ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM WITH HAIR BEND ALERT SYSTEM

ABSTRACT:

Day by day man improving technology and introducing new

technologies to make human lifestyle so simple, safety and secure. But still we
have some problem whenever we face some sudden unexpected situation occurs
like accident. We are losing so many lives because of delay in reaching the
hospitals or intimating to ambulances.

This project is designed to inform about the accident location that has
occurred to concerned persons. The main application of this system is track the
vehicle using the GPS modem. This modem gives the information about its
position whenever required in the form of latitudes and longitudes. This is done
with the help of the GPS satellite and the GPS module attached to the vehicle
which needs to be tracked. This project is built on microcontroller, a GPS and a
GSM module is interfaced to the micro controller.

If the accidents detected by vibration sensor mean buzzer will ring

automatically and also GPS location is sent to the particular person mobile number
with alert message and also air bag automatically open when accident is detected.

In this system we also use ultrasonic sensor to detect the distance of the
vehicle if the vehicle reached the maximum distance mean buzzer will
automatically started to ring
EXISTING SYSTEM:
In existing system consist of vibration sensor and communication
devices like GPS module and GSM modem. Whenever the accident occurred in the
vehicle mean it was sensed vibration sensor. If the vibration level is more than
normal level mean it track the location using GPS and sent message to the
ambulance or particular person mobile number.
DISADVANTAGE:
 It does not have more sensors to prevent the accident.
 It does not have alarm system whenever the accident is occurred mean it
does not alert the public.
PROPOSED SYSTEM:
In this proposed system consist of many sensors which are used
prevent the accident before the accident will occur and also suppose accident will
be a occurred also immediately sent the message to the particular person and also
its location using GPS and GSM system . By using ultrasonic sensor it sense the
distance between our vehicle and another vehicle.
ADVANTAGE:
 This system have ultrasonic sensor to detect distance to maintain the minimum distance
between our vehicle and another vehicle.
 Air bag system also there when the accident is detected.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER SUPPLY

GSM MODEM
GPS MODULE

VIBRATION SENSOR

MICRO CONTROLLER BUZZER

ULTRASONIC
SENSOR
RELAY

airbag
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 MICRO CONTROLLER
 GPS MODEM
 GSM MODEM
 VIBRATION SENSOR
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR
 RELAY
 MOTOR
 LCD
 BUZZER

SOFTWARE TOOLS
 ARDUINO IDE
 EMBEDDED C
INTRODUCTION:
The high demand of automobiles has also increased the traffic
hazards and the road accidents. Life of the people is under high risk. This is
because of the lack of best emergency facilities available in our country. An
automatic alarm device for vehicle accidents is introduced in this paper. This
design is a system which can detect accidents in significantly less time and sends
the basic information to first aid centre within a few seconds covering geographical
coordinates, the time and angle in which a vehicle accident had occurred. This alert
message is sent to the rescue team in a short time, which will help in saving the
valuable lives.
A Switch is also provided in order to terminate the sending of a
message in rare case where there is no casualty, this can save the precious time of
the medical rescue team. When the accident occurs the alert message is sent
automatically to the rescue team and to the police station. The message is sent
through the GSM module and the location of the accident is detected with the help
of the GPS module. The Angle of the rolls over of the car can also be known by the
message through the sensors. This application provides the optimum solution to
poor emergency facilities provided to the roads accidents in the most feasible way.
The usage of auto mobiles has improved linearly over the past decade, which
increased in the risk of human life. This is because due to the insufficient
emergency facilities.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Accident detection and vehicle messaging system using GSM
modem which helps to detect accident by vibration sensor. Vibration sensor
(Piezo elements) comes in handy when you need to detect vibration or a knock.
Can use these for tap or knock sensors pretty easily by reading the voltage on the
output. Vibration sensor helps to send the signal to Arudino controller. Arudino
controllers send the alert message through GSM modem with location. If the
person meets a small accident, the driver can inform attention is not required by
terminating the message using switch. This is to avoid wasting the time of the
medical and police team. GSM modem is similar to mobile phone without any
display, keypad and speakers. This accepts a SIM card, and operates over a
subscription to a mobile operator.
LITERATURE SURVEY:
TITLE: GPS and Map matching based vehicle accident detection system

AUTHOR: Md. Syedul Amid

DATE: 2013
DESCRIPTION:
GPS (Global Positioning System) has become an integral part of a
vehicle system which provides speed, time, direction etc besides the navigation
data. Speed is one of the primary attributes of vehicle accident. Many lives could
have been saved if emergency service could receive accident information timely.
This paper proposes to detect an accident from the map matched position of a
vehicle by utilizing the GPS speed data and map matching algorithm and send
accident location to an Alert Service Center.
The GPS provides speed and position in every 0.1 second. The position
data will be used in the map matching algorithm to locate the vehicle on the road.
The present speed will be compared with the previous speed in every 0.1 second
through a Microcontroller Unit. Whenever the speed will be falling below the safe
calculated threshold speed, the system will generate an accident situation. It will
check the vehicle location from map matching module and generate an accident
situation if the vehicle is found outside the road network. This will reduce the false
accident detection drastically. The map matched accident location is then sent by
utilizing the GSM network. The proposed system will save many accident victims
with timely rescue.
TITLE: ACCIDENT DETECTION AND ALERTING SYSTEM USING GPS &
GSM
AUTHOR: Ajith Kumar.A
DATE: 2018
DESCRIPTION:
Nowadays we are able to track vehicles using many applications which
helps in securing personal vehicles, public vehicles, feet units and others.
Furthermore there is a rapid increase in the occurrence of the Road accident . This
paper is about a system which is developed to automatically detect an accident and
alert the nearest hospitals and medical services about it. This system can also
locate the place of the accident so that the medical services can be directed
immediately towards it.
The goal of this paper is to build up a Vehicle accidental monitoring
system using MEMS, GPS and GSM Technology. The system comprises of
accelerometer, MCU, GPS & GSM Module support in sending message. The
accelerometer is used to detect fall and Threshold Algorithm are used to detect
accident. Short Message will contain GPS[Latitude,Longitude]which helps in
locating the vehicles.
TITLE: Real Time Vehicle Accident Detection and Tracking Using GPS and
GSM
AUTHOR: Namrata H. Sane
DATE: 2017
DESCRIPTION:
This paper presents review on the accident detection techniques and some
future possibilities in this field. Now-a-days lots of accidents happen on highways
due to increase in traffic and also due to rash driving of the drivers. And in many
situations the family members or the ambulance and police authority is not
informed in time. This result in delaying the help reached to the person suffered
due to accident .
Road accidents constitute the major part of the accident .The purpose of
the project is to find the vehicle where it is and locate the vehicle by means of
sending a message using a system which is placed inside of vehicle system Most of
the times we may not be able to find accident location because we don’t know
where accident will happen. Our project Real Time Vehicle Tracking and Accident
Detection with GPS is designed to avoid such situations.
TITLE: Accident Detection and Alert System
AUTHOR: T Kalyani, S Monika
DATE: 2019
DESCRIPTION:
As the usage of vehicles is increasing drastically, the hazards due to vehicles
is also increased. The main cause for accidents is high speed, drunk and drive,
diverting minds, over stress and due to electronic gadgets. This paper deals with
accident detection system that occurs due to carelessness of the person who is
driving the vehicle. This introduces accident alerting system which alerts the
person who is driving the vehicle. If the person is not in a position to control the
vehicle then the accident occurs. Once the accident occurs to the vehicle this
system will send information to registered mobile number.
TITLE: Intelligent accident identification system using GPS, GSM modem
AUTHOR: S.SONIKA
DATE:2017
DESCRIPTION:
Recently technological and population development, the usage of vehicles
are rapidly increasing and at the same time the occurrence accident is also
increased. Hence, the value of human life is ignored. No one can prevent the
accident, but can save their life by expediting the ambulance to the hospital in
time. A new vivid scheme called Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is
introduced. The objective of this scheme is to minimize the delay caused by traffic
congestion and to provide the smooth flow of emergency vehicles. The concept of
this scheme is to green the traffic signal in the path of ambulance automatically
with the help of RF module. So that the ambulance can reach the spot in time and
human life can be saved and the accident location is identified sends the accident
location immediately to the main server. The main server finds the nearest
ambulance to the accident zone and sends the exact accident location to the
emergency vehicle. The control unit monitors the ambulance and provides the
shortest path to the ambulance at the same time it controls the traffic light
according to the ambulance location and thus arriving at the hospital safely. This
scheme is fully automated, thus it locates the accident spot accurately, controls the
traffic lights, provide the shortest path to reach the location and to the hospital in
time.
TITLE: A Proposed System for Automatic Vehicle Monitoring and Accident
Detection in Bangladesh

AUTHOR: Sanjana Srabanti

DATE: 2018
DESCRIPTION:
Now a days, the alarming rise of road accidents has become one of the
major concerns in Bangladesh. Unawareness and disrespect towards traffic rules,
reckless driving, rapid growth of vehicles etc can be identified as factors leading to
this issue. The distress of the accident victims can be reduced if the detection of
accidents can be done in no time. Often emergency supports can not be provided
immediately due to unawareness of the accident to the concerned persons. On the
other hand, vehicle theft has also become a common issue which everyone faces in
insecure parking places. In this paper, an automated system has been proposed to
deal with these two interrelated affairs. Our proposed system will help the
wretched victims by notifying the nearest necessary emergency supports. The
system also have two levels of security, password protection for the vehicle, speed
control mechanism and remote ignition cut-off mechanism to make vehicle theft
almost impossible. Therefore, our cost effective proposed system will be
efficacious for a developing country like Bangladesh to diminish the distress of the
people.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION:

ARDUINO

DESCRIPTION

Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software company,

project, and user community that designs and manufactures Single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world.

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a
finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a
motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an open-source project that created microcontroller-based kits

for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control
physical devices. The project is based on microcontroller board designs, produced
by several vendors, using various microcontrollers. These systems provide sets of
digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that can interface to various expansion
boards (termed shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communication interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models,
for loading programs from personal computers. For programming the
microcontrollers, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on a programming language named Processing, which
also supports the languages C and C++.
 ARDUINO UNO INTERFACE WITH SENSOR & BUZZER

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter. Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a
computer, another Arduino board, or other microcontrollers.
FEATURES

 Microcontroller: ATmega328P
 Operating voltage: 5V
 Input voltage: 7-12V
 Flash memory: 32KB
 SRAM: 2KB
 EEPROM: 1KB

APPLICATIONS

 Real time biometrics

 Robotic applications
 Academic applications
ATmega328 IC

DESCRIPTION

The ATmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in

the mega AVR family. The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines
32 kB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 kB EEPROM,
2 kB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers,
three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts,
serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port,
6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages),
programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software
selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The
device achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS per MHz.

ATmega328P IC
 PIN DIAGRAM

 High Performance, Low Power Atmel®AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller Family

 Advanced RISC Architecture
 131 Powerful Instructions
 Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
 Fully Static Operation
 Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20MHz
 On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
 High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
 4/8/16/32KBytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
program memory
 256/512/512/1KBytes EEPROM
 512/1K/1K/2KBytes Internal SRAM
 Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
C(1)C/100 years at 25̶ Data retention: 20 years at 85
 Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-
System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
 True Read-While-Write Operation
 Programming Lock for Software Security Atmel® QTouch®
library support
 Capacitive touch buttons, sliders and wheels ̶ QTouch and
QMatrix® acquisition
 Up to 64 sense channels
 Peripheral Features
 Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and
Compare Mode
 One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare
Mode, and Capture Mode
 Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
 Six PWM Channels
 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
 Temperature Measurement
 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package
 Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2 C compatible)
 Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip
Oscillator
 On-chip Analog Comparator
 Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change

ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM
  Special Microcontroller Features
 Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
 Internal Calibrated Oscillator
 External and Internal Interrupt Sources
 Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save,
Power-down, Standby, and Extended Standby

 I/O and Packages

 23 Programmable I/O Lines
 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLF and 32-pad
QFN/MLF

 Operating Voltage: 1.8 - 5.5V

 Temperature Range: -40 CC to 85
 Speed Grade: 0 - 4MHz@1.8 - 5.5V, 0 - 10MHz@2.7 - 5.5.V, 0 - 20MHz @
4.5 - 5.5V C
 Power Consumption at 1MHz, 1.8V, 25
 Active Mode: 0.2Ma
 Power-down Mode: 0.1µA
 Power-save Mode: 0.75µA (Including 32kHz RTC)

PIN DISCRIPTION

VCC Digital supply voltage

 GND Ground.

Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings,
PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings,
PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal
Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is used as TOSC2..1
input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.

Port C (PC5:0)

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The PC5 0 output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
PC6/RESET

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note

that the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port
C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low
level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset,
even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in Table 28-3
on page 308. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.

Port D (PD7:0)

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.

AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It
should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is
used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6..4
use digital supply voltage, VCC

AREF

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter

ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)

In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D
converter. These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC
channels.
 VIBRATION SENSOR

DESCRIPTION

Vibration sensors are sensors for measuring, displaying, and analyzing linear

velocity, displacement and proximity, or acceleration. Vibration  however subtle
and unnoticed by human senses is a telltale sign of machine condition.

VIBRATION SENSOR
 Vibration sensor usually at any angle switch is ON state, by the vibration or
movement, the rollers of the conduction current in the switch will produce a
movement or vibration, causing the current through the disconnect or the rise of
the resistance and trigger circuit. The characteristics of this switch is usually
general in the conduction state briefly disconnected resistant to vibration, so it's
high sensitivity settings by IC, customers according to their sensitivity
requirements for adjustments. Because it briefly the buzz film used in the
conventional alarm device, the complex structure of the magnet plus the spring,
and thus on the electric car alarm in recent years extensive application.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The electronics and components within machines begin to move back and
forth, the vibration is preventing a smooth flow of energy. The flow is interrupted,
hence the noise and the shake. Typically its overload due to some sort of stress, or
the components themselves may have reached their useful life—gears, teeth,
bearings, or belts may be in the process of failure. Vibration analysis is used as a
tool to determine a machine’s condition and the specific cause and location of
problems, expediting repairs and minimizing costs. The product is suitable for the
small current circuit specifications tilt, vibration sensors vibration sensor is
Triggered, the alarm on the electric car, motorcycle, also can be used for the
development of SCM application.

FEATURES

 Input voltage: 5v
 Output voltage: 3.3-5v
 Output: digital
 Dimension of the board: 3.2cm x 1.4cm

APPLICATIONS

 Vibration detecting
 Burglary protection system
 Object Movement detecting
 Triggering effect reported theft alarm
 GPS MODULE

DESCRIPTION

The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a space-

based radio navigation system owned by the United States government and
operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite
system that provides geo location and time information to a GPS
receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight
to four or more GPS satellites.

The GPS system does not require the user to transmit any data, and it
operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these
technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information. The
GPS system provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and
commercial users around the world. The United States government created the
system, maintains it, and makes it freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.
 GPS MODULE

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a global navigation satellite system that
provides location and time information in all weather conditions. The GPS
operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these
technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information. GPS
satellites transmit signal information to earth. This signal information is received
by the GPS receiver in order to measure the user’s correct position.
 GPS MODULE INTERFACE WITH ARDUINO

The GPS concept is based on time and the known position of specialized
satellites. GPS satellites continuously transmit their current time and position. A
GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites and solves equations to determine the
precise position of the receiver and its deviation from true time. At a minimum,
four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute four unknown
quantities.

Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts a signal (carrier wave with

modulation) that includes a pseudorandom code (sequence of ones and zeros) that
is known to the receiver and a message that includes the time of transmission
(TOT) of the code epoch and the satellite position at that time.
FEATURES

 Supply voltage: 12v DC

 Interface: UART RS232
 Optional T-TL uart also available
 Precision: 5 meters
 Automatic antenna switching function

APPLICATIONS

 GPS trackers
 Automated vehicle
 Robotics
 Fleet tracking

BUZZER

DESCRIPTION

A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in

automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows.
 BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an
audio signaling device, which
may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or
piezoelectric. Typical uses of
buzzers and beepers include
alarm devices, timers and
confirmation of user input such as a
mouse click or key stroke.

Buzzer is an integrated structure of electronic transducers, DC power supply,

widely used in computers, printers, copiers, alarms, electronic toys, automotive
electronic equipment, telephones, timers and other electronic products for sound
devices. Active buzzer 5V Rated power can be directly connected to a continuous
sound, this section dedicated sensor expansion module and the board in
combination, can complete a simple circuit design, to "plug and play."
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include
alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke.

It generates consistent single tone sound just by applying D.C voltage. Using
a suitably designed resonant system, this type can be used where large sound
volumes are needed. At Future Electronics we stock many of the most common
types categorized by Type, Sound Level, Frequency, Rated Voltage, Dimension
and Packaging Type.

FEATURES

 Input supply: 5 VDC

  Current consumption: 9.0 mA max.
 Oscillating frequency: 3.0 ±0.5 KHz
 Sound Pressure Level: 85dB min

APPLICATIONS

 Confirmation of user input (ex: mouse click or keystroke)

 Electronic metronomes
 Sporting events
 Judging Panels
 Annunciator panels

ULTRASONIC SENSOR
DESCRIPTION

An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object

by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a

specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording

the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave

bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and

the object.

ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Ultrasonic sensor emit ultrasonic pulses, and by measuring the time of ultrasonic pulse reaches the

object and back to the transducer. The sonic waves emitted by the transducer are reflected by an object

and received back in the transducer. After having emitted the sound waves, the ultrasonic sensor will

switch to receive mode. The time elapsed between emitting and receiving is proportional to the distance

of the object from the sensor.

ULTRASONIC SENSOR INTERFACE WITH ARDUINO

 Ultrasonic transmitter emitted an ultrasonic wave in one direction and started timing when it

launched. Ultrasonic spread in the air and would return immediately when it encountered obstacles on

the way. At last the ultrasonic receiver would stop timing when it receives the reflected wave. The

distance of sensor from the target object is calculated. It offers excellent non-contact range detection

with high accuracy and stable readings in an easy-to-use package. It operation is not affected by sunlight

or black material. The supply voltage to the sensor is 5VDC. The sensor has two pins namely trig and

echo which is connected to the controller to give digital input.

FEATURES

 Working Voltage: 5VDC

 Quiescent Current : 2Ma

 Working Current: 15mA

 Detecting Range: 2cm - 4.5m

 Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS

APPLICATIONS

 Robot navigation

 Obstacle avoidance

 Engineering measurement tools

Industrial control system

 LCD DISPLAY

DESCRIPTION

LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in notebook

and other smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma
technologies, LCDs allow displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT)
technology.

Flatscreen LCD and plasma screens work in a completely different way. In

a plasma screen, each pixel is a tiny fluorescent lamp switched on or off
electronically. In an LCD television, the pixels are switched on or off
electronically using liquid crystals to rotate polarized light

16X2 LCD DISPLAY

 LCD stands for liquid crystal display. They come in many sizes 8x1 , 8x2 ,
10x2 , 16x1 , 16x2 , 16x4 , 20x2 , 20x4 ,24x2 , 30x2 , 32x2 , 40x2 etc . Many
multinational companies like Philips Hitachi Panasonic make their own special
kind of LCD'S to be used in their products. All the LCD'S performs the same
functions (display characters numbers special characters ASCII characters
etc).Their programming is also same and they all have same 14 pins (0-13) or 16
pins (0 to 15). Alphanumeric displays are used in a wide range of applications,
including palmtop computers, word processors, photocopiers, point of sale
terminals, medical instruments, cellular phones, etc.

LCD INTERFACE WITH MICROCONTROLLER

 This is an LCD Display designed for E-blocks. It is a 16 character, 2-line
alphanumeric LCD display connected to a single 9-way D-type connector. This
allows the device to be connected to most E-Block I/O ports. The LCD display
requires data in a serial format, which is detailed in the user guide below. The
display also requires a 5V power supply. Please take care not to exceed 5V, as this
will cause damage to the device. The 5V is best generated from the E-blocks Multi
programmer or a 5V fixed regulated power supply.

The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix displays is capable of

displaying 224 different characters and symbols. A full list of the characters and
symbols is printed on pages 7/8 (note these symbols can vary between brand of
LCD used). This booklet provides all the technical specifications for connecting
the unit, which requires a single power supply (+5V).

FEATURES

 Input voltage: 5v
 E-blocks compatible
 Low cost
 Compatible with most I/O ports in the E-Block range
 Ease to develop programming code using Flow code icons

APPLICATIONS

 Monitoring
 ADAPTER (12V 1AMP)

DESCRIPTION

An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of

external power supply, often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Adapters for
battery-powered equipment may be described as chargers or rechargers (see
also battery charger). AC adapters are used with electrical devices that require
power but do not contain internal components to derive the required voltage and
power from main power. The internal circuitry of an external power supply is very
similar to the design that would be used for a built-in or internal supply.

ADAPTER (12V 1AMP)

An adapter is a device that converts attributes of one electrical device or

system to those of an otherwise incompatible device or system. Some modify
power or signal attributes, while others merely adapt the physical form of one
electrical connector to another. In a computer, an adapter is often built into a card
that can be inserted into a slot on the computer's motherboard. The card adapts
information that is exchanged between the computer's microprocessor and the
devices that the card supports.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

An electric power adapter may enable connection of a power plug,

sometimes called, used in one region to a AC power socket used in another, by
offering connections for the disparate contact arrangements, while not changing the
voltage. An AC adapter, also called a "recharger", is a small power supply that
changes household electric current from distribution voltage) to low voltage DC
suitable for consumer electronics.

Some modify power or signal attributes, while others merely adapt the
physical form of one electrical connector to another. For computers and related
items, one kind of serial port adapter enables connections between 25-contact and
nine-contact connectors, but does not affect electrical power- and signalling-related
attributes

FEATURES

 Output current:1A
 Supply voltage: 220-230VAC
 Output voltage: 12VDC
 Reduced costs
 Increased value across front-office and back-office functions
 Access to current, accurate, and consistent data
 It generates adapter metadata as WSDL files with J2CA extension.

APPLICATIONS

 Back-end systems which need to send purchase order data to oracle

applications send it to the integration service via a integration server client.
 SMPS applications.

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:
ARDUINO IDE:

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text editor

for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a

series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and

communicate with them.

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are written in the

text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for

searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays

errors. The console displays text output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error

messages and other information. The bottom righthand corner of the window displays the configured

board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and

save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools

> Board and Tools > Port menus. The boards are described below. On the Mac,

the serial port is probably something like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or

Mega2560 or Leonardo) or /dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a Duemilanove or earlier

USB board), or /dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a

Keyspan USB-to-Serial adapter). On Windows, it's probably COM1 or COM2 (for

a serial board) or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find out,

you look for USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device
Manager. On Linux, it should be /dev/ttyACMx , /dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once

you've selected the correct serial port and board, press the upload button in the

toolbar or select the Upload item from the Sketch menu. Current Arduino boards

will reset automatically and begin the upload. With older boards (pre-Diecimila)

that lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the reset button on the board just before

starting the upload. On most boards, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the

sketch is uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will display a message when the

upload is complete, or show an error.

When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program

that has been loaded on to the microcontroller on your board. It allows you to

upload code without using any additional hardware. The bootloader is active for a

few seconds when the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most

recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The bootloader will blink the on-board

(pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).
EMBEDDED C

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by

the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C

extensions for different embedded systems.Embedded C is a set of language

extensions for the C programming language by the C Standards Committee to

address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for

different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming requires

nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such

as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and

basic I/O operationsAn embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated

function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time

computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often

including hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many

devices in common use today. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are

manufactured as components of embedded systems. Examples of properties of

typical embedded computers when compared with general-purpose counterparts

are low power consumption, small size, rugged operating ranges, and low per-unit

cost. This comes at the price of limited processing resources, which make them

significantly more difficult to program and to interact with. However, by building

intelligence mechanisms on top of the hardware, taking advantage of possible

existing sensors and the existence of a network of embedded units, one can both

optimally manage available resources at the unit and network levels as well as

provide augmented functions, well beyond those available. For example,

intelligent techniques can be designed to manage power consumption of

embedded systems. Modern embedded systems are often based

on microcontrollers (i.e. CPU's with integrated memory or peripheral

interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory and

peripheral interface circuits) are also common, especially in more-complex

systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general

purpose to those specialized in certain class of computations, or even custom

designed for the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated

processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can

optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability
and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting

from economies of scale. Embedded systems range from portable devices such

as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic

lights, factory controllers, and largely complex systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI,

and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to

very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a

large chassis or enclosure.

CONCLUSION:
Step by step man improving innovation and acquainting new
advancements with make human way of life so straightforward, wellbeing and
secure. Yet at the same time we have some issue at whatever point we face some
abrupt startling circumstance happens like mishap. We are losing such huge
numbers of lives on account of postponement in arriving at the medical clinics or
hinting to ambulances. This undertaking is intended to advise about the mishap
area that has happened to concerned people. The fundamental utilization of this
framework is track the vehicle utilizing the GPS modem. This modem gives the
data about its position at whatever point required as scopes and longitudes. This is
finished with the assistance of the GPS satellite and the GPS module connected to
the vehicle which should be followed. This task is based on microcontroller, a GPS
and a GSM module is interfaced to the small scale controller. On the off chance
that the mishaps distinguished by vibration sensor mean signal will ring
consequently and furthermore GPS area is sent to the specific individual portable
number with ready message and furthermore air sack naturally open when mishap
is identified.
REFERENCE

[1] Highlights of 2009 Motor Vehicle crashes, Traffic Safety Facts, Research
Notes, NHTSA (National Highway traffice Safety Administration). [Online].
Accessed on 16 October 2011. Available: http://www-
nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811363.PDF

[2] N. Virtanen, A. Schirokoff and J. Luom, “Impacts of an automatic emergency

call system on accident consequences,” in Proc. Of 18th ICTCT, Workshop
Transport telemetric and safety, 2005, pp. 1-6.

[3] S. M. Tang and H. J. Gao, "Traffic-incident detection-algorithm based on

nonparametric regression," IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation
Systems, vol. 6, 2005, pp. 38-42.

[4] L. Chuan-zhi, H. Ru-fu, Y.E. Hong-wu, “Method of Freeway Incident

Detection Using wireless Positioning,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International
Conference on Automation and Logistics, 2008, pp. 2801 – 2804.

[5] C. Thompson, J. White, B. Dougherty, A. Albright, and D. C. Schmidt, "Using

Smart phones to Detect Car Accidents and Provide Situational Awareness to
Emergency Responders," in 3rd International ICST Conference on MOBILe
Wireless MiddleWARE, Operating Systems, and
Applications (Mobilware 2010), 2010.