part A

Solubility is the property of a solute to dissolve in a solvent to form a homogenous solution. In

the context of drug formulation, solubility is one of the important parameters that drug
manufacturers look at since it determines how much of the drug can be available for the body to
use to reach levels that could produce a pharmacological response.

Explanation:

When a drug is ingested, especially via the oral route, only a fraction of the drug becomes
available to the general circulation (blood circulation) for the body to use.  The proportion of the
drug that reaches the circulation and has an active effect on the body is called bioavailability.
The drug must first pass through the intestines and the liver in which it is absorbed and
metabolized; thus "consuming" some parts of the drug and lessens it before it reaches circulation.
This process is called First Pass Effect and it diminishes the bioavailability of the drug. 

Aqueous solubility is important for drug manufacturers because it is only through an aqueous
solution that the drug can be absorbed into the body's general circulation to have its active
effects. When a certain chemical substance has low aqueous solubility, a higher concentration of
the substance is needed so that by the time it reaches the circulation, it has enough substance for
it to have a pharmacologic effect.  To put it simply, a chemical substance with low aqueous
solubility leads to poorer bioavailability making it a less effective drug

part B
Solid dispersion (SD) has been widely used to improve the dissolution rate, solubility, and
oral absorption of poor water-soluble drugs. SD refers to the group of solid products
consisting of at least two different components, generally a hydrophilic matrix and a
hydrophobic drug; the matrix can be either crystalline or amorphous. Solid dispersion was
first introduced to overcome the low bioavailability of lipophilic drugs by forming eutectic
mixture of drugs with water soluble carriers.
 
Advantages:

 Improving drug bioavailability by changing their water solubility has been possible by
solid dispersion. 
 Solid dispersions are more efficient than these particle size reduction techniques,
since the latter have a particle size reduction limit around 2-5 mm which frequently is
not enough to improve considerably the drug solubility or drug release in the small
intestine. 
  Increase in dissolution rate & extent of absorption and reduction in Pre systemic
metabolism.
 Transformation of liquid form of drug into solid form. 5. Parameters, such as carrier
molecular weight and composition, drug crystallinity and particle porosity and
wettability, when successfully controlled, can produce improvements in bioavailability

Disadvantages 

 Most of the polymers used in solid dispersions can absorb moisture, which may
result in phase separation, crystal growth or conversion from the amorphous to the
crystalline state or from a metastable crystalline form to a more stable structure
during storage. This may result in decreased solubility and dissolution rate. 
 Drawback of solid dispersions is their poor scale-up for the purposes of
manufacturing.

Salt formation is the most common and effective method of increasing solubility and
dissolution rates of acidic and basic drugs. In this article, physicochemical principles of salt
solubility are presented, with special reference to the influence of pH-solubility profiles of
acidic and basic drugs on salt formation and dissolution

For advantage and disadvantage I will upload it in the explanation box

Explanation:

part C

The rationale is as follows

 The easiest way to calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution is to utilize the more easily
measured property of the freezing point depression as they are proportional to one
another. In pharmacy, isotonicity calculations are most often performed for parenteral
and ophthalmic solutions which must have a freezing point depression of 0.52◦C for them
to be isotonic with blood plasma and tears. Therefore a solution is considered to be
isotonic if it has a freezing point1 of −0.52◦C.
 Also, Isotonicity values can be determined from the colligative properties of the
solutions. For this purpose, the freezing point depression property is the most.

 
 
 

reference:
Allawadi, D., Singh, N., Singh, S., & Arora, S. (2013). SOLID DISPERSIONS: A REVIEW
ON DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM AND SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT. SOLID
DISPERSIONS: A REVIEW ON DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM AND SOLUBILITY
ENHANCEMENT, 2101-2012.