1) In relation to bacterium's optimal growth requirements, which group would you

expect to be most likely involved in decomposition of compost piles

a) Acidophiles
b) Psychrophiles
c) Mesophiles
d) Thermophiles
2) Because the soil primarily is an _____ environment; the elements, such as
carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and iron, will tend to be in the _____ state in the soil.
a) Aerobic; oxidized
b) Aerobic; reduced
c) Anaerobic; oxidized
d) Anaerobic; reduced
3) _____ is the process in which microorganisms are used as a food source resulting
in nitrogen and phosphorous mineralization
a) Nitrogen fixation
b) Ammonification
c) Microbivory
d) Eutrophication
4) The _____ is where organisms that are found on and in the aerial surface plants
are growing.
a) Rhizosphere
b) Rhizoplane
c) Phyllosphere
d) Microfilm
5) The function of growth promoting rhizobacteria is to
a) Inhibit competing bacteria by producing antibiotics
b) Enhance mycorrhizal activity.
c) Produce biologically active substance.
d) Promote plant growth by producing chemical signals
6) Which of the following genera synthesizes Nod factors in order to activate a
plant to allow development of an infection thread
a) Agro bacterium
b) Pseudomonas
c) Frankia
d) Rhizobium
7) The nitrogen-fixation form of the Rhizobium bacterium is called a
a) Infection thread
b) T-plasmid
c) Symbiosome.
d) Bacteroid.
8) Methanotrophic bacteria
a) Oxidize methane gas
b) Produce methane gas
c) Utilize methane as the electron source for reduction processes
d) Are responsible for the greenhouse effect

1
9) I. The rate of flux of oxygen in air
II.The rate of flux of oxygen in water.
a) I is exactly or approximately equal to II
b) II is greater than I
c) I is greater than II
d) I may stand in more than one of the above relations to II
10) The concentration of CO2 in air.
II. The concentration of CO2 in soil atmospheric spaces
a) I is greater than II
b) II is greater than I
c) I is exactly or approximately equal to II
d) I may stand in more than one of the above relations to II
11) The ability of lignin to be degraded in aerobic environments
II. The ability of lignin to be degraded in anaerobic environments
a) I is greater than II
b) II is greater than I
c) I is exactly or approximately equal to II
d) I may stand in more than one of the above relations to II
12) _____ the function of mycorrhizae is to
I. increase the availability of nutrients to plants.
II. aid in water uptake for plants in arid environments
a) I only is true
b) II only is true
c) Both I and II are true
d) Neither I nor II are true
13) _____ Members of the genus Frankia are
I. capable of nitrogen fixation for trees and shrubs.
II. readily cultivated bacteria
a) I only is true
b) II only is true
c) Both I and II are true
d) Neither I nor II are true
14) Which of the following is the best definition of generation time?
a) The length of time it takes for a population of cells to double.
b) The maximum rate of doubling divided by the initial count.
c) The duration of log phase.
d) The time it takes for nuclear division
15) An experiment began with 4 cells and ended with 128 cells. How many
generations did the cells go through?
a) 5
b) 6
c) 32
d) 64
16) A culture of bacteria produces 5 generations in 2 hours. What is the generation
time for this bacterium under those conditions.

2
 a) 15 minutes
b) 24 minutes
c) 30 minutes
d) 1 hour
17) An organism is completely dependant on atmospheric O2 for growth. This
organism is a(n)
a) Osmotolerant.
b) Acidophile.
c) Facultative anaerobe
d) Obligate aerobe.
18) An organism has an optimal growth rate when the hydrogen ion concentration is
very high. This organism is a(n)
a) Osmotolerant
b) Acidophile
c) Neutrophile
d) Aerotolerant anaerobe
19) The term facultative anaerobe refers to an organism that
a) Requires less oxygen than is present in air.
b) Uses oxygen when present or grows without oxygen when oxygen is absent.
c) Is killed by oxygen.
d) Doesn’t use oxygen but tolerates it.
20) The term obligate anaerobe refers to an organism that
a) Doesn’t use oxygen but tolerates it
b) Is killed by oxygen.
c) Uses oxygen when present or grows without oxygen when oxygen is absent.
d) Requires less oxygen than is present in air.
21) The term Aerotolerant anaerobe refers to an organism that
a) Doesn’t use oxygen but can grow in the presence oxygen.
b) Is killed by oxygen.
c) Requires less oxygen than is present in air.
d) Uses oxygen when present or grows without oxygen when absent.
22) If it is noticed that a culture broth tube was very turbid at the surface but clear
throughout the rest of the tube. What could be concluded
a) Organism are aerobes.
b) Organism should be grown in an anaerobic chamber.
c) Organism cannot produce superoxide dismutase and/or catalase.
d) Organism cannot tolerate oxygen.
23) Who first described microorganisms such as bacteria?
a) Louis Pasteur
b) Robert Koch
c) Fannie Hesse
d) Anton von Leeuwenhoek
24) What was the first successful solid medium for colony purification of bacteria?
a) Agar
b) Potato
c) Meat

3
 d) Gelatin Meat
25) The most commonly encountered bacteria are roughly spherical. The
microbiological term describing this shape is
a) Coccus
b) Bacillus
c) Pleomorphic
d) None of these
26) Another common bacterial shape is that of a rod, often called
a) Coccus
b) Bacillus
c) Pleomorphic
d) None of these
27) Gram positive cells
a) Have a second, outer membrane that helps retain the crystal violet stain.
b) Have multiple layers of peptidoglycan that help retain the crystal violet stain.
c) Have a thick capsule that traps the crystal violet stain.
d) Have a periplasmic space that traps the crystal violet.
28) Adenosine triphosphate is a type of
a) Fatty acid.
b) Enzyme
c) Amino acid.
d) Nucleotide
29) A substrate binds to its enzyme at a location called the ______ site
a) Coenzyme
b) Substrate
c) Active
d) Cofactor
30) Denaturation of an enzyme refers to the
a) Proper arrangement of the enzyme in a metabolic pathway.
b) Improper arrangement of the enzyme in a metabolic pathway
c) Loss of the enzyme's proper shape.
d) Formation of the enzyme's proper shape.
31) ATP is required to do
a) Chemical work
b) Transport work.
c) Mechanical work.
d) All of the above types of work.
32) The prokaryote does not have a well defined ________
a) Classification
b) Nucleus
c) Structure
d) Cell membrane
33) PCR stands for Polymerase chain _________
a) Residues
b) Resistance
c) Recycling

4
 d) Reaction.
34) The term metabolism refers to the sum total of the biochemical reactions that
occur within
a) Living cells
b) Plant cells
c) Animal cells
d) Microbes
35) N in NO3 has an oxidation state of
a) -5
b) +5
c) +2
d) -3
36) Sites where enzymes are bound with the reactants are called _________sites of
enzymes.
a) Energy
b) Active
c) Concentrated
d) Feed back sites
37) Sites around the plant roots where food for microbes is more abundant is called
a) Enriched soil
b) Rhizosphere
c) Rhizoplane
d) All these
38) .Commensalisms is a __________ interaction.
a) Neutral
b) Positive
c) Negative
d) Passive
39) Main classes of plant growth regulators are _____________
a) Thee
b) Five
c) Two
d) Nine
40) C/N ration determines whether nitrogen would be _________________________
a) Lost
b) Leached
c) Volatilized
d) Mineralized or immobilized.
41) Biostimulation is addition of _____________ to stimulate indigenous
microorganisms.
a) Water
b) Gasses
c) Growth regulators
d) Nutrients

5
42) _____________ is defined as use of plants to remove, contain or transform
contaminants.
a) Bioremediation
b) Phytoremediation
c) Bioaugmentation
d) Biostimulation
43) Composting is use of ________________ thermophilic microorganisms.
a) Anaerobic
b) Aerobic and anaerobic
c) Aerobic
d) Facultative anaerobic
44) A substance that promotes the rate of reaction is called _________
a) Catalyst
b) Stimulant
c) Enhancer
d) Regulator
45) ______________is the microbial production of nitrate from the oxidation of
reduced N compounds.
a) Nitrification
b) Denitrification
c) Volatilization
d) Mineralization
46) L-Tryptophan is a precursor of ________________
a) Cytokinin
b) Kinetin
c) IAA
d) Auxin
47) Covalently bound enzymes are called ____________ groups.
a) Intracellular
b) Intercellular
c) Constitutive
d) Prosthetic
48) Enzymes needed for fundamental cellular processes are called
__________enzymes.
a) Intracellular
b) Intercellular
c) Constitutive
d) Prosthetic
49) An enzyme that catalyses biochemical reaction occurring with in cell are called
__________ enzyme.
a) Intracellular
b) Intercellular
c) Constitutive
d) Prosthetic

6
50) Luciferin is an aromatic compound found naturally in __________
a) Fireflies
b) Basmati rice
c) Onion
d) None of these
51) Process where internally produced organic electron donors and acceptors are
used is called __________
a) Oxidation
b) Reduction
c) Anaerobic respiration
d) Fermentation
52) In anaerobic respiration nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide act as an
a) Electron acceptor
b) Electron donor
c) Electron carrier
d) Electron sink
53) The utilization of carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor to produce
methane is called __________
a) Methylation
b) Methanogenesis
c) Carboxylation
d) All these
54) Light pigment in plants is called __________
a) Chlorophyll
b) Xanthophylls
c) Photosynthates
d) Energy carrier
55) DNA stands for __________________________
a) Deoxyribonucleic acid
b) Derivative nucleotides
c) Derivative nucleic acid
d) Double ribonucleic acid
56) Nucleotides are composed of sugar, phosphate and __________
a) Purine
b) Pyrimidine
c) Purine or pyrimidine
d) Purine and pyrimidine
57) Mesophiles grow at temperature of ____________________
a) 20-35 Celsius
b) 20-35 Fahrenheit
c) At freezing
d) At boiling
58) PCR is used for ____________________
a) DNA extraction
b) DNA replication
c) Gene identification

7
 d) DNA amplification
59) Microbes that tolerate high salt concentration are said to be ______________
a) Osmotolerant
b) Mesotolerant
c) Salt inhibitor
d) Rhizosphere bacteria
60) Conversion of NH4 to NO3 is called ___________________
a) Ammonification
b) Nitrification
c) Mineralization
d) Immobilization
61) Most common type of interaction among soil microbes is _________________
a) Symbiosis
b) Competition
c) Commensalisms
d) No interaction
62) Bacteria may have negative effect on other microbes by producing _________
a) Antibiotics
b) Hormones
c) Enzymes
d) Amino acids
63) Bacteria influence plant growth by producing ___________________
a) Hormones
b) Toxins
c) Hormones or toxins
d) Spores
64) Microbes living in water filled pores are called ___________________
a) Mesophiles
b) Aquatic microbes
c) Aerobic
d) Xerphiles
65) Legume-rhizobium is an example of ___________________
a) Mutualism
b) Commensalisms
c) Predation
d) Symbiosis
66) Leguminous plants form mutalistic symbiosis with bacteria of genera ______
a) Rhizobium
b) Azotobacter
c) Azospirilum
d) Bacillus
67) Rhizobium invade plant via ___________________to make nodule
a) Rhizoid
b) Stem
c) Pericycle
d) Root hair

8
68) Root nodule is a ___________________ structure
a) Multicellular
b) Unicellular
c) Tricellular
d) Bicellular
69) Bacteria can fix nitrogen gas into ___________________
a) Nitrate
b) Nitric oxide
c) Ammonia
d) Amino acid
70) In symbiosis plant supplies bacteria ___________________
a) Fats
b) Proteins
c) Lipids
d) Reduced carbon
71) Feeding of one organism upon other is called ___________________
a) Mutualism
b) Commensalisms
c) Predation
d) Symbiosis
72) Most of the soil microbes live in ___________________
a) Rhizosphere
b) Biosphere
c) Rhizoplane
d) Root niches
73) All compounds coming out of roots are called ___________________
a) Lysates
b) Exudates
c) Excretions
d) None of these
74) Compounds in exudates include ___________________
a) Sugars,
b) Amino acids
c) Vitamins
d) All these
75) Concentration of carbon in rhizosphere ___________________ as the distance
from roots increases
a) Declines
b) Increases
c) Remain unchanged
d) Become neutral
76) Breaking of seed coat is called ___________________
a) Stratification
b) Liquefaction
c) Scarification
d) Purification

9
77) Microbes can produce iron-chelating compounds called __________________
a) Inoculum
b) Humus
c) Siderophores
d) None of these
78) Microbial population that colonize the____________ of root are called
endophytes
a) Interior
b) Exterior
c) Surface
d) Tip
79) Narrow C:N ratio results in net ___________________
a) Mineralization
b) Immobilization
c) Nitrification
d) Denitrification
80) Wide C:N ratio results in ___________________
a) Mineralization
b) Immobilization
c) Nitrification
d) Denitrification
81) Hemicelluloses are ___________________to decompose than sugars
a) Difficult
b) Easier
c) Comparable
d) Faster
82) Conversion of organic compound to ammonium is called _____________
a) Ammonification
b) Immobilization
c) Nitrogen fixation
d) Aminization
83) Conversion of NO3 to NO2 is called ___________________
a) Ammonification
b) Immobilization
c) Denitrification
d) Aminization
84) Volatilization of N can be a severe hazard to ___________________
a) Water bodies
b) Agriculture
c) Industry
d) Environment
85) NO3 can leach down from soil and pollute the ___________________
a) Ground water
b) Environment
c) Air
d) All these

10
86) ___________________is/are involved in nitrification process
a) Nitrosomonas
b) Nitrobacter
c) Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter
d) Nitrosomonas or Nitrobacter
87) There are ___________________ major classes of plant growth regulators.
a) Six
b) Seven
c) Five
d) Three
88) Composting is a better option to handle ____________ as compared to other
techniques.
a) Waste
b) Radioactive waste
c) Household garbage
d) Industrial waste
89) ____________ is used for sterilization of media in lab
a) Autoclave
b) Oven
c) Water bath
d) Incubator
90) ____________ is an enzyme involved in BNF.
a) Nitrogenase
b) Lipase
c) Urease
d) Phosporylase
91) Nitrogen fixation is often measured by stable ____________ method
a) Isotope 15N
b) Isotope 16N
c) Radioactive nitrogen
d) Standard
92) N2 fixation is often evident in ____________old plants.
a) 30 days old plants
b) 60 days old plant
c) 15 days old plant
d) 10 days old plant
93) During inoculation, ____________should adhere well to the seed.
a) Inoculum
b) Peat
c) Sugar
d) Broth
94) Nitrification rate is often low in soil below pH____________
a) 10
b) 14
c) 9.5
d) 4.5

11
95) Clover nodules are ____________
a) Club shaped
b) Spherical
c) Triangular
d) Circular
96) Soybean nodules are ____________
a) Spherical
b) Club shaped
c) Triangular
d) Angular
97) HUP+ diazotrophs have ___________BNF efficiency compared to HUP- ones
a) More
b) Less
c) Similar
d) Parallel
98) SO4 reduction ____________by adding organic matter.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remain unchanged
d) May increase or decrease
99) Calvin cycle was first described in ____________
a) Bacteria
b) Plants
c) Animals
d) Green algae.
100) The ____________ of fungus is called thallus.
a) Vegetative body
b) Root
c) Seed
d) Fruit
101) Obligate anaerobic bacteria obtain energy either by anaerobic respiration
or______
a) Symbiosis
b) Fermentation
c) Photosynthesis
d) Photorespiration
102) ____________ are most abundant microorganisms in soil.
a) Bacteria
b) Fungus
c) Virus
d) Beneficial bacteria
103) The basis of living matter is ____________
a) Cell
b) Energy
c) DNA
d) RNA

12
104) Bacteria those can tolerate dry conditions are called ____________
a) Osmotolerant
b) Mesotolerant
c) Desert bacteria
d) Xerophiles
105) ___________cycling is the driving force behind nearly all nutrient cycling
reactions.
a) Carbon
b) Nitrogen
c) Phosphorus
d) Potassium
106) ____________ is the dominant high energy phosphorus compound in the
cell.
a) ATP
b) ADP
c) NAH
d) NADPH
107) Rod shaped bacterial cells are called ____________
a) Cocci
b) Gram positive
c) Gram negative
d) Bacilli
108) Bacteria posses small DNA called ____________
a) Bacteroid
b) Plasmid
c) Miniature DNA
d) PseudoDNA
109) Aerotolerant bacteria obtain energy exclusively by ____________
a) Symbiosis
b) Fermentation
c) Photosynthesis
d) Photorespiration
110) Bacteria that can tolerate high salts concentration are called ____________
a) Halophiles
b) Mesotolerant
c) Desert bacteria
d) Xerophiles
111) Plant carbon on an average has ____________ of lignin
a) 50%
b) 60%
c) 50-60%
d) 10-30%
112) As plant decomposition proceeds, C: N ratio ____________
a) Become stagnant
b) Rises
c) Falls

13
 d) Fluctuate
113) NH3 oxidizers are responsible for lowering ____________ of soil.
a) pH
b) Moisture
c) Redox potential
d) Organic matter
114) The nitrogen fixing bacteria responsible for nodulation on stem are called
______________________
a) Rhizobium
b) Azorhizobium
c) Bradyrhizobium
d) Azotobacter
115) Inoculation of contaminated soil with microbes is called ____________
a) Bioventing
b) Biostimulation
c) Bioaugmentation
d) Enrichment
116) ____________ is process where gaseous stimulants are added during
bioremediation.
a) Bioventing
b) Biostimulation
c) Bioaugmentation
d) Bioradiation
117) Spreading and mixing of ____________on soil is called landfarming.
a) Mulch
b) Contaminants
c) Seed
d) Fertilizer
118) Atrazine degradation is possible by ____________
a) Bioremediation
b) Phytoremediation
c) Bioremediation and Phytoremediation
d) Bioreactors
119) During composting high temperature ____________pathogens.
a) Can kill
b) Cannot Kill
c) Can increase
d) Can modify
120) ____________ produced by microbes are measured as IAA equivalents.
a) Precursors
b) Enzymes
c) Ethylene
d) Auxins
121) ____________ is a gaseous hormone.
a) Ethylene
b) Auxins

14
 c) Cytokinin
d) Kinetin
122) ____________has specific role in fruit ripening.
a) Ethylene
b) Auxins
c) Cytokinin
d) Kinetin
123) Compost can be enriched with ____________
a) Nitrogen
b) PGRs.
c) Phosphorus
d) All these
124) Organic matter in soil can decrease the effect of ____________
a) Nitrogen
b) Toxins
c) Phosphorus
d) Growth regulators
125) Phosphatase enzyme can solubelize ____________
a) Phosphorus
b) DAP
c) SSP
d) TSP
126) ____________ is/are green house gases.
a) CO2
b) Methane
c) Nitrous oxide
d) CO2, methane and nitrous oxide
127) Eutrophication is a process where excessive ____________enter in to water.
a) Pesticides
b) Herbicides
c) Nutrients
d) Hormones
128) ____________ is/are the primary causes of acid rain.
a) Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Carbon monoxide
d) Hydrogen
129) Acid rain is measured by measuring ____________
a) pH
b) Redox potential
c) Carbonic acid
d) Hydrogen peroxide
130) With the increase of global warming sea level would ____________
a) Drop
b) Rise
c) Be unchanged

15
 d) Fluctuate
131) In soil competition exists among enormous variety of organism for
____________
a) Nitrogen
b) Phosphorus
c) Micronutrients
d) All Nutrients
132) Fitness of organism to survive in a particular environment is called ______
a) Evolution
b) Tolerance
c) Acclimatization
d) Variation
133) Bacteria, actinomycetes, Fungi and algae are referred to collectively as
__________
a) Microfauna
b) Macrofauna
c) Microflora
d) Archaea
134) Inventor of microscope Leeuwenhoek was from ______________
a) France
b) Netherlands
c) Germany
d) USA
135) Resistant structure produced by bacteria is called _____________
a) Endosperm
b) Angiosperm
c) Sporidium
d) None of these
136) Microbiologists define species a group of similar individual that are ______
a) Also similar to other groups
b) Not similar to other groups
c) Similar in genetic character
d) Similar in physical appearance
137) To grow a particular group of microorganisms ___________media is used.
a) Simple
b) Selective
c) Nutrient
d) Nitrogen free media
138) All of the following are true about releasing untreated sewage into a river
except
a) It is a health hazard.
b) It increases the BOD.
c) It decreases the dissolved oxygen.
d) It kills bacteria.

16
139) Which of the following statements is true?
a) Symbiosis refers to different organisms living together.
b) Members of a symbiotic relationship cannot live without each other.
c) Symbiosis refers to difft. Organisms living together & benefiting from each other.
d) A parasite is not in a symbiosis with its host.
140) Higher plants most often absorb nitrogen from the soil in the form of
a) N2
b) Nitrites
c) Ammonia
d) Nitrites
141) Recalcitrant remain is soil for ________________ period
a) Prolong
b) Short
c) Minimum
d) Dry
142) Broad types of soil are mineral and _______________
a) Organic soil
b) Fine textured soils
c) Loamy soils
d) Moist soils
143) _____________soil is required for the functions of organisms.
a) Water logged
b) Aerated
c) Cultivated
d) Salt affected soils
144) The zone of soil under the influence of plant roots is called
__________________
a) Rhizoplane
b) Rhizosphere
c) Biosphere
d) Enriched soil
145) ____________refers to biochemical reactions that occur with in living cells.
a) Metabolism
b) Catabolism
c) Anabolism
d) Intercellular reaction
146) Biochemical reactions in metabolism yielding energy are called
______reactions.
a) Exergonic
b) Endergonic
c) Catalytic reaction
d) Enzymatic reaction
147) ATP stands for ___________________
a) Adenosine tri phosphate
b) Adenosine triple phosphate
c) Adenosine terminal phosphate

17
 d) Active transport phosphate
148) In biochemical reactions ____________acts as an electron carries.
a) ATP
b) NAD
c) ADP
d) AMP
149) Most organisms obtain cellular energy from the biodegradation of energy
rich ______________
a) Organic compounds
b) Inorganic compound
c) Recalcitrant compounds
d) Radioactive compounds
150) Anabolism and catabolism are ___________functions.
a) Similar
b) Different
c) Complementary
d) Energy requiring
151) Photosynthetically active algae could be referred as ___________________
a) Photolithoautotroph
b) Autotroph
c) Heterotroph
d) Parasite
152) Reduction refers to the ____________ of electron.
a) Giving
b) Acceptance
c) Giving and taking
d) Partial charges
153) H2→2H+2e- is an example of _______________
a) Reductions
b) Oxidation
c) Hydration
d) Hydrolysis
154) Enzymes are specialized ___________
a) Fats
b) Proteins
c) Lipids
d) Carbohydrates
155) In enzymatic reactions feedback inhibition and end-product inhibition are
two ______________
a) Different processes
b) Similar process
c) Energy releasing reactions
d) Energy requiring reaction

18
156) In ______________ respiration alternate electron acceptors are used.
a) Anaerobic
b) Aerobic
c) Photo
d) Cuticle
157) In anaerobic respiration __________ energy is produced as compared to
aerobic respiration.
a) More
b) Less
c) Equivalent
d) Zero
158) __________________is reduction of nitrate to gaseous products.
a) Denitrification
b) Nitrification
c) Mineralization
d) Immobilization
159) _________shaped cells are called bacilli.
a) Rod
b) Spherical
c) Club
d) Irregular
160) Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall and______________________
a) Thick outer membrane
b) Thin outer membrane
c) No outer membrane
d) Double outer membrane
161) After gram staining Gram-negative bacteria appear as ____________
a) Pink
b) Green
c) Yellow
d) Colorless
162) Substances that are required in large quantity are called
a) Macronutrient.
b) Micronutrients
c) Secondary nutrients
d) Essential nutrients
163) Actinomycetes often predominate in soils subjected to prolonged_________
a) Wetting
b) Drying
c) Anoxia
d) Freezing
164) _____________is produced by a group of microbes known as methanogens.
a) Ethane
b) Methane
c) Ethylene
d) Ethyl alcohol

19
165) Bacillus is a _______________bacterium.
a) Gram negative
b) Gram positive
c) Endophytes
d) Halophyte
166) Dilution plate technique is used to ________ bacteria.
a) Count
b) Classify
c) Identify
d) Modify
167) Selective media contain ingredients which allow__________type of bacteria
to grow.
a) All
b) Specific
c) Nitrogen fixing
d) ACC deaminase
168) _____________is easiest portion in organic matter to be decayed.
a) Lignin
b) Cellulose
c) Hemicellulose
d) Sugar
169) Use of N2 fixing crops also has the potential to reduce the contamination of
ground water with __________
a) Nitrate
b) Ammonium
c) Nitrites
d) Aminoacids
170) Blue green algae and frankia can fix nitrogen as______________
a) Symbiosis
b) Free living
c) Associative symbiosis
d) Host guest symbiosis
171) Actinomycetes are usually found in __________ habitats.
a) Soil
b) Freshwater
c) Marine
d) All of these.
172) Actinomycetes form spores that are
a) They do not form spores
b) Both asexual and sexual
c) Are used for sexual reproduction
d) Asexual
173) Most probable number is also a method to ________________
a) Enumerate soil organisms
b) Analyse data
c) Know probability

20
 d) Make an inoculum
174) Which of the following terms describes organisms that thrive in the cold?
a) Mesophiles
b) Thermophiles
c) Psychrophiles
d) Aerophiles
175) Which of the following refers to the addition of microorganisms to the diet
in order to provide health benefits beyond basic nutritive value?
a) Prebiotics
b) Adjuvants
c) Probiotics
d) Antibiotics
176) Continuous feed during fermentation is used to maintain
a) Temperature
b) Water level.
c) Product concentration.
d) Substrate concentration.
177) Which of the following have NOT been used in various bioconversions?
a) Yeasts
b) Viruses
c) Actinomycetes
d) Unicellular bacteria
178) Which of the following best describes biodegradation?
a) A minor change in an organic molecule
b) Fragmentation of a complex organic molecule
c) Complete transformation of the organic molecule to mineral forms
d) All of the above
179) _______ corroding organisms are becoming very problematic.
a) Titanium
b) Gold
c) Aluminum
d) Iron
180) Non biological foreign chemicals are termed:
a) Antibiotics
b) Xenobiotics
c) Prebiotics
d) Probiotics
181) ____________ seem to be the most efficient at degradation of non biological
chemicals.
a) Algae
b) Fungi
c) Bacteria
d) Animals
182) Microbial growth is the outcome of ______________reactions occurring in
cell.
a) Hundreds of chemical

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 b) A few
c) Enzymatic
d) Catalytic
183) Oligotrophs grow much better at _________concentration of substrate
a) Low
b) High
c) Very high
d) Medium
184) Root nodule is a _______________ structure.
a) Single cell
b) Multicellular
c) Bicellular
d) Tricellular
185) Surface of plant roots is called _________________
a) Rhizosphere
b) Rhizoplane
c) Phyllosphere
d) Microfilm
186) Rhizosphere pH _____________________
a) May fluctuate
b) Remain permanent
c) Remain acidic
d) Always basic
187) Crop _______________enhances beneficial microbes
a) Age
b) Rotation
c) Maturity
d) Size
188) _________________________from roots is difficult to calculate
a) Exact rate of exudation
b) Mass
c) Moisture
d) Lysates
189) Increased exudation can result from extreme temperature and

a) Water logging
b) Water stress
c) Hormones
d) PGPR
190) __________are substrates for microbial growth.
a) Plant roots
b) Plant exudates
c) Plant lysates
d) None of these

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191) Competition for nutrients is more in __________________ soil.
a) Rhizosphere than non-rhizosphere
b) Non-rhizosphere than rhizosphere
c) Grassland
d) Forest
192) Who first described microorganisms such as bacteria?
a) Louis Pasteur
b) Anton von Leeuwenhoek
c) Fannie Hesse
d) Robert Koch
193) Who first developed the process of colony purification on solid media?
a) Anton von Leeuwenhoek
b) Fannie Hesse
c) Robert Koch
d) Louis Pasteur
194) The primary use of Koch's postulates is to
a) Develop vaccines for specific diseases.
b) Demonstrate that a disease is caused by a microorganism.
c) Isolate microorganisms from diseased animals.
d) Clearly identify and characterize a particular microorganism.
195) Which of the following is not part of Koch's postulates?
a) The microorganism must secrete a toxin in culture.
b) The microorganism must cause disease in healthy animals.
c) The microorganisms are always found in diseased animals.
d) The microorganism is never found in healthy animals.
196) Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria _________________
a) Exophytic
b) Exophytic
c) May be exophytic or entophytic
d) Neither exophytic nor entophytic
197) Inoculation with more than one strain is called ________________
a) Co-inoculation
b) Multiple inoculation
c) Enriched inoculation
d) None of these
198) Humus is a decomposed form of ________________
a) Soil organic matter
b) Hormones
c) Soil microbes
d) Hemicellulose
199) Thermophllic bacteria can live in ___________________
a) High temperature
b) At low temperature
c) At freezing temperature
d) Water logged soils
200) The storage product of cyanobacteria is ___________ like.

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a) Protein
b) Starch
c) Fat
d) Lipid

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