Dirac/Majorana mass vs Interaction induced vs Topological mass/energy gap.

5 ⊕ 10 ⊕ 1 of SU(5) ∼ 16+ of Spin(10).

3 + 1d ΨL ∼ 2L of Spin(1, 3) = SL(2, C), complex Rep.

1. HEP: ddim ’t Hooft anomalies — obstruction to gauge a global

(Quantum) Anomaly in Physics: Boundary Phenomenon vs Bulk.

adjective for anomalies:

R.B.Laughlin ’81, Witten ’83-85, Callan-Harvey ’84-’85, Dai-Freed ’94.

• ’t Hooft anomaly of background (Backgrd.) fields.

The charge q is quantized, thus Z class perturbative local anomaly.

Here we only concern a cobordism group ΩdG ≡ TPd (G ),

Given a G structure, we will later show co/bordism group (abelian group

Bordism group (abelian): ΩGd ≡ TPd (G )

Spin cobordism:Kapustin-Thorngren-Turzillo-Wang’14 (proposed), Freed-Hopkins’16 (systematic),

bulk d d: 3d, 5d, 7d, 9d, 11d, etc, with Z class

bulk d d and boundary (d − 1)d.

Zn class: torsion part, or nonperturbative global anomaly.

Check the bordism group ΩdG ≡ TPd (G ) —

1808.00009: Inaki Garcia-Etxebarria, Miguel Montero.

1910.11277: Joe Davighi, Ben Gripaios, Nakarin Lohitsiri.

1910.14668: Wan-JW. (Subtle twisted cases.)

Conservative view vs Optimistic view (New Arena Beyond the SM).

G = Spin × GSMq=6 , Spin ×Z2 Z4 × GSMq=6 and G = Spin ×Z2 Z4 × SU(5):

G = Spin ×Z2 Spin(10):

JW-Wen ’18 1809.11171, Wan-JW’19 1910.14668 uses Adams spectral sequence.

gravity gravity B−L B−L

d ? jB = 0 but d ? (jB − jL ) = 0 only when nνR = 1.

Therefore I recommend this article for publication in PRD without change.

- Dirac/Majorana mass vs Interaction induced vs Topological mass/energy gap.

3 Discrete Baryon−Lepton number preserved at high energy:

Check: Perturbative local & nonperturbative global anomalies via cobordism.

Application to Beyond SM: Neutrino Physics and Dark Matter.

(−(Ngen = 3) + nνe,R + nνµ,R + nντ,R + ν4d,even − ν5d ) = 0 mod 16.

• ν4d,odd = 1, 3, 5, 7, · · · ∈ Z16 ⇒ Obstruction to symmetry-preserving gapped

HEP-phenomenology: beyond particle physics (to extended objects or unparticle CFT).  