Frederick C.

Hatfield, PhD
Fitness
The Complete Guide
ii | Unit 2

Contributors
Frederick C. Hatfield, PhD
Sal Arria, DC, MSS
Patrick S. Gamboa, MBA, MSS
Josh Bryant, MS, MFS
Paul O. Davis, PhD, FASCM
Michael Yessis, PhD
James A. Peterson, PhD
Charles Staley, BS, MSS
John Berardi, PhD
Brian St. Pierre, MS, RD
Ryan Andrews, MS, MA, RD
Karl Knopf, EdD
Thomas D. Fahey, EdD
Darin Rell, BS, CFT, AHA, BLS Instructor

Reviewers
Cameron Baker, BS, MFS
Josh Bryant, MS, MFS

Editors
Peter A. Balaskas
Joanna Hatzopoulos

Graphics and Illustration

Karen Williams, Senior Artist, Illustrator
Alex Gundersen, Illustrator
Samantha Hird, Photography (Flexibility)

Fitness: The Complete Guide (Edition 9.0)

Official course text for: International Sports Sciences Association’s Certified Fitness Trainer Program

10 9 8

Copyright © 2019 TXu1-157-866 International Sports Sciences Association.

Published by the International Sports Sciences Association, Carpinteria, CA 93013.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photocopying, and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system without
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Disclaimer of Warranty
This text is informational only. The data and information contained herein are based upon information from various published and
unpublished sources that represents training, health, and nutrition literature and practice summarized by the author and publisher.
The publisher of this text makes no warranties, expressed or implied, regarding the currency, completeness, or scientific accuracy of
this information, nor does it warrant the fitness of the information for any particular purpose. The information is not intended for use
in connection with the sale of any product. Any claims or presentations regarding any specific products or brand names are strictly the
responsibility of the product owners or manufacturers. This summary of information from unpublished sources, books, research journals,
and articles is not intended to replace the advice or attention of health care professionals. It is not intended to direct their behavior or
replace their independent professional judgment. If you have a problem or concern with your health, or before you embark on any health,
fitness, or sports training programs, seek clearance and guidance from a qualified health care professional.

Fitness: The Complete Guide

iv | Unit 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction, p. 1
SECTION ONE
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, p. 9
1 Metabolism, p. 11
2 Basic Anatomy and Physiology, p. 29
3 Musculoskeletal Anatomy
and Physiology, p. 71

SECTION TWO
KINESIOLOGY AND BIOMECHANICS, p. 113
4 Kinesiology of Exercise, p. 115
5 Biomechanics of Exercise, p. 131
6 Musculoskeletal Deviations, p. 149
7 Muscle Mechanics, p. 161

Fitness: The Complete Guide

 Basic Anatomy and Physiology | v

SECTION THREE SECTION SIX

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS, p. 181 FITNESS FOR ALL
Topics in Fitness for Special Populations, p. 615
8 Strength, p. 183
21 Exercise and Older Adults, p. 617
9 Cardiovascular Training, p. 301
22 Exercise and Adaptive Fitness, p. 627
10 Flexibility Training, p. 333
23 Exercise and Our Youth, p. 635
11 Body Composition, p. 359
24 Exercise and Hypertension, p. 641
SECTION FOUR
25 Exercise and Diabetes, p. 647
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT, p. 381
26 Exercise and Arthritis, p. 653
12 Drawing-In Phase, p. 383
27 Exercise and Coronary
13 Basic Assessment of
Heart Disease, p. 659
Fitness Participants, p. 393
28 Exercise and Pregnancy, p. 665
14 Training Principles, p. 415
29 Exercise and Asthma, p. 671
15 Periodization, p. 459
30 Sports Medicine
16 Determining Training Loads, p. 477
in the Trenches, p. 677
SECTION FIVE 31 Basic First Aid, p. 715
NUTRITION, p. 495
References, p. 725
17 The Big Picture of Nutrition, p. 497
Glossary, p. 737
18 Nutritional Physiology, p. 517
Index, p. 759
19 Nutritional Science, p. 545
20 Nutritional Coaching, p. 575
International Sports Sciences Association