Describing Data Visually: ASBE 6e Solutions For Instructors

ASBE 6e Solutions for Instructors
Chapter 3
Describing Data Visually
3.1 a.
Stem and Leaf plot for #1
stem unit = 10
leaf unit = 1
Frequency Stem Leaf

1 0 9
5 1 56889
7 2 1145667
10 3 1222334559
1 4 2
24
b.
DotPlot
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Number of Customers
c. The stem and leaf plot appears to be left skewed with central tendency near 30 and
variation between 9 and 42. The dot plot appears to be symmetric but with no clear
central tendency and variation between 9 and 42.
Learning Objective: 03-1
3.2 a.
Defect
Stem and Leaf plot for s
stem unit = 10
leaf unit = 1
Frequency Stem Leaf

4 8 3678
2 9 35
4 10 2679
11 11 01111334447
5 12 12669
4 13 0035
1 14 6
0 15
0 16
1 17 0
32
17
b.
DotPlot
80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Defects
c. The stem and leaf plot appears to be slightly left skewed with central tendency near 110
and variation between 83 and 146. There is one outlier at 170. The dot plot shows a
similar pattern to the stem and leaf plot.
3.3 a.
Sarah’s Calls:
Bob’s Calls:
b. Sarah makes more calls than Bob and her calls are shorter in duration.
3.4 a. We would use 9 bins, each with a width of 20. The frequency distribution and histogram
follow.
18
Histogram
30
25
20
Percent 15
10
Days on Market
b. The distribution has central tendency between 40 and 60 days with most values falling
between 0 and 100 days. The shape is somewhat uniform in this range. There are
several outliers over 100 days: 121, 176 and 179 Days on Market.
follow.
Histogram
30
25
20
15
Percent
10
Exam Score
19
b. The distribution has central tendency at approximately 80 with most values falling
between 50 and 100. The shape is clearly skewed left. There are two outliers at 18 and
27.
follow.
Histogram
35
30
25
20
Percent
15
10
Dinner Expense
b. Answers will vary. The histogram above shows a fairly symmetrical distribution with
clear central tendency and a few high values. Using fewer bins will smooth the
histogram and disguise the shape making it difficult to identify central tendency. Using
too many bins (more than 15) will make the histogram appear “choppy” and also make
it difficult to identify central tendency.
20
3.7 a. We would use 6 bins, each with a width of 100. The frequency distribution and
histogram follow.
Histogram
45
40
35
30
25
20
Percent
15
10
5
0
Rents
b. Answers will vary. The histogram above shows a slightly skewed right distribution with
clear central tendency. Using fewer bins will smooth the histogram and disguise the
shape making it difficult to identify skewness. Using too many bins (more than 15) will
make the histogram appear “choppy” and also make it difficult to identify central
tendency and skewness.
21
3.8 a. The histogram below has bin widths of 5 starting at 0 and ending at 195 resulting in 39
bins. The frequency distribution table is too large to show. Notice that many of the bins
have a frequency of 0.
Histogram
40
35
30
25
20
Percent
15
10
5
0
Compensation
b. The histogram is strongly skewed right.

c. There are two unusual values: 66.08 million and 192.92 million.
3. 9 a. Suggest 7 bins with width 5. Sturges’ Rule shows the number of bins to be 6 with bin
width (38.7-9.4)/6 = 4.88 so rounding up, 5. Sturges’ Rule is close.
b. Suggest 8 bins with width 10. Sturges’ Rule shows the number of bins to be between 6
and 7 with bin width (85-12)/7 = 10.43 so 10. Sturges’ rule suggests fewer bins.
c. Suggest 10 bins with width .15. Sturges’ Rule shows the number of bins to be 9 with bin
width (3.71-2.25)/9 = 0.162. Sturges’ Rule is close.
d. Suggest 8 bins with width .01. Sturges’ Rule shows the number of bins to be 8 with bin
width (.097-.023)/8 = .00925 so rounding up, .01. Yes, Sturges’ rule does agree.
3.10 a. The frequency distribution and histogram shown below are from MegaStat. We did not
choose a bin # or bin width so it defaulted to 8 bins with a width of .20. Sturges' Rule
results are below.
k  1  3.3log( n) k  1  3.3log( n)  1  3.3(74)  1  3.3(1.8692)  7.1685
Approximately 7 bins. Using the bin width formula:
7.97  6.54
 .20
7 43. These are similar to what MegaStat gives us.
22
b. The distribution appears to be slightly skewed right.
Histogram
30
25
20
15
Percent
10
Customer Spending
c. This histogram has 11 bins with a width of .15. The shape is still skewed right.
Histogram
30
25
20
15
Percent
10
Customer Spending
d. The histograms show the same distribution shape so increasing the number of bins did
not change the perception.
23
3.11 a.
Housing Starts
2000
1800
1600
1400
Starts in thousands
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Year
b. Increasing trend until 2005, then sharp decrease.

3.12 a.
Skier/Snowboarder Visits (millions)

62.0
60.0
58.0
56.0
54.0
52.0
50.0
48.0
46.0
b. In spite of variation from year to year the number of visits showed a steady increase until
a sharp drop in 2010-2011 season.
3.13 a. Sample default graph given. Answers will vary as to modification.
24
U.S. Deaths by Ligntning, 1940-2015

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
b. The pattern shows a strong decrease from 1940 to 2015.

3.14 a. Default graph presented, answers will vary with respect to modifications made.
U.S. Organ Transplants, 2000-2010
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
Heart
10,000 Liver
Kidney
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
b. The number of kidney and liver transplants increased up to 2006 and since then all three
organ transplants have stayed fairly constant.
3.15 Default graphs presented, answers will vary with respect to modifications made.
a.
25
Average Gasoline Price

3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
U.S. Dollars
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
b.
Average Gasoline Price

3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
U.S. Dollars
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
c. The line chart is preferred by more people because the increasing trend is more evident
in the line than in the columns.
3.16 a.
26
Retailer Annual TV Sales (units sold)

2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Under 40 40 to 49 50 to 59 60 or More
2012 2014 2016
b.
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Under 40
40 to 49
50 to 59
60 or More
2012 2014 2016
Many individuals will see the 3-D as more distracting. When there are several graphs in a
report it might be nice to add variety in the graph type. Consider using the easiest graph
to read first when including many graphs in a report.
27
c.
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
2012 2014 2016
Stacked column charts can be useful to see how much a category makes up of a total. For
each screen size the sales in the three years are similar while sales vary for different screen sizes.
d.
6,000
5,000
1,558
4,000
3,000 1,802
666
2,000
811
1,000 2,204 585
1,107 508 386
343 273
0 157
2012 2014 2016
The labels are distracting because they overlap in some places.
3.17 a.
28
Telephone Co. Service Complaints (n = 791)

400
350
350
300
250
200 187
150
100 90 85
45
50
21 13
0
Wait too long Service rude No real person Service not Instructions Service number Automation
helpful confusing hidden annoying
b. Wait too long, Rude service, No real person on line

c. Wait too long
3.18 Sample default graphs presented for a, b, and c.

a.
Percent concerned about being tracked while web surfing
9%
Very concerned
23% Somewhat concerned
Not very concerned
68%
b.
29
9%
Very concerned
23% Somewhat concerned
Not very concerned
68%
c.
Not very concerned 9%
Somewhat concerned 23%
Very concerned 68%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Answers will vary. The exploded pie chart makes the sizes and colors of the "pieces"
stand out but many statisticians prefer the bar chart. It can be difficult for people to
accurately compare areas of pie slices. The differences in lengths of the bars are easier for
people to judge.
30
3.19 Sample default graphs presented for a, b, and c. Most statisticians prefer the bar chart.
a. 2-D pie chart
Dolona Corporation Medical Claims in 2014
5% 1%
20%
48%
Hospital services
Physicians
Pharmaceuticals
27% Mental health
Other
b. 3-D pie chart

5% 1%
20%
48% Hospital services

27% Physicians
Pharmaceuticals
Mental health
Other
c. Bar chart
31
Other 1.0
Mental health 5.0
Pharmaceuticals 19.5
Physicians 27.0
Hospital services 47.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Percent of Total
3.20 Sample default graphs presented for a and b.

World Market Share of LCD TV Sales
18%
Samsung
38% Vizio
Sony
Sanyo
17% LG Electronics
Others
11%
8%
8%
World Market Share of LCD TV Sales
Others 38.1%
LG Electronics 7.8%
Sanyo 8.0%
Sony 11.3%
Vizio 16.7%
Samsung 18.0%
0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% 45.0%
32
Pie charts can get cluttered with this many pieces. The ideal number of slices is between
2 and 3 even though you often see more than that in the media. A bar chart may be more
clear.
3.21 a. Sample default graph presented.

Bottled Water Sales
240
220
200
180
Units Sold
160
140
120
100
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Unit Price
b. There is moderate, negative linear relationship.


City Miles Per Gallon
30
28
26
24
22
City MPG
20
18
16
14
12
10
2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500
Weight (lbs)
b. There is a strong, negative linear relationship between vehicle weight and city MPG.
33
Revenue and Coupon Redemption (20 weeks)

1200
1100
1000
Revenue ($000)
900
800
700
600
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percent Coupon Redemption
b. The relationship shows a moderate, positive linear trend between coupon redemption and
revenue.
Weekly Sales
19,000
18,000
17,000
16,000
Weekly Sales ($_
15,000
14,000
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500
Floor Space (sf)
b. There is a weak, positive linear relationship.

3.25 a.
Stem and Leaf plot for Power Outage Time (min)
34
stem unit = 10
leaf unit = 1
Ste
Frequency m Leaf
3 0 249
6 1 227778
5 2 14557
4 3 0025
1 4 4
3 5 013
2 6 26
0 7
1 8 4
1 9 9
26
b.
Power Outage Duration
40
35
30
25
20
Percent
15
10
5
0
Minutes
c. The distribution is skewed right.

3.26 a.
35
Weight
Stem and Leaf plot for s
stem unit = 10
leaf unit = 1
Lea
Frequency Stem f
1 2 8
3 3 129
1 4 5
0 5
5 6 23457
2
2 7 4
5 8 04666
3 9 012
20
b.
Weights of US Boxes Mailed Flat Rate
30
25
20
15
Percent
10
Weights (ounces)
c. The distribution appears to be bimodal with one central tendency approximately at 30

ounces and one central tendency approximately 80 ounces.
36
3.27 a.
b.
Histogram
35
30
25
20
Percent
15
10
Nurse to Bed Ratio
c. The distribution is skewed to the right. Almost half the observations are between 1.2 and
1.6. There are two unusual values at 2.4 and 2.76.
37
3.28 a.
Win
Stem and Leaf plot for Margin
stem unit = 10
leaf unit = 1
Frequency Stem Leaf

21 0 111111111223333333444
29 0 00055566777777777778888889999
18 1 000001112333444444
7 1 6677788
7 2 0001134
8 2 55678899
4 3 1233
4 3 5669
0 4
2 4 99
100
b.
38
Histogram for Rose Bowl Win Margin

30
25
20
15
Percent
10
Win Margin
c. Distribution is heavily skewed to the right, ranging from 1 to 49 points.

3.29 a.
DotPlot
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Call Length (Minutes)
b. The MegaStat default frequency distribution has 29 bins with a width of 1 minute. Many
of the bins have a frequency of zero. (The table is too long to produce here.)
39
Histogram for Call Length (29 bins)

45
40
35
30
Percent 25
20
15
10
5
0
Minutes
If choosing a bin width equal to 3 the shape is still the same but fewer bins with zero
observations.
Histogram (10 bins)
60
50
40
30
Percent
20
10
Minutes
c. The distribution is skewed to the right. Three-fourths of the calls are 5 minutes or less in
duration.
40
3.30 a. The range of batting averages is from 0 to .42. Bin widths of .1 would result in 5 bins,
bin widths of .05 would result in 9 bins. 9 bins seems a better choice.
b.
Histogram
40
35
30
25
20
Percent
15
10
5
0
Batting Average
The distribution appears to be skewed to the left with central tendency of .25.
c.
Histogram
60
50
40
30
Percent
20
10
Batting Average
d. The histogram above has bin widths of .1. The distribution appears more symmetrical.
41
3.31 a.
98
96
94
Sound Level (db)

92
90
88
86
84
82
80
200 250 300 350 400 450
Airspeed (knots)
b. The scatter plot shows a strong, positive linear relationship. Cockpit noise is related to
airspeed: the faster the airspeed, the higher the sound level will be.
3.32 a.
45.00
43.00
41.00
39.00
37.00
ZalParmStock Price
35.00
33.00
31.00
29.00
27.00
25.00
10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00
Dolona Stock Price
b. There is a strong positive relationship between Dolana and ZalParm Stock Prices.
c. The line chart below shows that the stock prices are moving together however there is
much more weekly variation in the ZalParm price.
42
Weekly Closing Stock Price

50.00
45.00
40.00
Closing Stock Price 35.00
30.00
25.00 Dolona
20.00 ZalParm
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Week
3.33 a.
60.00
50.00
40.00
BirthRate
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
GDPCap
b. The relationship is negative and nonlinear. It is a moderate relationship.

3.34 a. Column chart with 3D visual effect.

b. Strengths: Column chart shows increasing trend. Weaknesses: distracting picture, Title
doesn’t make sense; Non-zero origin; 3D effect does not add to presentation; tick marks
do not stand out, measurement units on Y axis missing; vague source
c. Correct weaknesses as noted. A line chart would be the preferred choice by most
analysts. A zero origin on Y axis would show realistic differences in years.
3.35 a. Bar chart with 3D visual effect.

43
b. Strengths: Good proportions, no distracting pictures. Weaknesses: No labels on X and Y

axes, Title unclear, 3D effect does not add to presentation.
c. Correct weaknesses as noted. 2D bar chart with zero origin on X axis would improve
chart.
3.36 a. Line chart

b. Strengths: labels on X and Y axes, measurement included on Y axis, Good title; No
distracting pictures; good use of gridlines. Weaknesses: large gap between time series
due to difference in magnitude, no source.
c. Correct weaknesses as noted, use of logarithmic scale would correct proportion issue and
show growth rates more clearly.
3.37 a. Exploded pie chart.

b. Strengths include details on names and values, differentiating between types of
countries, good use of color.
c. Improvement might be percentage shares instead of actual values, and include just the
total level of imports. Might consider a sorted column chart with OPEC and Non-OPEC
countries color coded.
3.38 a. Line chart.

b. Strengths: labels on Y axes, use of gridlines, and source provided. Weaknesses: non-zero
origin, distracting pictures, dramatic title.
c. Correct weaknesses as noted, keep graph as line graph.
3.39 a. Standard pie chart

b. Strengths: source identified, answers the question posed. Weaknesses: “Other” category
quite large.
c. Might change title: Distribution of Advertising Dollars in the United States, 2001.
Would add the total dollars spent on advertising as well.
3.40 a. Column chart using pictures for columns

b. Strengths: label on Y axis, zero origin, Short descriptive title, detailed, accurate source.
Weaknesses: use of Area Trick to make 2000 appear much larger than 1980 values.
c. Correct weaknesses as noted, regular column chart would be better choice.
3.41 a. Line Chart with pictures

44
b. Strengths: label on X and Y axes, use of gridlines. Weaknesses: sensational title,

distracting pictures, non-zero origin.
c. Correct weaknesses as noted, keep graph as line graph.
3.42 a. Column chart using pictures for columns

b. Strengths: zero origin, short, descriptive title, detailed. Weaknesses: use of area trick to
make 2010 appear much larger than 2005 values, no source.
c. Correct weaknesses as noted, regular column chart would be better choice.
3.43 a.
Where did you purchase your textbook? (n = 269)
160
147
140
120
100
Frequency
80
66
60
49
40
20
7
0
Campus Bookstore Retail Outlet Web Another Student
b. A table, bar, or pie chart would also work. A line chart would not be appropriate because
this is not a time series.
3.44 a. Pareto Chart shown.

45
Car Color Preference (%)

25
20
Percent of Consumers
15
10
0
Black Silver Gray White Red Blue Brown Green Other
b. A bar or pie chart would work.

3.45 a.
Market Share of Top 10 U.S. Airlines in 2015
Other
United
Spirit
Southwest
SkyWest
JetBlue
Hawaiian
Frontier
Delta
American
Alaska
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Percent
b. A pie chart would also work.

3.46 a.
46
Petroleum Usage (1996-2010)

80
70
60
Millions of barrels per day

50
U.S.
40 Non-U.S.
30
20
10
0
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
b. We used a line chart because we are comparing two sets of data and want to see how
both have changed over time. A column chart could be used as well with the "United
States" set of bars a different color from the "Rest of the World" set of bars but side by
side.
3.47 a.
Market Share for Web Browsers
5%
3%
10%
Chrome Safari
11% Firefox IE/Edge
57%
Opera All Others
14%
b. A bar chart or column chart would also work.

3.48 a.
47
US Energy Consumption by Energy Source, 2010

45.00%
40.00% 38.40%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00% 24.00%
21.20%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00% 8.80%
7.40%
5.00%
0.20%
0.00%
Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Renewables Other
b. A bar chart or pie chart would also work.

3.49 a.
Cell Phone Service Providers
40.0 120.0
35.0
100.0
30.0
80.0
Percent of Consumers
Cumulative Percent
25.0
20.0 60.0
15.0
40.0
10.0
20.0
5.0
0.0 0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b. Verizon, AT&T and T-Mobile account for 80 percent of all service providers for this
sample group.
48

Describing Data Visually: ASBE 6e Solutions For Instructors

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Describing Data Visually: ASBE 6e Solutions For Instructors

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ASBE 6e Solutions for Instructors

Frequency Stem Leaf

Frequency Stem Leaf

80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

b. The histogram is strongly skewed right.

k  1  3.3log( n) k  1  3.3log( n)  1  3.3(74)  1  3.3(1.8692)  7.1685

Approximately 7 bins. Using the bin width formula:

b. The distribution appears to be slightly skewed right.

b. Increasing trend until 2005, then sharp decrease.

Skier/Snowboarder Visits (millions)

3.13 a. Sample default graph given. Answers will vary as to modification.

U.S. Deaths by Ligntning, 1940-2015

b. The pattern shows a strong decrease from 1940 to 2015.

Average Gasoline Price

Average Gasoline Price

Retailer Annual TV Sales (units sold)

2012 2014 2016

2012 2014 2016

2012 2014 2016

2012 2014 2016

The labels are distracting because they overlap in some places.

Learning Objective: 03-6

Telephone Co. Service Complaints (n = 791)

b. Wait too long, Rude service, No real person on line

3.18 Sample default graphs presented for a, b, and c.

Percent concerned about being tracked while web surfing

Percent concerned about being tracked while web surfing

Not very concerned 9%

Somewhat concerned 23%

Very concerned 68%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

b. 3-D pie chart

48% Hospital services

Dolona Corporation Medical Claims in 2014

Mental health 5.0

Hospital services 47.5

Learning Objective: 03-7

3.20 Sample default graphs presented for a and b.

World Market Share of LCD TV Sales

3.21 a. Sample default graph presented.

b. There is moderate, negative linear relationship.

3.22 a. Sample default graph presented.

3.23 a. Sample default graph presented.

Revenue and Coupon Redemption (20 weeks)

3.24 a. Sample default graph presented.

b. There is a weak, positive linear relationship.

c. The distribution is skewed right.

c. The distribution appears to be bimodal with one central tendency approximately at 30

Nurse to Bed Ratio

Frequency Stem Leaf

Histogram for Rose Bowl Win Margin

c. Distribution is heavily skewed to the right, ranging from 1 to 49 points.

Histogram for Call Length (29 bins)

Sound Level (db)

Weekly Closing Stock Price

Learning Objective: 03-8

b. The relationship is negative and nonlinear. It is a moderate relationship.

3.34 a. Column chart with 3D visual effect.

3.35 a. Bar chart with 3D visual effect.

b. Strengths: Good proportions, no distracting pictures. Weaknesses: No labels on X and Y

3.36 a. Line chart

3.37 a. Exploded pie chart.

3.38 a. Line chart.