Diffraction of Light 3.1 Diffraction : ae When light waves pass through a small aperture, an iia ae palate through a than a sharp spot of light. This behaviour indicates that light, oan “de otc.) light waves bend narrow opening (a slit) or an obstacle (a wire or edges of a razor blat ee ce er daceass partially at the edges of the obstacle or opening. This spreading of if through a narrow opening or move Past an obstacle is called diffraction. _ § % le and The phenomenon of bending of light waves at the edges and corners of an oe 3 their encroachment of light in the geometrical shadow is known as diffraction of light Other waves such as sound waves and water waves, also have this property of spreading when passing through apertures or by sharp edges. erved rather Explanation The diffraction of light waves by a small opening is illustrated in Fig. 3.1. A plane wavefront is advancing towards the narrow opening. When the opening is large compared to the ‘wavelength of light, the light waves do not bend round the ed, ito iges. When the openin; mall bending effect round the edges is noticeable. When the opening is very ae ‘ncandescent lamps etc, Produces its own diffraction pat i ource dite Patterns and various Wavelengths ee Be aoe , overlap and no clear and distinct al peeness di ren nations. But in th ie ; i e case of i Tee welt Of light is of the order of Say 5 x 10" my ae "hel ra 'sth Of sound is high and hence it can bend alee Mine aroiele See i aBS Ph My ao ion of Light ai 3.4.1 Explanation of Rectilinear Propagation of jdent a diate G @ Let a plane wavefront of monochromae parall to the Be eae eis eld a e| Shown in Fig. 3.5. Leta soreen be Pas og pole ot at ae Point Ps on the sreon. Oy it the come exposed ad eat figure that a sufficient num! ees is zones are blocked and eng 4 is observed around P;, te mination around P, is bt u is 4 in accordance with the theory. f effective Similarly, for a point P:, a large number 0 larkness s complete dar! resultant amplitude at P, is zero. Thu’ P| oles are Os and Oy and the fg } Simialy, for points Ps and Ps the comesponding P ply. Thus, Fresnel’s theory fk to ay effective zones change too rapidly for the tote oe explaining the rectilinear propagation of light near icin In this way, the phenomenon of rectilinear propagation of light is exp! on the bag, of wave theory but only approximately. Aperture Plane'wave bre for at Fig. 3.5 Rectilinear propagation of light ig eee - ; 2 The intensity of illumination at P is proportional to a In other words, the light reaching? may be considered to be coming from a portion round ‘ that ofthe first half-period zone and therefore, about O, whose area is smaller ttt mh é ae be intercepted by a small Tound opaque obstacl ae oo wavefront will not produce any light at Th, le, the remaining part from the wavefront, in other wor + THUS a si rds that light travels approximately in exe wi gle 4s we re Sg iti pee i mall obstacle placed at O wil screen” y in straight ce Tre Obstacle will be cast at P. This A consequence of the extreme shone oxmate rectilinear propaga? “Ss of Wavelength of light. dow of light is, therefore, |may” at than the greate! traction of Light bifraction of Ligh th is much ran wavefront In the case of a plane wavefront of a sound wave, the ee ‘zone for 4 P wavelength of light and therefore the area of the first half-ps ved to shadow the S of Sound ts ite large, Hleace a yery large ebstscls 18 SS 1e oe mag ie., sharp sound shado\ not be formed for long waves. Fo! diffraction of sound is observed. Hence diffraction effects in diffraction effects in light. 3.5 Zone Plate the diffraction effect A zone plate is a special diffracting device used to demonstrate experimentally and to verify the effect. ee zone plate. ‘ Zone plate is based on the Fresnel’s principle. There are two types of zone P! (i Positive zone plate (ii) Negative zone plate and obstructs A zone plate which allows light from odd numbered half-period elements me light from even numbered half-period elements is known as positive zone plate. i d A zone plate which allows light from even numbered half-period elements a obstructs light from odd numbered half-period elements is known as negative 201 plate. Construction: To construct a zone plate, a:series of concentric circles with radii proportional to the square root of natural numbers i.e., r, «Vn are drawn on a sheet of white paper. The alternate (odd numbered) zones are painted black. A highly reduced size photograph of this pattern és taken on.a plane glass plate. The resulting glass negative is a zone plate, shown in Fig. 3.6 (a). 1f even numbered zones are painted black, the resulting negative appears as shown in Fig. 3.6 (b). In the positive zone plate, the odd zones are transparent while even zones are opaque. On the other hand, in the negative zone plate, the even zones are transparent While odd zones are opaque. When the central zone is transparent the zone plate is called positiy, and when the central zone is opaque it is called negative. £ (a) Positive zone ‘plane (b) Negative zone plate Fig. 3.6 Zone plates84 ew) 2 sas a (=H The area of the zone plate diminishes approached by the object and the image TE Ry, Ro, Ry cosseu. Ry are the amplitudes a Ri> Ry>Ry>......Ry The resultant amplitude at O is given by - vee for a posit R=R +R +R to fOr RP Tt O du = ve fora negi » +R, + Re + Thus, the resultant amplitude is many times greal all zones). Hence the point O is extremely bright explains the focussing action of zone plate. ab (= ¥) because i.e., as ) an « to wavelets from the various zone, ‘ my five zone plate ative zone plate. cer than “(the resultant amplitude dus, 2 and can be said to be the image of g Th Table 3.1 Comparison between Positive and Negative zone plates 2 Sl. No. Positive zone plate Negative zone plate —| 1. | Odd numbered zones are transparent. ‘Odd numbered zones are opaque. 2. | Even numbered zones are opaque. Even numbered zones are transparent, The resultant amplitude due to positive 3, | zone plate is R,=R,+R,+Ro+---4R,, where nis odd. The resultant amplitude due to regal | zone plate is R=R,+R,+Re+-4h, where n is even. | 4, | The even numbered zones are painted * | black in it. | The odd numbered zones are a black in it | Table 3.2 Comparison of a Zone plate with Con: 3.5.1 Similarities between a Zone plate and a C vex lens ‘onvex lens Sl. Nes Zone plate Convex lens 1. _| Forms real image of an object. 2, | Focal length: depends on 4 and hence Forms real image of an object. 4. | Image magnification is same, 1 shows chromatic aberration, Fea length depends on 2 and shows chromatic aberration. 3. | ow badd ae Gear ra Fora convex Jens, dy uy of mage magnification is same. I oe"cage pitfraction of Light da Conyex lens 4 eee between a Zone plate ant Convex lens Zone plate [s | No. | | | qt has multiple foci. Its focal length is 7 fe focus. Its focal Jength wath is | Ithas only a singl 1 1 OOD Rae | ae a ie given bY given PY Te Gm f The focal length for red col for violet our is greater colour ié. ~The focal length for red colour is less than that for violet colour i-e,, | than _ that | n> A, the bending of light becomes very small such that there is almost y, diffraction effects, sin @= observed. Since a >> 2, @ will be very small. So the diffraction pattern canny 3. What should be the order of the size of obstacle or aperture for diffraction of light? Ans: Ans: The size of the obstacle should of the same order as that of wavelength of light. 4. “Coloured spectrum is seen when we look through a muslin cloth,” Why? ‘Ans: It is due to diffraction of white light passing through the muslin cloth S- Why is diffraction effect appreciate fora small slit illuminated by a monochromatic light! Ans: We know that sino =” a. Wnenslitwidthis very small say 22, then sing=-*.=9.5 ode | 2 ‘The light waves now spread through 30° on either side of the slit i, €., diffraction is appreciable. ic a deriving, the single slit diffraction pattern, it was stated that the intensity is zero at ai : Justify this by suitably dividing the stit to bring out cancellation, is Ans: Suppose the slit is divided into n smaller slits, each of width such that a=. Then the angle * diffraction, @= oy = na x i: :— 101 is t waves. WBY? |. obstacle oF pitfraction of Light a ‘ i s in lig iffraction is common in sound waves but not common in light Wav. leo Avrrure should be same as that of the wavelength of the wave. The Wa lent oO gitfraction is rier of one metre and obstacles or aperture of this size are readily avaliable. 82 eure of this common in sound. The wavelength of light is ofthe order of 10° m and 0 idth. size are very rate. Hence diffraction is not common in light waves. a made double the original 2 ana come four Ina single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is .d intensity will bs How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffracti Ans: The size of the central diffraction band will be reduced to half an times the initial intensity. 8 i ble slit related to the interference pattern in a doul 9. In what way is diffraction from each experiment, ee aityesl Ans: The double slit produces interference fringes and is modulated by diffraction produced by } individual slits. ” 10, Why does light appear to travel in a straight line inspite of its wave nature? i Ans: When a portion of a wave is obstructed by an aperture or obstacle, diffraction effect eee upon the size of the obstacle or aperture relative to the wavelength of the wave. If the ape nor obstacle is large compared with the wavelength, the bending of waves is not noticeable and the way! propagates straight lines, much as a beam of particle does. Since the wavelength (4000 A to 8000 A) of light is very small as compared with the size of ordinary objects and apertures, diffraction of light is not easily noticeable. 11. What is the pole of a wavefront? Ans: The pole of wavefront is the foot of the observation, perpendicular to the wavefront drawn from the point of 12. Is the pole of a wavefront fixed point on the wavefront? Ans: No. The pole of a wavefront shifts in position depending on the point of observation. 1S, Why a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bri ‘Ang BOtls seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle? waa is: The bright spot is produced due to the constructive interference of the light diffract edge of the circular obstacle, s eae ae 4. Geometrical optics is so commonly used in understandi ing location and several oth, Properties of images in optical instruments, even though there diffracti E Ang ill apertures / slits, Justify Se her could be diffraction effets at ‘ns: In optical insteuments, the apertures involved are much lar; “ ‘we need not consider the diffraction effects, Beri the wavelength of light, So 1S. What is the ph: i alf- : Phase difference between any two even or odd numbered h; ‘iod zone Ans: The Phase difference between any two even or odd numbered half-period Sait = Hu ~ is 2n.tude front, Show that the ampli sed by first zone ropagati the intensity due tion of Light slation to a plane Wa t would be cau ctilinear PI ne fourth Jain the term half-period clement in Pie a whole wavefront at a point is half of wha ave theory of light, explain the approximate £° wavefront is 0 on of light on 0 first On the basis of wa ‘ty due to the whole Prove that the resultant in half-period zone ixplain the action of a zone plate. distance obey t of an object and derive an ox What is a zone plate? ary thin lens that in a zone plate the object and image the ordinary pression 9, 10. Show 11, Describe how a zone plate forms an image len: 1p, Explain how a zone plate acts like a convergent lens having multiple foci Distinguish between zone plate and convex lens. Distinguish between positive zone plate and negative zone plate. yr the: 15, Write a note on phase reversal zone plate. : ge, Obtain the conditions fo 16. Explain the phenomenon of Fresnel’s diffraction at a straight eds positions of maximum and minimum intensity. EXERCISES 1 mm for a point distant 1. How many half period elements are contained in a circular hole of radius 0-555 m. Given wavelength of light = 600 nm. [Ans: 3] 2. Find with respect to a point 0-5 m distant, for wayelength 6000 A, the number of half-period clements contained in a circular hole of radius (a) 1 mm and (b) 1 em. {Ans: 3 and 333] 3. Astraight edge is at a distance of 3 m from a narrow slit illuminated with light of wavelength 640 nm. A screen is placed at a distance of 6 m from the straight edge. Find the distance between the first and fourth dark fringes in the diffraction pattern on the screen. [Ans: 4-8 x 10° m] 4. The diameter of the first ring of a zone plate is 1 mm. If the plane waves of wavel . length 5000 A fall on the plate find where a screen should be placed so that the light is focussed to a brightest spot. a [Ans: 0:5 m] zone plate has a diameter of 10 mm and 50 zones are marked on i : fora light of wavelength 500 nm. 2 aie ieee oe 2m ‘The diameter of the central zone of a zone plate is 2-3 x 10° i 1 x mIfa iting Ii wavelength 6000 A is placed at a distance of 6 m from the zone Rae ras ie ae image andthe next image. eanterd acces, ; 2 3.474 m ; 0-835 4 Bi? plate has its central zone transparent and the outer radius of its first i = ‘lculate the distance of its principal focus for a parallel pencil of light cr ive x ee fein length 6000 A, incident normally on it. In an experiment with a strai: it i a a " ‘traight edge diffraction the distance betweer i at that between the edge andthe screen is 2m, Ifthe ooenngan rr Byers te etee is Lm separation between the first and third bright fringes, of the light used is 560 nm Plan ; ae . jane waves of wavelength 600 nm are incident on a zone plate, The frst Se iameter of 1-2 nm. Find the position of the principal focus Ung in the zone plate : [Ans: 0.6 m|hiatal ie Chapter 4 Fraunhofer Diffraction 4.1 Fraunhofer Diffraction ight (e., Fraunhofer diffraction takes place at a narrow slit when parallel rays of light ( plane wavefront) are incident on it, For producing a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern, the wavefront of the light to be diffracted should be a plane and the diffracted light should be collected by a lens. The monochromatic source of light should be either far away from the diffracting object, or a collimating lens should be used with a slit at its focus, The source and the screen are effectively at infinite distance from the diffracting element, 4.2 Fraunhofer Diffraction at a Single Slit Let 5 be a narrow slit be illuminated by a monochromatic light of wavelength, 2. The collimating lens, Z,, renders the rays parallel towards the slit AB of width a. The diffracted rays are focussed to the screen XY using another convex lens, Zo, When a~ ane wavefront incident normally on AB every point on it acts as a source of secondary wavelets. The diffraction pattern obtained on the screen consists of central bright band flanked by alternate dark and weak bright bands on both sides as shown in Fig. 4.1. Incoming. Viewing screen a) co) Fig. 4.1 Diffraction pattern obtained on a screeniofer Diffraction Width of the central maximum, Fraun! ‘phe linear width of the central idth ofse of the “secondary > 23 oe ;| The pha: Preiss avelets are allt | |The phase of the secondary wavelet the ob: gece brnialAbE sa | “| from the obstacle are not the same: wo convex Tenses are wed io | = : ~ Is [Lenses or mirrors are not used to obs Fraunhofer diffraction. , |?) | diffraction effect. ‘he diffraction pater 8 theingge 6. i source itself. y obstacle or aperture. Tn this case, the. ineliqatign important. sar ® pe TF thisy the effects of all aitn i ba In this, there is diffraction effect of @ ean ee itr g, | Single diffraction device ie, the ” | diffraction effects of devices are not added. In this case, the distances are important. ae 4.3 Plane Diffraction Grating pa ‘An arrangement cénsisting of a large number of equidistant narrow paray rectangular slits of equal width separated by equal opaque spaces is known diffraction grating. i This was first constructed by Fraunhofer. It is made by ruling equidistant and parallel lin with a diamond point on an optically plane glass plate. The ruled widths are opaque to lh while the space between any two lines is transparent to light and acts as slit. This is knowny plane diffraction grating. If the rulings are made on a silvered surface itis called a reflection grating. Since the iy is reflected from the positions of mirrors in between any two lines and it forms a plane concaye reflection grating. When the spacing between the lines is of the order of tk | wavelength of light, then an appreciable deviation of the light is produced. Number t! | rulings per cm of gratings used in the visible region varies from 5,000 to 12,000 lines»! cm, Compact disc (CD) is an example of a grating. A diffraction grating is characterized by the total number of slits Nand the distant! | between the centres of the adjacent slits which is known as the grating period. This pl By the TherBSc. p, Ph ¢ 122 4 ed so that the cross. Preliminary Adjustments escope is adjuste' "OSS : e-piece of the tel yards a distant object and so) is @ The position of the eyePiee® A directed tOWNES TS crews and then bs clearly visible. The tlescore #* {OU eq ysing the R a parallel rays. The spectrometer is I6™ oy table is levelled with the help of @ SP! J py a monochromatic light and te (ii) The slit of the collimator is now Cee ne collimator. Direct reading ving the turned to receive the light leaving r telescope is taken. Je with its plane perpendicular to the line jig the central tab! = ‘ism table is now rotated So that the a x fF a the axis of the collimator. The telescope, on in te field of view. One of two lel, dle of the image on the intersection or. the plane of the grating is parallel to thy r (iii) The grating is now set on ; two of the screws of the levelling table. of the grating is inclined at an angle of 45° rotated till the reflected image of the slit is se¢ screws of the table is adjusted to bring the mid cross-wires of the telescope. In this condition axis about which the telescope is rotated. se (iv) The table carrying the grating is rotated so that the plane of the grating is perpendiculy to the axis of the collimator. The telescope is turned till the central bright image coincides with the vertical cr, wire. The telescope is rotated till one of the first order diffracted image falls on th cross-wire. The middle of the diffracted image is made to coincide with the intersection of the cross-wire, The rulings are now parallel to the axis of the spectrometer. (vy) Setting the grating normal to the incident light: The telescope is turned so that ty vertical cross-wire falls exactly in the centre of the image of slit. The scale reading R,is noted. After reading the position of the telescope it is turned through exactly 90° so tht its axis is perpendicular to the axis of the collimator. The telescope is fixed in ti Position and the table carrying. grating is turned until the image of the slit formed by | reflection from the plane surface of the grating coincides with the vertical cross-wire.lt a ae ee the grating is, inclined at an angle of 45° to the incident lig Te Steen Hae enecued i tes the tee image one vertical cross-ire when te th inated with the monochromatic light whose wavelength, A, is to the determined. ™ telescope is then turned on to the various dit the dit ; 1 us diffracted ima; ither si rect ime and corresponding readings of the telescope are noted fe rie a epee the ay ima | icale, a If @; is the mean of the two teadings for the first order spectrum, then (a+b)sing : f ra) Number of lines per inch on the eune ye eal) |menon of diffraction. Thereforg ’ i © in oy 124 iffraction pattorns are to 4, 0 onding 5 set by the phe ower i E e corresp! points thi larger in size. A limit on the resolving to resolve the images of two smaller than making the image jution falls on th ting condition ¢ first minimum of the other ; 4.8 Rayleigh’s Criterion of Resol of resolution is kno % ae ome When the central maximum of one image!) jis limit the images are said to be resolved. Thi Rayleigh’s criterion. r are being focussed by objective; Mg Consider two point objects such as stars 51 and So BE i 4 of a telescope. Two images of the Sar are frp roe (which also serves as a circular aperture, aaah at the focal plane. If the two objects subtend an angle @ on the objective lens then the cen. oe of corresponding Airy discs are also separated by angle 0. If @ is large enough, their imap, ie » esolved. If the two objects are close tog, do however, as shown in Fig. 4.11 (b), the two central maxima i.e., image patterns overlap, bie images are not resolved. The minimum value of 8 for which the images are just resolvabje oa called the limit of resolution. ; — a can be distinguished and are said to be r (a) The sources are far apart (b) The sources are closer (c) The sources are so close togetheref in os, The difference BTN the rinofer Diffraction val ines of wavelengths and A+ dA due to two soure ee “ cae otal mann de aoe ie - large compared to the : s i ° aia Hence the two ion (or veen the central maxima due to tw‘ : tM stion (a) bel e : 4 aximum due to one and its first mu ition (b) between central m: tines are said to be well resolved. »y) coincides with the spectral aio Oe i length, In Fig. 4.11 (0), the position of the central maximum A (wavel : s i (wavelength, A-+ dh). Similarly, the position of the central maximum sultant intensity curve shows minimum of B ‘ides with the position of the first minimum of A. The re: | distinct dip at C ie, in the middle of two central maxima. approximately 20% less than that at A or B. Thus the spectral lines can ‘one another and according to Rayleigh they are said to be just resolved. ‘in ig 4.11 (©), the central maximum corresponding to the wavelengths X and A + dA are io close, The angle of diffraction corresponding to the first minimum of A is greater than Ee a a oe corresponding to the central maximum of B (i.e., a, << b). The two iges overlap and they cannot be distingui: i = . i at Cis maximum and is higher ae a _ ee ae gees “ a i iti re ee vidual intensities of A and B. Hence the two The intensity at Cais be distinguished from Thus the two tral li ; ne spectral lines can bg resolved only upto a certain limit expressed by Rayleigh Dy aeee 49 Resolving Power of a Grating The resolving if Power of a diffracti ised diffracti a ‘action grating is di ‘on maxima of two waves which ae nes the capacity to form separate other, IF Lis the wave _ length of gj " 4 neighbour: Of spectral line’and dA is th : ng line which are just resolvable i = ae difference between this Ii oa s line and Resolving Power of grating = wal da,126 , n* order O Central image B Y Fig. 4.12 Resolving power of a grating 4.9.1 Expression for Resolving Power 2 Let AB represent the surface of a plane transmission grating of grating clement (a + 6) anjy total number of slits, Let a beam of light having two wavelengths 4 ind A + dh be incides, normally on the grating. XY is the field of view of the telescope. P; is n" primary maxinug of a spectral line of wavelength, 2, at an angle of diffraction 0, and P) is the n® primay maximum of wavelength, (A + dA), at a diffracting angle @, + d0. According to the Rayleigh criterion, the two wavelengths will be resolved if the position! P, corresponds to the first minimum of P; ie., the two lines will be resolved if the princi! | maximum of (A+ dA) (in n® order) in a direction (6, + d®) falls over the first minimum of) in the same direction (6, + d®). ‘Then principal maximum of A in the direction 6, is given by (a+b)sin®, =r (l) The n™ principal maximum of 4. + dd in the direction (8, + d®) is given by (a+b) sin (0, +d0)=n(X+dn) (2) These two lines will appear just resolve € two dif the angle of diffracti nie the direction of the first secondary minimum oe os e e Sets o primary maximui F Possible if the extra path difference introduced ig (a+b)sin(@®, +40) = m4 % N128 °, Z °, % you if pif 4 Fig, 4.13 Resolving power of a telescope The resolving power of a telescope is defined as the peccoet! oe a sat = subtended at the objective by the two distant object points which can be seey , separate ones through the telescope. 4 by j 4.10.1 Expression for the Resolving Power : Let a be the diameter of the objective AB of the telescope. Two distant point objects 0, aj 2 subtend an angle d® at the objective. The image of each object is a diffraction pattem, Ly _ P; and P2 be the positions of the central maxima of the two images. | | a According to Rayleigh, these two images are said to be resolved if the central maxim; | the diffraction pattern of one coincides with the first minimum of the diffraction pattem the other. The path difference between AP; and BP; is zero. Hence they reinforce with the anothers 4 1. Thus P; corresponds to the position of the central maximum of the first image. Le te angle P,AP; be 40. ; Path difference between BP, and AP, = BC. From the triangle ABC, BC = AB sin d0. ‘ For small angles, path difference = ad0 4 If a.d0 = 2, then P2 corresponds to the first minimum of i is also bt Central maximum of the second image, Thus, a Rayleigh’s condition is satisfied if : @-48=2 of ao=* A) i dallas 66 is condition holds good for rectangular apertures, For circular apertures, Airy showed that dg=h:220 a 2)BS, v a etre is set at normal ; i er metre is se Mal in, 10° lines Leg the second order spectryy, hy ee (April May ty 136 sacs GAS 4.12. A diffraction grating with ie i Calculate the dispersive power © 5 vy wavelength of light is 560 nm. 10% wavelength, A = 560 x 10° m, ne | 3 Data: Number of lines per metre, NV = © Lge @=0° o do Le. To find: Dispersive power of the grating, 7 ¥e do n IN, yl! Solution: Dispersive power, 7. = Grb)cos® cosO us d0_2x6-4x10° _12-8x10° vs ot ay c0s0? a wt Dispersive power = 12-8 x 10° Fi 4.13 A plane transmission grating having 5000 lines / cm is pect ” abasrts a sock spectrum in the second order. Two lines of wavelengths 5 and 5896 A ay, sill observed. Calculate the angular separation. (Oct / Noy, 2000) Data: Order of the spectrum, n = 2, N = 5000 lines / em = 5000 x 10° lines / ‘mp wavelengths 2; = 5890 A and Az = 5896 A To find: Angular separation Solution: Dispersive power, 2 = a Difference in wavelength, dh=), 2, = (5896-5890) A =6A, Assuming normal incidence, we get LES 4 dh cos? 4 -. Angular separation, d9=10°xdd=6x10" x10° = 6 x 10-4 degree ] 4.14 A diffraction grating containing 7000 lines ; incident Per cm, is used at normal incidet Calculate the maximum number of. spectral orders that fae seen if the wavelengt!! 4 Tight used is 589 nm. Also calculate the angle of diffractio n in the second order. at 1 ‘ (Oct /Nov.2 | Data: Number of lines / em = 7000, wavelength, 2 = 589 x 10? m and @ = 90° 7 To find: Maximum number of spectral orders (n) and meee Solution: Number of lines / metre = 7009 1 =7 x 108 For a plane diffraction grating, we have (a+b)sinO=ndthee a, _ 2589-6410" _ 9.7075 ni a (a+b) si ci Horas sin®, . (aie ) 9, | 2. How will the width of the cont ging any of Be onic ig 20 4 immersed completely in water Wi slit diffrac cI F i fhe central maximum in the single (peice. 4 : Al le Wi of the central ma n will decrease on jy ns: The width o he width of the central maximum mei x, the t wavelength A decreases in water, set-up in water. ingle slit due to monochromatic i diffe in diffraction pattern at single sli ang Mh 3. What is the difference cil nsists light? ryromatic, the diffraction pattern Consists Of alterna... vor bright fringe has maximum intensity. The intensi : a : the central maximum. 7 secondary maxima goes on decreasing with distance from ed. The central maximum j, When source of white light is used, the diffraction later is eras tee watekaye i Whit but other bands are coloured. Since band width e 2X ve Wi, than violet band (having smaller wavelength). 4. In Fraunhofer diffraction, what happens if the Ans: In Fraunhofer diffraction, the principal maxima increase, and they also become more intense. fara d. Is it di 5. The maximum diffraction angle at which n" order maxima is forme: tue to largest Ans: When the source of light is monoc! and dark bands of unequal width. The cent number of slits increase? become sharper (narrower) as number oj, shortest wavelength? ‘ ; s Ans: The maximum diffraction angle at which n" order maxima is formed is due to large: | pl wavelength a ie 6. Is angular dispersion independent of grating element? : ‘ Ans: Yes. Angular dispersion is independent of grating element. It increases with 0, so that diffeex wayelengths have larger angular dispersion at higher angles of diffraction. a 7. What is meant by normal spectrum? Ans: If & aa is constant, then the spectrum is called normal spectrum. In this case angule i separation d8 between two wavelengths A, and A, is Proportional to difference dd betwe:n 4 wavelengths. } 8. Does the resolving power of grating depend on the number of slits? Ans: The resolving power of grating depends linearly on the number of slits N ruled on the grating Further, resolving power is higher for the Spectrum of higher order, ‘Ans: We know that n,,, = 28. 1 4 NA 9, a \ Given n,,,, ae <3- Hence there can be only 2 orders, 10. If an optical instrument “just” reso what is a measure of the resolving power st qo, P° Ans:ve n for just Fe80 19, What is Rayeigh’seteron fori y lying objec ei 20. When are two © s ng objects jus 7% 21. When are two closely lying obi 11 resolved? 22. \When are two closely lying objects We 23. Define resolving power of @ grating. 24. Define resolving power of @ telescope. 25. Define limit of resolution of a telescope felescope fat f mit of resolution oF for the limi eee cos 26, Write an expression be increased? 27... Write an expression for resolving power 28. How can the resolving power of a telescope 29. What is the use of diffracting grating? a telescope depends. 30. Mention the factors on which resolving power of & Long Answer Questions cn oe i le slit. 1, Explain the phenomenon of diffraction at a sing! fe: 2. Deseribe with necessary theory, Fraunhofer diffraction due to a single sI is i ¥ liffraction. 3. Distinguish between Fresnel’s and Fraunhofer di . 4. Explain the phenomenon of Fraunhofer diffraction produced by a narrow rectangular slit. Dey, the expressions for positions of central maximum, secondary maxima and minima, — 5. Derive an expression for the linear and angular widths of central maximum in Fraunbje diffraction at a single slit. Draw the graph showing the intensity variation of the diffraciy pattern due to Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit. 6. What is diffraction grating? Describe the theory of diffraction grating. 7. Describe the theory of diffraction grating for normal incidence. Obtain the directions of principal ‘maxima and minima. & What are absent spectra in a grating? What particular spectra would be absent if the witht Opacites be double that ofthe transparencies in such a grating? 9. Write the characteristics of grating spectra 10, Define and explain the trm “dispersive power ofa grating.” Derive an expression for it, 11. Explain overlapping spectra in a gratin, 12, Explais i cara ‘iain the formation of spectra by a plane diffracting grating, What are its chief characteristic! 13. Distinguish between prism spectrum and grating spectra, 14, i iffract i ; " Describe the theory of diffraction grating for oblique incidence, 15. Determine the wavelen; ofa Monochromatic light usi q A IF eee and explain he erm “resolving power ofan gunn ee emPerimentally 17. Explain Rayleigh criterion of resolution, 18. Derive an expression for the widt inc} muzcima 1d ata th of the principal maxima, What is the intensity of past? is ution Jo ei it atin ileal‘6 ee¥ BSe, 5, diffraction grating with 6009 i, My yon a . Ne 148 = enaraall) fifo be 1x10" mala is incidem nd violet lig é 16. A parallel beam of white ight is MOTT eg and v S.C] fAns: 194% ctuomatic Hight and the diftrag, 0% a separatio ‘em, Calculate the angular seP: 3 nated by @ MONT ig 12 mm from the central ma, %d respectively? ui 17. A single sit of width 0.15 af the third dark ban Tangs in are observed on a sereen MOT nating the Slit? i of width 0.35 mm. A converg what is the wavelength of lig! 1 3900 A falls 2S ion pattern on a sent ly 18. A monochromatic light of aye ihe sit brings the Oe central maximum Ga Et focal engi 20 oF ecg wie focal plane. Calculate (i) the ae of the central maximum. it, the width of the central i s 6.0 mm, te 19. In a diffraction pattern due to a single slit, id the wavelength of light illuminating the ae distance of the screen from the slit is 1 m ant TAns: 0.196," 5900 A. Find the slit-width. them just separated. If the pupil dia fe can see Mel 20. Two light sources are 0.5 m apart and 8 oot ofthe light sources is 5500 A, find the distane ‘ (of the eye) is 4 mm and the mean waveleng! [Ans: 2588 i Ee eer if their images are just resolved by a telesco, 21. Determine the angular separation of two stars, if their imag : PE of [Ans: 8.7107 rad, or 0.18 see, of an agg aperture 70 cm, Assume 4=5000 A. E 5 1 22. A plane grating has 15,000 lines per inch. Find the angle of separation of the 5048 A and sig; lines of helium in the second order spectrum. ie = - 23. Light of wavelength 5000 A is incident normally on a plane transmission grating. Find the Per difference in the angles of deviation in the first and third order spectra. The number of lines cm on the grating surface is 6000. [Ans: 46°47) 24. The Ooty observatory telescope has an objective of diameter 2:54 m. Assuming the mesg wavelength of light to be 5-5 x 10” m, estimate the smallest angular separation of the two Stars which can be resolved. [Ans: 2.642 x 107 rad] 25. The mean wavelength effective in visual observation may be treated as S80 nm, What is the Smallest angular separation between two point stars which a telescope of 0:2 m diameter objective TAns: 0-730 sec) can resolve? such a high resolution? Given effective 4 = 5:5 x 10°? m and aperture of human eye = 2:54 mm. 2. (Ans: 2.642 x 107 rad ; 2000] eee oe Tee etl Starttion of. two: stars which can, be sesvlyl by the eyepiece be 2:54 x 10°? m, what a eye be 2x 10°? m and the focal lengitf “solving Power ofthe llescope is tobe uilized, Given era Smet oF the objective ite fi } =6X107 m, 29. Determine the line element 4 Of a diffracy : ie telescope having lens ving gratin ‘ oot oe eons 20cm éan ‘solve tin pe Gas ae ~ P lines (4 = 5893 A, dh = trum. : oi [Ans: 33-4 x10" mana