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Conductive, Dielectric and Amalgamated obstacles Coupled Waveguide based

Highly Selective Multiband bandpass Resonators

Article  in  International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics · November 2015

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-150049

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International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 49 (2015) 405–415 405
DOI 10.3233/JAE-150049
IOS Press

Conductive, dielectric and amalgamated

obstacles coupled waveguide based highly
selective multiband bandpass resonators

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Amit Patel∗ , Alpesh Vala, Keyur Mahant and Riddhi Goswami
Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Ta-Petlad, D-Anand, Gujarat, India

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Abstract. This paper demonstrates transverse nonplanar resonators consisting of symmetrically placed obstacles (posts which
made up of same or different type of materials) coupled into rectangular waveguide. Introducing posts inside a waveguide in
proposed structure creates discontinuity and become a cavity resonator. Resonance is created at X band, Ku band and Ka band
frequencies are reported. Simulation results demonstrates that resonators’s results are matched to free-space as well as having a
superior insertion loss and better return loss of conductive posts compare to dielectric posts. Moreover, obstructing the E-field
(using conductive posts) compare to the H-field (using dielectric posts) are given better insertion loss and impedance match-
ing characteristics. However, insertion of amalgamated obstacles into rectangular waveguide generates good transmission and
reflection zeros compared to other two topologies at resonant frequencies which are described here. Posts coupled waveguide
resonators having high power handling capacity so it can be utilized for Base transceiver station, Satellite Communication,
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Space applications, sensors as well as the fusion plasma diagnostics system. All the proposed structures are simulated with
Ansoft’s finite-element High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) tool to demonstrate the characteristics of the resonators
using a rectangular waveguide with center frequency of 11.2 GHz for X-band. In addition, the equivalent model of resonator is
simulated in ADS (Advance designing system). It is observed that offered topologies are very sensitive to the parameters devia-
tion (Post coupled waveguide resonator performance depends on diameter of conductive post, elevation of post and detachment
between posts).

Keywords: Amalgamated posts, PCWR (posts coupled waveguide resonator), cavity resonator, insertion loss, quality factor
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1. Introduction

Nowadays, multipleband bandpass resonator design is one of the most critical and interesting com-
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ponenet in RF (radio frequency) and microwave Communication due to rapid technological changes and
requirements of users [1]. A wide number of different topologies like planar and nonplanar allow obtain-
ing a specific response to a wide range of applications. Design of resonators using nonplanar waveguide
structures and the analysis of the relevant scattering phenomena has been attracting considerable at-
tention over the past decades [2]. Moreover, large attractions have been carried out used of conductive
and dielectric posts filters in rectangulat waveguide, they constitute a strategy of special interest due
to their simplicity and easy manufacturing processes associated with these configurations [1]. Several

∗
Corresponding author: Amit Patel, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Ta-Petlad, D-Anand, Gujarat,
India. E-mail: Amitvpatel.ec@ecchanga.ac.in.

1383-5416/15/$35.00 
c 2015 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved
406 A. Patel et al. / Conductive, dielectric and amalgamated obstacles coupled waveguide

studies have been carried out in the past to improve the electrical characteristics of inductive and ca-
pacitive PCWR. For instance, microwave filters with inductive windows were explored in [2] for space
applications. In addition, inductive filters with metallic and dielectric posts have been incorporated to
study detail in [2,3], which generated elliptic responses were also investigated combined with inductive
topologies in [2].
In the origin of work, Swinger’s solution was given for an electrically small post inside a rectangular
waveguide, while Leviatan expand and examine a nonsingular multifilament current representation also
leading to results for large posts [4]. The transmission and reflection coefficient a two-port device with
single and multiple cylindrical obstacles are derived by Li et al. [5], contrary to [6], where the final solu-
tion of the surface current distribution is provided based on bassel’s function. Another model is proposed
by Craven and Lewin [9] pointed out the merits of a triple-post configuration in suppressing spurious

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harmonics and higher order modes. However, instead of configuring asymmetrical posts, Abele treats
the symmetrical-post arrangement and analysis in waveguide. Joshi and Cornick likes many authors
given idea of posts with gaps have been introduced [10], Inplace of metallic posts, Okamoto introduced
ferromagnetic posts into waveguide.
Analysis of PCWR has been done by using two models and both having its advantages. The fourier

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series current model is variational, requires fewer unknowns, and is particularly suitable for cylindrical-
post geometries of all types which gave the filament and surface current distribution flow on cylindrical
post. The multifilament model is simpler and may be more generally useful in the characterization of
obstacles of arbitrary shape gave more accurate results.
In design of dualband and multiband bandpass filter using planar and nonplanar resonators both hav-
ing its merits and demerits. One of the advantages of designing dualband filters using planar resonator
(SIRs) is that the position of the dualbands can be designed conveniently. However, it is difficult to adjust
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the coupling between the resonators to meet the dualband specifications of the filter simultaneously [11].
For the dualband filter designed using SIRs (Step Impedance Resonators) in, the maximal S11 magnitude
over the passband is very low and a dual-band impedance transformer has to be used in order to improve
the performance. Thus, with the design method specified in [12], inclusion of an impedance transformer
to improve the return loss (S11 ) in demerits of makes the circuit area larger. Compared to planar res-
onator, nonplanar resonator is easy to design for dualband and multiband bandpass filter by volumetric
change in posts in cost of reduced passband bandwidth [13]. In nonpalnar resonator, it has high quality
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factor compared with better bandwidth to planar resonator [14], for improve it in patch sometimes CLS
(Capacitive Loaded Strip) or SRR (Split Ring Resonator) had been introduced which generated negative
refractive index.
In this article, we have propose an alternative method for the implementation of transversal filters us-
ing metallic, dielectric and amalgamated posts coupled in rectangular waveguide configurations. These
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structures are formed with a cavity coupled with inductive windows, where posts placed symmetrically
inside the Rectangular waveguide. The resulting topology is very compact in size since the width of
the cavity is not increased to allow for the propagation of higher order modes. We also show that the
dimensions of both the waveguide and posts are controlled all the coupling parameters needed to syn-
thesize useful transfer functions. The structures with four metallic posts given good coupling compare
to dielectric posts. It also allows two transmission zeros and reflection zeros accept small ripple in pass-
band region with wideband bandwidth. Although dielectric posts gives linear resonances while metallic
posts gives nonlinear one which is better for filter designing. Compare to metallic and dielectric posts,
amalgamated (combination of both) posts gives linear and periodic resonance band with high quality
factor and less insertion loss which combine merits of metal and dielectric posts. This structure has wide
 A. Patel et al. / Conductive, dielectric and amalgamated obstacles coupled waveguide 407

(a) (b)

Fig. 1. (a) Standard doublet topology; (b) Proposed topology.

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practical applications and can be widely used in TED and IMPATT oscillators, often with an associ-
ated varactor tuning diode. Results obtained with the Ansoft’s finite-element High Frequency Structure
Simulator (HFSS) tool validating the new topology proposed.

2. Theory

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The traditional resonator [1] consists of the classical doublet topology shown in Fig. 1(a) (Where
node indicates source, load and cavity resonators and solid lines indicate flow of the electromagnetic
field). This structure is known to have a response with one transmission zero if no coupling between the
source and the load is considered [8,10]. The proposed practical topology for implementing this type of
resonator structure sketched in Fig. 1(b) (in which dotted line indicates the disturbance created in flow
of electromagnetic field by discontinuity). It consists of a cavity delimited by two inductive windows
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of one of the cavity walls. These elements (cavities) are the basic components of the filter; it allows the
combination of the two resonances and of the doublet scheme in Fig. 1(b) in which the resonators are
made up of metal, dielectric and combination of metal and dielectric posts. In addition, the width of the
waveguide need not be increased to allow for the propagation of higher order modes (This represents a
further limitation on the volume of the device) [15].
Insertion of dielectric and metallic posts inside rectangular waveguide generated discontinuity into the
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flow of the electromagnetic field. Both of them reacting differently and generated quarter wave resonant
effects. Dielectric resonators display many similarities to resonant metal cavities. However, there is most
important difference between the two: while the electric and magnetic fields are zero outside the walls
of the metal cavity (i.e. Open circuit boundary conditions are fully satisfied), these fields are not zero
outside the dielectric walls of the resonator (i.e. Open circuit boundary conditions are approximately
satisfied) [16]. Although, electromagnetic fields decay from their peak values considerably when they
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are move from the resonator walls. Most of the energy is reserved in the resonator at a given resonant
frequency for a sufficiently large dielectric constant. Dielectric resonator can exhibit very low band-
width that is comparable to a metallic walled cavity. There are three types of resonant modes that can be
excited in dielectric resonators: Transverse Electric (TE), Transverse magnetic (TM) or Hybrid Electro-
magnetic (HEM) modes. Theoretically, there is an infinite number of modes in each of the three groups,
and desired mode is usually selected based on the application requirements [17]. Generally, mode is used
in most non-radiating applications, but other modes can have certain advantages for specific applications.
However, since a dielectric resonator is usually enclosed in a conducting cavity for most applications,
the real resonant frequencies are different from the one calculated above. As conducting walls of the
enclosing cavity approach the resonator, change in boundary conditions and field containment start to
408 A. Patel et al. / Conductive, dielectric and amalgamated obstacles coupled waveguide

Table 1 Table 2
Dimensions of metal posts in multiple of guided wave- Dimensions of dielectric posts in multiple of guided wavelength
length
Post Dielectric
Post Metal P1 P2 P3 P4
P1 P2 P3 P4 Diameter 0.135 λg 0.135 λg 0.135 λg 0.135 λg
Diameter 0.1 λg 0.1 λg 0.1 λg 0.1 λg Height 0.15 λg 0.15 λg 0.15 λg 0.15 λg
Height 0.13 λg 0.13 λg 0.13 λg 0.13 λg

affect resonant frequencies. The size and type of the material encapsulating the cavity can drastically
impact the performance of the resonant circuit. This phenomenon can be explained using cavity pertur-
bation theory. If a resonator is enclosed in a metallic cavity, resonant frequencies change in following
fashion:

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(i) If the stored energy of the displaced field is mostly electric, its resonant frequency will decrease;
(ii) If the stored energy of the displaced field is mostly magnetic, its resonant frequency will increase.
This happens to be the case for TE10 the mode.
Most common problems exhibited by dielectric resonator circuits are their sensitivity to temperature
variation and mechanical vibrations [16]. Even though recent improvements in materials science and

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manufacturing mitigated some of these issues, compensating techniques still may be required to stabilize
the circuit performance over temperature and frequency.one of the solution of it is used the amalgamated
post which stabilize the frequency problem.

3. Design
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In rectangular waveguide, the first and foremost criterion is selecting the length of the waveguide. For
deciding it, two conditions are to be taken into consideration
1. The electric field must be highest at both the end of the waveguide (it should be linear and periodic).
2. At the center point of the waveguide, where the cavity can be kept, the electric field must be highest
for the good coupling (considering fundamental mode TE10 ) [15].

l 1
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d= 
   n 2  m 2 (1)
2 f 2
− −
c 2a 2b
Where f stands the frequency of the wave, c is the velocity of light in vacuum (= 3 × 1011 mm/sec), the
l, m and n are number of electromagnetic cycles transmitting through waveguide which is taken as even
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(here, we take l = 8 so that it gave higher numbers of mode interaction in compromise with increasing
distance end to end), mode index in E-plane and mode index in H-plane respectively [16,17]. a and b
are width (22.86 mm) and height (10.16 mm) of waveguide. Here, the proposed model is designed for
center frquecny of 11.2 GHz for X-band so its guided wavelength obtained is 33.3 mm (λg ). Calculating
the length of waveguide from Eq. (1) and fulfillment above two conditions the length of the waveguide
came out to be 132.23 mm (4λg ).
As we all aware about waveguide that basically it will be act as a high pass filter and if we intro-
duce posts (either metallic or dielectric) inside waveguide, it will act as impedance changing device.
So depending upon the penetration of posts inside waveguide it generates either inductive or capacitive
effect [19,20]. In the proposed structure, it conatain metal posts (four) into rectangular waveguide as
 A. Patel et al. / Conductive, dielectric and amalgamated obstacles coupled waveguide 409

Metal Posts

(a) (b)

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Fig. 2. (a) The wireline model and (b) Equivalent electric model of four metal posts coupled rectangular waveguide.

shown in Fig. 2(a) whose dimensions and positions are tabulated in Table 1 which generated discon-
tinuities inside it, due to this the structure reacts as a resonator at different resonant frequencies. The
diameter of the post should not exceed beyond 8.325 mm (d/a < 0.25 where d is diameter of the post

fGHz = √
c
 
π 2
+

π 2

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and a is the width of rectangular waveguide) otherwise it creates Friis’s loss due to high frequency field
interaction [19]. The resonant frequency of post coupled waveguide resonator is given by

(2)
2π μ ∈ deff heff
Where deff and heff is diameter and height of metal posts, μ and c is permeability and permittivity of
Vacum[]. Rectangular waveguide behaves like a transmission line model, insertion of the post inside a
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rectangular waveguide in such a way that it generated capacitance effects (partially penetration of posts)
and due to this capacitance it was changed impedance. Change of Impedance of the structure has been
done by using two techniques [1]:
(i) Changing the diameter and height of the post and
(ii) By changing distance between posts
which ultimately effects bandwidth, quality factor and resonance frequencies. Due to metallic posts it
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strongly interacts electromagnetic fields with each other and generated mutual coupling.
As shown in Fig. 2(a), the first proposed model consist of four metallic posts, each individual post act
as a series or parallel LC filter depending on the arrangement of posts (As we know that by transforming
Low Pass Filter element to band pass filter element, inductor and capacitor will be replaced by series
and parallel LC circuits [21]. Equivalent model of four posts coupled rectangular wavguide is shown in
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Fig. 2(b).
In 2nd proposed structure, by putting dielectric post (used FR4 as a dielectric material whose per-
mittivity and permeability is given by 1 and 4.4) in lateral direction instead of metallic post, Disturbing
H-field act as a resonator which is shown in Fig. 3. The height and diameter of dielectric posts are chosen
in such a way that they have been minimized losses (optimizatios have been done using quasi newton
technique) [22]. The Electromagnetic field has been concentrated at the center of each dielectric post
(As we aware that, dielectric post act as a parallel R-L-C circuit) and creates resonance effects. The
resonance frequency of dielectric resonator is given by
34  a 
fGHz = √ + 3.45 (3)
a ∈r h
410 A. Patel et al. / Conductive, dielectric and amalgamated obstacles coupled waveguide

Table 3
Dimensions of amalgamated posts in multiple of guided wavelength
Post Metal Dielectric
R1 R2 R3 R4 R7 R8 R5 R6
Diameter 0.1 λg 0.1 λg 0.1 λg 0.1 λg 0.1 λg 0.1 λg 0.135 λg 0.135 λg
Height 0.13 λg 0.13 λg 0.13 λg 0.13 λg 0.13 λg 0.13 λg 0.15 λg 0.15 λg

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Dielectric
posts

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Fig. 3. The wireline model of four dielectric posts coupled waveguide resonator.
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(a) (b)

Fig. 4. (a) 2D; (b) 3D view of amalgamated posts coupled waveguide.

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Where a and h is diameter and height of dielectric post respectively, cr is the permittivity of dielectric
post [17,23]. It is toally controlled by diameter and height of the post. If the diameter of post increase
that increase the capacitance and given broader bandwidth. Similarly if diameter and height of dielectric
post decrease that reduces coupling strength and attenuate the electromagnetic field. Inside the structure
if we increase the permeability of the medium (by changing the different dielectric material taking the
glass in placed of FR4), it has been generated much more insertion loss and degrade the quality factor.
In 3rd proposed structure, Amalgamated posts have been put instead of all metals or dielectrics posts.
Figures 4(a) and (b) show 2D and 3D views of arranged Amalgamated posts inside the rectangular
waveguide where dotted line indicates the concerntration and the direction of the elctromagentic field
flow [24,25]. The wireline model of amalgamated posts coupled recatangular waveguide is shown in
 A. Patel et al. / Conductive, dielectric and amalgamated obstacles coupled waveguide 411

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Fig. 5. The wireline structure of Amalgamated posts coupled rectangular waveguide.

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OR

(a) (b)
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Fig. 6. (a) Electric field in 4 metal posts coupled; (b) Magentic field in 4 dielectric posts coupled rectangular waveguide.

Fig. 5 which is implemented in HFSS. The dimensions and position of amalgamated posts are tabulated
in Table 3. The diameter, height and detachment between the metal and dielectric posts inside the struc-
ture are controlled the bandwidth of passband and also govern the resonance frequency. If the diameter of
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metal posts increased 10% to 15% beyond the size mentioned in Table 2 that decrease coupling strength
and broadening passband with more insertion loss and low quality factor. Similarly if the diameter of
dielectric post increased, it increased the capacitance of the structure which generate more number of
reflection zeros and gives good quality factor incompromise with high dielectric loss and cost [26,27].

4. Simulation

All the resonator structures have been simulated using High frequency structure simulator (HFSS-
11) [28]. The electric field flow inside metallic and the magnetic field flow inside dielectric posts coupled
412 A. Patel et al. / Conductive, dielectric and amalgamated obstacles coupled waveguide

Table 4 Table 5
Scattering parameters of Metallic posts coupled waveguide Scattering parameters of Dielectric posts coupled waveg-
resonator uide resonator
Cutoff frequency Insertion loss Return loss Cutoff frequency Insertion loss Return loss
in (GHz) in (dB) in (dB) (GHz) (dB) (dB)
8.47 −0.77 −25 8.14 −5.93 −10
9.78 −0.30 −25 8.62 −0.89 −22
11.54 −0.21 −26 9.34 −0.61 −25
13.57 −0.21 −30 10.22 −0.47 −28
15.72 −0.13 −40 11.24 −0.57 −30
17.95 −0.11 −37 12.35 −0.57 −34
13.48 −0.48 −32
14.74 −0.59 −30
−1.07 −24

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15.92

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(a) (b)

Fig. 7. (a) Scattering parameters of metallic posts coupled; (b) Scattering parameters of equivalent circuit model of metallic
PCWR.

waveguide resonators are shown in Figs 6(a) and (b). The scattering parameters of 4 metallic posts
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coupled waveguide resonator are shown in Fig. 7(a) and its value is tabulated in Table 4. It shows multiple
band frequency resonator response. Resonant frequencies of this structure are 8.47, 9.78, 11.54, 13.57,
15.72 and 17.96 GHz respectively. Figure 7(b) shows the scattering parameters of equivalent circuit
model of metallic PCWR implemented in ADS. The resonance frequencies are nonlinear one and it gives
a quite good response with high quality factor (100 to 200) which isolates the sidebands. This structure
generated two transmission zeros and two reflection zeros at resonance (which is separated by narrow
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pass bandwidth). By increasing the diameter of the posts give increasing bandwidth of resonators and this
change cause somehow bulky structure. While decreasing the diameter of the posts the structure simply
react as high pass-filter. It also shows that while decreasing distance between two inductive windows
give a wideband bandpass filter response. This structure is easily tune at any resonant frequency within
X band to Ka band by changing the distance between the posts. Inside the structure, height of the cavities
affects the transmission and reflection zeros which ultimately affect the quality factor and bandwidth.
The scattering parameters of 4 dielectric posts coupled waveguide resonator is shown in Fig. 8 and its
numerical value is mentioned in Table 5. It gives linear resonant frequency. Due to dielectric material
of posts, they concentrate the field at the gap between them which gives the advantage of increases the
number of transmission zeros and disadvantage of increase transmission loss. Also increases the diam-
 A. Patel et al. / Conductive, dielectric and amalgamated obstacles coupled waveguide 413

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Fig. 8. Scattering parameters of Dielectric posts coupled rect- Fig. 9. Scattering parameters of amalgamated posts coupled
angular waveguide. rectangular waveguide.

(GHz)
Table 6
Scattering parameters of amalgamated posts coupled
waveguide resonator
Cutoff frequency Insertion loss
in (dB)
Return loss
in (dB)
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9.09 −5.8 −23.20
10.04 −0.4 −17.11
11.91 −0.6 −21.75
14.09 −0.2 −24.46
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16.41 −0.28 −30.43

Fig. 10. VSWR of amalgamated posts coupled rectangular

waveguide.

eter of the dielectric cavity resonator introduce more loss. Increasing distance between two dielectric
windows allow higher order mode interaction and causes spurious harmonics.
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As shown in Fig. 9, it reperesents scattering parameters of Amalgamated PCWR and its numerical
value is mentioned in Table 6. The VSWR (voltage standing wave ration) of Amalgamted PCWR is
shown in Fig. 10 which represents the impedance is matched at resosnant frquencies. It shows the in-
sertion loss is much more low compared to dielectric PCWR and isolation between two bands are much
higher compared to metallic posts coupled waveguide resonator.
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5. Observation and discussion

From above simulation results, we have observed and summarized the following things for the pro-
posed structures:
(i) Metallic posts and dielectric posts resonator gave quite good response compare to planar type
resonator. It is easily designed and fabricated compare to single and multilayer patch resonator.
They have also a capacity of handling large power (accept substrate integrated waveguide).
(ii) The design complexity of this type of nonplanar resonator for dual band and multiband is so
simple and easily tunable and gave higher bandwidth and better quality factor which is much
414 A. Patel et al. / Conductive, dielectric and amalgamated obstacles coupled waveguide

Table 7
Comaprision of conductive, dielectric and amalgamated posts coupled waveguide resonator
Parameter Conductive posts Dielectric posts Amalgamated posts
Number of posts elements 4 4 6
Insertion loss in pass band in dB −0.2 −1.0 −0.1
Bandwidth (@ −3 dB point) in MHz 200 300 150
VSWR at resonant frquency 1.05 1.2 1.1

more difficult in patch type resonator using single resonator.

(iii) Isolation or separation between pass bands are very good in metallic PCWR compared to dielec-
tric PCWR. Also the cost of dielectric material used in dielectric resonator is too much higher
and it’s take more simulation time. Dielectric PCWR gives more insertion loss and comparatively

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high attenuation to resonant frequencies and less isolation between pass bands.
(iv) In both the metallic and dielectric PCWR proposed cavity structure, if we decrease distance
between two inductive or dielectric windows less than λg/4 gives higher mode interaction and
more Friis’s loss.
(v) Amalgamated PCWR gives better performance compared to both metallic and dielectric PCWR

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interms of low insertion loss and pass bands are more isolated.
(vi) Most disadvantage of this type resonator is its size, it is much higher and too much bulky compare
to planar type resonator.

6. Comparision

We have compared conductive, dielectric and amalgamated posts coupled waveguide resonator based
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on number of posts coupled, Insertion loss, bandwidth and VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) as
shown in Table 7. From this table it is clear that Amalgamated PCWR gives better performance compared
to other two proposed models. However, number of solid obstacles are higher which ultimately increases
weight of structure.

7. Conclusion
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Symmetrically loading periodical PCWR based band pass filters have been designed and compared
based on three proposed structures. Design-oriented analysis of the waveguide resonator have been pre-
sented, showing interesting properties and results. Among three of them, a new concepts of amalagametd
posts coupled waveguide based bandpass filter gives better performances is described which is designed
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at center frequecuy of X-band. In addition, better performances are achieved, including 200 MHz pass-
band with the in-band insertio loss is less than 0.3 dB, the largest out-band attenuation greater than
15 dB and larger than 10 dB polarization isolation. Simulation results of HFSS and ADS presented in
good agreement, followed by detailed explanation about the influence of inserts dimensions of posts
on the whole band pass filter characteristics. These types of resonator can be conveniently conFig.d in
single or dual-polarized waveguide based antenna-feed systems.

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