A BRIEF HISTORY OF MACEDONIA (ANCIENT KINGDOM)

History of Macedonia

A. Ancient Greece
In Greece there is the empire or kingdom is the kingdom of Macedonia, is located on the
outskirts of Greece during the Archaic and Classical, and later became the dominant state in
Greece in the Hellenistic period. Ancient Greece had a high civilization. Greek civilization is
then developed by Western nations. This Greek civilization includes the culture of Crete, Polis,
belief systems, and the results of cultures. Greece is surrounded by the Aegean Sea and the Sea
lonea. Greece consists of two parts, namely the Greek mainland and the Greek islands. Mainland
Greece consists of several mountains, the area is divided, the coast is bay, and the water is calm.
Therefore, Greece is very suitable for the port. Meanwhile, the Greek Islands are in the Aegean
Sea, this area consists of islands. Among these islands are Crete. Crete is the beginning of
cultural development in Greece and Rome. This civilization gave birth to great people who came
from the kingdom of Macedonia, do you know anyway? It is the king Alexander the Great was
born in 356 BC, he was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia and Olympias, princess of Epirus
(a Greek).

Kingdom of Macedonia is an ancient Greek kingdom centered in northeastern part of the

Greek peninsula. At first, Macedonia is bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonian in northern,
eastern Thrace and Thessaly in the south, Macedonia began as a small kingdom that is not too
influential in classical Greek civilization. However, since, led by king Philippos II, Macedonia
grow and seize control of almost the entire territory of Greece. Philippos successor, namely
Aleksadner III, later known as Alexander the Great, conquered the Persian Empire bringing
Akhemenia Macedonia, Macedonia made not only include Greece, but also in Asia Minor, the
Levant, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran, parts of Central Asia and North India. At this point,
Macedonia has become an empire. Conquest Alexander also marks the beginning of a new
period in Greek civilization, namely Hellensitik period. At this time, the Greek culture spread to
India.

B. The Holy Romain Empire

 Macedonia empire now extends from Ariatik Sea to the Indus River. These events are
listed in Figure 7 Terrific book written World Sri Lestari. In the time of ancient history, the
power of Alexander extending from Lonia Sea to the Himalayas. He was never defeated in battle
and is considered the greatest warlord of all time. Alexander successfully solidified the power of
Macedonia in Greece, and after the authority in Greece stabilized, he launched the military plans
for expansion left by his father.

Sahrul Mauludi in the writings of Alexander the Great, describing the great achievements
that have been etched. Alexander managed to become the greatest ruler in a very young age. In
addition to the visionary, he is also a hard worker who is second to none. Vision, motivation and
strength seemed to be endless and unstoppable except by death so quickly at the age of 32 years
when he was preparing for a military expedition to the new world that is about to explored. Not
long after his death he was dubbed Alexander the Great by leaving a vast territory, which at
present include Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and parts of India.
In 323 BC, Alexander died and Macedonia split into several kingdoms. As a result of Macedonia
itself then only include Greece alone. Throne of Macedonia forwarded by Antipatrid dynasty,
which was then forwarded by Antigonid dynasty.

C. The Roman Empire

During the 2nd century BC and the 1st, Macedonia suffered several wars with the Roman
Republic, and almost always lose. Finally, in 146 BC, Macedonia was completely conquered by
the Romans and as a result became a province in Rome. The reign of Filipos II and Alexander
the Great is the expiry date of the Classical Greek and Hellenistic civilization after the beginning
of the spread of Greek culture to the Near East region as a result of conquest waged by
Alexander. The Macedonians then moved to Egypt and parts of Asia, but the process resulted in
a shortage of human resources in the main area of Macedonia, which then weakens the kingdom
during a squabble with the countries of the Hellenistic others and also one of the factors causing
deterioration of Macedonia that led to the Roman conquest. Even so, Errington argued that the
diffusion of culture and the Greek affirmed by conquest waged by Alexander in West Asia and
North Africa has become a "precondition" for the expansion of Roman territory to these areas in
the next period and the overall foundation to the Byzantine Empire.

D. Industrial Revolution
 The rulers of ethnic Macedonia in Ptolemaic and Seleucid receiving people from all over
the Greek world as a companion Companion cavalry and did not try to develop a national
identity as Antigonidai. Modern studies are now focusing on how the Hellenistic kingdoms are
more affected by them than the origins of Macedonia traditions or selatan. Meanwhile, eastern
Greece, although the Spartan remains a closed society and Athens also still apply strict
restrictions on granting citizenship , the cities of the Hellenistic cosmopolitan in Asia and
northeastern Africa is very similar to the cities of Macedonia and inhabited by engaging
indigenous people, migrants Greece and Macedonia, as well as Eastern people who experienced
Hellenization and said Greek (and many of the group this is the result of cross-breeding between
the Greeks and the natives).

The deification of the monarch of Macedonia is believed to be initiated after the death of
Filipos II, but the king of the first explicitly declared himself as a god was Alexander the Great.
After he visited the oracle in 334 BC Didima stating his divinity, Alexander went to the oracle of
Ammon Zeus (the Greek belief equivalent to the Egyptian god Amun-Ra) in Wahat Siwah,
Libyan Desert, in 332 BC, to ensure Aleksander divine status. Although countries Ptolemaic and
Seleucid retaining ancestor cult and deified their rulers, kings are worshiped in the Kingdom of
Macedonia. Although Zeus Ammon was known by the Greeks before the reign of Alexander,
especially in the Greek colony of Cyrene, Libya, Alexander is the monarch of Macedonia first to
support priests and gods of Egypt, Persia, and Babylon, thus encouraging the process of fusion of
religious beliefs East close and Greece. After Alexander's death, the worship of Isis gradually
spread throughout the Hellenistic and Roman civilizations, while belief in the Egyptian god
Serapis was hellenized by the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt before the cult of Serapis spread to
Macedonia and the Aegean region. The German historian Johann Gustav Droysen found waged
conquest by Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic world formation allows the growth and
spread of Christianity in Roman times.

E. The Medieval Ages

Land Greece mountainous generally less fertile. On the slopes of the mountains that
people can grow wheat and grapes. To find a fertile area, the farmers (called colonus) leave the
country and established colonies around Greece. Greek colonies, among others, South Italy,
Egypt, Palestine, and Asia Minor (Turkey). From these activities emerged the term colonialism.
Between the colonists and their mother country, there is still a relationship. In addition to
agricultural activities, the Greek people also develop the economy through trade darn shipping
activities due to its strategic location in the Mediterranean waters of the Greek community life
that inhabit the mediterranean climate is always warm and fresh which allows it to be optimistic
and carefree. Atmosphere bright sky without a cloud in the area of Attica (Athens) also led to
high population passion and creations stand out. That is why in Athens rapidly developing good
culture in the arts and sciences and philosophy. Religion Islam became the second most practiced
of the Macedonian people. The 1994 census said the number of Muslims there reached 30
percent of the country's total population of 2.1 million people.

In the 5th century BC, the Macedonians worshiped the Greek gods more or less the same
as that worshiped by people in southern Greece. In Macedonia, political positions and religious
are often associated. For example, the head of state Amfipolis city also served as worship leader
Asklepios, the Greek god of medicine; A similar case can be found in Kassandreia, considering a
cult leader who honor the founder of that city (Kassandros) was also a leader of the city. Zeus
much revered in Dion, while there is also a sacred place in Veria dedicated to Herakles and
supported by Demetrios II Aetolikos (239 BC - 229 BC). The percentage of Muslims in
Macedonia is among the largest in Europe, after the state of Turkey, Albania, and Bosnia-
Herzegovina.

F. Post-EU
Islam is mainly practiced by those who are ethnic Turks, Bosnia, and Albania. The
teachings of Islam began to spread to Macedonia region in conjunction with the conquest by the
Ottoman Empire (Ottoman) in the late 14th century AD Macedonia, which then became part of
the Serbian Empire, the Ottoman Empire was conquered without any opposition from the
Serbian ruler whose power when it does begin to weaken. And, since that time Islam grow and
develop in the region of Macedonia. The fall of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans impact on
the population of Muslim citizens of Macedonia. If before World War II, the Macedonian
Muslim population is estimated at 27 thousand people, in the census conducted in subsequent
years it declined sharply. In 1953, the Muslim population in Macedonia is estimated as many as
1,591 people and in 1961 increased to 3,002 inhabitants. And, in 1981 increased to 39 355
inhabitants.
 Muslim communities can also be found in the area of Centar Zupa. However, Muslims
who live in the region is more proud to call themselves Muslim than Muslim Turkey,
Macedonia. Other places are also heavily populated Muslim community is Labunista located in
Struga region. In the northern part of Macedonia, precisely in Debar, there are also many Muslim
villages.Other Muslim pockets in Macedonia is Dolna Reka region, Rostusa, Tetovo, Torbesija,
Plasnica and Dolneni. These areas generally inhabited by Muslims of Turkish descent.
Meanwhile, Macedonian Muslim population belonging to ethnic Albanians and Kosovo can be
found along the Macedonian border with these two countries.

Currently, most Muslims in Macedonia work in agriculture. However, even among those
who work abroad. In recent decades, many of the citizens of Macedonian Muslims who
immigrated to countries in Western Europe and North America. Besides being known for its
expertise in the field of agriculture, Macedonian Muslims are also known to experts in the art of
painting, wood carving, and make mosaics. Macedonian Muslims indirectly also actively
participating in political activities in the country. To express political aspirations, they form a
shared container called the Association of Macedonian Muslims. Political container for Muslims
in Macedonia was established in 1970 with support from the government. However, many
people who suspect the government organization was deliberately set up to control the
aspirations of the Muslim community there.

G. Modern Days
After Koine Greek government made the official language of Filipos II of Macedonia,
Macedonia ancient writers wrote their works in that language; The language itself is the lingua
franca during the late Classical and Hellenistic Greek. Rare textual evidence indicates that the
language of Ancient Macedonia was a Greek dialect which is similar to the Greek language and
Greek Tesalia Northwest, or a language that is closely related to Greek. Most inscriptions that
still exist from ancient Macedonia was written in Greek Atika and its successor, the Koine
language. Greek Atika (and then Koine) is the language used by the warriors of ancient
Macedonia, although Alexander the Great once called for an emergency injunction in the
kingdom of Macedonia to the guards after he killed Cleitus the Black during the binge. The
Macedonian language experienced extinction during the Hellenistic or Roman era and was
replaced by Koine Greek.
H. Period of 323 BC.
Diadochi war erupted as a result of a power struggle involving the generals who formerly fought
with Alexander, and then conquered territory was divided. It does not make Macedonia lost its
status as a cultural and political center of Greece in the Mediterranean along with the Egyptian
Ptolemaic, Seleucid Empire, and the Kingdom of Pergamon. Macedonia started to decline after
the outbreak of the War of Macedonia and Roman revival as the strongest country in the
Mediterranean region.

I. Period of 359 BC - 336 BC.

Alexander defeated the Persians in a number of decisive battles, the most famous among
other Gaugamela.Alexander Battle Battle of Issus and then overthrew the Persian king, Dairus III
and conquered the entire Persian Empire (Achaemenid Empire).

The fate of Macedonia changed during the reign of a king named Argeadai Filipos II. Filipos II
military reform Macedonia either by introducing falangs formation Macedonia armed with
tembiang sarissa, and thanks to these reforms he can defeat in the Battle of Athens and Tivai
Kaironeia in 338 BC. One of the sons Filipos II, known as Alexander the Great's father's
continuing efforts to control the whole of Greece and he destroys Tivai city after the city tried to
rebel. Alexander then managed to drop Akemeniyah Empire and conquered an area stretching to
the Indus River. Since then, Greek literature and art flourish in areas that have been conquered,
and progress in the field of philosophy, engineering, and science was spread in these areas.

J. Period of 168 BC
Third Macedonia War in 168 BC, Macedonia monarchy was dissolved and replaced by the
countries of the Roman imitators. Monarchy was restored in the Fourth Macedonia War in 150-
148 BC, but such efforts did not succeed and eventually founded the Roman province of
Macedonia.

K. Who They Allied With & What War They Were Involved
King of Macedonia is the figure autocrat at the top of government and society, with
unlimited authority to manage the affairs of the state and public policy, but he also became the
leader of a highly personalized regime which has a close relationship with his Companion
cavalry. The patrician group is the second strongest after the king in terms of power and
privilege, and they fill up the reigns and also served as a commander in the military. The system
enables a greater social mobility for members of their own community emerging in countries
Hellenistic be the successor to the Empire of Alexander the Great, Ptolemaic Egypt in particular;
these countries become more bureaucratic possibilities for the old patrician class has been
shrinking in the military campaign waged by Alexander and his successors, and the new world
conquered by Alexander also too broad to be handled by a group of nobles that long. Meanwhile,
although Macedonia was ruled by a king and a group of military aristocracy, slavery is not a
widespread practice in countries such as Greece contemporaries Macedonia

Peloponesos war resulted in Greece fragmented and weaker. Easily in 338 BC King
Philip of Macedon was able to conquer Greece. Philip was killed and replaced by his son,
Alexander the Great who ruled in 336-323 BC. Alexander the Great became king at the age of 20
years. He was a student of Aristotle. His goal is to dominate the kingdom of the world at that
time covering Europe (Greece), Africa (Egypt) and Asia (Mesopotamia and Persia). To realize
these ideals of Alexander the Great led his troops perform various conquests. In each of the areas
occupied advocate king married the daughter of local soldiers. Alexander the Great marrying
Roxana, daughter of King Darius III of Persia, as well as other Persian princess named mistress
Barsine.

In the king's territory combines local culture with the Greek culture that was born a new
culture called Hellenism. Alexander the Great also built cities in the territory which are all
named Alexandria and also established the library in each city. One of the City of Alexandria is
still existing in Egypt until now. In 325 BC Alexander the Great died. Since 323 BC holders of
power in a number of the Kingdom of Macedonia among others: General Antigomis who
controlled Macedonia and Greece, General Seleucos control of Syria, and a general Ptolemy took
control of Egypt.

No Role Gaugalema second occurred at Gaugamela Plains, east of Mosul, not far Irbil in
northern Iraq. Gaugamela location has not been decided definitively, but it is on (36 ° 22'LU 43 °
15'BT / 36.36 ° N 43.25 ° E / 36.36; 43.25). Stipulation many Persian forces still disputed, some
historians claim the army of Darius III is not more than 50,000 people, warry estimates totaling
91,000 people, Welman estimated 90,000 people, Ludwig Henning DelbrÜ (1978) estimated that
52,000 people, Engels (1920) and Green (1990) estimate is not greater than 100,000 people at
Gaugamela. Weapons and tools provided in the form of riding the chariot wheels equipped with
a sword in the train, Indian elephant, spear right size 2-3 meters, bows and arrows. Conversely,
some of the great historians agree that Macedonia forces consist of 40,000 infantry and 7,000
cavalry. Weapons and tools used in the form of protective equipment cavalry, spear right size 6
meters long, spear, slingshot, shield, bow and arrows.

Strategy Darius III, king of Persia, that of bringing the troops gathered together so that
one day everything can be decided and they will avoid prolonged hardship and danger. The hope
is confine the Macedonians by using speed and a lot of troops. Carefully choose the battlefield,
terrain Guagamela field, to benefit his cavalry on the changes made cavalry Macedonia. Riding
chariots equipped sword at the wheel and the Indian elephant troops provided for the formation
devastating spear troops Macedonia.

Noble Alexander rejected the idea of fighting at night, forcing Darius to stand by and
keep its troops to stand all night. While the rest of Macedonia forces. He formed a Macedonian
formation slightly to the left of the Persian force's center, in the hope that the Persians would
advance, indirectly, to the left, away from Darius' chariot troops, to thwart a surprise attack.
Macedonia lance forces unite and approach the enemy until the cavalry to exploit any weakness
in the enemy lines.

The war tactics used were the Persians recruiting the best cavalry from the Eastern
Satrapies and from the Scythian tribes and deploying horse-drawn chariots armed with swords on
their wheels to open roads or clear the battlefield in front of their troops. He's also true Indian
elephant troops. Darius III was in the middle of the infantry (the tradition on the sidelines of the
kings of Persia). He is surrounded by the cavalry, mercenary Greek and Persian horse guards
who were on his right, Troop Dewa, India and Mardian cavalry archers are in the middle of the
right hand.

Placed on both sides of the cavalry. Darius ordered Bessus on the left wing with Bactrian,
Dahae cavalry, cavalry Arachosian, Persian cavalry, cavalry Susian, cavalry Cadusian, and
Scythians. Chariots were placed in front of the small group of Bactrian. And on the right flank
with cavalry from Syria, Median, Mesopotamia, Parthia, Sacian, Tapurian, Hyrcanian, Caucasian
Albania, Sacesinian, Cappadocia, and Armenia. Cavalry of Cappadocia and Armenia is placed in
front and led aggression. Albania and Sacesinian cavalry was sent to Macedonia from the left
flank.
 Macedonian troops are divided in two, on the right side of the troops under the command
of Alexander, and on the left by Parmenion. Alexander fight alongside allies, namely Paionian
cavalry and Macedonian cavalry. Mercenary cavalry was divided into two, namely the veterans
placed on the right side and in front and Macedonian archers Agrian that were placed next to a
long tombang forces. Parmenion forces were left with Thessalian, mercenary Greek and Thracian
cavalry to maneuver, while the army of Alexander deliver a decisive blow from the right.

To the right of the middle, chariots and mercenaries stationed behind them are Phillip
Thessalian cavalry and mercenaries Achaian. On the right they are allied Greek cavalry and long
spears troops stationed in two rows. The second line got orders to handle each clamp unit that
appears. The second line consists of several noble mercenaries.

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